/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  GDAL
 * Purpose:  ECW (ERDAS Wavelet Compression Format) Driver
 * Author:   Frank Warmerdam, warmerdam@pobox.com
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2001, Frank Warmerdam <warmerdam@pobox.com>
 * Copyright (c) 2007-2013, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ****************************************************************************/

// ncsjpcbuffer.h needs the min and max macros.
#undef NOMINMAX

#include "cpl_minixml.h"
#include "gdal_ecw.h"
#include "gdal_frmts.h"
#include "ogr_spatialref.h"
#include "ogr_api.h"

#include "../mem/memdataset.h"

#undef NOISY_DEBUG

#ifdef FRMT_ecw

constexpr unsigned char jpc_header[] = {0xff, 0x4f, 0xff,
                                        0x51};  // SOC + RSIZ markers
constexpr unsigned char jp2_header[] = {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x6a, 0x50,
                                        0x20, 0x20, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x87, 0x0a};

static CPLMutex *hECWDatasetMutex = nullptr;
static int bNCSInitialized = FALSE;

void ECWInitialize(void);

#define BLOCK_SIZE 256

GDALDataset *ECWDatasetOpenJPEG2000(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo);

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ECWReportError()                           */
/************************************************************************/

void ECWReportError(CNCSError &oErr, const char *pszMsg)
{
#if ECWSDK_VERSION < 50
    char *pszErrorMessage = oErr.GetErrorMessage();
    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s%s", pszMsg, pszErrorMessage);
    NCSFree(pszErrorMessage);
#else
    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s%s", pszMsg,
             NCSGetLastErrorText(oErr));
#endif
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ECWRasterBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

ECWRasterBand::ECWRasterBand(ECWDataset *poDSIn, int nBandIn, int iOverviewIn,
                             char **papszOpenOptions)

{
    this->poDS = poDSIn;
    poGDS = poDSIn;

    this->iOverview = iOverviewIn;
    this->nBand = nBandIn;
    eDataType = poDSIn->eRasterDataType;

    nRasterXSize = poDS->GetRasterXSize() / (1 << (iOverview + 1));
    nRasterYSize = poDS->GetRasterYSize() / (1 << (iOverview + 1));

    nBlockXSize = BLOCK_SIZE;
    nBlockYSize = BLOCK_SIZE;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Work out band color interpretation.                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (poDSIn->psFileInfo->eColorSpace == NCSCS_NONE)
        eBandInterp = GCI_Undefined;
    else if (poDSIn->psFileInfo->eColorSpace == NCSCS_GREYSCALE)
    {
        eBandInterp = GCI_GrayIndex;
        // we could also have alpha band.
        if (strcmp(poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[nBand - 1].szDesc,
                   NCS_BANDDESC_AllOpacity) == 0 ||
            strcmp(poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[nBand - 1].szDesc,
                   NCS_BANDDESC_GreyscaleOpacity) == 0)
        {
            eBandInterp = GCI_AlphaBand;
        }
    }
    else if (poDSIn->psFileInfo->eColorSpace == NCSCS_MULTIBAND)
    {
        eBandInterp = ECWGetColorInterpretationByName(
            poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[nBand - 1].szDesc);
    }
    else if (poDSIn->psFileInfo->eColorSpace == NCSCS_sRGB)
    {
        eBandInterp = ECWGetColorInterpretationByName(
            poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[nBand - 1].szDesc);
        if (eBandInterp == GCI_Undefined)
        {
            if (nBand == 1)
                eBandInterp = GCI_RedBand;
            else if (nBand == 2)
                eBandInterp = GCI_GreenBand;
            else if (nBand == 3)
                eBandInterp = GCI_BlueBand;
            else if (nBand == 4)
            {
                if (strcmp(poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[nBand - 1].szDesc,
                           NCS_BANDDESC_AllOpacity) == 0)
                    eBandInterp = GCI_AlphaBand;
                else
                    eBandInterp = GCI_Undefined;
            }
            else
            {
                eBandInterp = GCI_Undefined;
            }
        }
    }
    else if (poDSIn->psFileInfo->eColorSpace == NCSCS_YCbCr)
    {
        if (CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("CONVERT_YCBCR_TO_RGB", "YES")))
        {
            if (nBand == 1)
                eBandInterp = GCI_RedBand;
            else if (nBand == 2)
                eBandInterp = GCI_GreenBand;
            else if (nBand == 3)
                eBandInterp = GCI_BlueBand;
            else
                eBandInterp = GCI_Undefined;
        }
        else
        {
            if (nBand == 1)
                eBandInterp = GCI_YCbCr_YBand;
            else if (nBand == 2)
                eBandInterp = GCI_YCbCr_CbBand;
            else if (nBand == 3)
                eBandInterp = GCI_YCbCr_CrBand;
            else
                eBandInterp = GCI_Undefined;
        }
    }
    else
        eBandInterp = GCI_Undefined;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If this is the base level, create a set of overviews.           */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (iOverview == -1)
    {
        int i;
        for (i = 0; nRasterXSize / (1 << (i + 1)) > 128 &&
                    nRasterYSize / (1 << (i + 1)) > 128;
             i++)
        {
            apoOverviews.push_back(
                new ECWRasterBand(poDSIn, nBandIn, i, papszOpenOptions));
        }
    }

    bPromoteTo8Bit =
        poDSIn->psFileInfo->nBands == 4 && nBand == 4 &&
        poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[0].nBits == 8 &&
        poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[1].nBits == 8 &&
        poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[2].nBits == 8 &&
        poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[3].nBits == 1 &&
        eBandInterp == GCI_AlphaBand &&
        CPLFetchBool(papszOpenOptions, "1BIT_ALPHA_PROMOTION",
                     CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption(
                         "GDAL_ECW_PROMOTE_1BIT_ALPHA_AS_8BIT", "YES")));
    if (bPromoteTo8Bit)
        CPLDebug("ECW", "Fourth (alpha) band is promoted from 1 bit to 8 bit");

    if ((poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[nBand - 1].nBits % 8) != 0 &&
        !bPromoteTo8Bit)
        GDALPamRasterBand::SetMetadataItem(
            "NBITS",
            CPLString().Printf("%d",
                               poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[nBand - 1].nBits),
            "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");

    GDALRasterBand::SetDescription(
        poDSIn->psFileInfo->pBands[nBand - 1].szDesc);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          ~ECWRasterBand()                           */
/************************************************************************/

ECWRasterBand::~ECWRasterBand()
{
    GDALRasterBand::FlushCache(true);

    while (!apoOverviews.empty())
    {
        delete apoOverviews.back();
        apoOverviews.pop_back();
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetOverview()                             */
/************************************************************************/

GDALRasterBand *ECWRasterBand::GetOverview(int iOverviewIn)

{
    if (iOverviewIn >= 0 && iOverviewIn < (int)apoOverviews.size())
        return apoOverviews[iOverviewIn];
    else
        return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GetColorInterpretation()                       */
/************************************************************************/

GDALColorInterp ECWRasterBand::GetColorInterpretation()

{
    return eBandInterp;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       SetColorInterpretation()                       */
/*                                                                      */
/*      This would normally just be used by folks using the ECW code    */
/*      to read JP2 streams in other formats (such as NITF) and         */
/*      providing their own color interpretation regardless of what     */
/*      ECW might think the stream itself says.                         */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWRasterBand::SetColorInterpretation(GDALColorInterp eNewInterp)

{
    eBandInterp = eNewInterp;

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             AdviseRead()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWRasterBand::AdviseRead(int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                                 int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize, GDALDataType eDT,
                                 char **papszOptions)
{
    const int nResFactor = 1 << (iOverview + 1);

    return poGDS->AdviseRead(nXOff * nResFactor, nYOff * nResFactor,
                             nXSize * nResFactor, nYSize * nResFactor,
                             nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eDT, 1, &nBand,
                             papszOptions);
}

// statistics support:
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50

/************************************************************************/
/*                       GetDefaultHistogram()                          */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWRasterBand::GetDefaultHistogram(double *pdfMin, double *pdfMax,
                                          int *pnBuckets,
                                          GUIntBig **ppanHistogram, int bForce,
                                          GDALProgressFunc f,
                                          void *pProgressData)
{
    int bForceCoalesced = bForce;
    // If file version is smaller than 3, there will be no statistics in the
    // file. But if it is version 3 or higher we don't want underlying
    // implementation to compute histogram so we set bForceCoalesced to FALSE.
    if (poGDS->psFileInfo->nFormatVersion >= 3)
    {
        bForceCoalesced = FALSE;
    }
    // We check if we have PAM histogram. If we have them we return them. This
    // will allow to override statistics stored in the file.
    CPLErr pamError = GDALPamRasterBand::GetDefaultHistogram(
        pdfMin, pdfMax, pnBuckets, ppanHistogram, bForceCoalesced, f,
        pProgressData);
    if (pamError == CE_None || poGDS->psFileInfo->nFormatVersion < 3 ||
        eBandInterp == GCI_AlphaBand)
    {
        return pamError;
    }

    NCS::CError error = poGDS->StatisticsEnsureInitialized();
    if (!error.Success())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "ECWRDataset::StatisticsEnsureInitialized failed in "
                 "ECWRasterBand::GetDefaultHistogram. ");
        return CE_Failure;
    }
    GetBandIndexAndCountForStatistics(nStatsBandIndex, nStatsBandCount);
    bool bHistogramFromFile = false;

    if (poGDS->pStatistics != nullptr)
    {
        NCSBandStats &bandStats =
            poGDS->pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex];
        if (bandStats.Histogram != nullptr && bandStats.nHistBucketCount > 0)
        {
            *pnBuckets = bandStats.nHistBucketCount;
            *ppanHistogram = static_cast<GUIntBig *>(
                VSIMalloc(bandStats.nHistBucketCount * sizeof(GUIntBig)));
            for (size_t i = 0; i < bandStats.nHistBucketCount; i++)
            {
                (*ppanHistogram)[i] =
                    static_cast<GUIntBig>(bandStats.Histogram[i]);
            }
            // JTO: this is not perfect as You can't tell who wrote the
            // histogram !!! It will offset it unnecessarily for files with
            // hists not modified by GDAL.
            const double dfHalfBucket =
                (bandStats.fMaxHist - bandStats.fMinHist) /
                (2 * (*pnBuckets - 1));
            if (pdfMin != nullptr)
            {
                *pdfMin = bandStats.fMinHist - dfHalfBucket;
            }
            if (pdfMax != nullptr)
            {
                *pdfMax = bandStats.fMaxHist + dfHalfBucket;
            }
            bHistogramFromFile = true;
        }
    }

    if (!bHistogramFromFile)
    {
        if (bForce == TRUE)
        {
            // compute. Save.
            pamError = GDALPamRasterBand::GetDefaultHistogram(
                pdfMin, pdfMax, pnBuckets, ppanHistogram, TRUE, f,
                pProgressData);
            if (pamError == CE_None)
            {
                const CPLErr error2 = SetDefaultHistogram(
                    *pdfMin, *pdfMax, *pnBuckets, *ppanHistogram);
                if (error2 != CE_None)
                {
                    // Histogram is there but we failed to save it back to file.
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "SetDefaultHistogram failed in "
                             "ECWRasterBand::GetDefaultHistogram. Histogram "
                             "might not be saved in .ecw file.");
                }
                return CE_None;
            }
            return pamError;
        }
        // No histogram, no forced computation.
        return CE_Warning;
    }
    // Statistics were already there and were used.
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       SetDefaultHistogram()                          */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram(double dfMin, double dfMax,
                                          int nBuckets, GUIntBig *panHistogram)
{
    // Only version 3 supports saving statistics.
    if (poGDS->psFileInfo->nFormatVersion < 3 || eBandInterp == GCI_AlphaBand)
    {
        return GDALPamRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram(dfMin, dfMax, nBuckets,
                                                      panHistogram);
    }

    // determine if there are statistics in PAM file.
    double dummy;
    int dummy_i;
    GUIntBig *dummy_histogram = nullptr;
    bool hasPAMDefaultHistogram =
        GDALPamRasterBand::GetDefaultHistogram(&dummy, &dummy, &dummy_i,
                                               &dummy_histogram, FALSE, nullptr,
                                               nullptr) == CE_None;
    if (hasPAMDefaultHistogram)
    {
        VSIFree(dummy_histogram);
    }

    // ECW SDK ignores statistics for opacity bands. So we need to compute
    // number of bands without opacity.
    GetBandIndexAndCountForStatistics(nStatsBandIndex, nStatsBandCount);
    UINT32 bucketCounts[256];
    std::fill_n(bucketCounts, nStatsBandCount, 0);
    bucketCounts[nStatsBandIndex] = nBuckets;

    NCS::CError error = poGDS->StatisticsEnsureInitialized();
    if (!error.Success())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "ECWRDataset::StatisticsEnsureInitialized failed in "
                 "ECWRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram. Default histogram will "
                 "be written to PAM. ");
        return GDALPamRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram(dfMin, dfMax, nBuckets,
                                                      panHistogram);
    }

    NCSFileStatistics *pStatistics = poGDS->pStatistics;

    if (pStatistics == nullptr)
    {
        error =
            NCSEcwInitStatistics(&pStatistics, nStatsBandCount, bucketCounts);
        poGDS->bStatisticsDirty = TRUE;
        poGDS->pStatistics = pStatistics;
        if (!error.Success())
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "NCSEcwInitStatistics failed in "
                     "ECWRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram.");
            return GDALPamRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram(
                dfMin, dfMax, nBuckets, panHistogram);
        }
        // no error statistics properly initialized but there were no statistics
        // previously.
    }
    else
    {
        // is there a room for our band already?
        // This should account for following cases:
        // 1. Existing histogram (for this or different band) has smaller bucket
        // count.
        // 2. There is no existing histogram but statistics are set for one or
        // more bands (pStatistics->nHistBucketCounts is zero).
        if ((int)pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex].nHistBucketCount !=
            nBuckets)
        {
            // no. There is no room. We need more!
            NCSFileStatistics *pNewStatistics = nullptr;
            for (size_t i = 0; i < pStatistics->nNumberOfBands; i++)
            {
                bucketCounts[i] = pStatistics->BandsStats[i].nHistBucketCount;
            }
            bucketCounts[nStatsBandIndex] = nBuckets;
            if (nBuckets <
                static_cast<int>(
                    pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex].nHistBucketCount))
            {
                pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex].nHistBucketCount =
                    nBuckets;
            }
            error = NCSEcwInitStatistics(&pNewStatistics, nStatsBandCount,
                                         bucketCounts);
            if (!error.Success())
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "NCSEcwInitStatistics failed in "
                         "ECWRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram (reallocate).");
                return GDALPamRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram(
                    dfMin, dfMax, nBuckets, panHistogram);
            }
            // we need to copy existing statistics.
            error = NCSEcwCopyStatistics(&pNewStatistics, pStatistics);
            if (!error.Success())
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "NCSEcwCopyStatistics failed in "
                         "ECWRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram.");
                NCSEcwFreeStatistics(pNewStatistics);
                return GDALPamRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram(
                    dfMin, dfMax, nBuckets, panHistogram);
            }
            pNewStatistics->nNumberOfBands = nStatsBandCount;
            NCSEcwFreeStatistics(pStatistics);
            pStatistics = pNewStatistics;
            poGDS->pStatistics = pStatistics;
            poGDS->bStatisticsDirty = TRUE;
        }
    }

    // at this point we have allocated statistics structure.
    double dfHalfBucket = (dfMax - dfMin) / (2 * nBuckets);
    pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex].fMinHist =
        static_cast<IEEE4>(dfMin + dfHalfBucket);
    pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex].fMaxHist =
        static_cast<IEEE4>(dfMax - dfHalfBucket);
    for (int i = 0; i < nBuckets; i++)
    {
        pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex].Histogram[i] =
            static_cast<UINT64>(panHistogram[i]);
    }

    if (hasPAMDefaultHistogram)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Debug, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "PAM default histogram will be overwritten.");
        return GDALPamRasterBand::SetDefaultHistogram(dfMin, dfMax, nBuckets,
                                                      panHistogram);
    }
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                   GetBandIndexAndCountForStatistics()                */
/************************************************************************/

void ECWRasterBand::GetBandIndexAndCountForStatistics(int &bandIndex,
                                                      int &bandCount) const
{
    bandIndex = nBand - 1;
    bandCount = poGDS->nBands;
    for (int i = 0; i < poGDS->nBands; i++)
    {
        if (poDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1)->GetColorInterpretation() ==
            GCI_AlphaBand)
        {
            bandCount--;
            if (i < nBand - 1)
            {
                bandIndex--;
            }
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetMinimum()                               */
/************************************************************************/

double ECWRasterBand::GetMinimum(int *pbSuccess)
{
    if (poGDS->psFileInfo->nFormatVersion >= 3)
    {
        NCS::CError error = poGDS->StatisticsEnsureInitialized();
        if (error.Success())
        {
            GetBandIndexAndCountForStatistics(nStatsBandIndex, nStatsBandCount);
            if (poGDS->pStatistics != nullptr)
            {
                NCSBandStats &bandStats =
                    poGDS->pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex];
                if (!std::isnan(bandStats.fMinVal))
                {
                    if (pbSuccess)
                        *pbSuccess = TRUE;
                    return bandStats.fMinVal;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return GDALPamRasterBand::GetMinimum(pbSuccess);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetMaximum()                               */
/************************************************************************/

double ECWRasterBand::GetMaximum(int *pbSuccess)
{
    if (poGDS->psFileInfo->nFormatVersion >= 3)
    {
        NCS::CError error = poGDS->StatisticsEnsureInitialized();
        if (error.Success())
        {
            GetBandIndexAndCountForStatistics(nStatsBandIndex, nStatsBandCount);
            if (poGDS->pStatistics != nullptr)
            {
                NCSBandStats &bandStats =
                    poGDS->pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex];
                if (!std::isnan(bandStats.fMaxVal))
                {
                    if (pbSuccess)
                        *pbSuccess = TRUE;
                    return bandStats.fMaxVal;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return GDALPamRasterBand::GetMaximum(pbSuccess);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetMetadataItem()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWRasterBand::SetMetadataItem(const char *pszName, const char *pszValue,
                                      const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (EQUAL(pszName, "STATISTICS_VALID_PERCENT"))
        return CE_None;
    return GDALPamRasterBand::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetStatistics()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWRasterBand::GetStatistics(int bApproxOK, int bForce, double *pdfMin,
                                    double *pdfMax, double *pdfMean,
                                    double *padfStdDev)
{
    int bForceCoalesced = bForce;
    // If file version is smaller than 3, there will be no statistics in the
    // file. But if it is version 3 or higher we don't want underlying
    // implementation to compute histogram so we set bForceCoalesced to FALSE.
    if (poGDS->psFileInfo->nFormatVersion >= 3)
    {
        bForceCoalesced = FALSE;
    }
    // We check if we have PAM histogram. If we have them we return them. This
    // will allow to override statistics stored in the file.
    CPLErr pamError = GDALPamRasterBand::GetStatistics(
        bApproxOK, bForceCoalesced, pdfMin, pdfMax, pdfMean, padfStdDev);
    if (pamError == CE_None || poGDS->psFileInfo->nFormatVersion < 3 ||
        eBandInterp == GCI_AlphaBand)
    {
        return pamError;
    }

    NCS::CError error = poGDS->StatisticsEnsureInitialized();
    if (!error.Success())
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "ECWRDataset::StatisticsEnsureInitialized failed in "
                 "ECWRasterBand::GetStatistic. ");
        return CE_Failure;
    }
    GetBandIndexAndCountForStatistics(nStatsBandIndex, nStatsBandCount);
    bool bStatisticsFromFile = false;

    if (poGDS->pStatistics != nullptr)
    {
        bStatisticsFromFile = true;
        NCSBandStats &bandStats =
            poGDS->pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex];
        if (pdfMin != nullptr && !std::isnan(bandStats.fMinVal))
        {
            *pdfMin = bandStats.fMinVal;
        }
        else
        {
            bStatisticsFromFile = false;
        }
        if (pdfMax != nullptr && !std::isnan(bandStats.fMaxVal))
        {
            *pdfMax = bandStats.fMaxVal;
        }
        else
        {
            bStatisticsFromFile = false;
        }
        if (pdfMean != nullptr && !std::isnan(bandStats.fMeanVal))
        {
            *pdfMean = bandStats.fMeanVal;
        }
        else
        {
            bStatisticsFromFile = false;
        }
        if (padfStdDev != nullptr && !std::isnan(bandStats.fStandardDev))
        {
            *padfStdDev = bandStats.fStandardDev;
        }
        else
        {
            bStatisticsFromFile = false;
        }
        if (bStatisticsFromFile)
            return CE_None;
    }
    // no required statistics.
    if (!bStatisticsFromFile && bForce == TRUE)
    {
        double dfMin, dfMax, dfMean, dfStdDev;
        pamError = GDALPamRasterBand::GetStatistics(bApproxOK, TRUE, &dfMin,
                                                    &dfMax, &dfMean, &dfStdDev);
        if (pdfMin != nullptr)
        {
            *pdfMin = dfMin;
        }
        if (pdfMax != nullptr)
        {
            *pdfMax = dfMax;
        }
        if (pdfMean != nullptr)
        {
            *pdfMean = dfMean;
        }
        if (padfStdDev != nullptr)
        {
            *padfStdDev = dfStdDev;
        }
        if (pamError == CE_None)
        {
            const CPLErr err = SetStatistics(dfMin, dfMax, dfMean, dfStdDev);
            if (err != CE_None)
            {
                CPLError(
                    CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "SetStatistics failed in ECWRasterBand::GetStatistics. "
                    "Statistics might not be saved in .ecw file.");
            }
            return CE_None;
        }
        // whatever happened we return.
        return pamError;
    }
    // no statistics and we are not forced to return.
    return CE_Warning;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetStatistics()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWRasterBand::SetStatistics(double dfMin, double dfMax, double dfMean,
                                    double dfStdDev)
{
    if (poGDS->psFileInfo->nFormatVersion < 3 || eBandInterp == GCI_AlphaBand)
    {
        return GDALPamRasterBand::SetStatistics(dfMin, dfMax, dfMean, dfStdDev);
    }
    double dummy;
    bool hasPAMStatistics =
        GDALPamRasterBand::GetStatistics(TRUE, FALSE, &dummy, &dummy, &dummy,
                                         &dummy) == CE_None;

    NCS::CError error = poGDS->StatisticsEnsureInitialized();
    if (!error.Success())
    {
        CPLError(
            CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
            "ECWRDataset::StatisticsEnsureInitialized failed in "
            "ECWRasterBand::SetStatistic. Statistics will be written to PAM. ");
        return GDALPamRasterBand::SetStatistics(dfMin, dfMax, dfMean, dfStdDev);
    }
    GetBandIndexAndCountForStatistics(nStatsBandIndex, nStatsBandCount);
    if (poGDS->pStatistics == nullptr)
    {
        error =
            NCSEcwInitStatistics(&poGDS->pStatistics, nStatsBandCount, nullptr);
        if (!error.Success())
        {
            CPLError(
                CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                "NCSEcwInitStatistics failed in ECWRasterBand::SetStatistic. "
                "Statistics will be written to PAM.");
            return GDALPamRasterBand::SetStatistics(dfMin, dfMax, dfMean,
                                                    dfStdDev);
        }
    }

    poGDS->pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex].fMinVal =
        static_cast<IEEE4>(dfMin);
    poGDS->pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex].fMaxVal =
        static_cast<IEEE4>(dfMax);
    poGDS->pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex].fMeanVal =
        static_cast<IEEE4>(dfMean);
    poGDS->pStatistics->BandsStats[nStatsBandIndex].fStandardDev =
        static_cast<IEEE4>(dfStdDev);
    poGDS->bStatisticsDirty = TRUE;
    // if we have PAM statistics we need to save them as well. Better option
    // would be to remove them from PAM file but I don't know how to do that
    // without messing in PAM internals.
    if (hasPAMStatistics)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Debug, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "PAM statistics will be overwritten.");
        return GDALPamRasterBand::SetStatistics(dfMin, dfMax, dfMean, dfStdDev);
    }

    return CE_None;
}
#endif

// #if !defined(SDK_CAN_DO_SUPERSAMPLING)
/************************************************************************/
/*                          OldIRasterIO()                              */
/************************************************************************/

/* This implementation of IRasterIO(), derived from the one of GDAL 1.9 */
/* and older versions, is meant at making over-sampling */
/* work with ECW SDK 3.3. Newer versions of the SDK can do super-sampling in
 * their */
/* SetView() call. */

CPLErr ECWRasterBand::OldIRasterIO(GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, int nXOff, int nYOff,
                                   int nXSize, int nYSize, void *pData,
                                   int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                                   GDALDataType eBufType, GSpacing nPixelSpace,
                                   GSpacing nLineSpace,
                                   GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)

{
    int iBand;
    GByte *pabyWorkBuffer = nullptr;
    const int nResFactor = 1 << (iOverview + 1);

    nXOff *= nResFactor;
    nYOff *= nResFactor;
    nXSize *= nResFactor;
    nYSize *= nResFactor;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Try to do it based on existing "advised" access.                */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    int nRet = poGDS->TryWinRasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                     static_cast<GByte *>(pData), nBufXSize,
                                     nBufYSize, eBufType, 1, &nBand,
                                     nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, 0, psExtraArg);
    if (nRet == TRUE)
        return CE_None;
    if (nRet < 0)
        return CE_Failure;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      The ECW SDK doesn't supersample, so adjust for this case.       */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    int nNewXSize = nBufXSize;
    int nNewYSize = nBufYSize;

    if (nXSize < nBufXSize)
        nNewXSize = nXSize;

    if (nYSize < nBufYSize)
        nNewYSize = nYSize;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Can we perform direct loads, or must we load into a working     */
    /*      buffer, and transform?                                          */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    const int nRawPixelSize = GDALGetDataTypeSize(poGDS->eRasterDataType) / 8;

    int bDirect = nPixelSpace == 1 && eBufType == GDT_Byte &&
                  nNewXSize == nBufXSize && nNewYSize == nBufYSize;
    if (!bDirect)
        pabyWorkBuffer =
            static_cast<GByte *>(CPLMalloc(nNewXSize * nRawPixelSize));

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Establish access at the desired resolution.                     */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    poGDS->CleanupWindow();

    iBand = nBand - 1;
    poGDS->nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit = (bPromoteTo8Bit) ? 0 : -1;
    // TODO: Fix writable strings issue.
    CNCSError oErr = poGDS->poFileView->SetView(
        1, reinterpret_cast<unsigned int *>(&iBand), nXOff, nYOff,
        nXOff + nXSize - 1, nYOff + nYSize - 1, nNewXSize, nNewYSize);
    if (oErr.GetErrorNumber() != NCS_SUCCESS)
    {
        CPLFree(pabyWorkBuffer);
        ECWReportError(oErr);

        return CE_Failure;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Read back one scanline at a time, till request is satisfied.    */
    /*      Supersampling is not supported by the ECW API, so we will do    */
    /*      it ourselves.                                                   */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    double dfSrcYInc = static_cast<double>(nNewYSize) / nBufYSize;
    double dfSrcXInc = static_cast<double>(nNewXSize) / nBufXSize;
    int iSrcLine, iDstLine;
    CPLErr eErr = CE_None;

    for (iSrcLine = 0, iDstLine = 0; iDstLine < nBufYSize; iDstLine++)
    {
        NCSEcwReadStatus eRStatus;
        GPtrDiff_t iDstLineOff = iDstLine * (GPtrDiff_t)nLineSpace;
        unsigned char *pabySrcBuf;

        if (bDirect)
            pabySrcBuf = ((GByte *)pData) + iDstLineOff;
        else
            pabySrcBuf = pabyWorkBuffer;

        if (nNewYSize == nBufYSize || iSrcLine == (int)(iDstLine * dfSrcYInc))
        {
            eRStatus = poGDS->poFileView->ReadLineBIL(
                poGDS->eNCSRequestDataType, 1, (void **)&pabySrcBuf);

            if (eRStatus != NCSECW_READ_OK)
            {
                CPLDebug("ECW", "ReadLineBIL status=%d", (int)eRStatus);
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "NCScbmReadViewLineBIL failed.");
                eErr = CE_Failure;
                break;
            }

            if (bPromoteTo8Bit)
            {
                for (int iX = 0; iX < nNewXSize; iX++)
                {
                    pabySrcBuf[iX] *= 255;
                }
            }

            if (!bDirect)
            {
                if (nNewXSize == nBufXSize)
                {
                    GDALCopyWords(pabyWorkBuffer, poGDS->eRasterDataType,
                                  nRawPixelSize,
                                  ((GByte *)pData) + iDstLine * nLineSpace,
                                  eBufType, (int)nPixelSpace, nBufXSize);
                }
                else
                {
                    int iPixel;

                    for (iPixel = 0; iPixel < nBufXSize; iPixel++)
                    {
                        GDALCopyWords(
                            pabyWorkBuffer +
                                nRawPixelSize * ((int)(iPixel * dfSrcXInc)),
                            poGDS->eRasterDataType, nRawPixelSize,
                            (GByte *)pData + iDstLineOff + iPixel * nPixelSpace,
                            eBufType, (int)nPixelSpace, 1);
                    }
                }
            }

            iSrcLine++;
        }
        else
        {
            // Just copy the previous line in this case
            GDALCopyWords((GByte *)pData + (iDstLineOff - nLineSpace), eBufType,
                          (int)nPixelSpace, (GByte *)pData + iDstLineOff,
                          eBufType, (int)nPixelSpace, nBufXSize);
        }

        if (psExtraArg->pfnProgress != nullptr &&
            !psExtraArg->pfnProgress(1.0 * (iDstLine + 1) / nBufYSize, "",
                                     psExtraArg->pProgressData))
        {
            eErr = CE_Failure;
            break;
        }
    }

    CPLFree(pabyWorkBuffer);

    return eErr;
}
// #endif !defined(SDK_CAN_DO_SUPERSAMPLING)

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IRasterIO()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWRasterBand::IRasterIO(GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, int nXOff, int nYOff,
                                int nXSize, int nYSize, void *pData,
                                int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                                GDALDataType eBufType, GSpacing nPixelSpace,
                                GSpacing nLineSpace,
                                GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)
{
    if (eRWFlag == GF_Write)
        return CE_Failure;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Default line and pixel spacing if needed.                       */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (nPixelSpace == 0)
        nPixelSpace = GDALGetDataTypeSize(eBufType) / 8;

    if (nLineSpace == 0)
        nLineSpace = nPixelSpace * nBufXSize;

    CPLDebug("ECWRasterBand",
             "RasterIO(nBand=%d,iOverview=%d,nXOff=%d,nYOff=%d,nXSize=%d,"
             "nYSize=%d -> %dx%d)",
             nBand, iOverview, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, nBufXSize,
             nBufYSize);

#if !defined(SDK_CAN_DO_SUPERSAMPLING)
    if (poGDS->bUseOldBandRasterIOImplementation)
    {
        return OldIRasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, pData,
                            nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType, nPixelSpace,
                            nLineSpace, psExtraArg);
    }

#endif

    int nResFactor = 1 << (iOverview + 1);

    GDALRasterIOExtraArg sExtraArgTmp;
    INIT_RASTERIO_EXTRA_ARG(sExtraArgTmp);
    sExtraArgTmp.eResampleAlg = psExtraArg->eResampleAlg;
    sExtraArgTmp.pfnProgress = psExtraArg->pfnProgress;
    sExtraArgTmp.pProgressData = psExtraArg->pProgressData;

    return poGDS->IRasterIO(
        eRWFlag, nXOff * nResFactor, nYOff * nResFactor,
        (nXSize == nRasterXSize) ? poGDS->nRasterXSize : nXSize * nResFactor,
        (nYSize == nRasterYSize) ? poGDS->nRasterYSize : nYSize * nResFactor,
        pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType, 1, &nBand, nPixelSpace,
        nLineSpace, nLineSpace * nBufYSize, &sExtraArgTmp);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IReadBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWRasterBand::IReadBlock(int nBlockXOff, int nBlockYOff, void *pImage)

{
    int nXOff = nBlockXOff * nBlockXSize, nYOff = nBlockYOff * nBlockYSize,
        nXSize = nBlockXSize, nYSize = nBlockYSize;

    if (nXOff + nXSize > nRasterXSize)
        nXSize = nRasterXSize - nXOff;
    if (nYOff + nYSize > nRasterYSize)
        nYSize = nRasterYSize - nYOff;

    int nPixelSpace = GDALGetDataTypeSize(eDataType) / 8;
    int nLineSpace = nPixelSpace * nBlockXSize;

    GDALRasterIOExtraArg sExtraArg;
    INIT_RASTERIO_EXTRA_ARG(sExtraArg);

    return IRasterIO(GF_Read, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, pImage, nXSize,
                     nYSize, eDataType, nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, &sExtraArg);
}

/************************************************************************/
/* ==================================================================== */
/*                            ECWDataset                               */
/* ==================================================================== */
/************************************************************************/

/************************************************************************/
/*                            ECWDataset()                              */
/************************************************************************/

ECWDataset::ECWDataset(int bIsJPEG2000In)

{
    this->bIsJPEG2000 = bIsJPEG2000In;
    bUsingCustomStream = FALSE;
    poFileView = nullptr;
    bWinActive = FALSE;
    panWinBandList = nullptr;
    eRasterDataType = GDT_Byte;
    papszGMLMetadata = nullptr;

    bHdrDirty = FALSE;
    bGeoTransformChanged = FALSE;
    bProjectionChanged = FALSE;
    bProjCodeChanged = FALSE;
    bDatumCodeChanged = FALSE;
    bUnitsCodeChanged = FALSE;

    bUseOldBandRasterIOImplementation = FALSE;
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50

    pStatistics = nullptr;
    bStatisticsDirty = FALSE;
    bStatisticsInitialized = FALSE;
    bFileMetaDataDirty = FALSE;

#endif

    sCachedMultiBandIO.bEnabled = FALSE;
    sCachedMultiBandIO.nBandsTried = 0;
    sCachedMultiBandIO.nXOff = 0;
    sCachedMultiBandIO.nYOff = 0;
    sCachedMultiBandIO.nXSize = 0;
    sCachedMultiBandIO.nYSize = 0;
    sCachedMultiBandIO.nBufXSize = 0;
    sCachedMultiBandIO.nBufYSize = 0;
    sCachedMultiBandIO.eBufType = GDT_Unknown;
    sCachedMultiBandIO.pabyData = nullptr;

    bPreventCopyingSomeMetadata = FALSE;

    nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit = -1;

    poDriver =
        (GDALDriver *)GDALGetDriverByName(bIsJPEG2000 ? "JP2ECW" : "ECW");

    psFileInfo = nullptr;
    eNCSRequestDataType = NCSCT_UINT8;
    nWinXOff = 0;
    nWinYOff = 0;
    nWinXSize = 0;
    nWinYSize = 0;
    nWinBufXSize = 0;
    nWinBufYSize = 0;
    nWinBandCount = 0;
    nWinBufLoaded = FALSE;
    papCurLineBuf = nullptr;

    m_nAdviseReadXOff = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadYOff = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadXSize = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadYSize = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadBufXSize = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadBufYSize = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadBandCount = -1;
    m_panAdviseReadBandList = nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ~ECWDataset()                              */
/************************************************************************/

ECWDataset::~ECWDataset()

{
    GDALPamDataset::FlushCache(true);
    CleanupWindow();

#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
    NCSFileMetaData *pFileMetaDataCopy = nullptr;
    if (bFileMetaDataDirty)
    {
        NCSCopyMetaData(&pFileMetaDataCopy, psFileInfo->pFileMetaData);
    }
#endif

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Release / dereference iostream.                                 */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    // The underlying iostream of the CNCSJP2FileView (poFileView) object may
    // also be the underlying iostream of other CNCSJP2FileView (poFileView)
    // objects.  Consequently, when we delete the CNCSJP2FileView (poFileView)
    // object, we must decrement the nFileViewCount attribute of the underlying
    // VSIIOStream object, and only delete the VSIIOStream object when
    // nFileViewCount is equal to zero.

    CPLMutexHolder oHolder(&hECWDatasetMutex);

    if (poFileView != nullptr)
    {
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 55
        delete poFileView;
#else
        VSIIOStream *poUnderlyingIOStream = (VSIIOStream *)nullptr;

        if (bUsingCustomStream)
        {
            poUnderlyingIOStream = ((VSIIOStream *)(poFileView->GetStream()));
        }
        delete poFileView;

        if (bUsingCustomStream)
        {
            if (--poUnderlyingIOStream->nFileViewCount == 0)
                delete poUnderlyingIOStream;
        }
#endif
        poFileView = nullptr;
    }

    /* WriteHeader() must be called after closing the file handle to work */
    /* on Windows */
    if (bHdrDirty)
        WriteHeader();
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
    if (bStatisticsDirty)
    {
        StatisticsWrite();
    }
    CleanupStatistics();

    if (bFileMetaDataDirty)
    {
        WriteFileMetaData(pFileMetaDataCopy);
        NCSFreeMetaData(pFileMetaDataCopy);
    }
#endif

    CSLDestroy(papszGMLMetadata);

    CPLFree(sCachedMultiBandIO.pabyData);

    CPLFree(m_panAdviseReadBandList);
}

#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50

/************************************************************************/
/*                    StatisticsEnsureInitialized()                     */
/************************************************************************/

NCS::CError ECWDataset::StatisticsEnsureInitialized()
{
    if (bStatisticsInitialized == TRUE)
    {
        return NCS_SUCCESS;
    }

    NCS::CError error = poFileView->GetClientStatistics(&pStatistics);
    if (error.Success())
    {
        bStatisticsInitialized = TRUE;
    }
    return error;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          StatisticsWrite()                           */
/************************************************************************/

NCS::CError ECWDataset::StatisticsWrite()
{
    CPLDebug("ECW", "In StatisticsWrite()");
    NCSFileView *view = NCSEcwEditOpen(GetDescription());
    NCS::CError error;
    if (view != nullptr)
    {
        error = NCSEcwEditSetStatistics(view, pStatistics);
        if (error.Success())
        {
            error = NCSEcwEditFlushAll(view);
            if (error.Success())
            {
                error = NCSEcwEditClose(view);
            }
        }
    }

    bStatisticsDirty = FALSE;

    return error;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          CleanupStatistics()                         */
/************************************************************************/

void ECWDataset::CleanupStatistics()
{
    if (bStatisticsInitialized == TRUE && pStatistics != nullptr)
    {
        NCSEcwFreeStatistics(pStatistics);
    }
}

#endif  // #if ECWSDK_VERSION>=50

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetGeoTransform()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWDataset::SetGeoTransform(double *padfGeoTransform)
{
    if (bIsJPEG2000 || eAccess == GA_ReadOnly)
        return GDALPamDataset::SetGeoTransform(padfGeoTransform);

    if (!bGeoTransformValid || adfGeoTransform[0] != padfGeoTransform[0] ||
        adfGeoTransform[1] != padfGeoTransform[1] ||
        adfGeoTransform[2] != padfGeoTransform[2] ||
        adfGeoTransform[3] != padfGeoTransform[3] ||
        adfGeoTransform[4] != padfGeoTransform[4] ||
        adfGeoTransform[5] != padfGeoTransform[5])
    {
        memcpy(adfGeoTransform, padfGeoTransform, 6 * sizeof(double));
        bGeoTransformValid = TRUE;
        bHdrDirty = TRUE;
        bGeoTransformChanged = TRUE;
    }

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            SetSpatialRef()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWDataset::SetSpatialRef(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS)
{
    if (bIsJPEG2000 || eAccess == GA_ReadOnly)
        return GDALPamDataset::SetSpatialRef(poSRS);

    if (!((m_oSRS.IsEmpty() && poSRS == nullptr) ||
          (!m_oSRS.IsEmpty() && poSRS != nullptr && m_oSRS.IsSame(poSRS))))
    {
        m_oSRS.Clear();
        if (poSRS)
            m_oSRS = *poSRS;

        bHdrDirty = TRUE;
        bProjectionChanged = TRUE;
    }

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            SetMetadataItem()                         */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWDataset::SetMetadataItem(const char *pszName, const char *pszValue,
                                   const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (!bIsJPEG2000 && eAccess == GA_Update &&
        (pszDomain == nullptr || EQUAL(pszDomain, "") ||
         (pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "ECW"))) &&
        pszName != nullptr &&
        (strcmp(pszName, "PROJ") == 0 || strcmp(pszName, "DATUM") == 0 ||
         strcmp(pszName, "UNITS") == 0))
    {
        CPLString osNewVal = pszValue ? pszValue : "";
        if (osNewVal.size() > 31)
            osNewVal.resize(31);
        if (strcmp(pszName, "PROJ") == 0)
        {
            bProjCodeChanged = (osNewVal != m_osProjCode);
            m_osProjCode = osNewVal;
            bHdrDirty |= bProjCodeChanged;
        }
        else if (strcmp(pszName, "DATUM") == 0)
        {
            bDatumCodeChanged |= (osNewVal != m_osDatumCode) ? TRUE : FALSE;
            m_osDatumCode = osNewVal;
            bHdrDirty |= bDatumCodeChanged;
        }
        else
        {
            bUnitsCodeChanged |= (osNewVal != m_osUnitsCode) ? TRUE : FALSE;
            m_osUnitsCode = osNewVal;
            bHdrDirty |= bUnitsCodeChanged;
        }
        return CE_None;
    }
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
    else if (psFileInfo != nullptr && psFileInfo->nFormatVersion >= 3 &&
             eAccess == GA_Update &&
             (pszDomain == nullptr || EQUAL(pszDomain, "")) &&
             pszName != nullptr && STARTS_WITH(pszName, "FILE_METADATA_"))
    {
        bFileMetaDataDirty = TRUE;

        if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData == nullptr)
            NCSInitMetaData(&(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData));

        if (strcmp(pszName, "FILE_METADATA_CLASSIFICATION") == 0)
        {
            NCSFree(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sClassification);
            psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sClassification =
                pszValue ? NCSStrDupT(NCS::CString(pszValue).c_str()) : nullptr;
            return GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
        }
        else if (strcmp(pszName, "FILE_METADATA_ACQUISITION_DATE") == 0)
        {
            NCSFree(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAcquisitionDate);
            psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAcquisitionDate =
                pszValue ? NCSStrDupT(NCS::CString(pszValue).c_str()) : nullptr;
            return GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
        }
        else if (strcmp(pszName, "FILE_METADATA_ACQUISITION_SENSOR_NAME") == 0)
        {
            NCSFree(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAcquisitionSensorName);
            psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAcquisitionSensorName =
                pszValue ? NCSStrDupT(NCS::CString(pszValue).c_str()) : nullptr;
            return GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
        }
        else if (strcmp(pszName, "FILE_METADATA_COMPRESSION_SOFTWARE") == 0)
        {
            NCSFree(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCompressionSoftware);
            psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCompressionSoftware =
                pszValue ? NCSStrDupT(NCS::CString(pszValue).c_str()) : nullptr;
            return GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
        }
        else if (strcmp(pszName, "FILE_METADATA_AUTHOR") == 0)
        {
            NCSFree(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAuthor);
            psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAuthor =
                pszValue ? NCSStrDupT(NCS::CString(pszValue).c_str()) : nullptr;
            return GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
        }
        else if (strcmp(pszName, "FILE_METADATA_COPYRIGHT") == 0)
        {
            NCSFree(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCopyright);
            psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCopyright =
                pszValue ? NCSStrDupT(NCS::CString(pszValue).c_str()) : nullptr;
            return GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
        }
        else if (strcmp(pszName, "FILE_METADATA_COMPANY") == 0)
        {
            NCSFree(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCompany);
            psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCompany =
                pszValue ? NCSStrDupT(NCS::CString(pszValue).c_str()) : nullptr;
            return GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
        }
        else if (strcmp(pszName, "FILE_METADATA_EMAIL") == 0)
        {
            NCSFree(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sEmail);
            psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sEmail =
                pszValue ? NCSStrDupT(NCS::CString(pszValue).c_str()) : nullptr;
            return GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
        }
        else if (strcmp(pszName, "FILE_METADATA_ADDRESS") == 0)
        {
            NCSFree(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAddress);
            psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAddress =
                pszValue ? NCSStrDupT(NCS::CString(pszValue).c_str()) : nullptr;
            return GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
        }
        else if (strcmp(pszName, "FILE_METADATA_TELEPHONE") == 0)
        {
            NCSFree(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sTelephone);
            psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sTelephone =
                pszValue ? NCSStrDupT(NCS::CString(pszValue).c_str()) : nullptr;
            return GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
        }
        else
        {
            return GDALPamDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue,
                                                   pszDomain);
        }
    }
#endif
    else
        return GDALPamDataset::SetMetadataItem(pszName, pszValue, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetMetadata()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWDataset::SetMetadata(char **papszMetadata, const char *pszDomain)
{
    /* The bPreventCopyingSomeMetadata is set by ECWCreateCopy() */
    /* just before calling poDS->CloneInfo( poSrcDS, GCIF_PAM_DEFAULT ); */
    if (bPreventCopyingSomeMetadata &&
        (pszDomain == nullptr || EQUAL(pszDomain, "")))
    {
        char **papszMetadataDup = nullptr;
        char **papszIter = papszMetadata;
        while (*papszIter)
        {
            char *pszKey = nullptr;
            CPLParseNameValue(*papszIter, &pszKey);
            /* Remove a few metadata item from the source that we don't want in
             */
            /* the target metadata */
            if (pszKey != nullptr &&
                (EQUAL(pszKey, "VERSION") ||
                 EQUAL(pszKey, "COMPRESSION_RATE_TARGET") ||
                 EQUAL(pszKey, "COMPRESSION_RATE_ACTUAL") ||
                 EQUAL(pszKey, "CLOCKWISE_ROTATION_DEG") ||
                 EQUAL(pszKey, "COLORSPACE") ||
                 EQUAL(pszKey, "COMPRESSION_DATE") ||
                 STARTS_WITH_CI(pszKey, "FILE_METADATA_")))
            {
                /* do nothing */
            }
            else
            {
                papszMetadataDup = CSLAddString(papszMetadataDup, *papszIter);
            }
            CPLFree(pszKey);
            papszIter++;
        }

        bPreventCopyingSomeMetadata = FALSE;
        CPLErr eErr = SetMetadata(papszMetadataDup, pszDomain);
        bPreventCopyingSomeMetadata = TRUE;
        CSLDestroy(papszMetadataDup);
        return eErr;
    }

    if (((pszDomain == nullptr || EQUAL(pszDomain, "") ||
          EQUAL(pszDomain, "ECW")) &&
         (CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "PROJ") != nullptr ||
          CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "DATUM") != nullptr ||
          CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "UNITS") != nullptr))
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
        ||
        (psFileInfo != nullptr && psFileInfo->nFormatVersion >= 3 &&
         eAccess == GA_Update &&
         (pszDomain == nullptr || EQUAL(pszDomain, "")) &&
         (CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "FILE_METADATA_CLASSIFICATION") !=
              nullptr ||
          CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "FILE_METADATA_ACQUISITION_DATE") !=
              nullptr ||
          CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata,
                            "FILE_METADATA_ACQUISITION_SENSOR_NAME") !=
              nullptr ||
          CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata,
                            "FILE_METADATA_COMPRESSION_SOFTWARE") != nullptr ||
          CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "FILE_METADATA_AUTHOR") != nullptr ||
          CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "FILE_METADATA_COPYRIGHT") !=
              nullptr ||
          CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "FILE_METADATA_COMPANY") !=
              nullptr ||
          CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "FILE_METADATA_EMAIL") != nullptr ||
          CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "FILE_METADATA_ADDRESS") !=
              nullptr ||
          CSLFetchNameValue(papszMetadata, "FILE_METADATA_TELEPHONE") !=
              nullptr))
#endif
    )
    {
        CPLStringList osNewMetadata;
        char **papszIter = papszMetadata;
        while (papszIter && *papszIter)
        {
            if (STARTS_WITH(*papszIter, "PROJ=") ||
                STARTS_WITH(*papszIter, "DATUM=") ||
                STARTS_WITH(*papszIter, "UNITS=") ||
                (STARTS_WITH(*papszIter, "FILE_METADATA_") &&
                 strchr(*papszIter, '=') != nullptr))
            {
                char *pszKey = nullptr;
                const char *pszValue = CPLParseNameValue(*papszIter, &pszKey);
                SetMetadataItem(pszKey, pszValue, pszDomain);
                CPLFree(pszKey);
            }
            else
                osNewMetadata.AddString(*papszIter);
            papszIter++;
        }
        if (!osNewMetadata.empty())
            return GDALPamDataset::SetMetadata(osNewMetadata.List(), pszDomain);
        else
            return CE_None;
    }
    else
        return GDALPamDataset::SetMetadata(papszMetadata, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             WriteHeader()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void ECWDataset::WriteHeader()
{
    if (!bHdrDirty)
        return;

    CPLAssert(eAccess == GA_Update);
    CPLAssert(!bIsJPEG2000);

    bHdrDirty = FALSE;

    NCSEcwEditInfo *psEditInfo = nullptr;
    NCSError eErr;

    /* Load original header info */
#if ECWSDK_VERSION < 50
    eErr = NCSEcwEditReadInfo((char *)GetDescription(), &psEditInfo);
#else
    eErr = NCSEcwEditReadInfo(
        NCS::CString::Utf8Decode(GetDescription()).c_str(), &psEditInfo);
#endif
    if (eErr != NCS_SUCCESS)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "NCSEcwEditReadInfo() failed");
        return;
    }

    /* To avoid potential cross-heap issues, we keep the original */
    /* strings, and restore them before freeing the structure */
    char *pszOriginalCode = psEditInfo->szDatum;
    char *pszOriginalProj = psEditInfo->szProjection;

    /* Alter the structure with user modified information */
    char szProjCode[32], szDatumCode[32], szUnits[32];
    if (bProjectionChanged)
    {
        if (ECWTranslateFromWKT(&m_oSRS, szProjCode, sizeof(szProjCode),
                                szDatumCode, sizeof(szDatumCode), szUnits))
        {
            psEditInfo->szDatum = szDatumCode;
            psEditInfo->szProjection = szProjCode;
            psEditInfo->eCellSizeUnits = ECWTranslateToCellSizeUnits(szUnits);
            CPLDebug("ECW", "Rewrite DATUM : %s", psEditInfo->szDatum);
            CPLDebug("ECW", "Rewrite PROJ : %s", psEditInfo->szProjection);
            CPLDebug("ECW", "Rewrite UNITS : %s",
                     ECWTranslateFromCellSizeUnits(psEditInfo->eCellSizeUnits));
        }
    }

    if (bDatumCodeChanged)
    {
        psEditInfo->szDatum =
            (char *)((m_osDatumCode.size()) ? m_osDatumCode.c_str() : "RAW");
        CPLDebug("ECW", "Rewrite DATUM : %s", psEditInfo->szDatum);
    }
    if (bProjCodeChanged)
    {
        psEditInfo->szProjection =
            (char *)((m_osProjCode.size()) ? m_osProjCode.c_str() : "RAW");
        CPLDebug("ECW", "Rewrite PROJ : %s", psEditInfo->szProjection);
    }
    if (bUnitsCodeChanged)
    {
        psEditInfo->eCellSizeUnits =
            ECWTranslateToCellSizeUnits(m_osUnitsCode.c_str());
        CPLDebug("ECW", "Rewrite UNITS : %s",
                 ECWTranslateFromCellSizeUnits(psEditInfo->eCellSizeUnits));
    }

    if (bGeoTransformChanged)
    {
        psEditInfo->fOriginX = adfGeoTransform[0];
        psEditInfo->fCellIncrementX = adfGeoTransform[1];
        psEditInfo->fOriginY = adfGeoTransform[3];
        psEditInfo->fCellIncrementY = adfGeoTransform[5];
        CPLDebug("ECW", "Rewrite Geotransform");
    }

    /* Write modified header info */
#if ECWSDK_VERSION < 50
    eErr = NCSEcwEditWriteInfo((char *)GetDescription(), psEditInfo, nullptr,
                               nullptr, nullptr);
#else
    eErr =
        NCSEcwEditWriteInfo(NCS::CString::Utf8Decode(GetDescription()).c_str(),
                            psEditInfo, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
#endif
    if (eErr != NCS_SUCCESS)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "NCSEcwEditWriteInfo() failed");
    }

    /* Restore original pointers before free'ing */
    psEditInfo->szDatum = pszOriginalCode;
    psEditInfo->szProjection = pszOriginalProj;

    NCSEcwEditFreeInfo(psEditInfo);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             AdviseRead()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWDataset::AdviseRead(int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                              int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                              CPL_UNUSED GDALDataType eDT, int nBandCount,
                              int *panBandList, CPL_UNUSED char **papszOptions)
{
    CPLDebug("ECW", "ECWDataset::AdviseRead(%d,%d,%d,%d->%d,%d)", nXOff, nYOff,
             nXSize, nYSize, nBufXSize, nBufYSize);

#if !defined(SDK_CAN_DO_SUPERSAMPLING)
    if (nBufXSize > nXSize || nBufYSize > nYSize)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Supersampling not directly supported by ECW toolkit,\n"
                 "ignoring AdviseRead() request.");
        return CE_Warning;
    }
#endif

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Do some validation of parameters.                               */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    CPLErr eErr;
    int bStopProcessing = FALSE;
    eErr = ValidateRasterIOOrAdviseReadParameters(
        "AdviseRead()", &bStopProcessing, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
        nBufXSize, nBufYSize, nBandCount, panBandList);
    if (eErr != CE_None || bStopProcessing)
        return eErr;

    if (nBandCount > 100)
    {
        ReportError(CE_Failure, CPLE_IllegalArg,
                    "AdviseRead(): Too many bands : %d", nBandCount);
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    if (nBufXSize != nXSize || nBufYSize != nYSize)
    {
        // This early exit is because experimentally we found that
        // performance of requesting at 50% is much slower with
        // AdviseRead()...
        // At least on JPEG2000 images with SDK 3.3
        CPLDebug("ECW",
                 "Ignoring AdviseRead() for non full resolution request");
        return CE_None;
    }

    // We don't setup the reading window right away, in case the actual read
    // pattern wouldn't be compatible of it. Which might be the case for
    // example if AdviseRead() requests a full image, but we don't read by
    // chunks of the full width of one or several lines
    m_nAdviseReadXOff = nXOff;
    m_nAdviseReadYOff = nYOff;
    m_nAdviseReadXSize = nXSize;
    m_nAdviseReadYSize = nYSize;
    m_nAdviseReadBufXSize = nBufXSize;
    m_nAdviseReadBufYSize = nBufYSize;
    m_nAdviseReadBandCount = nBandCount;
    CPLFree(m_panAdviseReadBandList);
    if (panBandList)
    {
        m_panAdviseReadBandList =
            static_cast<int *>(CPLMalloc(sizeof(int) * nBandCount));
        memcpy(m_panAdviseReadBandList, panBandList, sizeof(int) * nBandCount);
    }
    else
    {
        m_panAdviseReadBandList = nullptr;
    }

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        RunDeferredAdviseRead()                        */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWDataset::RunDeferredAdviseRead()
{
    CPLAssert(m_nAdviseReadXOff >= 0);

    const int nXOff = m_nAdviseReadXOff;
    const int nYOff = m_nAdviseReadYOff;
    const int nXSize = m_nAdviseReadXSize;
    const int nYSize = m_nAdviseReadYSize;
    const int nBufXSize = m_nAdviseReadBufXSize;
    const int nBufYSize = m_nAdviseReadBufYSize;
    const int nBandCount = m_nAdviseReadBandCount;
    int *panBandList = m_panAdviseReadBandList;

    m_nAdviseReadXOff = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadYOff = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadXSize = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadYSize = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadBufXSize = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadBufYSize = -1;
    m_nAdviseReadBandCount = -1;
    m_panAdviseReadBandList = nullptr;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Adjust band numbers to be zero based.                           */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    int *panAdjustedBandList = (int *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(int) * nBandCount);
    nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit = -1;
    for (int ii = 0; ii < nBandCount; ii++)
    {
        panAdjustedBandList[ii] =
            (panBandList != nullptr) ? panBandList[ii] - 1 : ii;
        if (((ECWRasterBand *)GetRasterBand(panAdjustedBandList[ii] + 1))
                ->bPromoteTo8Bit)
            nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit = ii;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Cleanup old window cache information.                           */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CleanupWindow();

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Set the new requested window.                                   */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CNCSError oErr = poFileView->SetView(
        nBandCount, (UINT32 *)panAdjustedBandList, nXOff, nYOff,
        nXOff + nXSize - 1, nYOff + nYSize - 1, nBufXSize, nBufYSize);

    CPLFree(panAdjustedBandList);
    if (oErr.GetErrorNumber() != NCS_SUCCESS)
    {
        ECWReportError(oErr);

        bWinActive = FALSE;
        CPLFree(panBandList);
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    bWinActive = TRUE;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Record selected window.                                         */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    nWinXOff = nXOff;
    nWinYOff = nYOff;
    nWinXSize = nXSize;
    nWinYSize = nYSize;
    nWinBufXSize = nBufXSize;
    nWinBufYSize = nBufYSize;

    panWinBandList = (int *)CPLMalloc(sizeof(int) * nBandCount);
    if (panBandList != nullptr)
        memcpy(panWinBandList, panBandList, sizeof(int) * nBandCount);
    else
    {
        for (int ii = 0; ii < nBandCount; ii++)
        {
            panWinBandList[ii] = ii + 1;
        }
    }
    nWinBandCount = nBandCount;

    nWinBufLoaded = -1;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Allocate current scanline buffer.                               */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    papCurLineBuf = (void **)CPLMalloc(sizeof(void *) * nWinBandCount);
    for (int iBand = 0; iBand < nWinBandCount; iBand++)
        papCurLineBuf[iBand] =
            CPLMalloc(nBufXSize * (GDALGetDataTypeSize(eRasterDataType) / 8));

    CPLFree(panBandList);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           TryWinRasterIO()                           */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Try to satisfy the given request based on the currently         */
/*      defined window.  Return TRUE on success or FALSE on             */
/*      failure.  On failure, the caller should satisfy the request     */
/*      another way (not report an error).                              */
/************************************************************************/

int ECWDataset::TryWinRasterIO(CPL_UNUSED GDALRWFlag eFlag, int nXOff,
                               int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                               GByte *pabyData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                               GDALDataType eDT, int nBandCount,
                               int *panBandList, GSpacing nPixelSpace,
                               GSpacing nLineSpace, GSpacing nBandSpace,
                               GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)
{
    int iBand, i;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Provide default buffer organization.                            */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (nPixelSpace == 0)
        nPixelSpace = GDALGetDataTypeSize(eDT) / 8;
    if (nLineSpace == 0)
        nLineSpace = nPixelSpace * nBufXSize;
    if (nBandSpace == 0)
        nBandSpace = nLineSpace * nBufYSize;

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Do some simple tests to see if the current window can           */
/*      satisfy our requirement.                                        */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
#ifdef NOISY_DEBUG
    CPLDebug("ECW", "TryWinRasterIO(%d,%d,%d,%d,%d,%d)", nXOff, nYOff, nXSize,
             nYSize, nBufXSize, nBufYSize);
#endif

    if (!bWinActive)
    {
        if (nXOff == m_nAdviseReadXOff && nXSize == m_nAdviseReadXSize &&
            nBufXSize == m_nAdviseReadBufXSize)
        {
            if (RunDeferredAdviseRead() != CE_None)
                return FALSE;
        }
        if (!bWinActive)
        {
            return FALSE;
        }
    }

    if (nXOff != nWinXOff || nXSize != nWinXSize)
        return FALSE;

    if (nBufXSize != nWinBufXSize)
        return FALSE;

    for (iBand = 0; iBand < nBandCount; iBand++)
    {
        for (i = 0; i < nWinBandCount; i++)
        {
            if (panWinBandList[i] == panBandList[iBand])
                break;
        }

        if (i == nWinBandCount)
            return FALSE;
    }

    if (nYOff < nWinYOff || nYOff + nYSize > nWinYOff + nWinYSize)
        return FALSE;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Now we try more subtle tests.                                   */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    {
        static int nDebugCount = 0;

        if (nDebugCount < 30)
            CPLDebug(
                "ECW",
                "TryWinRasterIO(%d,%d,%d,%d -> %dx%d) - doing advised read.",
                nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, nBufXSize, nBufYSize);

        if (nDebugCount == 29)
            CPLDebug("ECW", "No more TryWinRasterIO messages will be reported");

        nDebugCount++;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Actually load data one buffer line at a time.                   */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    int iBufLine;

    for (iBufLine = 0; iBufLine < nBufYSize; iBufLine++)
    {
        double fFileLine = ((iBufLine + 0.5) / nBufYSize) * nYSize + nYOff;
        int iWinLine =
            (int)(((fFileLine - nWinYOff) / nWinYSize) * nWinBufYSize);

        if (iWinLine == nWinBufLoaded + 1)
            LoadNextLine();

        if (iWinLine != nWinBufLoaded)
            return FALSE;

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Copy out all our target bands. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        int iWinBand;
        for (iBand = 0; iBand < nBandCount; iBand++)
        {
            for (iWinBand = 0; iWinBand < nWinBandCount; iWinBand++)
            {
                if (panWinBandList[iWinBand] == panBandList[iBand])
                    break;
            }

            GDALCopyWords(papCurLineBuf[iWinBand], eRasterDataType,
                          GDALGetDataTypeSize(eRasterDataType) / 8,
                          pabyData + nBandSpace * iBand + iBufLine * nLineSpace,
                          eDT, (int)nPixelSpace, nBufXSize);
        }

        if (psExtraArg->pfnProgress != nullptr &&
            !psExtraArg->pfnProgress(1.0 * (iBufLine + 1) / nBufYSize, "",
                                     psExtraArg->pProgressData))
        {
            return -1;
        }
    }

    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            LoadNextLine()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWDataset::LoadNextLine()

{
    if (!bWinActive)
        return CE_Failure;

    if (nWinBufLoaded == nWinBufYSize - 1)
    {
        CleanupWindow();
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    NCSEcwReadStatus eRStatus;
    eRStatus = poFileView->ReadLineBIL(eNCSRequestDataType,
                                       (UINT16)nWinBandCount, papCurLineBuf);
    if (eRStatus != NCSECW_READ_OK)
        return CE_Failure;

    if (nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit >= 0)
    {
        for (int iX = 0; iX < nWinBufXSize; iX++)
        {
            ((GByte *)papCurLineBuf[nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit])[iX] *= 255;
        }
    }

    nWinBufLoaded++;

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           CleanupWindow()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void ECWDataset::CleanupWindow()

{
    if (!bWinActive)
        return;

    bWinActive = FALSE;
    CPLFree(panWinBandList);
    panWinBandList = nullptr;

    for (int iBand = 0; iBand < nWinBandCount; iBand++)
        CPLFree(papCurLineBuf[iBand]);
    CPLFree(papCurLineBuf);
    papCurLineBuf = nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IRasterIO()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWDataset::IRasterIO(GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, int nXOff, int nYOff,
                             int nXSize, int nYSize, void *pData, int nBufXSize,
                             int nBufYSize, GDALDataType eBufType,
                             int nBandCount, int *panBandMap,
                             GSpacing nPixelSpace, GSpacing nLineSpace,
                             GSpacing nBandSpace,
                             GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)

{
    if (eRWFlag == GF_Write)
        return CE_Failure;

    if (nBandCount > 100)
        return CE_Failure;

    if (bUseOldBandRasterIOImplementation)
        /* Sanity check. Should not happen */
        return CE_Failure;
    int nDataTypeSize = (GDALGetDataTypeSize(eRasterDataType) / 8);

    if (nPixelSpace == 0)
    {
        nPixelSpace = nDataTypeSize;
    }

    if (nLineSpace == 0)
    {
        nLineSpace = nPixelSpace * nBufXSize;
    }
    if (nBandSpace == 0)
    {
        nBandSpace =
            static_cast<GSpacing>(nDataTypeSize) * nBufXSize * nBufYSize;
    }

    // Use GDAL upsampling if non nearest
    if ((nBufXSize > nXSize || nBufYSize > nYSize) &&
        psExtraArg->eResampleAlg != GRIORA_NearestNeighbour)
    {
        int nBufDataTypeSize = (GDALGetDataTypeSize(eBufType) / 8);
        GByte *pabyTemp = (GByte *)VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(
            nXSize, nYSize, nBufDataTypeSize * nBandCount);
        if (pabyTemp == nullptr)
        {
            return CE_Failure;
        }

        GDALRasterIOExtraArg sExtraArgDefault;
        INIT_RASTERIO_EXTRA_ARG(sExtraArgDefault);
        sExtraArgDefault.pfnProgress = psExtraArg->pfnProgress;
        sExtraArgDefault.pProgressData = psExtraArg->pProgressData;

        CPLErr eErr = IRasterIO(
            eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, pabyTemp, nXSize, nYSize,
            eBufType, nBandCount, panBandMap, nBufDataTypeSize,
            (GIntBig)nBufDataTypeSize * nXSize,
            (GIntBig)nBufDataTypeSize * nXSize * nYSize, &sExtraArgDefault);

        if (eErr == CE_None)
        {
            /* Create a MEM dataset that wraps the input buffer */
            auto poMEMDS = std::unique_ptr<MEMDataset>(
                MEMDataset::Create("", nXSize, nYSize, 0, eBufType, nullptr));

            for (int i = 0; i < nBandCount; i++)
            {
                auto hBand = MEMCreateRasterBandEx(
                    poMEMDS.get(), i + 1,
                    pabyTemp + static_cast<size_t>(i) * nBufDataTypeSize *
                                   nXSize * nYSize,
                    eBufType, 0, 0, false);
                poMEMDS->AddMEMBand(hBand);

                const char *pszNBITS = GetRasterBand(i + 1)->GetMetadataItem(
                    "NBITS", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
                if (pszNBITS)
                    poMEMDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1)->SetMetadataItem(
                        "NBITS", pszNBITS, "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
            }

            GDALRasterIOExtraArg sExtraArgTmp;
            INIT_RASTERIO_EXTRA_ARG(sExtraArgTmp);
            sExtraArgTmp.eResampleAlg = psExtraArg->eResampleAlg;

            CPL_IGNORE_RET_VAL(poMEMDS->RasterIO(
                GF_Read, 0, 0, nXSize, nYSize, pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize,
                eBufType, nBandCount, nullptr, nPixelSpace, nLineSpace,
                nBandSpace, &sExtraArgTmp));
        }

        VSIFree(pabyTemp);

        return eErr;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      ECW SDK 3.3 has a bug with the ECW format when we query the     */
/*      number of bands of the dataset, but not in the "natural order". */
/*      It ignores the content of panBandMap. (#4234)                   */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
#if ECWSDK_VERSION < 40
    if (!bIsJPEG2000 && nBandCount == nBands)
    {
        int i;
        int bDoBandIRasterIO = FALSE;
        for (i = 0; i < nBandCount; i++)
        {
            if (panBandMap[i] != i + 1)
            {
                bDoBandIRasterIO = TRUE;
            }
        }
        if (bDoBandIRasterIO)
        {
            return GDALDataset::IRasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                          pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType,
                                          nBandCount, panBandMap, nPixelSpace,
                                          nLineSpace, nBandSpace, psExtraArg);
        }
    }
#endif

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Check if we can directly return the data in case we have cached */
    /*      it from a previous call in a multi-band reading pattern.        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (nBandCount == 1 && *panBandMap > 1 && *panBandMap <= nBands &&
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nXOff == nXOff &&
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nYOff == nYOff &&
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nXSize == nXSize &&
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nYSize == nYSize &&
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nBufXSize == nBufXSize &&
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nBufYSize == nBufYSize &&
        sCachedMultiBandIO.eBufType == eBufType)
    {
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nBandsTried++;

        if (sCachedMultiBandIO.bEnabled &&
            sCachedMultiBandIO.pabyData != nullptr)
        {
            int j;
            int nBufTypeSize = GDALGetDataTypeSize(eBufType) / 8;
            for (j = 0; j < nBufYSize; j++)
            {
                GDALCopyWords(sCachedMultiBandIO.pabyData +
                                  (*panBandMap - 1) * nBufXSize * nBufYSize *
                                      nBufTypeSize +
                                  j * nBufXSize * nBufTypeSize,
                              eBufType, nBufTypeSize,
                              ((GByte *)pData) + j * nLineSpace, eBufType,
                              (int)nPixelSpace, nBufXSize);
            }
            return CE_None;
        }

        if (!(sCachedMultiBandIO.bEnabled) &&
            sCachedMultiBandIO.nBandsTried == nBands &&
            CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("ECW_CLEVER", "YES")))
        {
            sCachedMultiBandIO.bEnabled = TRUE;
            CPLDebug(
                "ECW",
                "Detecting successive band reading pattern (for next time)");
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Try to do it based on existing "advised" access.                */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    int nRet =
        TryWinRasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, (GByte *)pData,
                       nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType, nBandCount, panBandMap,
                       nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, nBandSpace, psExtraArg);
    if (nRet == TRUE)
        return CE_None;
    else if (nRet < 0)
        return CE_Failure;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If we are requesting a single line at 1:1, we do a multi-band   */
    /*      AdviseRead() and then TryWinRasterIO() again.                   */
    /*                                                                      */
    /*      Except for reading a 1x1 window when reading a scanline might   */
    /*      be longer.                                                      */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (nXSize == 1 && nYSize == 1 && nBufXSize == 1 && nBufYSize == 1)
    {
        /* do nothing */
    }

#if !defined(SDK_CAN_DO_SUPERSAMPLING)
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If we are supersampling we need to fall into the general        */
    /*      purpose logic.                                                  */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    else if (nXSize < nBufXSize || nYSize < nBufYSize)
    {
        bUseOldBandRasterIOImplementation = TRUE;
        CPLErr eErr = GDALDataset::IRasterIO(
            eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize,
            eBufType, nBandCount, panBandMap, nPixelSpace, nLineSpace,
            nBandSpace, psExtraArg);
        bUseOldBandRasterIOImplementation = FALSE;
        return eErr;
    }
#endif

    else if (nBufYSize == 1)
    {
        // This is tricky, because it expects the rest of the image
        // with this buffer width to be read. The preferred way to
        // achieve this behavior would be to call AdviseRead before
        // call IRasterIO.  The logic could be improved to detect
        // successive pattern of single line reading before doing an
        // AdviseRead.
        CPLErr eErr;

        eErr = AdviseRead(nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, GetRasterYSize() - nYOff,
                          nBufXSize, (nRasterYSize - nYOff) / nYSize, eBufType,
                          nBandCount, panBandMap, nullptr);
        if (eErr == CE_None &&
            TryWinRasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                           (GByte *)pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType,
                           nBandCount, panBandMap, nPixelSpace, nLineSpace,
                           nBandSpace, psExtraArg))
            return CE_None;
    }

    CPLDebug("ECW", "RasterIO(%d,%d,%d,%d -> %dx%d) - doing interleaved read.",
             nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, nBufXSize, nBufYSize);

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Setup view.                                                     */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    UINT32 anBandIndices[100];
    int i;
    NCSError eNCSErr;
    CNCSError oErr(GetCNCSError(NCS_SUCCESS));

    for (i = 0; i < nBandCount; i++)
        anBandIndices[i] = panBandMap[i] - 1;

    CleanupWindow();

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Cache data in the context of a multi-band reading pattern.      */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (nBandCount == 1 && *panBandMap == 1 && (nBands == 3 || nBands == 4))
    {
        if (sCachedMultiBandIO.bEnabled &&
            sCachedMultiBandIO.nBandsTried != nBands)
        {
            sCachedMultiBandIO.bEnabled = FALSE;
            CPLDebug("ECW", "Disabling successive band reading pattern");
        }

        sCachedMultiBandIO.nXOff = nXOff;
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nYOff = nYOff;
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nXSize = nXSize;
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nYSize = nYSize;
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nBufXSize = nBufXSize;
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nBufYSize = nBufYSize;
        sCachedMultiBandIO.eBufType = eBufType;
        sCachedMultiBandIO.nBandsTried = 1;

        int nBufTypeSize = GDALGetDataTypeSize(eBufType) / 8;

        if (sCachedMultiBandIO.bEnabled)
        {
            GByte *pNew = (GByte *)VSIRealloc(sCachedMultiBandIO.pabyData,
                                              nBufXSize * nBufYSize * nBands *
                                                  nBufTypeSize);
            if (pNew == nullptr)
                CPLFree(sCachedMultiBandIO.pabyData);
            sCachedMultiBandIO.pabyData = pNew;
        }

        if (sCachedMultiBandIO.bEnabled &&
            sCachedMultiBandIO.pabyData != nullptr)
        {
            nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit = -1;
            for (i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
            {
                if (((ECWRasterBand *)GetRasterBand(i + 1))->bPromoteTo8Bit)
                    nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit = i;
                anBandIndices[i] = i;
            }

            oErr = poFileView->SetView(nBands, anBandIndices, nXOff, nYOff,
                                       nXOff + nXSize - 1, nYOff + nYSize - 1,
                                       nBufXSize, nBufYSize);
            eNCSErr = oErr.GetErrorNumber();

            if (eNCSErr != NCS_SUCCESS)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s",
                         NCSGetErrorText(eNCSErr));

                return CE_Failure;
            }

            CPLErr eErr = ReadBands(
                sCachedMultiBandIO.pabyData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType,
                nBands, nBufTypeSize, nBufXSize * nBufTypeSize,
                nBufXSize * nBufYSize * nBufTypeSize, psExtraArg);
            if (eErr != CE_None)
                return eErr;

            int j;
            for (j = 0; j < nBufYSize; j++)
            {
                GDALCopyWords(
                    sCachedMultiBandIO.pabyData + j * nBufXSize * nBufTypeSize,
                    eBufType, nBufTypeSize, ((GByte *)pData) + j * nLineSpace,
                    eBufType, (int)nPixelSpace, nBufXSize);
            }
            return CE_None;
        }
    }

    nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit = -1;
    for (i = 0; i < nBandCount; i++)
    {
        if (((ECWRasterBand *)GetRasterBand(anBandIndices[i] + 1))
                ->bPromoteTo8Bit)
            nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit = i;
    }
    oErr = poFileView->SetView(nBandCount, anBandIndices, nXOff, nYOff,
                               nXOff + nXSize - 1, nYOff + nYSize - 1,
                               nBufXSize, nBufYSize);
    eNCSErr = oErr.GetErrorNumber();

    if (eNCSErr != NCS_SUCCESS)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s", NCSGetErrorText(eNCSErr));

        return CE_Failure;
    }

    return ReadBands(pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType, nBandCount,
                     nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, nBandSpace, psExtraArg);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ReadBandsDirectly()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWDataset::ReadBandsDirectly(void *pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                                     CPL_UNUSED GDALDataType eBufType,
                                     int nBandCount,
                                     CPL_UNUSED GSpacing nPixelSpace,
                                     GSpacing nLineSpace, GSpacing nBandSpace,
                                     GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)
{
    CPLDebug("ECW", "ReadBandsDirectly(-> %dx%d) - reading lines directly.",
             nBufXSize, nBufYSize);

    UINT8 **pBIL = (UINT8 **)NCSMalloc(nBandCount * sizeof(UINT8 *), FALSE);

    for (int nB = 0; nB < nBandCount; nB++)
    {
        pBIL[nB] = ((UINT8 *)pData) + (nBandSpace * nB);  // for any bit depth
    }

    CPLErr eErr = CE_None;
    for (int nR = 0; nR < nBufYSize; nR++)
    {
        if (poFileView->ReadLineBIL(eNCSRequestDataType, (UINT16)nBandCount,
                                    (void **)pBIL) != NCSECW_READ_OK)
        {
            eErr = CE_Failure;
            break;
        }
        for (int nB = 0; nB < nBandCount; nB++)
        {
            if (nB == nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit)
            {
                for (int iX = 0; iX < nBufXSize; iX++)
                {
                    pBIL[nB][iX] *= 255;
                }
            }
            pBIL[nB] += nLineSpace;
        }

        if (psExtraArg->pfnProgress != nullptr &&
            !psExtraArg->pfnProgress(1.0 * (nR + 1) / nBufYSize, "",
                                     psExtraArg->pProgressData))
        {
            eErr = CE_Failure;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (pBIL)
    {
        NCSFree(pBIL);
    }
    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            ReadBands()                               */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ECWDataset::ReadBands(void *pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                             GDALDataType eBufType, int nBandCount,
                             GSpacing nPixelSpace, GSpacing nLineSpace,
                             GSpacing nBandSpace,
                             GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)
{
    int i;
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Setup working scanline, and the pointers into it.               */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    int nDataTypeSize = (GDALGetDataTypeSize(eRasterDataType) / 8);
    bool bDirect =
        (eBufType == eRasterDataType) && nDataTypeSize == nPixelSpace &&
        nLineSpace == (nPixelSpace * nBufXSize) &&
        nBandSpace ==
            (static_cast<GSpacing>(nDataTypeSize) * nBufXSize * nBufYSize);
    if (bDirect)
    {
        return ReadBandsDirectly(pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType,
                                 nBandCount, nPixelSpace, nLineSpace,
                                 nBandSpace, psExtraArg);
    }
    CPLDebug("ECW", "ReadBands(-> %dx%d) - reading lines using GDALCopyWords.",
             nBufXSize, nBufYSize);
    CPLErr eErr = CE_None;
    GByte *pabyBILScanline =
        (GByte *)CPLMalloc(nBufXSize * nDataTypeSize * nBandCount);
    GByte **papabyBIL = (GByte **)CPLMalloc(nBandCount * sizeof(void *));

    for (i = 0; i < nBandCount; i++)
        papabyBIL[i] = pabyBILScanline + i * nBufXSize * nDataTypeSize;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Read back all the data for the requested view.                  */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    for (int iScanline = 0; iScanline < nBufYSize; iScanline++)
    {
        NCSEcwReadStatus eRStatus;

        eRStatus = poFileView->ReadLineBIL(
            eNCSRequestDataType, (UINT16)nBandCount, (void **)papabyBIL);
        if (eRStatus != NCSECW_READ_OK)
        {
            eErr = CE_Failure;
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "NCScbmReadViewLineBIL failed.");
            break;
        }

        for (i = 0; i < nBandCount; i++)
        {
            if (i == nBandIndexToPromoteTo8Bit)
            {
                for (int iX = 0; iX < nBufXSize; iX++)
                {
                    papabyBIL[i][iX] *= 255;
                }
            }

            GDALCopyWords(pabyBILScanline + i * nDataTypeSize * nBufXSize,
                          eRasterDataType, nDataTypeSize,
                          ((GByte *)pData) + nLineSpace * iScanline +
                              nBandSpace * i,
                          eBufType, (int)nPixelSpace, nBufXSize);
        }

        if (psExtraArg->pfnProgress != nullptr &&
            !psExtraArg->pfnProgress(1.0 * (iScanline + 1) / nBufYSize, "",
                                     psExtraArg->pProgressData))
        {
            eErr = CE_Failure;
            break;
        }
    }

    CPLFree(pabyBILScanline);
    CPLFree(papabyBIL);

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        IdentifyJPEG2000()                            */
/*                                                                      */
/*          Identify method that only supports JPEG2000 files.          */
/************************************************************************/

int ECWDataset::IdentifyJPEG2000(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)

{
    if (STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "J2K_SUBFILE:"))
        return TRUE;

    else if (poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes >= 16 &&
             (memcmp(poOpenInfo->pabyHeader, jpc_header, sizeof(jpc_header)) ==
                  0 ||
              memcmp(poOpenInfo->pabyHeader, jp2_header, sizeof(jp2_header)) ==
                  0))
        return TRUE;

    else
        return FALSE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            OpenJPEG2000()                            */
/*                                                                      */
/*          Open method that only supports JPEG2000 files.              */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *ECWDataset::OpenJPEG2000(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)

{
    if (!IdentifyJPEG2000(poOpenInfo))
        return nullptr;

    return Open(poOpenInfo, TRUE);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           IdentifyECW()                              */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Identify method that only supports ECW files.                   */
/************************************************************************/

int ECWDataset::IdentifyECW(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)

{
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      This has to either be a file on disk ending in .ecw or a        */
    /*      ecwp: protocol url.                                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if ((!EQUAL(CPLGetExtension(poOpenInfo->pszFilename), "ecw") ||
         poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes == 0) &&
        !STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "ecwp:") &&
        !STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "ecwps:"))
        return FALSE;

    return TRUE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              OpenECW()                               */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Open method that only supports ECW files.                       */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *ECWDataset::OpenECW(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)

{
    if (!IdentifyECW(poOpenInfo))
        return nullptr;

    return Open(poOpenInfo, FALSE);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            OpenFileView()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CNCSJP2FileView *ECWDataset::OpenFileView(const char *pszDatasetName,
                                          bool bProgressive,
                                          int &bUsingCustomStream,
                                          CPL_UNUSED bool bWrite)
{
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      First we try to open it as a normal CNCSFile, letting the       */
    /*      ECW SDK manage the IO itself.   This will only work for real    */
    /*      files, and ecwp: or ecwps: sources.                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CNCSJP2FileView *poFileView = nullptr;
    NCSError eErr;
    CNCSError oErr(GetCNCSError(NCS_SUCCESS));

    bUsingCustomStream = FALSE;
    poFileView = new CNCSFile();
    // we always open in read only mode. This should be improved in the future.
    try
    {
#ifdef WIN32
        if (CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_FILENAME_IS_UTF8", "YES")))
        {
            wchar_t *pwszDatasetName =
                CPLRecodeToWChar(pszDatasetName, CPL_ENC_UTF8, CPL_ENC_UCS2);
            oErr = poFileView->Open(pwszDatasetName, bProgressive, false);
            CPLFree(pwszDatasetName);
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            oErr =
                poFileView->Open((char *)pszDatasetName, bProgressive, false);
        }
    }
    catch (...)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Unexpected exception occurred in ECW SDK");
        delete poFileView;
        return nullptr;
    }
    eErr = oErr.GetErrorNumber();

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If that did not work, trying opening as a virtual file.         */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (eErr != NCS_SUCCESS)
    {
        CPLDebug("ECW",
                 "NCScbmOpenFileView(%s): eErr=%d, will try VSIL stream.",
                 pszDatasetName, (int)eErr);

        delete poFileView;

        VSILFILE *fpVSIL = VSIFOpenL(pszDatasetName, "rb");
        if (fpVSIL == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed, "Failed to open %s.",
                     pszDatasetName);
            return nullptr;
        }

        if (hECWDatasetMutex == nullptr)
        {
            hECWDatasetMutex = CPLCreateMutex();
        }
        else if (!CPLAcquireMutex(hECWDatasetMutex, 60.0))
        {
            CPLDebug("ECW", "Failed to acquire mutex in 60s.");
        }
        else
        {
            CPLDebug("ECW", "Got mutex.");
        }

        poFileView = new CNCSJP2FileView();

#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 55
        NCS::CString streamName(pszDatasetName);
        auto vsiIoStream =
            NCS::CView::FindSteamByStreamNameFromOpenDatasets(streamName);
        if (!vsiIoStream)
        {
            vsiIoStream = std::make_shared<VSIIOStream>();
            std::static_pointer_cast<VSIIOStream>(vsiIoStream)
                ->Access(fpVSIL, FALSE, TRUE, pszDatasetName, 0, -1);
            bUsingCustomStream = TRUE;
        }
        oErr = poFileView->Open(vsiIoStream, bProgressive);
#else
        auto vsiIoStream = new VSIIOStream();
        vsiIoStream->Access(fpVSIL, FALSE, TRUE, pszDatasetName, 0, -1);
        oErr = poFileView->Open(vsiIoStream, bProgressive);

        // The CNCSJP2FileView (poFileView) object may not use the iostream
        // (poIOStream) passed to the CNCSJP2FileView::Open() method if an
        // iostream is already available to the ECW JPEG 2000 SDK for a given
        // file.  Consequently, if the iostream passed to
        // CNCSJP2FileView::Open() does not become the underlying iostream
        // of the CNCSJP2FileView object, then it should be deleted.
        //
        // In addition, the underlying iostream of the CNCSJP2FileView object
        // should not be deleted until all CNCSJP2FileView objects using the
        // underlying iostream are deleted. Consequently, each time a
        // CNCSJP2FileView object is created, the nFileViewCount attribute
        // of the underlying VSIIOStream object must be incremented for use
        // in the ECWDataset destructor.

        VSIIOStream *poUnderlyingIOStream =
            ((VSIIOStream *)(poFileView->GetStream()));

        if (poUnderlyingIOStream)
            poUnderlyingIOStream->nFileViewCount++;

        if (vsiIoStream != poUnderlyingIOStream)
        {
            delete vsiIoStream;
        }
        else
        {
            bUsingCustomStream = TRUE;
        }
#endif

        CPLReleaseMutex(hECWDatasetMutex);

        if (oErr.GetErrorNumber() != NCS_SUCCESS)
        {
            delete poFileView;
            ECWReportError(oErr);

            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    return poFileView;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                Open()                                */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *ECWDataset::Open(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo, int bIsJPEG2000)

{
    CNCSJP2FileView *poFileView = nullptr;
    int i;
    int bUsingCustomStream = FALSE;
    CPLString osFilename = poOpenInfo->pszFilename;

    ECWInitialize();

    /* Note: J2K_SUBFILE is somehow an obsolete concept that predates
     * /vsisubfile/ */
    /* syntax and was used mainly(only?) by the NITF driver before its switch */
    /* to /vsisubfile */

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      If we get a J2K_SUBFILE style name, convert it into the         */
    /*      corresponding /vsisubfile/ path.                                */
    /*                                                                      */
    /*      From: J2K_SUBFILE:offset,size,filename                           */
    /*      To: /vsisubfile/offset_size,filename                            */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (STARTS_WITH_CI(osFilename, "J2K_SUBFILE:"))
    {
        char **papszTokens =
            CSLTokenizeString2(osFilename.c_str() + 12, ",", 0);
        if (CSLCount(papszTokens) >= 3)
        {
            osFilename.Printf("/vsisubfile/%s_%s,%s", papszTokens[0],
                              papszTokens[1], papszTokens[2]);
        }
        else
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed,
                     "Failed to parse J2K_SUBFILE specification.");
            CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
            return nullptr;
        }
        CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Open the client interface.                                      */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    poFileView = OpenFileView(osFilename.c_str(), false, bUsingCustomStream,
                              poOpenInfo->eAccess == GA_Update);
    if (poFileView == nullptr)
    {
#if ECWSDK_VERSION < 50
        /* Detect what is apparently the ECW v3 file format signature */
        if (EQUAL(CPLGetExtension(osFilename), "ECW") &&
            poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes > 0x30 &&
            STARTS_WITH_CI((const char *)(poOpenInfo->pabyHeader + 0x20),
                           "ecw ECW3"))
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Cannot open %s which looks like a ECW format v3 file, "
                     "that requires ECW SDK 5.0 or later",
                     osFilename.c_str());
        }
#endif
        return nullptr;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Create a corresponding GDALDataset.                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    ECWDataset *poDS = new ECWDataset(bIsJPEG2000);
    poDS->poFileView = poFileView;
    poDS->eAccess = poOpenInfo->eAccess;

    // Disable .aux.xml writing for subfiles and such.  Unfortunately
    // this will also disable it in some cases where it might be
    // applicable.
    if (bUsingCustomStream)
        poDS->nPamFlags |= GPF_DISABLED;

    poDS->bUsingCustomStream = bUsingCustomStream;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Fetch general file information.                                 */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    poDS->psFileInfo = poFileView->GetFileInfo();

    CPLDebug("ECW",
             "FileInfo: SizeXY=%d,%d Bands=%d\n"
             "       OriginXY=%g,%g  CellIncrementXY=%g,%g\n"
             "       ColorSpace=%d, eCellType=%d\n",
             poDS->psFileInfo->nSizeX, poDS->psFileInfo->nSizeY,
             poDS->psFileInfo->nBands, poDS->psFileInfo->fOriginX,
             poDS->psFileInfo->fOriginY, poDS->psFileInfo->fCellIncrementX,
             poDS->psFileInfo->fCellIncrementY,
             (int)poDS->psFileInfo->eColorSpace,
             (int)poDS->psFileInfo->eCellType);

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Establish raster info.                                          */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    poDS->nRasterXSize = poDS->psFileInfo->nSizeX;
    poDS->nRasterYSize = poDS->psFileInfo->nSizeY;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Establish the GDAL data type that corresponds.  A few NCS       */
    /*      data types have no direct corresponding value in GDAL so we     */
    /*      will coerce to something sufficiently similar.                  */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    poDS->eNCSRequestDataType = poDS->psFileInfo->eCellType;
    switch (poDS->psFileInfo->eCellType)
    {
        case NCSCT_UINT8:
            poDS->eRasterDataType = GDT_Byte;
            break;

        case NCSCT_UINT16:
            poDS->eRasterDataType = GDT_UInt16;
            break;

        case NCSCT_UINT32:
        case NCSCT_UINT64:
            poDS->eRasterDataType = GDT_UInt32;
            poDS->eNCSRequestDataType = NCSCT_UINT32;
            break;

        case NCSCT_INT8:
        case NCSCT_INT16:
            poDS->eRasterDataType = GDT_Int16;
            poDS->eNCSRequestDataType = NCSCT_INT16;
            break;

        case NCSCT_INT32:
        case NCSCT_INT64:
            poDS->eRasterDataType = GDT_Int32;
            poDS->eNCSRequestDataType = NCSCT_INT32;
            break;

        case NCSCT_IEEE4:
            poDS->eRasterDataType = GDT_Float32;
            break;

        case NCSCT_IEEE8:
            poDS->eRasterDataType = GDT_Float64;
            break;

        default:
            CPLDebug("ECW", "Unhandled case : eCellType = %d",
                     (int)poDS->psFileInfo->eCellType);
            break;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      If decoding a UInt32 image, check that the SDK is not buggy     */
/*      There are issues at least in the 5.x series.                    */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 40
    if (bIsJPEG2000 && poDS->eNCSRequestDataType == NCSCT_UINT32 &&
        CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("ECW_CHECK_CORRECT_DECODING", "TRUE")) &&
        !STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename,
                        "/vsimem/detect_ecw_uint32_bug"))
    {
        static bool bUINT32_Ok = false;
        {
            CPLMutexHolder oHolder(&hECWDatasetMutex);
            static bool bTestDone = false;
            if (!bTestDone)
            {
                bTestDone = true;
                // Minimal J2K 2x2 image with NBITS=20, unsigned, reversible
                // compression and following values 0 1048575 1048574 524288

                static const GByte abyTestUInt32ImageData[] = {
                    0xFF, 0x4F, 0xFF, 0x51, 0x00, 0x29, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
                    0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
                    0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
                    0x00, 0x01, 0x13, 0x01, 0x01, 0xFF, 0x52, 0x00, 0x0D, 0x01,
                    0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x99,
                    0xFF, 0x5C, 0x00, 0x04, 0x40, 0xA0, 0xFF, 0x90, 0x00, 0x0A,
                    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1C, 0x00, 0x01, 0xFF, 0x93,
                    0xDF, 0xF9, 0x40, 0x50, 0x07, 0x68, 0xE0, 0x12, 0xD2, 0xDA,
                    0xDF, 0xFF, 0x7F, 0x5F, 0xFF, 0xD9};

                const std::string osTmpFilename =
                    CPLSPrintf("/vsimem/detect_ecw_uint32_bug_%p.j2k", poDS);
                VSIFCloseL(VSIFileFromMemBuffer(
                    osTmpFilename.c_str(),
                    const_cast<GByte *>(abyTestUInt32ImageData),
                    sizeof(abyTestUInt32ImageData), false));
                GDALOpenInfo oOpenInfo(osTmpFilename.c_str(), GA_ReadOnly);
                auto poTmpDS =
                    std::unique_ptr<GDALDataset>(Open(&oOpenInfo, true));
                if (poTmpDS)
                {
                    uint32_t anValues[4] = {0};
                    if (poTmpDS->GetRasterBand(1)->RasterIO(
                            GF_Read, 0, 0, 2, 2, anValues, 2, 2, GDT_UInt32, 0,
                            0, nullptr) == CE_None &&
                        anValues[0] == 0 && anValues[1] == 1048575 &&
                        anValues[2] == 1048574 && anValues[3] == 524288)
                    {
                        bUINT32_Ok = true;
                    }
                }
                VSIUnlink(osTmpFilename.c_str());
            }
        }

        if (!bUINT32_Ok)
        {
            CPLDebug("ECW", "ECW SDK used cannot correctly decode UInt32 "
                            "images. Giving up");
            delete poDS;
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
#endif

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Create band information objects.                                */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    for (i = 0; i < poDS->psFileInfo->nBands; i++)
        poDS->SetBand(i + 1, new ECWRasterBand(poDS, i + 1, -1,
                                               poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions));

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Look for supporting coordinate system information.              */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (bIsJPEG2000)
    {
        poDS->LoadJP2Metadata(poOpenInfo, osFilename);
    }
    else
    {
        poDS->ECW2WKTProjection();

        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        /*      Check for world file. */
        /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
         */
        if (!poDS->bGeoTransformValid)
        {
            poDS->bGeoTransformValid |=
                GDALReadWorldFile2(osFilename, nullptr, poDS->adfGeoTransform,
                                   poOpenInfo->GetSiblingFiles(), nullptr) ||
                GDALReadWorldFile2(osFilename, ".wld", poDS->adfGeoTransform,
                                   poOpenInfo->GetSiblingFiles(), nullptr);
        }
    }

    if (poDS->psFileInfo->nCompressionRate > 0)
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "COMPRESSION_RATE_TARGET",
            CPLString().Printf("%d", poDS->psFileInfo->nCompressionRate));
    poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
        "COLORSPACE", ECWGetColorSpaceName(poDS->psFileInfo->eColorSpace));
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
    if (!bIsJPEG2000)
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "VERSION",
            CPLString().Printf("%d", poDS->psFileInfo->nFormatVersion));
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 51
    // output jp2 header info
    if (bIsJPEG2000 && poDS->poFileView)
    {
        // comments
        char *csComments = nullptr;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:COMMENTS",
                                       &csComments);
        if (csComments)
        {
            std::string osComments(csComments);

            // Strip off boring Kakadu COM content
            if (STARTS_WITH(osComments.c_str(), "Kakadu-"))
            {
                const auto nEOLPos = osComments.find('\n');
                if (nEOLPos == std::string::npos)
                    osComments.clear();
                osComments = osComments.substr(nEOLPos + 1);
            }
            if (STARTS_WITH(
                    osComments.c_str(),
                    "Kdu-Layer-Info: "
                    "log_2{Delta-D(squared-error)/Delta-L(bytes)}, L(bytes)\n"))
            {
                while (true)
                {
                    const auto nEOLPos = osComments.find('\n');
                    if (nEOLPos == std::string::npos)
                    {
                        osComments.clear();
                        break;
                    }
                    osComments = osComments.substr(nEOLPos + 1);
                    if (osComments.find(",  ") == std::string::npos)
                        break;
                }
            }

            // Strip off boring OpenJPEG COM content
            if (STARTS_WITH(osComments.c_str(),
                            "Created by OpenJPEG version ") &&
                osComments.find('\n') == std::string::npos)
            {
                osComments.clear();
            }

            if (!osComments.empty())
                poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("ALL_COMMENTS",
                                                   osComments.c_str());
            NCSFree(csComments);
        }

        // Profile
        UINT32 nProfile = 2;
        UINT32 nRsiz = 0;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JP2:COMPLIANCE:PROFILE:TYPE",
                                       &nRsiz);
        if (nRsiz == 0)
            nProfile = 2;  // Profile 2 (no restrictions)
        else if (nRsiz == 1)
            nProfile = 0;  // Profile 0
        else if (nRsiz == 2)
            nProfile = 1;  // Profile 1, NITF_BIIF_NPJE, NITF_BIIF_EPJE
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("PROFILE",
                                           CPLString().Printf("%d", nProfile),
                                           JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // number of tiles on X axis
        UINT32 nTileNrX = 1;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:TILENR:X",
                                       &nTileNrX);
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("TILES_X",
                                           CPLString().Printf("%d", nTileNrX),
                                           JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // number of tiles on X axis
        UINT32 nTileNrY = 1;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:TILENR:Y",
                                       &nTileNrY);
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("TILES_Y",
                                           CPLString().Printf("%d", nTileNrY),
                                           JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // Tile Width
        UINT32 nTileSizeX = 0;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:TILESIZE:X",
                                       &nTileSizeX);
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("TILE_WIDTH",
                                           CPLString().Printf("%d", nTileSizeX),
                                           JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // Tile Height
        UINT32 nTileSizeY = 0;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:TILESIZE:Y",
                                       &nTileSizeY);
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("TILE_HEIGHT",
                                           CPLString().Printf("%d", nTileSizeY),
                                           JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // Precinct Sizes on X axis
        char *csPreSizeX = nullptr;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:PRECINCTSIZE:X",
                                       &csPreSizeX);
        if (csPreSizeX)
        {
            poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("PRECINCT_SIZE_X", csPreSizeX,
                                               JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);
            NCSFree(csPreSizeX);
        }

        // Precinct Sizes on Y axis
        char *csPreSizeY = nullptr;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:PRECINCTSIZE:Y",
                                       &csPreSizeY);
        if (csPreSizeY)
        {
            poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("PRECINCT_SIZE_Y", csPreSizeY,
                                               JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);
            NCSFree(csPreSizeY);
        }

        // Code Block Size on X axis
        UINT32 nCodeBlockSizeX = 0;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:CODEBLOCK:X",
                                       &nCodeBlockSizeX);
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "CODE_BLOCK_SIZE_X", CPLString().Printf("%d", nCodeBlockSizeX),
            JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // Code Block Size on Y axis
        UINT32 nCodeBlockSizeY = 0;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:CODEBLOCK:Y",
                                       &nCodeBlockSizeY);
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "CODE_BLOCK_SIZE_Y", CPLString().Printf("%d", nCodeBlockSizeY),
            JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // Bitdepth
        char *csBitdepth = nullptr;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:BITDEPTH",
                                       &csBitdepth);
        if (csBitdepth)
        {
            poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("PRECISION", csBitdepth,
                                               JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);
            NCSFree(csBitdepth);
        }

        // Resolution Levels
        UINT32 nLevels = 0;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter(
            (char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:RESOLUTION:LEVELS", &nLevels);
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("RESOLUTION_LEVELS",
                                           CPLString().Printf("%d", nLevels),
                                           JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // Qualaity Layers
        UINT32 nLayers = 0;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JP2:DECOMPRESS:LAYERS",
                                       &nLayers);
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("QUALITY_LAYERS",
                                           CPLString().Printf("%d", nLayers),
                                           JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // Progression Order
        char *csOrder = nullptr;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter(
            (char *)"JPC:DECOMPRESS:PROGRESSION:ORDER", &csOrder);
        if (csOrder)
        {
            poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("PROGRESSION_ORDER", csOrder,
                                               JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);
            NCSFree(csOrder);
        }

        // DWT Filter
        const char *csFilter = nullptr;
        UINT32 nFilter;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JP2:TRANSFORMATION:TYPE",
                                       &nFilter);
        if (nFilter)
            csFilter = "5x3";
        else
            csFilter = "9x7";
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("TRANSFORMATION_TYPE", csFilter,
                                           JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // SOP used?
        bool bSOP = 0;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JP2:DECOMPRESS:SOP:EXISTS",
                                       &bSOP);
        poDS->SetMetadataItem("USE_SOP", (bSOP) ? "TRUE" : "FALSE",
                              JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // EPH used?
        bool bEPH = 0;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JP2:DECOMPRESS:EPH:EXISTS",
                                       &bEPH);
        poDS->SetMetadataItem("USE_EPH", (bEPH) ? "TRUE" : "FALSE",
                              JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);

        // GML JP2 data contained?
        bool bGML = 0;
        poDS->poFileView->GetParameter((char *)"JP2:GML:JP2:BOX:EXISTS", &bGML);
        poDS->SetMetadataItem("GML_JP2_DATA", (bGML) ? "TRUE" : "FALSE",
                              JPEG2000_DOMAIN_NAME);
    }
#endif  // ECWSDK_VERSION>=51
    if (!bIsJPEG2000 && poDS->psFileInfo->nFormatVersion >= 3)
    {
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "COMPRESSION_RATE_ACTUAL",
            CPLString().Printf("%f", poDS->psFileInfo->fActualCompressionRate));
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "CLOCKWISE_ROTATION_DEG",
            CPLString().Printf("%f", poDS->psFileInfo->fCWRotationDegrees));
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("COMPRESSION_DATE",
                                           poDS->psFileInfo->sCompressionDate);
        // Get file metadata.
        poDS->ReadFileMetaDataFromFile();
    }
#else
    poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
        "VERSION", CPLString().Printf("%d", bIsJPEG2000 ? 1 : 2));
#endif

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Initialize any PAM information.                                 */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    poDS->SetDescription(osFilename);
    poDS->TryLoadXML();

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Vector layers                                                   */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (bIsJPEG2000 && poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_VECTOR)
    {
        poDS->LoadVectorLayers(CPLFetchBool(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions,
                                            "OPEN_REMOTE_GML", false));

        // If file opened in vector-only mode and there's no vector,
        // return
        if ((poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_RASTER) == 0 &&
            poDS->GetLayerCount() == 0)
        {
            delete poDS;
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    return poDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GetMetadataDomainList()                         */
/************************************************************************/

char **ECWDataset::GetMetadataDomainList()
{
    return BuildMetadataDomainList(
        GDALJP2AbstractDataset::GetMetadataDomainList(), TRUE, "ECW", "GML",
        nullptr);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetMetadataItem()                          */
/************************************************************************/

const char *ECWDataset::GetMetadataItem(const char *pszName,
                                        const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (!bIsJPEG2000 && pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "ECW") &&
        pszName != nullptr)
    {
        if (EQUAL(pszName, "PROJ"))
            return m_osProjCode.size() ? m_osProjCode.c_str() : "RAW";
        if (EQUAL(pszName, "DATUM"))
            return m_osDatumCode.size() ? m_osDatumCode.c_str() : "RAW";
        if (EQUAL(pszName, "UNITS"))
            return m_osUnitsCode.size() ? m_osUnitsCode.c_str() : "METERS";
    }
    return GDALJP2AbstractDataset::GetMetadataItem(pszName, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetMetadata()                             */
/************************************************************************/

char **ECWDataset::GetMetadata(const char *pszDomain)

{
    if (!bIsJPEG2000 && pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "ECW"))
    {
        oECWMetadataList.Clear();
        oECWMetadataList.AddString(
            CPLSPrintf("%s=%s", "PROJ", GetMetadataItem("PROJ", "ECW")));
        oECWMetadataList.AddString(
            CPLSPrintf("%s=%s", "DATUM", GetMetadataItem("DATUM", "ECW")));
        oECWMetadataList.AddString(
            CPLSPrintf("%s=%s", "UNITS", GetMetadataItem("UNITS", "ECW")));
        return oECWMetadataList.List();
    }
    else if (pszDomain == nullptr || !EQUAL(pszDomain, "GML"))
        return GDALJP2AbstractDataset::GetMetadata(pszDomain);
    else
        return papszGMLMetadata;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                   ReadFileMetaDataFromFile()                         */
/*                                                                      */
/* Gets relevant information from NCSFileMetadata and populates         */
/* GDAL metadata.                                                       */
/*                                                                      */
/************************************************************************/
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
void ECWDataset::ReadFileMetaDataFromFile()
{
    if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData == nullptr)
        return;

    if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sClassification != nullptr)
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "FILE_METADATA_CLASSIFICATION",
            NCS::CString(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sClassification));
    if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAcquisitionDate != nullptr)
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "FILE_METADATA_ACQUISITION_DATE",
            NCS::CString(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAcquisitionDate));
    if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAcquisitionSensorName != nullptr)
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "FILE_METADATA_ACQUISITION_SENSOR_NAME",
            NCS::CString(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAcquisitionSensorName));
    if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCompressionSoftware != nullptr)
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "FILE_METADATA_COMPRESSION_SOFTWARE",
            NCS::CString(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCompressionSoftware));
    if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAuthor != nullptr)
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "FILE_METADATA_AUTHOR",
            NCS::CString(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAuthor));
    if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCopyright != nullptr)
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "FILE_METADATA_COPYRIGHT",
            NCS::CString(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCopyright));
    if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCompany != nullptr)
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "FILE_METADATA_COMPANY",
            NCS::CString(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sCompany));
    if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sEmail != nullptr)
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "FILE_METADATA_EMAIL",
            NCS::CString(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sEmail));
    if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAddress != nullptr)
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "FILE_METADATA_ADDRESS",
            NCS::CString(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sAddress));
    if (psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sTelephone != nullptr)
        GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem(
            "FILE_METADATA_TELEPHONE",
            NCS::CString(psFileInfo->pFileMetaData->sTelephone));
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       WriteFileMetaData()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void ECWDataset::WriteFileMetaData(NCSFileMetaData *pFileMetaDataCopy)
{
    if (!bFileMetaDataDirty)
        return;

    CPLAssert(eAccess == GA_Update);
    CPLAssert(!bIsJPEG2000);

    bFileMetaDataDirty = FALSE;

    NCSFileView *psFileView = nullptr;
    NCSError eErr;

    psFileView = NCSEditOpen(GetDescription());
    if (psFileView == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "NCSEditOpen() failed");
        return;
    }

    eErr = NCSEditSetFileMetaData(psFileView, pFileMetaDataCopy);
    if (eErr != NCS_SUCCESS)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "NCSEditSetFileMetaData() failed : %s",
                 NCSGetLastErrorText(eErr));
    }

    NCSEditFlushAll(psFileView);
    NCSEditClose(psFileView);
}

#endif
/************************************************************************/
/*                         ECW2WKTProjection()                          */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Set the dataset pszProjection string in OGC WKT format by       */
/*      looking up the ECW (GDT) coordinate system info in              */
/*      ecw_cs.wkt support data file.                                   */
/*                                                                      */
/*      This code is likely still broken in some circumstances.  For    */
/*      instance, I haven't been careful about changing the linear      */
/*      projection parameters (false easting/northing) if the units     */
/*      is feet.  Lots of cases missing here, and in ecw_cs.wkt.        */
/************************************************************************/

void ECWDataset::ECW2WKTProjection()

{
    if (psFileInfo == nullptr)
        return;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Capture Geotransform.                                           */
    /*                                                                      */
    /*      We will try to ignore the provided file information if it is    */
    /*      origin (0,0) and pixel size (1,1).  I think sometimes I have    */
    /*      also seen pixel increments of 0 on invalid datasets.            */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (psFileInfo->fOriginX != 0.0 || psFileInfo->fOriginY != 0.0 ||
        (psFileInfo->fCellIncrementX != 0.0 &&
         psFileInfo->fCellIncrementX != 1.0) ||
        (psFileInfo->fCellIncrementY != 0.0 &&
         psFileInfo->fCellIncrementY != 1.0))
    {
        bGeoTransformValid = TRUE;

        adfGeoTransform[0] = psFileInfo->fOriginX;
        adfGeoTransform[1] = psFileInfo->fCellIncrementX;
        adfGeoTransform[2] = 0.0;

        adfGeoTransform[3] = psFileInfo->fOriginY;
        adfGeoTransform[4] = 0.0;

        /* By default, set Y-resolution negative assuming images always */
        /* have "Upward" orientation (Y coordinates increase "Upward"). */
        /* Setting ECW_ALWAYS_UPWARD=FALSE option relexes that policy   */
        /* and makes the driver rely on the actual Y-resolution         */
        /* value (sign) of an image. This allows correctly processing   */
        /* rare images with "Downward" orientation, where Y coordinates */
        /* increase "Downward" and Y-resolution is positive.            */
        if (CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("ECW_ALWAYS_UPWARD", "TRUE")))
            adfGeoTransform[5] = -fabs(psFileInfo->fCellIncrementY);
        else
            adfGeoTransform[5] = psFileInfo->fCellIncrementY;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      do we have projection and datum?                                */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLString osUnits =
        ECWTranslateFromCellSizeUnits(psFileInfo->eCellSizeUnits);

    CPLDebug("ECW", "projection=%s, datum=%s, units=%s",
             psFileInfo->szProjection, psFileInfo->szDatum, osUnits.c_str());

    if (EQUAL(psFileInfo->szProjection, "RAW"))
        return;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Set projection if we have it.                                   */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    OGRSpatialReference oSRS;

    /* For backward-compatible with previous behavior. Should we only */
    /* restrict to those 2 values ? */
    if (psFileInfo->eCellSizeUnits != ECW_CELL_UNITS_METERS &&
        psFileInfo->eCellSizeUnits != ECW_CELL_UNITS_FEET)
        osUnits = ECWTranslateFromCellSizeUnits(ECW_CELL_UNITS_METERS);

    m_osDatumCode = psFileInfo->szDatum;
    m_osProjCode = psFileInfo->szProjection;
    m_osUnitsCode = osUnits;
    if (oSRS.importFromERM(psFileInfo->szProjection, psFileInfo->szDatum,
                           osUnits) == OGRERR_NONE)
    {
        m_oSRS = oSRS;
        m_oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    }

    CPLErrorReset(); /* see #4187 */
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ECWTranslateFromWKT()                         */
/************************************************************************/

int ECWTranslateFromWKT(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS, char *pszProjection,
                        int nProjectionLen, char *pszDatum, int nDatumLen,
                        char *pszUnits)

{
    OGRSpatialReference oSRS;

    strcpy(pszProjection, "RAW");
    strcpy(pszDatum, "RAW");
    strcpy(pszUnits, "METERS");

    if (poSRS == nullptr || poSRS->IsEmpty())
        return FALSE;

    oSRS = *poSRS;

    if (oSRS.IsLocal())
        return TRUE;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Do we have an overall EPSG number for this coordinate system?   */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    const char *pszAuthorityCode = nullptr;
    const char *pszAuthorityName = nullptr;
    UINT32 nEPSGCode = 0;

    if (oSRS.IsProjected())
    {
        pszAuthorityCode = oSRS.GetAuthorityCode("PROJCS");
        pszAuthorityName = oSRS.GetAuthorityName("PROJCS");
    }
    else if (oSRS.IsGeographic())
    {
        pszAuthorityCode = oSRS.GetAuthorityCode("GEOGCS");
        pszAuthorityName = oSRS.GetAuthorityName("GEOGCS");
    }

    if (pszAuthorityName != nullptr && EQUAL(pszAuthorityName, "EPSG") &&
        pszAuthorityCode != nullptr && atoi(pszAuthorityCode) > 0)
        nEPSGCode = (UINT32)atoi(pszAuthorityCode);

    if (nEPSGCode != 0)
    {
        char *pszEPSGProj = nullptr, *pszEPSGDatum = nullptr;
        CNCSError oErr = CNCSJP2FileView::GetProjectionAndDatum(
            atoi(pszAuthorityCode), &pszEPSGProj, &pszEPSGDatum);

        CPLDebug("ECW", "GetGDTProjDat(%d) = %s/%s", atoi(pszAuthorityCode),
                 pszEPSGProj ? pszEPSGProj : "(null)",
                 pszEPSGDatum ? pszEPSGDatum : "(null)");

        if (oErr.GetErrorNumber() == NCS_SUCCESS && pszEPSGProj != nullptr &&
            pszEPSGDatum != nullptr)
        {
            strncpy(pszProjection, pszEPSGProj, nProjectionLen);
            strncpy(pszDatum, pszEPSGDatum, nDatumLen);
            pszProjection[nProjectionLen - 1] = 0;
            pszDatum[nDatumLen - 1] = 0;
            NCSFree(pszEPSGProj);
            NCSFree(pszEPSGDatum);
            return TRUE;
        }

        NCSFree(pszEPSGProj);
        NCSFree(pszEPSGDatum);
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Fallback to translating based on the ecw_cs.wkt file, and       */
    /*      various jiffy rules.                                            */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    return oSRS.exportToERM(pszProjection, pszDatum, pszUnits) == OGRERR_NONE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    ECWTranslateToCellSizeUnits()                     */
/************************************************************************/

CellSizeUnits ECWTranslateToCellSizeUnits(const char *pszUnits)
{
    if (EQUAL(pszUnits, "METERS"))
        return ECW_CELL_UNITS_METERS;
    else if (EQUAL(pszUnits, "DEGREES"))
        return ECW_CELL_UNITS_DEGREES;
    else if (EQUAL(pszUnits, "FEET"))
        return ECW_CELL_UNITS_FEET;
    else if (EQUAL(pszUnits, "UNKNOWN"))
        return ECW_CELL_UNITS_UNKNOWN;
    else if (EQUAL(pszUnits, "INVALID"))
        return ECW_CELL_UNITS_INVALID;
    else
    {
        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Unrecognized value for UNITS : %s", pszUnits);
        return ECW_CELL_UNITS_INVALID;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                   ECWGetColorInterpretationByName()                  */
/************************************************************************/

GDALColorInterp ECWGetColorInterpretationByName(const char *pszName)
{
    if (EQUAL(pszName, NCS_BANDDESC_AllOpacity))
        return GCI_AlphaBand;
    else if (EQUAL(pszName, NCS_BANDDESC_Blue))
        return GCI_BlueBand;
    else if (EQUAL(pszName, NCS_BANDDESC_Green))
        return GCI_GreenBand;
    else if (EQUAL(pszName, NCS_BANDDESC_Red))
        return GCI_RedBand;
    else if (EQUAL(pszName, NCS_BANDDESC_Greyscale))
        return GCI_GrayIndex;
    else if (EQUAL(pszName, NCS_BANDDESC_GreyscaleOpacity))
        return GCI_AlphaBand;
    return GCI_Undefined;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                    ECWGetColorInterpretationName()                   */
/************************************************************************/

const char *ECWGetColorInterpretationName(GDALColorInterp eColorInterpretation,
                                          int nBandNumber)
{
    const char *pszResult = nullptr;
    switch (eColorInterpretation)
    {
        case GCI_AlphaBand:
            pszResult = NCS_BANDDESC_AllOpacity;
            break;
        case GCI_GrayIndex:
            pszResult = NCS_BANDDESC_Greyscale;
            break;
        case GCI_RedBand:
        case GCI_GreenBand:
        case GCI_BlueBand:
            pszResult = GDALGetColorInterpretationName(eColorInterpretation);
            break;
        case GCI_Undefined:
            if (nBandNumber == 0)
            {
                pszResult = "Red";
            }
            else if (nBandNumber == 1)
            {
                pszResult = "Green";
            }
            else if (nBandNumber == 2)
            {
                pszResult = "Blue";
            }
            else
            {
                pszResult = CPLSPrintf(NCS_BANDDESC_Band, nBandNumber + 1);
            }
            break;
        default:
            pszResult = CPLSPrintf(NCS_BANDDESC_Band, nBandNumber + 1);
            break;
    }
    return pszResult;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         ECWGetColorSpaceName()                       */
/************************************************************************/

const char *ECWGetColorSpaceName(NCSFileColorSpace colorSpace)
{
    switch (colorSpace)
    {
        case NCSCS_NONE:
            return "NONE";
            break;
        case NCSCS_GREYSCALE:
            return "GREYSCALE";
            break;
        case NCSCS_YUV:
            return "YUV";
            break;
        case NCSCS_MULTIBAND:
            return "MULTIBAND";
            break;
        case NCSCS_sRGB:
            return "RGB";
            break;
        case NCSCS_YCbCr:
            return "YCbCr";
            break;
        default:
            return "unrecognized";
    }
}
/************************************************************************/
/*                     ECWTranslateFromCellSizeUnits()                  */
/************************************************************************/

const char *ECWTranslateFromCellSizeUnits(CellSizeUnits eUnits)
{
    if (eUnits == ECW_CELL_UNITS_METERS)
        return "METERS";
    else if (eUnits == ECW_CELL_UNITS_DEGREES)
        return "DEGREES";
    else if (eUnits == ECW_CELL_UNITS_FEET)
        return "FEET";
    else if (eUnits == ECW_CELL_UNITS_UNKNOWN)
        return "UNKNOWN";
    else
        return "INVALID";
}

#endif /* def FRMT_ecw */

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ECWInitialize()                            */
/*                                                                      */
/*      Initialize NCS library.  We try to defer this as late as        */
/*      possible since de-initializing it seems to be expensive/slow    */
/*      on some system.                                                 */
/************************************************************************/

void ECWInitialize()

{
    CPLMutexHolder oHolder(&hECWDatasetMutex);

    if (bNCSInitialized)
        return;

#ifndef WIN32
    NCSecwInit();
#endif
    bNCSInitialized = TRUE;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      This will disable automatic conversion of YCbCr to RGB by       */
    /*      the toolkit.                                                    */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (!CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("CONVERT_YCBCR_TO_RGB", "YES")))
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_JP2_MANAGE_ICC, FALSE);
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
    NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_ECWP_CLIENT_HTTP_USER_AGENT,
                    "ECW GDAL Driver/" NCS_ECWJP2_FULL_VERSION_STRING_DOT_DEL);
#endif
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Initialize cache memory limit.  Default is apparently 1/4 RAM.  */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    const char *pszEcwCacheSize =
        CPLGetConfigOption("GDAL_ECW_CACHE_MAXMEM", nullptr);
    if (pszEcwCacheSize == nullptr)
        pszEcwCacheSize = CPLGetConfigOption("ECW_CACHE_MAXMEM", nullptr);

    if (pszEcwCacheSize != nullptr)
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_CACHE_MAXMEM, (UINT32)atoi(pszEcwCacheSize));

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Version 3.x and 4.x of the ECWJP2 SDK did not resolve datum and */
/*      projection to EPSG code using internal mapping.                 */
/*      Version 5.x do so we provide means to achieve old               */
/*      behavior.                                                      */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
    if (CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("ECW_DO_NOT_RESOLVE_DATUM_PROJECTION",
                                       "NO")) == TRUE)
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_PROJECTION_FORMAT,
                        NCS_PROJECTION_ERMAPPER_FORMAT);
#endif
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Allow configuration of a local cache based on configuration     */
    /*      options.  Setting the location turns things on.                 */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    const char *pszOpt = nullptr;
    CPL_IGNORE_RET_VAL(pszOpt);

#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 40
    pszOpt = CPLGetConfigOption("ECWP_CACHE_SIZE_MB", nullptr);
    if (pszOpt)
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_ECWP_CACHE_SIZE_MB, (INT32)atoi(pszOpt));

    pszOpt = CPLGetConfigOption("ECWP_CACHE_LOCATION", nullptr);
    if (pszOpt)
    {
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_ECWP_CACHE_LOCATION, pszOpt);
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_ECWP_CACHE_ENABLED, (BOOLEAN)TRUE);
    }
#endif

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Various other configuration items.                              */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    pszOpt = CPLGetConfigOption("ECWP_BLOCKING_TIME_MS", nullptr);
    if (pszOpt)
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_BLOCKING_TIME_MS, (NCSTimeStampMs)atoi(pszOpt));

    // I believe 10s means we wait for complete data back from
    // ECWP almost all the time which is good for our blocking model.
    pszOpt = CPLGetConfigOption("ECWP_REFRESH_TIME_MS", "10000");
    if (pszOpt)
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_REFRESH_TIME_MS, (NCSTimeStampMs)atoi(pszOpt));

    pszOpt = CPLGetConfigOption("ECW_TEXTURE_DITHER", nullptr);
    if (pszOpt)
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_TEXTURE_DITHER, (BOOLEAN)CPLTestBool(pszOpt));

    pszOpt = CPLGetConfigOption("ECW_FORCE_FILE_REOPEN", nullptr);
    if (pszOpt)
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_FORCE_FILE_REOPEN, (BOOLEAN)CPLTestBool(pszOpt));

    pszOpt = CPLGetConfigOption("ECW_CACHE_MAXOPEN", nullptr);
    if (pszOpt)
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_CACHE_MAXOPEN, (UINT32)atoi(pszOpt));

#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 40
    pszOpt = CPLGetConfigOption("ECW_AUTOGEN_J2I", nullptr);
    if (pszOpt)
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_JP2_AUTOGEN_J2I, (BOOLEAN)CPLTestBool(pszOpt));

    pszOpt = CPLGetConfigOption("ECW_OPTIMIZE_USE_NEAREST_NEIGHBOUR", nullptr);
    if (pszOpt)
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_OPTIMIZE_USE_NEAREST_NEIGHBOUR,
                        (BOOLEAN)CPLTestBool(pszOpt));

    pszOpt = CPLGetConfigOption("ECW_RESILIENT_DECODING", nullptr);
    if (pszOpt)
        NCSecwSetConfig(NCSCFG_RESILIENT_DECODING,
                        (BOOLEAN)CPLTestBool(pszOpt));
#endif
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALDeregister_ECW()                         */
/************************************************************************/

static void GDALDeregister_ECW(GDALDriver *)

{
    /* For unknown reason, this cleanup can take up to 3 seconds (see #3134) for
     * SDK 3.3. */
    /* Not worth it */
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
#ifndef WIN32
    if (bNCSInitialized)
    {
        bNCSInitialized = FALSE;
        NCSecwShutdown();
    }
#endif
#endif

    if (hECWDatasetMutex != nullptr)
    {
        CPLDestroyMutex(hECWDatasetMutex);
        hECWDatasetMutex = nullptr;
    }
}

#if ECWSDK_VERSION < 40
namespace
{
NCSError NCS_CALL EcwFileOpenForReadACB(char *szFileName, void **ppClientData)
{
    *ppClientData = VSIFOpenL(szFileName, "rb");
    if (*ppClientData == nullptr)
    {
        return NCS_FILE_OPEN_FAILED;
    }
    else
    {
        return NCS_SUCCESS;
    }
}

NCSError NCS_CALL EcwFileOpenForReadWCB(wchar_t *wszFileName,
                                        void **ppClientData)
{
    char *szFileName =
        CPLRecodeFromWChar(wszFileName, CPL_ENC_UCS2, CPL_ENC_UTF8);
    *ppClientData = VSIFOpenL(szFileName, "rb");
    CPLFree(szFileName);
    if (*ppClientData == nullptr)
    {
        return NCS_FILE_OPEN_FAILED;
    }
    else
    {
        return NCS_SUCCESS;
    }
}

NCSError NCS_CALL EcwFileCloseCB(void *pClientData)
{
    if (0 == VSIFCloseL(reinterpret_cast<VSILFILE *>(pClientData)))
    {
        return NCS_SUCCESS;
    }
    else
    {
        return NCS_FILE_CLOSE_ERROR;
    }
}

NCSError NCS_CALL EcwFileReadCB(void *pClientData, void *pBuffer,
                                UINT32 nLength)
{
    if (nLength == VSIFReadL(pBuffer, 1, nLength,
                             reinterpret_cast<VSILFILE *>(pClientData)))
    {
        return NCS_SUCCESS;
    }
    else
    {
        return NCS_FILE_IO_ERROR;
    }
}

NCSError NCS_CALL EcwFileSeekCB(void *pClientData, UINT64 nOffset)
{
    if (0 ==
        VSIFSeekL(reinterpret_cast<VSILFILE *>(pClientData), nOffset, SEEK_SET))
    {
        return NCS_SUCCESS;
    }
    else
    {
        return NCS_FILE_SEEK_ERROR;
    }
}

NCSError NCS_CALL EcwFileTellCB(void *pClientData, UINT64 *pOffset)
{
    *pOffset = VSIFTellL(reinterpret_cast<VSILFILE *>(pClientData));
    return NCS_SUCCESS;
}
}  // namespace
#endif  // ECWSDK_VERSION < 40

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GDALRegister_ECW()                          */
/************************************************************************/

/* Needed for v4.3 and v5.0 */
#if !defined(NCS_ECWSDK_VERSION_STRING) && defined(NCS_ECWJP2_VERSION_STRING)
#define NCS_ECWSDK_VERSION_STRING NCS_ECWJP2_VERSION_STRING
#endif

void GDALRegister_ECW()

{
#ifdef FRMT_ecw
    if (!GDAL_CHECK_VERSION("ECW driver"))
        return;

    if (GDALGetDriverByName("ECW") != nullptr)
        return;
#if ECWSDK_VERSION < 40
    CNCSJPCFileIOStream::SetIOCallbacks(
        EcwFileOpenForReadACB, EcwFileOpenForReadWCB, EcwFileCloseCB,
        EcwFileReadCB, EcwFileSeekCB, EcwFileTellCB);
#endif  // ECWSDK_VERSION < 40
    GDALDriver *poDriver = new GDALDriver();

    poDriver->SetDescription("ECW");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_RASTER, "YES");

    CPLString osLongName = "ERDAS Compressed Wavelets (SDK ";

#ifdef NCS_ECWSDK_VERSION_STRING
    osLongName += NCS_ECWSDK_VERSION_STRING;
#else
    osLongName += "3.x";
#endif
    osLongName += ")";

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_LONGNAME, osLongName);
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_HELPTOPIC, "drivers/raster/ecw.html");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_EXTENSION, "ecw");

    poDriver->pfnIdentify = ECWDataset::IdentifyECW;
    poDriver->pfnOpen = ECWDataset::OpenECW;
    poDriver->pfnUnloadDriver = GDALDeregister_ECW;
#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESS
    // The create method does not work with SDK 3.3 ( crash in
    // CNCSJP2FileView::WriteLineBIL() due to m_pFile being nullptr ).
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
    poDriver->pfnCreate = ECWCreateECW;
#endif
    poDriver->pfnCreateCopy = ECWCreateCopyECW;
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_CREATIONDATATYPES, "Byte UInt16");
#else
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_CREATIONDATATYPES, "Byte");
#endif
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(
        GDAL_DMD_CREATIONOPTIONLIST,
        "<CreationOptionList>"
        "   <Option name='TARGET' type='float' description='Compression "
        "Percentage' />"
        "   <Option name='PROJ' type='string' description='ECW Projection "
        "Name'/>"
        "   <Option name='DATUM' type='string' description='ECW Datum Name' />"

#if ECWSDK_VERSION < 40
        "   <Option name='LARGE_OK' type='boolean' description='Enable "
        "compressing 500+MB files'/>"
#else
        "   <Option name='ECW_ENCODE_KEY' type='string' description='OEM "
        "Compress Key from ERDAS.'/>"
        "   <Option name='ECW_ENCODE_COMPANY' type='string' description='OEM "
        "Company Name.'/>"
#endif

#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 50
        "   <Option name='ECW_FORMAT_VERSION' type='integer' description='ECW "
        "format version (2 or 3).' default='2'/>"
#endif

        "</CreationOptionList>");
#else
    // In read-only mode, we support VirtualIO. This is not the case
    // for ECWCreateCopyECW().
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_VIRTUALIO, "YES");
#endif

    GetGDALDriverManager()->RegisterDriver(poDriver);
#endif /* def FRMT_ecw */
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GDALRegister_ECW_JP2ECW()                       */
/*                                                                      */
/*      This function exists so that when built as a plugin, there      */
/*      is a function that will register both drivers.                  */
/************************************************************************/

void GDALRegister_ECW_JP2ECW()

{
    GDALRegister_ECW();
    GDALRegister_JP2ECW();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                     ECWDatasetOpenJPEG2000()                         */
/************************************************************************/
GDALDataset *ECWDatasetOpenJPEG2000(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)
{
    return ECWDataset::OpenJPEG2000(poOpenInfo);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GDALRegister_JP2ECW()                         */
/************************************************************************/
void GDALRegister_JP2ECW()

{
#ifdef FRMT_ecw
    if (!GDAL_CHECK_VERSION("JP2ECW driver"))
        return;

    if (GDALGetDriverByName("JP2ECW") != nullptr)
        return;

    GDALDriver *poDriver = new GDALDriver();

    poDriver->SetDescription("JP2ECW");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_RASTER, "YES");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_VECTOR, "YES");

    CPLString osLongName = "ERDAS JPEG2000 (SDK ";

#ifdef NCS_ECWSDK_VERSION_STRING
    osLongName += NCS_ECWSDK_VERSION_STRING;
#else
    osLongName += "3.x";
#endif
    osLongName += ")";

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_LONGNAME, osLongName);
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_HELPTOPIC, "drivers/raster/jp2ecw.html");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_EXTENSION, "jp2");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_VIRTUALIO, "YES");

    poDriver->pfnIdentify = ECWDataset::IdentifyJPEG2000;
    poDriver->pfnOpen = ECWDataset::OpenJPEG2000;

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(
        GDAL_DMD_OPENOPTIONLIST,
        "<OpenOptionList>"
        "   <Option name='1BIT_ALPHA_PROMOTION' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether a 1-bit alpha channel should be promoted to "
        "8-bit' default='YES'/>"
        "   <Option name='OPEN_REMOTE_GML' type='boolean' description='Whether "
        "to load remote vector layers referenced by a link in a GMLJP2 v2 box' "
        "default='NO'/>"
        "   <Option name='GEOREF_SOURCES' type='string' description='Comma "
        "separated list made with values "
        "INTERNAL/GMLJP2/GEOJP2/WORLDFILE/PAM/NONE that describe the priority "
        "order for georeferencing' default='PAM,GEOJP2,GMLJP2,WORLDFILE'/>"
        "</OpenOptionList>");

#ifdef HAVE_COMPRESS
    poDriver->pfnCreate = ECWCreateJPEG2000;
    poDriver->pfnCreateCopy = ECWCreateCopyJPEG2000;
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(
        GDAL_DMD_CREATIONDATATYPES,
        "Byte UInt16 Int16 UInt32 Int32 "
        "Float32 "
#if ECWSDK_VERSION >= 40
        // Crashes for sure with 3.3. Didn't try other versions
        "Float64"
#endif
    );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(
        GDAL_DMD_CREATIONOPTIONLIST,
        "<CreationOptionList>"
        "   <Option name='TARGET' type='float' description='Compression "
        "Percentage' />"
        "   <Option name='PROJ' type='string' description='ECW Projection "
        "Name'/>"
        "   <Option name='DATUM' type='string' description='ECW Datum Name' />"
        "   <Option name='UNITS' type='string-select' description='ECW "
        "Projection Units'>"
        "       <Value>METERS</Value>"
        "       <Value>FEET</Value>"
        "   </Option>"

#if ECWSDK_VERSION < 40
        "   <Option name='LARGE_OK' type='boolean' description='Enable "
        "compressing 500+MB files'/>"
#else
        "   <Option name='ECW_ENCODE_KEY' type='string' description='OEM "
        "Compress Key from ERDAS.'/>"
        "   <Option name='ECW_ENCODE_COMPANY' type='string' description='OEM "
        "Company Name.'/>"
#endif

        "   <Option name='GeoJP2' type='boolean' description='defaults to ON'/>"
        "   <Option name='GMLJP2' type='boolean' description='defaults to ON'/>"
        "   <Option name='GMLJP2V2_DEF' type='string' description='Definition "
        "file to describe how a GMLJP2 v2 box should be generated. If set to "
        "YES, a minimal instance will be created'/>"
        "   <Option name='PROFILE' type='string-select'>"
        "       <Value>BASELINE_0</Value>"
        "       <Value>BASELINE_1</Value>"
        "       <Value>BASELINE_2</Value>"
        "       <Value>NPJE</Value>"
        "       <Value>EPJE</Value>"
        "   </Option>"
        "   <Option name='PROGRESSION' type='string-select'>"
        "       <Value>LRCP</Value>"
        "       <Value>RLCP</Value>"
        "       <Value>RPCL</Value>"
        "   </Option>"
        "   <Option name='CODESTREAM_ONLY' type='boolean' description='No JP2 "
        "wrapper'/>"
        "   <Option name='NBITS' type='int' description='Bits (precision) for "
        "sub-byte files (1-7), sub-uint16 (9-15)'/>"
        "   <Option name='LEVELS' type='int'/>"
        "   <Option name='LAYERS' type='int'/>"
        "   <Option name='PRECINCT_WIDTH' type='int'/>"
        "   <Option name='PRECINCT_HEIGHT' type='int'/>"
        "   <Option name='TILE_WIDTH' type='int'/>"
        "   <Option name='TILE_HEIGHT' type='int'/>"
        "   <Option name='INCLUDE_SOP' type='boolean'/>"
        "   <Option name='INCLUDE_EPH' type='boolean'/>"
        "   <Option name='DECOMPRESS_LAYERS' type='int'/>"
        "   <Option name='DECOMPRESS_RECONSTRUCTION_PARAMETER' type='float'/>"
        "   <Option name='WRITE_METADATA' type='boolean' description='Whether "
        "metadata should be written, in a dedicated JP2 XML box' default='NO'/>"
        "   <Option name='MAIN_MD_DOMAIN_ONLY' type='boolean' "
        "description='(Only if WRITE_METADATA=YES) Whether only metadata from "
        "the main domain should be written' default='NO'/>"
        "</CreationOptionList>");
#endif

    GetGDALDriverManager()->RegisterDriver(poDriver);
#endif /* def FRMT_ecw */
}
