/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  ISIS Version 3 Driver
 * Purpose:  Implementation of ISIS3Dataset
 * Author:   Trent Hare (thare@usgs.gov)
 *           Frank Warmerdam (warmerdam@pobox.com)
 *           Even Rouault (even.rouault at spatialys.com)
 *
 * NOTE: Original code authored by Trent and placed in the public domain as
 * per US government policy.  I have (within my rights) appropriated it and
 * placed it under the following license.  This is not intended to diminish
 * Trents contribution.
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2007, Frank Warmerdam <warmerdam@pobox.com>
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2010, Even Rouault <even.rouault at spatialys.com>
 * Copyright (c) 2017 Hobu Inc
 * Copyright (c) 2017, Dmitry Baryshnikov <polimax@mail.ru>
 * Copyright (c) 2017, NextGIS <info@nextgis.com>
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "cpl_json.h"
#include "cpl_string.h"
#include "cpl_time.h"
#include "cpl_vsi_error.h"
#include "gdal_frmts.h"
#include "gdal_proxy.h"
#include "nasakeywordhandler.h"
#include "ogrgeojsonreader.h"
#include "ogr_spatialref.h"
#include "rawdataset.h"
#include "vrtdataset.h"
#include "cpl_safemaths.hpp"

// For gethostname()
#ifdef _WIN32
#include <winsock2.h>
#else
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

#include <algorithm>
#include <map>
#include <utility>  // pair
#include <vector>

// Constants coming from ISIS3 source code
// in isis/src/base/objs/SpecialPixel/SpecialPixel.h

// There are several types of special pixels
//    *   Isis::Null Pixel has no data available
//    *   Isis::Lis Pixel was saturated on the instrument
//    *   Isis::His Pixel was saturated on the instrument
//    *   Isis::Lrs Pixel was saturated during a computation
//    *   Isis::Hrs Pixel was saturated during a computation

// 1-byte special pixel values
const unsigned char NULL1 = 0;
const unsigned char LOW_REPR_SAT1 = 0;
const unsigned char LOW_INSTR_SAT1 = 0;
const unsigned char HIGH_INSTR_SAT1 = 255;
const unsigned char HIGH_REPR_SAT1 = 255;

// 2-byte unsigned special pixel values
const unsigned short NULLU2 = 0;
const unsigned short LOW_REPR_SATU2 = 1;
const unsigned short LOW_INSTR_SATU2 = 2;
const unsigned short HIGH_INSTR_SATU2 = 65534;
const unsigned short HIGH_REPR_SATU2 = 65535;

// 2-byte signed special pixel values
const short NULL2 = -32768;
const short LOW_REPR_SAT2 = -32767;
const short LOW_INSTR_SAT2 = -32766;
const short HIGH_INSTR_SAT2 = -32765;
const short HIGH_REPR_SAT2 = -32764;

// Define 4-byte special pixel values for IEEE floating point
const float NULL4 = -3.4028226550889045e+38f;            // 0xFF7FFFFB;
const float LOW_REPR_SAT4 = -3.4028228579130005e+38f;    // 0xFF7FFFFC;
const float LOW_INSTR_SAT4 = -3.4028230607370965e+38f;   // 0xFF7FFFFD;
const float HIGH_INSTR_SAT4 = -3.4028232635611926e+38f;  // 0xFF7FFFFE;
const float HIGH_REPR_SAT4 = -3.4028234663852886e+38f;   // 0xFF7FFFFF;

// Must be large enough to hold an integer
static const char *const pszSTARTBYTE_PLACEHOLDER = "!*^STARTBYTE^*!";
// Must be large enough to hold an integer
static const char *const pszLABEL_BYTES_PLACEHOLDER = "!*^LABEL_BYTES^*!";
// Must be large enough to hold an integer
static const char *const pszHISTORY_STARTBYTE_PLACEHOLDER =
    "!*^HISTORY_STARTBYTE^*!";

/************************************************************************/
/* ==================================================================== */
/*                             ISISDataset                              */
/* ==================================================================== */
/************************************************************************/

class ISIS3Dataset final : public RawDataset
{
    friend class ISIS3RawRasterBand;
    friend class ISISTiledBand;
    friend class ISIS3WrapperRasterBand;

    class NonPixelSection
    {
      public:
        CPLString osSrcFilename;
        CPLString osDstFilename;  // empty for same file
        vsi_l_offset nSrcOffset;
        vsi_l_offset nSize;
        CPLString osPlaceHolder;  // empty if not same file
    };

    VSILFILE *m_fpLabel;               // label file (only used for writing)
    VSILFILE *m_fpImage;               // image data file. May be == fpLabel
    GDALDataset *m_poExternalDS;       // external dataset (GeoTIFF)
    bool m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal;  // creation only
    bool m_bGeoTIFFInitDone;           // creation only

    CPLString m_osExternalFilename;
    bool m_bIsLabelWritten;  // creation only

    bool m_bIsTiled;
    bool m_bInitToNodata;  // creation only

    NASAKeywordHandler m_oKeywords;

    bool m_bGotTransform;
    double m_adfGeoTransform[6];

    bool m_bHasSrcNoData;  // creation only
    double m_dfSrcNoData;  // creation only

    OGRSpatialReference m_oSRS;

    // creation only variables
    CPLString m_osComment;
    CPLString m_osLatitudeType;
    CPLString m_osLongitudeDirection;
    CPLString m_osTargetName;
    bool m_bForce360;
    bool m_bWriteBoundingDegrees;
    CPLString m_osBoundingDegrees;

    CPLJSONObject m_oJSonLabel;
    CPLString m_osHistory;                              // creation only
    bool m_bUseSrcLabel;                                // creation only
    bool m_bUseSrcMapping;                              // creation only
    bool m_bUseSrcHistory;                              // creation only
    bool m_bAddGDALHistory;                             // creation only
    CPLString m_osGDALHistory;                          // creation only
    std::vector<NonPixelSection> m_aoNonPixelSections;  // creation only
    CPLJSONObject m_oSrcJSonLabel;                      // creation only
    CPLStringList m_aosISIS3MD;
    CPLStringList m_aosAdditionalFiles;
    CPLString m_osFromFilename;  // creation only

    RawBinaryLayout m_sLayout{};

    const char *GetKeyword(const char *pszPath, const char *pszDefault = "");

    double FixLong(double dfLong);
    void BuildLabel();
    void BuildHistory();
    void WriteLabel();
    void InvalidateLabel();

    static CPLString SerializeAsPDL(const CPLJSONObject &oObj);
    static void SerializeAsPDL(VSILFILE *fp, const CPLJSONObject &oObj,
                               int nDepth = 0);

  protected:
    CPLErr Close() override;

  public:
    ISIS3Dataset();
    virtual ~ISIS3Dataset();

    virtual int CloseDependentDatasets() override;

    virtual CPLErr GetGeoTransform(double *padfTransform) override;
    virtual CPLErr SetGeoTransform(double *padfTransform) override;

    const OGRSpatialReference *GetSpatialRef() const override;
    CPLErr SetSpatialRef(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS) override;

    virtual char **GetFileList() override;

    virtual char **GetMetadataDomainList() override;
    virtual char **GetMetadata(const char *pszDomain = "") override;
    virtual CPLErr SetMetadata(char **papszMD,
                               const char *pszDomain = "") override;

    bool GetRawBinaryLayout(GDALDataset::RawBinaryLayout &) override;

    static int Identify(GDALOpenInfo *);
    static GDALDataset *Open(GDALOpenInfo *);
    static GDALDataset *Create(const char *pszFilename, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                               int nBandsIn, GDALDataType eType,
                               char **papszOptions);
    static GDALDataset *CreateCopy(const char *pszFilename,
                                   GDALDataset *poSrcDS, int bStrict,
                                   char **papszOptions,
                                   GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                   void *pProgressData);
};

/************************************************************************/
/* ==================================================================== */
/*                             ISISTiledBand                            */
/* ==================================================================== */
/************************************************************************/

class ISISTiledBand final : public GDALPamRasterBand
{
    friend class ISIS3Dataset;

    VSILFILE *m_fpVSIL;
    GIntBig m_nFirstTileOffset;
    GIntBig m_nXTileOffset;
    GIntBig m_nYTileOffset;
    int m_bNativeOrder;
    bool m_bHasOffset;
    bool m_bHasScale;
    double m_dfOffset;
    double m_dfScale;
    double m_dfNoData;
    bool m_bValid = false;

  public:
    ISISTiledBand(GDALDataset *poDS, VSILFILE *fpVSIL, int nBand,
                  GDALDataType eDT, int nTileXSize, int nTileYSize,
                  GIntBig nFirstTileOffset, GIntBig nXTileOffset,
                  GIntBig nYTileOffset, int bNativeOrder);
    virtual ~ISISTiledBand()
    {
    }

    bool IsValid() const
    {
        return m_bValid;
    }

    virtual CPLErr IReadBlock(int, int, void *) override;
    virtual CPLErr IWriteBlock(int, int, void *) override;

    virtual double GetOffset(int *pbSuccess = nullptr) override;
    virtual double GetScale(int *pbSuccess = nullptr) override;
    virtual CPLErr SetOffset(double dfNewOffset) override;
    virtual CPLErr SetScale(double dfNewScale) override;
    virtual double GetNoDataValue(int *pbSuccess = nullptr) override;
    virtual CPLErr SetNoDataValue(double dfNewNoData) override;

    void SetMaskBand(GDALRasterBand *poMaskBand);
};

/************************************************************************/
/* ==================================================================== */
/*                        ISIS3RawRasterBand                            */
/* ==================================================================== */
/************************************************************************/

class ISIS3RawRasterBand final : public RawRasterBand
{
    friend class ISIS3Dataset;

    bool m_bHasOffset;
    bool m_bHasScale;
    double m_dfOffset;
    double m_dfScale;
    double m_dfNoData;

  public:
    ISIS3RawRasterBand(GDALDataset *l_poDS, int l_nBand, VSILFILE *l_fpRaw,
                       vsi_l_offset l_nImgOffset, int l_nPixelOffset,
                       int l_nLineOffset, GDALDataType l_eDataType,
                       int l_bNativeOrder);
    virtual ~ISIS3RawRasterBand()
    {
    }

    virtual CPLErr IReadBlock(int, int, void *) override;
    virtual CPLErr IWriteBlock(int, int, void *) override;

    virtual CPLErr IRasterIO(GDALRWFlag, int, int, int, int, void *, int, int,
                             GDALDataType, GSpacing nPixelSpace,
                             GSpacing nLineSpace,
                             GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg) override;

    virtual double GetOffset(int *pbSuccess = nullptr) override;
    virtual double GetScale(int *pbSuccess = nullptr) override;
    virtual CPLErr SetOffset(double dfNewOffset) override;
    virtual CPLErr SetScale(double dfNewScale) override;
    virtual double GetNoDataValue(int *pbSuccess = nullptr) override;
    virtual CPLErr SetNoDataValue(double dfNewNoData) override;

    void SetMaskBand(GDALRasterBand *poMaskBand);
};

/************************************************************************/
/* ==================================================================== */
/*                         ISIS3WrapperRasterBand                       */
/*                                                                      */
/*      proxy for bands stored in other formats.                        */
/* ==================================================================== */
/************************************************************************/
class ISIS3WrapperRasterBand final : public GDALProxyRasterBand
{
    friend class ISIS3Dataset;

    GDALRasterBand *m_poBaseBand;
    bool m_bHasOffset;
    bool m_bHasScale;
    double m_dfOffset;
    double m_dfScale;
    double m_dfNoData;

  protected:
    virtual GDALRasterBand *
    RefUnderlyingRasterBand(bool /* bForceOpen */) const override
    {
        return m_poBaseBand;
    }

  public:
    explicit ISIS3WrapperRasterBand(GDALRasterBand *poBaseBandIn);
    ~ISIS3WrapperRasterBand()
    {
    }

    void InitFile();

    virtual CPLErr Fill(double dfRealValue,
                        double dfImaginaryValue = 0) override;
    virtual CPLErr IWriteBlock(int, int, void *) override;

    virtual CPLErr IRasterIO(GDALRWFlag, int, int, int, int, void *, int, int,
                             GDALDataType, GSpacing nPixelSpace,
                             GSpacing nLineSpace,
                             GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg) override;

    virtual double GetOffset(int *pbSuccess = nullptr) override;
    virtual double GetScale(int *pbSuccess = nullptr) override;
    virtual CPLErr SetOffset(double dfNewOffset) override;
    virtual CPLErr SetScale(double dfNewScale) override;
    virtual double GetNoDataValue(int *pbSuccess = nullptr) override;
    virtual CPLErr SetNoDataValue(double dfNewNoData) override;

    int GetMaskFlags() override
    {
        return nMaskFlags;
    }
    GDALRasterBand *GetMaskBand() override
    {
        return poMask;
    }
    void SetMaskBand(GDALRasterBand *poMaskBand);
};

/************************************************************************/
/* ==================================================================== */
/*                             ISISMaskBand                             */
/* ==================================================================== */

class ISISMaskBand final : public GDALRasterBand
{
    GDALRasterBand *m_poBaseBand;
    void *m_pBuffer;

  public:
    explicit ISISMaskBand(GDALRasterBand *poBaseBand);
    ~ISISMaskBand();

    virtual CPLErr IReadBlock(int, int, void *) override;
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ISISTiledBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

ISISTiledBand::ISISTiledBand(GDALDataset *poDSIn, VSILFILE *fpVSILIn,
                             int nBandIn, GDALDataType eDT, int nTileXSize,
                             int nTileYSize, GIntBig nFirstTileOffsetIn,
                             GIntBig nXTileOffsetIn, GIntBig nYTileOffsetIn,
                             int bNativeOrderIn)
    : m_fpVSIL(fpVSILIn), m_nFirstTileOffset(0), m_nXTileOffset(nXTileOffsetIn),
      m_nYTileOffset(nYTileOffsetIn), m_bNativeOrder(bNativeOrderIn),
      m_bHasOffset(false), m_bHasScale(false), m_dfOffset(0.0), m_dfScale(1.0),
      m_dfNoData(0.0)
{
    poDS = poDSIn;
    nBand = nBandIn;
    eDataType = eDT;
    nBlockXSize = nTileXSize;
    nBlockYSize = nTileYSize;
    nRasterXSize = poDSIn->GetRasterXSize();
    nRasterYSize = poDSIn->GetRasterYSize();

    const int l_nBlocksPerRow = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterXSize, nBlockXSize);
    const int l_nBlocksPerColumn = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterYSize, nBlockYSize);

    if (m_nXTileOffset == 0 && m_nYTileOffset == 0)
    {
        m_nXTileOffset =
            static_cast<GIntBig>(GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDT)) * nTileXSize;
        if (m_nXTileOffset > GINTBIG_MAX / nTileYSize)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Integer overflow");
            return;
        }
        m_nXTileOffset *= nTileYSize;

        if (m_nXTileOffset > GINTBIG_MAX / l_nBlocksPerRow)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Integer overflow");
            return;
        }
        m_nYTileOffset = m_nXTileOffset * l_nBlocksPerRow;
    }

    m_nFirstTileOffset = nFirstTileOffsetIn;
    if (nBand > 1)
    {
        if (m_nYTileOffset > GINTBIG_MAX / (nBand - 1) ||
            (nBand - 1) * m_nYTileOffset > GINTBIG_MAX / l_nBlocksPerColumn ||
            m_nFirstTileOffset >
                GINTBIG_MAX - (nBand - 1) * m_nYTileOffset * l_nBlocksPerColumn)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Integer overflow");
            return;
        }
        m_nFirstTileOffset += (nBand - 1) * m_nYTileOffset * l_nBlocksPerColumn;
    }
    m_bValid = true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IReadBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISISTiledBand::IReadBlock(int nXBlock, int nYBlock, void *pImage)

{
    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (poGDS->m_osExternalFilename.empty())
    {
        if (!poGDS->m_bIsLabelWritten)
            poGDS->WriteLabel();
    }

    const GIntBig nOffset = m_nFirstTileOffset + nXBlock * m_nXTileOffset +
                            nYBlock * m_nYTileOffset;
    const int nDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);
    const size_t nBlockSize =
        static_cast<size_t>(nDTSize) * nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize;

    if (VSIFSeekL(m_fpVSIL, nOffset, SEEK_SET) != 0)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                 "Failed to seek to offset %d to read tile %d,%d.",
                 static_cast<int>(nOffset), nXBlock, nYBlock);
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    if (VSIFReadL(pImage, 1, nBlockSize, m_fpVSIL) != nBlockSize)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                 "Failed to read %d bytes for tile %d,%d.",
                 static_cast<int>(nBlockSize), nXBlock, nYBlock);
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    if (!m_bNativeOrder && eDataType != GDT_Byte)
        GDALSwapWords(pImage, nDTSize, nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize, nDTSize);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           RemapNoDataT()                             */
/************************************************************************/

template <class T>
static void RemapNoDataT(T *pBuffer, int nItems, T srcNoData, T dstNoData)
{
    for (int i = 0; i < nItems; i++)
    {
        if (pBuffer[i] == srcNoData)
            pBuffer[i] = dstNoData;
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            RemapNoData()                             */
/************************************************************************/

static void RemapNoData(GDALDataType eDataType, void *pBuffer, int nItems,
                        double dfSrcNoData, double dfDstNoData)
{
    if (eDataType == GDT_Byte)
    {
        RemapNoDataT(reinterpret_cast<GByte *>(pBuffer), nItems,
                     static_cast<GByte>(dfSrcNoData),
                     static_cast<GByte>(dfDstNoData));
    }
    else if (eDataType == GDT_UInt16)
    {
        RemapNoDataT(reinterpret_cast<GUInt16 *>(pBuffer), nItems,
                     static_cast<GUInt16>(dfSrcNoData),
                     static_cast<GUInt16>(dfDstNoData));
    }
    else if (eDataType == GDT_Int16)
    {
        RemapNoDataT(reinterpret_cast<GInt16 *>(pBuffer), nItems,
                     static_cast<GInt16>(dfSrcNoData),
                     static_cast<GInt16>(dfDstNoData));
    }
    else
    {
        CPLAssert(eDataType == GDT_Float32);
        RemapNoDataT(reinterpret_cast<float *>(pBuffer), nItems,
                     static_cast<float>(dfSrcNoData),
                     static_cast<float>(dfDstNoData));
    }
}

/**
 * Get or create CPLJSONObject.
 * @param  oParent Parent CPLJSONObject.
 * @param  osKey  Key name.
 * @return         CPLJSONObject class instance.
 */
static CPLJSONObject GetOrCreateJSONObject(CPLJSONObject &oParent,
                                           const std::string &osKey)
{
    CPLJSONObject oChild = oParent[osKey];
    if (oChild.IsValid() && oChild.GetType() != CPLJSONObject::Type::Object)
    {
        oParent.Delete(osKey);
        oChild.Deinit();
    }

    if (!oChild.IsValid())
    {
        oChild = CPLJSONObject();
        oParent.Add(osKey, oChild);
    }
    return oChild;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IReadBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISISTiledBand::IWriteBlock(int nXBlock, int nYBlock, void *pImage)

{
    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (poGDS->m_osExternalFilename.empty())
    {
        if (!poGDS->m_bIsLabelWritten)
            poGDS->WriteLabel();
    }

    if (poGDS->m_bHasSrcNoData && poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData != m_dfNoData)
    {
        RemapNoData(eDataType, pImage, nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize,
                    poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData, m_dfNoData);
    }

    const GIntBig nOffset = m_nFirstTileOffset + nXBlock * m_nXTileOffset +
                            nYBlock * m_nYTileOffset;
    const int nDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);
    const size_t nBlockSize =
        static_cast<size_t>(nDTSize) * nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize;

    const int l_nBlocksPerRow = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterXSize, nBlockXSize);
    const int l_nBlocksPerColumn = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterYSize, nBlockYSize);

    // Pad partial blocks to nodata value
    if (nXBlock == l_nBlocksPerRow - 1 && (nRasterXSize % nBlockXSize) != 0)
    {
        GByte *pabyImage = static_cast<GByte *>(pImage);
        int nXStart = nRasterXSize % nBlockXSize;
        for (int iY = 0; iY < nBlockYSize; iY++)
        {
            GDALCopyWords(&m_dfNoData, GDT_Float64, 0,
                          pabyImage + (iY * nBlockXSize + nXStart) * nDTSize,
                          eDataType, nDTSize, nBlockXSize - nXStart);
        }
    }
    if (nYBlock == l_nBlocksPerColumn - 1 && (nRasterYSize % nBlockYSize) != 0)
    {
        GByte *pabyImage = static_cast<GByte *>(pImage);
        for (int iY = nRasterYSize % nBlockYSize; iY < nBlockYSize; iY++)
        {
            GDALCopyWords(&m_dfNoData, GDT_Float64, 0,
                          pabyImage + iY * nBlockXSize * nDTSize, eDataType,
                          nDTSize, nBlockXSize);
        }
    }

    if (VSIFSeekL(m_fpVSIL, nOffset, SEEK_SET) != 0)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                 "Failed to seek to offset %d to read tile %d,%d.",
                 static_cast<int>(nOffset), nXBlock, nYBlock);
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    if (!m_bNativeOrder && eDataType != GDT_Byte)
        GDALSwapWords(pImage, nDTSize, nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize, nDTSize);

    if (VSIFWriteL(pImage, 1, nBlockSize, m_fpVSIL) != nBlockSize)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                 "Failed to write %d bytes for tile %d,%d.",
                 static_cast<int>(nBlockSize), nXBlock, nYBlock);
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    if (!m_bNativeOrder && eDataType != GDT_Byte)
        GDALSwapWords(pImage, nDTSize, nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize, nDTSize);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SetMaskBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void ISISTiledBand::SetMaskBand(GDALRasterBand *poMaskBand)
{
    bOwnMask = true;
    poMask = poMaskBand;
    nMaskFlags = 0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetOffset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

double ISISTiledBand::GetOffset(int *pbSuccess)
{
    if (pbSuccess)
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasOffset;
    return m_dfOffset;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

double ISISTiledBand::GetScale(int *pbSuccess)
{
    if (pbSuccess)
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasScale;
    return m_dfScale;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetOffset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISISTiledBand::SetOffset(double dfNewOffset)
{
    m_dfOffset = dfNewOffset;
    m_bHasOffset = true;
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISISTiledBand::SetScale(double dfNewScale)
{
    m_dfScale = dfNewScale;
    m_bHasScale = true;
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

double ISISTiledBand::GetNoDataValue(int *pbSuccess)
{
    if (pbSuccess)
        *pbSuccess = true;
    return m_dfNoData;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISISTiledBand::SetNoDataValue(double dfNewNoData)
{
    m_dfNoData = dfNewNoData;
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       ISIS3RawRasterBand()                           */
/************************************************************************/

ISIS3RawRasterBand::ISIS3RawRasterBand(GDALDataset *l_poDS, int l_nBand,
                                       VSILFILE *l_fpRaw,
                                       vsi_l_offset l_nImgOffset,
                                       int l_nPixelOffset, int l_nLineOffset,
                                       GDALDataType l_eDataType,
                                       int l_bNativeOrder)
    : RawRasterBand(l_poDS, l_nBand, l_fpRaw, l_nImgOffset, l_nPixelOffset,
                    l_nLineOffset, l_eDataType, l_bNativeOrder,
                    RawRasterBand::OwnFP::NO),
      m_bHasOffset(false), m_bHasScale(false), m_dfOffset(0.0), m_dfScale(1.0),
      m_dfNoData(0.0)
{
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IReadBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3RawRasterBand::IReadBlock(int nXBlock, int nYBlock, void *pImage)

{
    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (poGDS->m_osExternalFilename.empty())
    {
        if (!poGDS->m_bIsLabelWritten)
            poGDS->WriteLabel();
    }
    return RawRasterBand::IReadBlock(nXBlock, nYBlock, pImage);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            IWriteBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3RawRasterBand::IWriteBlock(int nXBlock, int nYBlock, void *pImage)

{
    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (poGDS->m_osExternalFilename.empty())
    {
        if (!poGDS->m_bIsLabelWritten)
            poGDS->WriteLabel();
    }

    if (poGDS->m_bHasSrcNoData && poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData != m_dfNoData)
    {
        RemapNoData(eDataType, pImage, nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize,
                    poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData, m_dfNoData);
    }

    return RawRasterBand::IWriteBlock(nXBlock, nYBlock, pImage);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IRasterIO()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3RawRasterBand::IRasterIO(GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, int nXOff, int nYOff,
                                     int nXSize, int nYSize, void *pData,
                                     int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                                     GDALDataType eBufType,
                                     GSpacing nPixelSpace, GSpacing nLineSpace,
                                     GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)

{
    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (poGDS->m_osExternalFilename.empty())
    {
        if (!poGDS->m_bIsLabelWritten)
            poGDS->WriteLabel();
    }
    if (eRWFlag == GF_Write && poGDS->m_bHasSrcNoData &&
        poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData != m_dfNoData)
    {
        const int nDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);
        if (eBufType == eDataType && nPixelSpace == nDTSize &&
            nLineSpace == nPixelSpace * nBufXSize)
        {
            RemapNoData(eDataType, pData, nBufXSize * nBufYSize,
                        poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData, m_dfNoData);
        }
        else
        {
            const GByte *pabySrc = reinterpret_cast<GByte *>(pData);
            GByte *pabyTemp = reinterpret_cast<GByte *>(
                VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(nDTSize, nBufXSize, nBufYSize));
            for (int i = 0; i < nBufYSize; i++)
            {
                GDALCopyWords(pabySrc + i * nLineSpace, eBufType,
                              static_cast<int>(nPixelSpace),
                              pabyTemp + i * nBufXSize * nDTSize, eDataType,
                              nDTSize, nBufXSize);
            }
            RemapNoData(eDataType, pabyTemp, nBufXSize * nBufYSize,
                        poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData, m_dfNoData);
            CPLErr eErr = RawRasterBand::IRasterIO(
                eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, pabyTemp, nBufXSize,
                nBufYSize, eDataType, nDTSize, nDTSize * nBufXSize, psExtraArg);
            VSIFree(pabyTemp);
            return eErr;
        }
    }
    return RawRasterBand::IRasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                    pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType,
                                    nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, psExtraArg);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SetMaskBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void ISIS3RawRasterBand::SetMaskBand(GDALRasterBand *poMaskBand)
{
    bOwnMask = true;
    poMask = poMaskBand;
    nMaskFlags = 0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetOffset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

double ISIS3RawRasterBand::GetOffset(int *pbSuccess)
{
    if (pbSuccess)
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasOffset;
    return m_dfOffset;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

double ISIS3RawRasterBand::GetScale(int *pbSuccess)
{
    if (pbSuccess)
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasScale;
    return m_dfScale;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetOffset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3RawRasterBand::SetOffset(double dfNewOffset)
{
    m_dfOffset = dfNewOffset;
    m_bHasOffset = true;
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3RawRasterBand::SetScale(double dfNewScale)
{
    m_dfScale = dfNewScale;
    m_bHasScale = true;
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

double ISIS3RawRasterBand::GetNoDataValue(int *pbSuccess)
{
    if (pbSuccess)
        *pbSuccess = true;
    return m_dfNoData;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3RawRasterBand::SetNoDataValue(double dfNewNoData)
{
    m_dfNoData = dfNewNoData;
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        ISIS3WrapperRasterBand()                      */
/************************************************************************/

ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::ISIS3WrapperRasterBand(GDALRasterBand *poBaseBandIn)
    : m_poBaseBand(poBaseBandIn), m_bHasOffset(false), m_bHasScale(false),
      m_dfOffset(0.0), m_dfScale(1.0), m_dfNoData(0.0)
{
    eDataType = m_poBaseBand->GetRasterDataType();
    m_poBaseBand->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize, &nBlockYSize);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SetMaskBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::SetMaskBand(GDALRasterBand *poMaskBand)
{
    bOwnMask = true;
    poMask = poMaskBand;
    nMaskFlags = 0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetOffset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

double ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::GetOffset(int *pbSuccess)
{
    if (pbSuccess)
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasOffset;
    return m_dfOffset;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

double ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::GetScale(int *pbSuccess)
{
    if (pbSuccess)
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasScale;
    return m_dfScale;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetOffset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::SetOffset(double dfNewOffset)
{
    m_dfOffset = dfNewOffset;
    m_bHasOffset = true;

    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (poGDS->m_poExternalDS && eAccess == GA_Update)
        poGDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(nBand)->SetOffset(dfNewOffset);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::SetScale(double dfNewScale)
{
    m_dfScale = dfNewScale;
    m_bHasScale = true;

    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (poGDS->m_poExternalDS && eAccess == GA_Update)
        poGDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(nBand)->SetScale(dfNewScale);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

double ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::GetNoDataValue(int *pbSuccess)
{
    if (pbSuccess)
        *pbSuccess = true;
    return m_dfNoData;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::SetNoDataValue(double dfNewNoData)
{
    m_dfNoData = dfNewNoData;

    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (poGDS->m_poExternalDS && eAccess == GA_Update)
        poGDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(nBand)->SetNoDataValue(
            dfNewNoData);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              InitFile()                              */
/************************************************************************/

void ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::InitFile()
{
    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (poGDS->m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal && !poGDS->m_bGeoTIFFInitDone)
    {
        poGDS->m_bGeoTIFFInitDone = true;

        const int nBands = poGDS->GetRasterCount();
        // We need to make sure that blocks are written in the right order
        for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
        {
            poGDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1)->Fill(m_dfNoData);
        }
        poGDS->m_poExternalDS->FlushCache(false);

        // Check that blocks are effectively written in expected order.
        const int nBlockSizeBytes =
            nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize * GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);

        GIntBig nLastOffset = 0;
        bool bGoOn = true;
        const int l_nBlocksPerRow = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterXSize, nBlockXSize);
        const int l_nBlocksPerColumn = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterYSize, nBlockYSize);
        for (int i = 0; i < nBands && bGoOn; i++)
        {
            for (int y = 0; y < l_nBlocksPerColumn && bGoOn; y++)
            {
                for (int x = 0; x < l_nBlocksPerRow && bGoOn; x++)
                {
                    const char *pszBlockOffset =
                        poGDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1)
                            ->GetMetadataItem(
                                CPLSPrintf("BLOCK_OFFSET_%d_%d", x, y), "TIFF");
                    if (pszBlockOffset)
                    {
                        GIntBig nOffset = CPLAtoGIntBig(pszBlockOffset);
                        if (i != 0 || x != 0 || y != 0)
                        {
                            if (nOffset != nLastOffset + nBlockSizeBytes)
                            {
                                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                         "Block %d,%d band %d not at expected "
                                         "offset",
                                         x, y, i + 1);
                                bGoOn = false;
                                poGDS->m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal = false;
                            }
                        }
                        nLastOffset = nOffset;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                 "Block %d,%d band %d not at expected "
                                 "offset",
                                 x, y, i + 1);
                        bGoOn = false;
                        poGDS->m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal = false;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               Fill()                                 */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::Fill(double dfRealValue, double dfImaginaryValue)
{
    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (poGDS->m_bHasSrcNoData && poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData == dfRealValue)
    {
        dfRealValue = m_dfNoData;
    }
    if (poGDS->m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal && !poGDS->m_bGeoTIFFInitDone)
    {
        InitFile();
    }

    return GDALProxyRasterBand::Fill(dfRealValue, dfImaginaryValue);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IWriteBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::IWriteBlock(int nXBlock, int nYBlock,
                                           void *pImage)

{
    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (poGDS->m_bHasSrcNoData && poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData != m_dfNoData)
    {
        RemapNoData(eDataType, pImage, nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize,
                    poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData, m_dfNoData);
    }
    if (poGDS->m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal && !poGDS->m_bGeoTIFFInitDone)
    {
        InitFile();
    }

    return GDALProxyRasterBand::IWriteBlock(nXBlock, nYBlock, pImage);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IRasterIO()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3WrapperRasterBand::IRasterIO(
    GDALRWFlag eRWFlag, int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
    void *pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize, GDALDataType eBufType,
    GSpacing nPixelSpace, GSpacing nLineSpace, GDALRasterIOExtraArg *psExtraArg)

{
    ISIS3Dataset *poGDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(poDS);
    if (eRWFlag == GF_Write && poGDS->m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal &&
        !poGDS->m_bGeoTIFFInitDone)
    {
        InitFile();
    }
    if (eRWFlag == GF_Write && poGDS->m_bHasSrcNoData &&
        poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData != m_dfNoData)
    {
        const int nDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);
        if (eBufType == eDataType && nPixelSpace == nDTSize &&
            nLineSpace == nPixelSpace * nBufXSize)
        {
            RemapNoData(eDataType, pData, nBufXSize * nBufYSize,
                        poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData, m_dfNoData);
        }
        else
        {
            const GByte *pabySrc = reinterpret_cast<GByte *>(pData);
            GByte *pabyTemp = reinterpret_cast<GByte *>(
                VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(nDTSize, nBufXSize, nBufYSize));
            for (int i = 0; i < nBufYSize; i++)
            {
                GDALCopyWords(pabySrc + i * nLineSpace, eBufType,
                              static_cast<int>(nPixelSpace),
                              pabyTemp + i * nBufXSize * nDTSize, eDataType,
                              nDTSize, nBufXSize);
            }
            RemapNoData(eDataType, pabyTemp, nBufXSize * nBufYSize,
                        poGDS->m_dfSrcNoData, m_dfNoData);
            CPLErr eErr = GDALProxyRasterBand::IRasterIO(
                eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize, pabyTemp, nBufXSize,
                nBufYSize, eDataType, nDTSize, nDTSize * nBufXSize, psExtraArg);
            VSIFree(pabyTemp);
            return eErr;
        }
    }
    return GDALProxyRasterBand::IRasterIO(eRWFlag, nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                          pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize, eBufType,
                                          nPixelSpace, nLineSpace, psExtraArg);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            ISISMaskBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

ISISMaskBand::ISISMaskBand(GDALRasterBand *poBaseBand)
    : m_poBaseBand(poBaseBand), m_pBuffer(nullptr)
{
    eDataType = GDT_Byte;
    poBaseBand->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize, &nBlockYSize);
    nRasterXSize = poBaseBand->GetXSize();
    nRasterYSize = poBaseBand->GetYSize();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ~ISISMaskBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

ISISMaskBand::~ISISMaskBand()
{
    VSIFree(m_pBuffer);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             FillMask()                               */
/************************************************************************/

template <class T>
static void FillMask(void *pvBuffer, GByte *pabyDst, int nReqXSize,
                     int nReqYSize, int nBlockXSize, T NULL_VAL, T LOW_REPR_SAT,
                     T LOW_INSTR_SAT, T HIGH_INSTR_SAT, T HIGH_REPR_SAT)
{
    const T *pSrc = static_cast<T *>(pvBuffer);
    for (int y = 0; y < nReqYSize; y++)
    {
        for (int x = 0; x < nReqXSize; x++)
        {
            const T nSrc = pSrc[y * nBlockXSize + x];
            if (nSrc == NULL_VAL || nSrc == LOW_REPR_SAT ||
                nSrc == LOW_INSTR_SAT || nSrc == HIGH_INSTR_SAT ||
                nSrc == HIGH_REPR_SAT)
            {
                pabyDst[y * nBlockXSize + x] = 0;
            }
            else
            {
                pabyDst[y * nBlockXSize + x] = 255;
            }
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           IReadBlock()                               */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISISMaskBand::IReadBlock(int nXBlock, int nYBlock, void *pImage)

{
    const GDALDataType eSrcDT = m_poBaseBand->GetRasterDataType();
    const int nSrcDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eSrcDT);
    if (m_pBuffer == nullptr)
    {
        m_pBuffer = VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize, nSrcDTSize);
        if (m_pBuffer == nullptr)
            return CE_Failure;
    }

    int nXOff = nXBlock * nBlockXSize;
    int nReqXSize = nBlockXSize;
    if (nXOff + nReqXSize > nRasterXSize)
        nReqXSize = nRasterXSize - nXOff;
    int nYOff = nYBlock * nBlockYSize;
    int nReqYSize = nBlockYSize;
    if (nYOff + nReqYSize > nRasterYSize)
        nReqYSize = nRasterYSize - nYOff;

    if (m_poBaseBand->RasterIO(GF_Read, nXOff, nYOff, nReqXSize, nReqYSize,
                               m_pBuffer, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, eSrcDT,
                               nSrcDTSize, nSrcDTSize * nBlockXSize,
                               nullptr) != CE_None)
    {
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    GByte *pabyDst = static_cast<GByte *>(pImage);
    if (eSrcDT == GDT_Byte)
    {
        FillMask<GByte>(m_pBuffer, pabyDst, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBlockXSize,
                        NULL1, LOW_REPR_SAT1, LOW_INSTR_SAT1, HIGH_INSTR_SAT1,
                        HIGH_REPR_SAT1);
    }
    else if (eSrcDT == GDT_UInt16)
    {
        FillMask<GUInt16>(m_pBuffer, pabyDst, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBlockXSize,
                          NULLU2, LOW_REPR_SATU2, LOW_INSTR_SATU2,
                          HIGH_INSTR_SATU2, HIGH_REPR_SATU2);
    }
    else if (eSrcDT == GDT_Int16)
    {
        FillMask<GInt16>(m_pBuffer, pabyDst, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBlockXSize,
                         NULL2, LOW_REPR_SAT2, LOW_INSTR_SAT2, HIGH_INSTR_SAT2,
                         HIGH_REPR_SAT2);
    }
    else
    {
        CPLAssert(eSrcDT == GDT_Float32);
        FillMask<float>(m_pBuffer, pabyDst, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBlockXSize,
                        NULL4, LOW_REPR_SAT4, LOW_INSTR_SAT4, HIGH_INSTR_SAT4,
                        HIGH_REPR_SAT4);
    }

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            ISIS3Dataset()                            */
/************************************************************************/

ISIS3Dataset::ISIS3Dataset()
    : m_fpLabel(nullptr), m_fpImage(nullptr), m_poExternalDS(nullptr),
      m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal(false), m_bGeoTIFFInitDone(true),
      m_bIsLabelWritten(true), m_bIsTiled(false), m_bInitToNodata(false),
      m_bGotTransform(false), m_bHasSrcNoData(false), m_dfSrcNoData(0.0),
      m_bForce360(false), m_bWriteBoundingDegrees(true), m_bUseSrcLabel(true),
      m_bUseSrcMapping(false), m_bUseSrcHistory(true), m_bAddGDALHistory(true)
{
    m_oKeywords.SetStripSurroundingQuotes(true);
    m_adfGeoTransform[0] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[1] = 1.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[2] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[3] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[4] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[5] = 1.0;

    // Deinit JSON objects
    m_oJSonLabel.Deinit();
    m_oSrcJSonLabel.Deinit();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ~ISIS3Dataset()                            */
/************************************************************************/

ISIS3Dataset::~ISIS3Dataset()

{
    ISIS3Dataset::Close();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              Close()                                 */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3Dataset::Close()
{
    CPLErr eErr = CE_None;
    if (nOpenFlags != OPEN_FLAGS_CLOSED)
    {
        if (!m_bIsLabelWritten)
            WriteLabel();
        if (m_poExternalDS && m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal &&
            !m_bGeoTIFFInitDone)
        {
            reinterpret_cast<ISIS3WrapperRasterBand *>(GetRasterBand(1))
                ->InitFile();
        }
        if (ISIS3Dataset::FlushCache(true) != CE_None)
            eErr = CE_Failure;
        if (m_fpLabel)
        {
            if (VSIFCloseL(m_fpLabel) != 0)
                eErr = CE_Failure;
        }
        if (m_fpImage && m_fpImage != m_fpLabel)
        {
            if (VSIFCloseL(m_fpImage) != 0)
                eErr = CE_Failure;
        }

        ISIS3Dataset::CloseDependentDatasets();
        if (GDALPamDataset::Close() != CE_None)
            eErr = CE_Failure;
    }
    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        CloseDependentDatasets()                      */
/************************************************************************/

int ISIS3Dataset::CloseDependentDatasets()
{
    int bHasDroppedRef = GDALPamDataset::CloseDependentDatasets();

    if (m_poExternalDS)
    {
        bHasDroppedRef = FALSE;
        delete m_poExternalDS;
        m_poExternalDS = nullptr;
    }

    for (int iBand = 0; iBand < nBands; iBand++)
    {
        delete papoBands[iBand];
    }
    nBands = 0;

    return bHasDroppedRef;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetFileList()                             */
/************************************************************************/

char **ISIS3Dataset::GetFileList()

{
    char **papszFileList = GDALPamDataset::GetFileList();

    if (!m_osExternalFilename.empty())
        papszFileList = CSLAddString(papszFileList, m_osExternalFilename);
    for (int i = 0; i < m_aosAdditionalFiles.Count(); ++i)
    {
        if (CSLFindString(papszFileList, m_aosAdditionalFiles[i]) < 0)
        {
            papszFileList =
                CSLAddString(papszFileList, m_aosAdditionalFiles[i]);
        }
    }

    return papszFileList;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetSpatialRef()                            */
/************************************************************************/

const OGRSpatialReference *ISIS3Dataset::GetSpatialRef() const

{
    if (!m_oSRS.IsEmpty())
        return &m_oSRS;

    return GDALPamDataset::GetSpatialRef();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetSpatialRef()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3Dataset::SetSpatialRef(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS)
{
    if (eAccess == GA_ReadOnly)
        return GDALPamDataset::SetSpatialRef(poSRS);
    if (poSRS)
        m_oSRS = *poSRS;
    else
        m_oSRS.Clear();
    if (m_poExternalDS)
        m_poExternalDS->SetSpatialRef(poSRS);
    InvalidateLabel();
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetGeoTransform()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3Dataset::GetGeoTransform(double *padfTransform)

{
    if (m_bGotTransform)
    {
        memcpy(padfTransform, m_adfGeoTransform, sizeof(double) * 6);
        return CE_None;
    }

    return GDALPamDataset::GetGeoTransform(padfTransform);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetGeoTransform()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3Dataset::SetGeoTransform(double *padfTransform)

{
    if (eAccess == GA_ReadOnly)
        return GDALPamDataset::SetGeoTransform(padfTransform);
    if (padfTransform[1] <= 0.0 || padfTransform[1] != -padfTransform[5] ||
        padfTransform[2] != 0.0 || padfTransform[4] != 0.0)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Only north-up geotransform with square pixels supported");
        return CE_Failure;
    }
    m_bGotTransform = true;
    memcpy(m_adfGeoTransform, padfTransform, sizeof(double) * 6);
    if (m_poExternalDS)
        m_poExternalDS->SetGeoTransform(padfTransform);
    InvalidateLabel();
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GetMetadataDomainList()                         */
/************************************************************************/

char **ISIS3Dataset::GetMetadataDomainList()
{
    return BuildMetadataDomainList(nullptr, FALSE, "", "json:ISIS3", nullptr);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetMetadata()                            */
/************************************************************************/

char **ISIS3Dataset::GetMetadata(const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (pszDomain != nullptr && EQUAL(pszDomain, "json:ISIS3"))
    {
        if (m_aosISIS3MD.empty())
        {
            if (eAccess == GA_Update && !m_oJSonLabel.IsValid())
            {
                BuildLabel();
            }
            CPLAssert(m_oJSonLabel.IsValid());
            const CPLString osJson =
                m_oJSonLabel.Format(CPLJSONObject::PrettyFormat::Pretty);
            m_aosISIS3MD.InsertString(0, osJson.c_str());
        }
        return m_aosISIS3MD.List();
    }
    return GDALPamDataset::GetMetadata(pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           InvalidateLabel()                          */
/************************************************************************/

void ISIS3Dataset::InvalidateLabel()
{
    m_oJSonLabel.Deinit();
    m_aosISIS3MD.Clear();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SetMetadata()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr ISIS3Dataset::SetMetadata(char **papszMD, const char *pszDomain)
{
    if (m_bUseSrcLabel && eAccess == GA_Update && pszDomain != nullptr &&
        EQUAL(pszDomain, "json:ISIS3"))
    {
        m_oSrcJSonLabel.Deinit();
        InvalidateLabel();
        if (papszMD != nullptr && papszMD[0] != nullptr)
        {
            CPLJSONDocument oJSONDocument;
            const GByte *pabyData = reinterpret_cast<const GByte *>(papszMD[0]);
            if (!oJSONDocument.LoadMemory(pabyData))
            {
                return CE_Failure;
            }

            m_oSrcJSonLabel = oJSONDocument.GetRoot();
            if (!m_oSrcJSonLabel.IsValid())
            {
                return CE_Failure;
            }
        }
        return CE_None;
    }
    return GDALPamDataset::SetMetadata(papszMD, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              Identify()                              */
/************************************************************************/
int ISIS3Dataset::Identify(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)

{
    if (poOpenInfo->fpL != nullptr && poOpenInfo->pabyHeader != nullptr &&
        strstr((const char *)poOpenInfo->pabyHeader, "IsisCube") != nullptr)
        return TRUE;

    return FALSE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GetRawBinaryLayout()                          */
/************************************************************************/

bool ISIS3Dataset::GetRawBinaryLayout(GDALDataset::RawBinaryLayout &sLayout)
{
    if (m_sLayout.osRawFilename.empty())
        return false;
    sLayout = m_sLayout;
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetValueAndUnits()                         */
/************************************************************************/

static void GetValueAndUnits(const CPLJSONObject &obj,
                             std::vector<double> &adfValues,
                             std::vector<std::string> &aosUnits,
                             int nExpectedVals)
{
    if (obj.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Integer ||
        obj.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Double)
    {
        adfValues.push_back(obj.ToDouble());
    }
    else if (obj.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Object)
    {
        auto oValue = obj.GetObj("value");
        auto oUnit = obj.GetObj("unit");
        if (oValue.IsValid() &&
            (oValue.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Integer ||
             oValue.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Double ||
             oValue.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Array) &&
            oUnit.IsValid() && oUnit.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
        {
            if (oValue.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Array)
            {
                GetValueAndUnits(oValue, adfValues, aosUnits, nExpectedVals);
            }
            else
            {
                adfValues.push_back(oValue.ToDouble());
            }
            aosUnits.push_back(oUnit.ToString());
        }
    }
    else if (obj.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Array)
    {
        auto oArray = obj.ToArray();
        if (oArray.Size() == nExpectedVals)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < nExpectedVals; i++)
            {
                if (oArray[i].GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Integer ||
                    oArray[i].GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Double)
                {
                    adfValues.push_back(oArray[i].ToDouble());
                }
                else
                {
                    adfValues.clear();
                    return;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                Open()                                */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *ISIS3Dataset::Open(GDALOpenInfo *poOpenInfo)

{
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Does this look like a CUBE dataset?                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (!Identify(poOpenInfo))
        return nullptr;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Open the file using the large file API.                         */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    auto poDS = cpl::make_unique<ISIS3Dataset>();

    if (!poDS->m_oKeywords.Ingest(poOpenInfo->fpL, 0))
    {
        VSIFCloseL(poOpenInfo->fpL);
        poOpenInfo->fpL = nullptr;
        return nullptr;
    }
    poDS->m_oJSonLabel = poDS->m_oKeywords.GetJsonObject();
    poDS->m_oJSonLabel.Add("_filename", poOpenInfo->pszFilename);

    // Find additional files from the label
    for (const CPLJSONObject &oObj : poDS->m_oJSonLabel.GetChildren())
    {
        if (oObj.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Object)
        {
            CPLString osContainerName = oObj.GetName();
            CPLJSONObject oContainerName = oObj.GetObj("_container_name");
            if (oContainerName.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
            {
                osContainerName = oContainerName.ToString();
            }

            CPLJSONObject oFilename = oObj.GetObj("^" + osContainerName);
            if (oFilename.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
            {
                VSIStatBufL sStat;
                CPLString osFilename(
                    CPLFormFilename(CPLGetPath(poOpenInfo->pszFilename),
                                    oFilename.ToString().c_str(), nullptr));
                if (VSIStatL(osFilename, &sStat) == 0)
                {
                    poDS->m_aosAdditionalFiles.AddString(osFilename);
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLDebug("ISIS3", "File %s referenced but not foud",
                             osFilename.c_str());
                }
            }
        }
    }

    VSIFCloseL(poOpenInfo->fpL);
    poOpenInfo->fpL = nullptr;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /* Assume user is pointing to label (i.e. .lbl) file for detached option */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    //  Image can be inline or detached and point to an image name
    //  the Format can be Tiled or Raw
    //  Object = Core
    //      StartByte   = 65537
    //      Format      = Tile
    //      TileSamples = 128
    //      TileLines   = 128
    // OR-----
    //  Object = Core
    //      StartByte = 1
    //      ^Core     = r0200357_detatched.cub
    //      Format    = BandSequential
    // OR-----
    //  Object = Core
    //      StartByte = 1
    //      ^Core     = r0200357_detached_tiled.cub
    //      Format      = Tile
    //      TileSamples = 128
    //      TileLines   = 128
    // OR-----
    //  Object = Core
    //      StartByte = 1
    //      ^Core     = some.tif
    //      Format    = GeoTIFF

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      What file contains the actual data?                             */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    const char *pszCore = poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.^Core");
    CPLString osQubeFile;

    if (EQUAL(pszCore, ""))
        osQubeFile = poOpenInfo->pszFilename;
    else
    {
        CPLString osPath = CPLGetPath(poOpenInfo->pszFilename);
        osQubeFile = CPLFormFilename(osPath, pszCore, nullptr);
        poDS->m_osExternalFilename = osQubeFile;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Check if file an ISIS3 header file?  Read a few lines of text   */
    /*      searching for something starting with nrows or ncols.           */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */

    /*************   Skipbytes     *****************************/
    int nSkipBytes = atoi(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.StartByte", "1"));
    if (nSkipBytes <= 1)
        nSkipBytes = 0;
    else
        nSkipBytes -= 1;

    /*******   Grab format type (BandSequential, Tiled)  *******/
    CPLString osFormat = poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.Format");

    int tileSizeX = 0;
    int tileSizeY = 0;

    if (EQUAL(osFormat, "Tile"))
    {
        poDS->m_bIsTiled = true;
        /******* Get Tile Sizes *********/
        tileSizeX = atoi(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.TileSamples"));
        tileSizeY = atoi(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.TileLines"));
        if (tileSizeX <= 0 || tileSizeY <= 0)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed,
                     "Wrong tile dimensions : %d x %d", tileSizeX, tileSizeY);
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
    else if (!EQUAL(osFormat, "BandSequential") && !EQUAL(osFormat, "GeoTIFF"))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed, "%s format not supported.",
                 osFormat.c_str());
        return nullptr;
    }

    /***********   Grab samples lines band ************/
    const int nCols =
        atoi(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.Dimensions.Samples"));
    const int nRows = atoi(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.Dimensions.Lines"));
    const int nBands = atoi(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.Dimensions.Bands"));

    /****** Grab format type - ISIS3 only supports 8,U16,S16,32 *****/
    GDALDataType eDataType = GDT_Byte;
    double dfNoData = 0.0;

    const char *itype = poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.Pixels.Type");
    if (EQUAL(itype, "UnsignedByte"))
    {
        eDataType = GDT_Byte;
        dfNoData = NULL1;
    }
    else if (EQUAL(itype, "UnsignedWord"))
    {
        eDataType = GDT_UInt16;
        dfNoData = NULLU2;
    }
    else if (EQUAL(itype, "SignedWord"))
    {
        eDataType = GDT_Int16;
        dfNoData = NULL2;
    }
    else if (EQUAL(itype, "Real") || EQUAL(itype, ""))
    {
        eDataType = GDT_Float32;
        dfNoData = NULL4;
    }
    else
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed, "%s pixel type not supported.",
                 itype);
        return nullptr;
    }

    /***********   Grab samples lines band ************/

    // default to MSB
    const bool bIsLSB =
        EQUAL(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.Pixels.ByteOrder"), "Lsb");

    /***********   Grab Cellsize ************/
    double dfXDim = 1.0;
    double dfYDim = 1.0;

    const char *pszRes = poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.PixelResolution");
    if (strlen(pszRes) > 0)
    {
        dfXDim = CPLAtof(pszRes); /* values are in meters */
        dfYDim = -CPLAtof(pszRes);
    }

    /***********   Grab UpperLeftCornerY ************/
    double dfULYMap = 0.5;

    const char *pszULY = poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.UpperLeftCornerY");
    if (strlen(pszULY) > 0)
    {
        dfULYMap = CPLAtof(pszULY);
    }

    /***********   Grab UpperLeftCornerX ************/
    double dfULXMap = 0.5;

    const char *pszULX = poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.UpperLeftCornerX");
    if (strlen(pszULX) > 0)
    {
        dfULXMap = CPLAtof(pszULX);
    }

    /***********  Grab TARGET_NAME  ************/
    /**** This is the planets name i.e. Mars ***/
    const char *target_name = poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.TargetName");

#ifdef notdef
    const double dfLongitudeMulFactor =
        EQUAL(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.LongitudeDirection",
                               "PositiveEast"),
              "PositiveEast")
            ? 1
            : -1;
#else
    const double dfLongitudeMulFactor = 1;
#endif

    /***********   Grab MAP_PROJECTION_TYPE ************/
    const char *map_proj_name =
        poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.ProjectionName");

    /***********   Grab SEMI-MAJOR ************/
    const double semi_major =
        CPLAtof(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.EquatorialRadius"));

    /***********   Grab semi-minor ************/
    const double semi_minor =
        CPLAtof(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.PolarRadius"));

    /***********   Grab CENTER_LAT ************/
    const double center_lat =
        CPLAtof(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.CenterLatitude"));

    /***********   Grab CENTER_LON ************/
    const double center_lon =
        CPLAtof(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.CenterLongitude")) *
        dfLongitudeMulFactor;

    /***********   Grab 1st std parallel ************/
    const double first_std_parallel =
        CPLAtof(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.FirstStandardParallel"));

    /***********   Grab 2nd std parallel ************/
    const double second_std_parallel =
        CPLAtof(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.SecondStandardParallel"));

    /***********   Grab scaleFactor ************/
    const double scaleFactor =
        CPLAtof(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.scaleFactor", "1.0"));

    /*** grab      LatitudeType = Planetographic ****/
    // Need to further study how ocentric/ographic will effect the gdal library
    // So far we will use this fact to define a sphere or ellipse for some
    // projections

    // Frank - may need to talk this over
    bool bIsGeographic = true;
    if (EQUAL(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.LatitudeType"),
              "Planetocentric"))
        bIsGeographic = false;

        // Set oSRS projection and parameters
        // ############################################################
        // ISIS3 Projection types
        //   Equirectangular
        //   LambertConformal
        //   Mercator
        //   ObliqueCylindrical
        //   Orthographic
        //   PolarStereographic
        //   SimpleCylindrical
        //   Sinusoidal
        //   TransverseMercator

#ifdef DEBUG
    CPLDebug("ISIS3", "using projection %s", map_proj_name);
#endif

    OGRSpatialReference oSRS;
    bool bProjectionSet = true;

    if ((EQUAL(map_proj_name, "Equirectangular")) ||
        (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "SimpleCylindrical")))
    {
        oSRS.SetEquirectangular2(0.0, center_lon, center_lat, 0, 0);
    }
    else if (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "Orthographic"))
    {
        oSRS.SetOrthographic(center_lat, center_lon, 0, 0);
    }
    else if (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "Sinusoidal"))
    {
        oSRS.SetSinusoidal(center_lon, 0, 0);
    }
    else if (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "Mercator"))
    {
        oSRS.SetMercator(center_lat, center_lon, scaleFactor, 0, 0);
    }
    else if (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "PolarStereographic"))
    {
        oSRS.SetPS(center_lat, center_lon, scaleFactor, 0, 0);
    }
    else if (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "TransverseMercator"))
    {
        oSRS.SetTM(center_lat, center_lon, scaleFactor, 0, 0);
    }
    else if (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "LambertConformal"))
    {
        oSRS.SetLCC(first_std_parallel, second_std_parallel, center_lat,
                    center_lon, 0, 0);
    }
    else if (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "PointPerspective"))
    {
        // Distance parameter is the distance to the center of the body, and is
        // given in km
        const double distance =
            CPLAtof(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.Distance")) * 1000.0;
        const double height_above_ground = distance - semi_major;
        oSRS.SetVerticalPerspective(center_lat, center_lon, 0,
                                    height_above_ground, 0, 0);
    }
    else if (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "ObliqueCylindrical"))
    {
        const double poleLatitude =
            CPLAtof(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.PoleLatitude"));
        const double poleLongitude =
            CPLAtof(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.PoleLongitude")) *
            dfLongitudeMulFactor;
        const double poleRotation =
            CPLAtof(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Mapping.PoleRotation"));
        CPLString oProj4String;
        // ISIS3 rotated pole doesn't use the same conventions than PROJ ob_tran
        // Compare the sign difference in
        // https://github.com/USGS-Astrogeology/ISIS3/blob/3.8.0/isis/src/base/objs/ObliqueCylindrical/ObliqueCylindrical.cpp#L244
        // and
        // https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/blob/6.2/src/projections/ob_tran.cpp#L34
        // They can be compensated by modifying the poleLatitude to
        // 180-poleLatitude There's also a sign difference for the poleRotation
        // parameter The existence of those different conventions is
        // acknowledged in
        // https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/documentation/Cassini_BIDRSIS.PDF in
        // the middle of page 10
        oProj4String.Printf("+proj=ob_tran +o_proj=eqc +o_lon_p=%.18g "
                            "+o_lat_p=%.18g +lon_0=%.18g",
                            -poleRotation, 180 - poleLatitude, poleLongitude);
        oSRS.SetFromUserInput(oProj4String);
    }
    else
    {
        CPLDebug("ISIS3",
                 "Dataset projection %s is not supported. Continuing...",
                 map_proj_name);
        bProjectionSet = false;
    }

    if (bProjectionSet)
    {
        // Create projection name, i.e. MERCATOR MARS and set as ProjCS keyword
        CPLString osProjTargetName(map_proj_name);
        osProjTargetName += " ";
        osProjTargetName += target_name;
        oSRS.SetProjCS(osProjTargetName);  // set ProjCS keyword

        // The geographic/geocentric name will be the same basic name as the
        // body name 'GCS' = Geographic/Geocentric Coordinate System
        CPLString osGeogName("GCS_");
        osGeogName += target_name;

        // The datum name will be the same basic name as the planet
        CPLString osDatumName("D_");
        osDatumName += target_name;

        CPLString osSphereName(target_name);
        // strcat(osSphereName, "_IAU_IAG");  //Might not be IAU defined so
        // don't add

        // calculate inverse flattening from major and minor axis: 1/f = a/(a-b)
        double iflattening = 0.0;
        if ((semi_major - semi_minor) < 0.0000001)
            iflattening = 0;
        else
            iflattening = semi_major / (semi_major - semi_minor);

        // Set the body size but take into consideration which proj is being
        // used to help w/ proj4 compatibility The use of a Sphere, polar radius
        // or ellipse here is based on how ISIS does it internally
        if (((EQUAL(map_proj_name, "Stereographic") &&
              (fabs(center_lat) == 90))) ||
            (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "PolarStereographic")))
        {
            if (bIsGeographic)
            {
                // Geograpraphic, so set an ellipse
                oSRS.SetGeogCS(osGeogName, osDatumName, osSphereName,
                               semi_major, iflattening, "Reference_Meridian",
                               0.0);
            }
            else
            {
                // Geocentric, so force a sphere using the semi-minor axis. I
                // hope...
                osSphereName += "_polarRadius";
                oSRS.SetGeogCS(osGeogName, osDatumName, osSphereName,
                               semi_minor, 0.0, "Reference_Meridian", 0.0);
            }
        }
        else if ((EQUAL(map_proj_name, "SimpleCylindrical")) ||
                 (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "Orthographic")) ||
                 (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "Stereographic")) ||
                 (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "Sinusoidal")) ||
                 (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "PointPerspective")))
        {
            // ISIS uses the spherical equation for these projections
            // so force a sphere.
            oSRS.SetGeogCS(osGeogName, osDatumName, osSphereName, semi_major,
                           0.0, "Reference_Meridian", 0.0);
        }
        else if (EQUAL(map_proj_name, "Equirectangular"))
        {
            // Calculate localRadius using ISIS3 simple elliptical method
            //   not the more standard Radius of Curvature method
            // PI = 4 * atan(1);
            const double radLat = center_lat * M_PI / 180;  // in radians
            const double meanRadius = sqrt(pow(semi_minor * cos(radLat), 2) +
                                           pow(semi_major * sin(radLat), 2));
            const double localRadius =
                (meanRadius == 0.0) ? 0.0
                                    : semi_major * semi_minor / meanRadius;
            osSphereName += "_localRadius";
            oSRS.SetGeogCS(osGeogName, osDatumName, osSphereName, localRadius,
                           0.0, "Reference_Meridian", 0.0);
        }
        else
        {
            // All other projections: Mercator, Transverse Mercator, Lambert
            // Conformal, etc. Geographic, so set an ellipse
            if (bIsGeographic)
            {
                oSRS.SetGeogCS(osGeogName, osDatumName, osSphereName,
                               semi_major, iflattening, "Reference_Meridian",
                               0.0);
            }
            else
            {
                // Geocentric, so force a sphere. I hope...
                oSRS.SetGeogCS(osGeogName, osDatumName, osSphereName,
                               semi_major, 0.0, "Reference_Meridian", 0.0);
            }
        }

        // translate back into a projection string.
        poDS->m_oSRS = oSRS;
        poDS->m_oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    }

    /* END ISIS3 Label Read */
    /*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++*/

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Did we get the required keywords?  If not we return with        */
    /*      this never having been considered to be a match. This isn't     */
    /*      an error!                                                       */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (!GDALCheckDatasetDimensions(nCols, nRows) ||
        !GDALCheckBandCount(nBands, false))
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Capture some information from the file that is of interest.     */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    poDS->nRasterXSize = nCols;
    poDS->nRasterYSize = nRows;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Open target binary file.                                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    if (EQUAL(osFormat, "GeoTIFF"))
    {
        if (nSkipBytes != 0)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                     "Ignoring StartByte=%d for format=GeoTIFF",
                     1 + nSkipBytes);
        }
        if (osQubeFile == poOpenInfo->pszFilename)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "A ^Core file must be set");
            return nullptr;
        }
        poDS->m_poExternalDS =
            GDALDataset::FromHandle(GDALOpen(osQubeFile, poOpenInfo->eAccess));
        if (poDS->m_poExternalDS == nullptr)
        {
            return nullptr;
        }
        if (poDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterXSize() != poDS->nRasterXSize ||
            poDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterYSize() != poDS->nRasterYSize ||
            poDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterCount() != nBands ||
            poDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType() !=
                eDataType)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "%s has incompatible characteristics with the ones "
                     "declared in the label.",
                     osQubeFile.c_str());
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        if (poOpenInfo->eAccess == GA_ReadOnly)
            poDS->m_fpImage = VSIFOpenL(osQubeFile, "r");
        else
            poDS->m_fpImage = VSIFOpenL(osQubeFile, "r+");

        if (poDS->m_fpImage == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed, "Failed to open %s: %s.",
                     osQubeFile.c_str(), VSIStrerror(errno));
            return nullptr;
        }

        // Sanity checks in case the external raw file appears to be a
        // TIFF file
        if (EQUAL(CPLGetExtension(osQubeFile), "tif"))
        {
            GDALDataset *poTIF_DS =
                GDALDataset::FromHandle(GDALOpen(osQubeFile, GA_ReadOnly));
            if (poTIF_DS)
            {
                bool bWarned = false;
                if (poTIF_DS->GetRasterXSize() != poDS->nRasterXSize ||
                    poTIF_DS->GetRasterYSize() != poDS->nRasterYSize ||
                    poTIF_DS->GetRasterCount() != nBands ||
                    poTIF_DS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType() !=
                        eDataType ||
                    poTIF_DS->GetMetadataItem("COMPRESSION",
                                              "IMAGE_STRUCTURE") != nullptr)
                {
                    bWarned = true;
                    CPLError(
                        CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "%s has incompatible characteristics with the ones "
                        "declared in the label.",
                        osQubeFile.c_str());
                }
                int nBlockXSize = 1, nBlockYSize = 1;
                poTIF_DS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize,
                                                         &nBlockYSize);
                if ((poDS->m_bIsTiled &&
                     (nBlockXSize != tileSizeX || nBlockYSize != tileSizeY)) ||
                    (!poDS->m_bIsTiled && (nBlockXSize != nCols ||
                                           (nBands > 1 && nBlockYSize != 1))))
                {
                    if (!bWarned)
                    {
                        bWarned = true;
                        CPLError(
                            CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                            "%s has incompatible characteristics with the ones "
                            "declared in the label.",
                            osQubeFile.c_str());
                    }
                }
                // to please Clang Static Analyzer
                nBlockXSize = std::max(1, nBlockXSize);
                nBlockYSize = std::max(1, nBlockYSize);

                // Check that blocks are effectively written in expected order.
                const int nBlockSizeBytes = nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize *
                                            GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);
                bool bGoOn = !bWarned;
                const int l_nBlocksPerRow = DIV_ROUND_UP(nCols, nBlockXSize);
                const int l_nBlocksPerColumn = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRows, nBlockYSize);
                int nBlockNo = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < nBands && bGoOn; i++)
                {
                    for (int y = 0; y < l_nBlocksPerColumn && bGoOn; y++)
                    {
                        for (int x = 0; x < l_nBlocksPerRow && bGoOn; x++)
                        {
                            const char *pszBlockOffset =
                                poTIF_DS->GetRasterBand(i + 1)->GetMetadataItem(
                                    CPLSPrintf("BLOCK_OFFSET_%d_%d", x, y),
                                    "TIFF");
                            if (pszBlockOffset)
                            {
                                GIntBig nOffset = CPLAtoGIntBig(pszBlockOffset);
                                if (nOffset !=
                                    nSkipBytes + nBlockNo * nBlockSizeBytes)
                                {
                                    // bWarned = true;
                                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                             "%s has incompatible "
                                             "characteristics with the ones "
                                             "declared in the label.",
                                             osQubeFile.c_str());
                                    bGoOn = false;
                                }
                            }
                            nBlockNo++;
                        }
                    }
                }

                delete poTIF_DS;
            }
        }
    }

    poDS->eAccess = poOpenInfo->eAccess;

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Compute the line offset.                                        */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    int nLineOffset = 0;
    int nPixelOffset = 0;
    vsi_l_offset nBandOffset = 0;

    if (EQUAL(osFormat, "BandSequential"))
    {
        const int nItemSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDataType);
        nPixelOffset = nItemSize;
        try
        {
            nLineOffset = (CPLSM(nPixelOffset) * CPLSM(nCols)).v();
        }
        catch (const CPLSafeIntOverflow &)
        {
            return nullptr;
        }
        nBandOffset = static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(nLineOffset) * nRows;

        poDS->m_sLayout.osRawFilename = osQubeFile;
        if (nBands > 1)
            poDS->m_sLayout.eInterleaving = RawBinaryLayout::Interleaving::BSQ;
        poDS->m_sLayout.eDataType = eDataType;
        poDS->m_sLayout.bLittleEndianOrder = bIsLSB;
        poDS->m_sLayout.nImageOffset = nSkipBytes;
        poDS->m_sLayout.nPixelOffset = nPixelOffset;
        poDS->m_sLayout.nLineOffset = nLineOffset;
        poDS->m_sLayout.nBandOffset = static_cast<GIntBig>(nBandOffset);
    }
    /* else Tiled or external */

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Extract BandBin info.                                           */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    std::vector<std::string> aosBandNames;
    std::vector<std::string> aosBandUnits;
    std::vector<double> adfWavelengths;
    std::vector<std::string> aosWavelengthsUnit;
    std::vector<double> adfBandwidth;
    std::vector<std::string> aosBandwidthUnit;
    const auto oBandBin = poDS->m_oJSonLabel.GetObj("IsisCube/BandBin");
    if (oBandBin.IsValid() && oBandBin.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Object)
    {
        for (const auto &child : oBandBin.GetChildren())
        {
            if (CPLString(child.GetName()).ifind("name") != std::string::npos)
            {
                // Use "name" in priority
                if (EQUAL(child.GetName().c_str(), "name"))
                {
                    aosBandNames.clear();
                }
                else if (!aosBandNames.empty())
                {
                    continue;
                }

                if (child.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String &&
                    nBands == 1)
                {
                    aosBandNames.push_back(child.ToString());
                }
                else if (child.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Array)
                {
                    auto oArray = child.ToArray();
                    if (oArray.Size() == nBands)
                    {
                        for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
                        {
                            if (oArray[i].GetType() ==
                                CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
                            {
                                aosBandNames.push_back(oArray[i].ToString());
                            }
                            else
                            {
                                aosBandNames.clear();
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (EQUAL(child.GetName().c_str(), "BandSuffixUnit") &&
                     child.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Array)
            {
                auto oArray = child.ToArray();
                if (oArray.Size() == nBands)
                {
                    for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
                    {
                        if (oArray[i].GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
                        {
                            aosBandUnits.push_back(oArray[i].ToString());
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            aosBandUnits.clear();
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (EQUAL(child.GetName().c_str(), "BandBinCenter") ||
                     EQUAL(child.GetName().c_str(), "Center"))
            {
                GetValueAndUnits(child, adfWavelengths, aosWavelengthsUnit,
                                 nBands);
            }
            else if (EQUAL(child.GetName().c_str(), "BandBinUnit") &&
                     child.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
            {
                CPLString unit(child.ToString());
                if (STARTS_WITH_CI(unit, "micromet") || EQUAL(unit, "um") ||
                    STARTS_WITH_CI(unit, "nanomet") || EQUAL(unit, "nm"))
                {
                    aosWavelengthsUnit.push_back(child.ToString());
                }
            }
            else if (EQUAL(child.GetName().c_str(), "Width"))
            {
                GetValueAndUnits(child, adfBandwidth, aosBandwidthUnit, nBands);
            }
        }

        if (!adfWavelengths.empty() && aosWavelengthsUnit.size() == 1)
        {
            for (int i = 1; i < nBands; i++)
            {
                aosWavelengthsUnit.push_back(aosWavelengthsUnit[0]);
            }
        }
        if (!adfBandwidth.empty() && aosBandwidthUnit.size() == 1)
        {
            for (int i = 1; i < nBands; i++)
            {
                aosBandwidthUnit.push_back(aosBandwidthUnit[0]);
            }
        }
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Create band information objects.                                */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
#ifdef CPL_LSB
    const bool bNativeOrder = bIsLSB;
#else
    const bool bNativeOrder = !bIsLSB;
#endif

    for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
    {
        GDALRasterBand *poBand;

        if (poDS->m_poExternalDS != nullptr)
        {
            auto poISISBand = cpl::make_unique<ISIS3WrapperRasterBand>(
                poDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1));
            poISISBand->SetMaskBand(new ISISMaskBand(poISISBand.get()));
            poDS->SetBand(i + 1, std::move(poISISBand));
            poBand = poDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1);
        }
        else if (poDS->m_bIsTiled)
        {
            auto poISISBand = cpl::make_unique<ISISTiledBand>(
                poDS.get(), poDS->m_fpImage, i + 1, eDataType, tileSizeX,
                tileSizeY, nSkipBytes, 0, 0, bNativeOrder);
            if (!poISISBand->IsValid())
            {
                return nullptr;
            }
            poISISBand->SetMaskBand(new ISISMaskBand(poISISBand.get()));
            poDS->SetBand(i + 1, std::move(poISISBand));
            poBand = poDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1);
        }
        else
        {
            auto poISISBand = cpl::make_unique<ISIS3RawRasterBand>(
                poDS.get(), i + 1, poDS->m_fpImage,
                nSkipBytes + nBandOffset * i, nPixelOffset, nLineOffset,
                eDataType, bNativeOrder);
            if (!poISISBand->IsValid())
            {
                return nullptr;
            }
            poISISBand->SetMaskBand(new ISISMaskBand(poISISBand.get()));
            poDS->SetBand(i + 1, std::move(poISISBand));
            poBand = poDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1);
        }

        if (i < static_cast<int>(aosBandNames.size()))
        {
            poBand->SetDescription(aosBandNames[i].c_str());
        }
        if (i < static_cast<int>(adfWavelengths.size()) &&
            i < static_cast<int>(aosWavelengthsUnit.size()))
        {
            poBand->SetMetadataItem("WAVELENGTH",
                                    CPLSPrintf("%f", adfWavelengths[i]));
            poBand->SetMetadataItem("WAVELENGTH_UNIT",
                                    aosWavelengthsUnit[i].c_str());
            if (i < static_cast<int>(adfBandwidth.size()) &&
                i < static_cast<int>(aosBandwidthUnit.size()))
            {
                poBand->SetMetadataItem("BANDWIDTH",
                                        CPLSPrintf("%f", adfBandwidth[i]));
                poBand->SetMetadataItem("BANDWIDTH_UNIT",
                                        aosBandwidthUnit[i].c_str());
            }
        }
        if (i < static_cast<int>(aosBandUnits.size()))
        {
            poBand->SetUnitType(aosBandUnits[i].c_str());
        }

        poBand->SetNoDataValue(dfNoData);

        // Set offset/scale values.
        const double dfOffset =
            CPLAtofM(poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.Pixels.Base", "0.0"));
        const double dfScale = CPLAtofM(
            poDS->GetKeyword("IsisCube.Core.Pixels.Multiplier", "1.0"));
        if (dfOffset != 0.0 || dfScale != 1.0)
        {
            poBand->SetOffset(dfOffset);
            poBand->SetScale(dfScale);
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Check for a .prj file. For ISIS3 I would like to keep this in   */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    const CPLString osPath = CPLGetPath(poOpenInfo->pszFilename);
    const CPLString osName = CPLGetBasename(poOpenInfo->pszFilename);
    const char *pszPrjFile = CPLFormCIFilename(osPath, osName, "prj");

    VSILFILE *fp = VSIFOpenL(pszPrjFile, "r");
    if (fp != nullptr)
    {
        VSIFCloseL(fp);

        char **papszLines = CSLLoad(pszPrjFile);

        OGRSpatialReference oSRS2;
        if (oSRS2.importFromESRI(papszLines) == OGRERR_NONE)
        {
            poDS->m_aosAdditionalFiles.AddString(pszPrjFile);
            poDS->m_oSRS = oSRS2;
            poDS->m_oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
        }

        CSLDestroy(papszLines);
    }

    if (dfULXMap != 0.5 || dfULYMap != 0.5 || dfXDim != 1.0 || dfYDim != 1.0)
    {
        poDS->m_bGotTransform = true;
        poDS->m_adfGeoTransform[0] = dfULXMap;
        poDS->m_adfGeoTransform[1] = dfXDim;
        poDS->m_adfGeoTransform[2] = 0.0;
        poDS->m_adfGeoTransform[3] = dfULYMap;
        poDS->m_adfGeoTransform[4] = 0.0;
        poDS->m_adfGeoTransform[5] = dfYDim;
    }

    if (!poDS->m_bGotTransform)
    {
        poDS->m_bGotTransform = CPL_TO_BOOL(GDALReadWorldFile(
            poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "cbw", poDS->m_adfGeoTransform));
        if (poDS->m_bGotTransform)
        {
            poDS->m_aosAdditionalFiles.AddString(
                CPLResetExtension(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "cbw"));
        }
    }

    if (!poDS->m_bGotTransform)
    {
        poDS->m_bGotTransform = CPL_TO_BOOL(GDALReadWorldFile(
            poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "wld", poDS->m_adfGeoTransform));
        if (poDS->m_bGotTransform)
        {
            poDS->m_aosAdditionalFiles.AddString(
                CPLResetExtension(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "wld"));
        }
    }

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Initialize any PAM information.                                 */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    poDS->SetDescription(poOpenInfo->pszFilename);
    poDS->TryLoadXML();

    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    /*      Check for overviews.                                            */
    /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    poDS->oOvManager.Initialize(poDS.get(), poOpenInfo->pszFilename);

    return poDS.release();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             GetKeyword()                             */
/************************************************************************/

const char *ISIS3Dataset::GetKeyword(const char *pszPath,
                                     const char *pszDefault)

{
    return m_oKeywords.GetKeyword(pszPath, pszDefault);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              FixLong()                               */
/************************************************************************/

double ISIS3Dataset::FixLong(double dfLong)
{
    if (m_osLongitudeDirection == "PositiveWest")
        dfLong = -dfLong;
    if (m_bForce360 && dfLong < 0)
        dfLong += 360.0;
    return dfLong;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           BuildLabel()                               */
/************************************************************************/

void ISIS3Dataset::BuildLabel()
{
    CPLJSONObject oLabel = m_oSrcJSonLabel;
    if (!oLabel.IsValid())
    {
        oLabel = CPLJSONObject();
    }
    // If we have a source label, then edit it directly
    CPLJSONObject oIsisCube = GetOrCreateJSONObject(oLabel, "IsisCube");
    oIsisCube.Set("_type", "object");

    if (!m_osComment.empty())
        oIsisCube.Set("_comment", m_osComment);

    CPLJSONObject oCore = GetOrCreateJSONObject(oIsisCube, "Core");
    if (oCore.GetType() != CPLJSONObject::Type::Object)
    {
        oIsisCube.Delete("Core");
        oCore = CPLJSONObject();
        oIsisCube.Add("Core", oCore);
    }
    oCore.Set("_type", "object");

    if (!m_osExternalFilename.empty())
    {
        if (m_poExternalDS && m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal)
        {
            if (!m_bGeoTIFFInitDone)
            {
                reinterpret_cast<ISIS3WrapperRasterBand *>(GetRasterBand(1))
                    ->InitFile();
            }

            const char *pszOffset =
                m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetMetadataItem(
                    "BLOCK_OFFSET_0_0", "TIFF");
            if (pszOffset)
            {
                oCore.Set("StartByte", 1 + atoi(pszOffset));
            }
            else
            {
                // Shouldn't happen normally
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Missing BLOCK_OFFSET_0_0");
                m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal = false;
                oCore.Set("StartByte", 1);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            oCore.Set("StartByte", 1);
        }
        if (!m_osExternalFilename.empty())
        {
            const CPLString osExternalFilename =
                CPLGetFilename(m_osExternalFilename);
            oCore.Set("^Core", osExternalFilename);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        oCore.Set("StartByte", pszSTARTBYTE_PLACEHOLDER);
        oCore.Delete("^Core");
    }

    if (m_poExternalDS && !m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal)
    {
        oCore.Set("Format", "GeoTIFF");
        oCore.Delete("TileSamples");
        oCore.Delete("TileLines");
    }
    else if (m_bIsTiled)
    {
        oCore.Set("Format", "Tile");
        int nBlockXSize = 1, nBlockYSize = 1;
        GetRasterBand(1)->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize, &nBlockYSize);
        oCore.Set("TileSamples", nBlockXSize);
        oCore.Set("TileLines", nBlockYSize);
    }
    else
    {
        oCore.Set("Format", "BandSequential");
        oCore.Delete("TileSamples");
        oCore.Delete("TileLines");
    }

    CPLJSONObject oDimensions = GetOrCreateJSONObject(oCore, "Dimensions");
    oDimensions.Set("_type", "group");
    oDimensions.Set("Samples", nRasterXSize);
    oDimensions.Set("Lines", nRasterYSize);
    oDimensions.Set("Bands", nBands);

    CPLJSONObject oPixels = GetOrCreateJSONObject(oCore, "Pixels");
    oPixels.Set("_type", "group");
    const GDALDataType eDT = GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType();
    oPixels.Set("Type", (eDT == GDT_Byte)     ? "UnsignedByte"
                        : (eDT == GDT_UInt16) ? "UnsignedWord"
                        : (eDT == GDT_Int16)  ? "SignedWord"
                                              : "Real");

    oPixels.Set("ByteOrder", "Lsb");
    oPixels.Set("Base", GetRasterBand(1)->GetOffset());
    oPixels.Set("Multiplier", GetRasterBand(1)->GetScale());

    const OGRSpatialReference &oSRS = m_oSRS;

    if (!m_bUseSrcMapping)
    {
        oIsisCube.Delete("Mapping");
    }

    CPLJSONObject oMapping = GetOrCreateJSONObject(oIsisCube, "Mapping");
    if (m_bUseSrcMapping && oMapping.IsValid() &&
        oMapping.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Object)
    {
        if (!m_osTargetName.empty())
            oMapping.Set("TargetName", m_osTargetName);
        if (!m_osLatitudeType.empty())
            oMapping.Set("LatitudeType", m_osLatitudeType);
        if (!m_osLongitudeDirection.empty())
            oMapping.Set("LongitudeDirection", m_osLongitudeDirection);
    }
    else if (!m_bUseSrcMapping && !m_oSRS.IsEmpty())
    {
        oMapping.Add("_type", "group");

        if (oSRS.IsProjected() || oSRS.IsGeographic())
        {
            const char *pszDatum = oSRS.GetAttrValue("DATUM");
            CPLString osTargetName(m_osTargetName);
            if (osTargetName.empty())
            {
                if (pszDatum && STARTS_WITH(pszDatum, "D_"))
                {
                    osTargetName = pszDatum + 2;
                }
                else if (pszDatum)
                {
                    osTargetName = pszDatum;
                }
            }
            if (!osTargetName.empty())
                oMapping.Add("TargetName", osTargetName);

            oMapping.Add("EquatorialRadius/value", oSRS.GetSemiMajor());
            oMapping.Add("EquatorialRadius/unit", "meters");
            oMapping.Add("PolarRadius/value", oSRS.GetSemiMinor());
            oMapping.Add("PolarRadius/unit", "meters");

            if (!m_osLatitudeType.empty())
                oMapping.Add("LatitudeType", m_osLatitudeType);
            else
                oMapping.Add("LatitudeType", "Planetocentric");

            if (!m_osLongitudeDirection.empty())
                oMapping.Add("LongitudeDirection", m_osLongitudeDirection);
            else
                oMapping.Add("LongitudeDirection", "PositiveEast");

            double adfX[4] = {0};
            double adfY[4] = {0};
            bool bLongLatCorners = false;
            if (m_bGotTransform)
            {
                for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
                {
                    adfX[i] = m_adfGeoTransform[0] +
                              (i % 2) * nRasterXSize * m_adfGeoTransform[1];
                    adfY[i] = m_adfGeoTransform[3] +
                              ((i == 0 || i == 3) ? 0 : 1) * nRasterYSize *
                                  m_adfGeoTransform[5];
                }
                if (oSRS.IsGeographic())
                {
                    bLongLatCorners = true;
                }
                else
                {
                    OGRSpatialReference *poSRSLongLat = oSRS.CloneGeogCS();
                    if (poSRSLongLat)
                    {
                        poSRSLongLat->SetAxisMappingStrategy(
                            OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
                        OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT =
                            OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(&oSRS,
                                                              poSRSLongLat);
                        if (poCT)
                        {
                            if (poCT->Transform(4, adfX, adfY))
                            {
                                bLongLatCorners = true;
                            }
                            delete poCT;
                        }
                        delete poSRSLongLat;
                    }
                }
            }
            if (bLongLatCorners)
            {
                for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
                {
                    adfX[i] = FixLong(adfX[i]);
                }
            }

            if (bLongLatCorners &&
                (m_bForce360 || adfX[0] < -180.0 || adfX[3] > 180.0))
            {
                oMapping.Add("LongitudeDomain", 360);
            }
            else
            {
                oMapping.Add("LongitudeDomain", 180);
            }

            if (m_bWriteBoundingDegrees && !m_osBoundingDegrees.empty())
            {
                char **papszTokens =
                    CSLTokenizeString2(m_osBoundingDegrees, ",", 0);
                if (CSLCount(papszTokens) == 4)
                {
                    oMapping.Add("MinimumLatitude", CPLAtof(papszTokens[1]));
                    oMapping.Add("MinimumLongitude", CPLAtof(papszTokens[0]));
                    oMapping.Add("MaximumLatitude", CPLAtof(papszTokens[3]));
                    oMapping.Add("MaximumLongitude", CPLAtof(papszTokens[2]));
                }
                CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
            }
            else if (m_bWriteBoundingDegrees && bLongLatCorners)
            {
                oMapping.Add("MinimumLatitude",
                             std::min(std::min(adfY[0], adfY[1]),
                                      std::min(adfY[2], adfY[3])));
                oMapping.Add("MinimumLongitude",
                             std::min(std::min(adfX[0], adfX[1]),
                                      std::min(adfX[2], adfX[3])));
                oMapping.Add("MaximumLatitude",
                             std::max(std::max(adfY[0], adfY[1]),
                                      std::max(adfY[2], adfY[3])));
                oMapping.Add("MaximumLongitude",
                             std::max(std::max(adfX[0], adfX[1]),
                                      std::max(adfX[2], adfX[3])));
            }

            const char *pszProjection = oSRS.GetAttrValue("PROJECTION");
            if (pszProjection == nullptr)
            {
                oMapping.Add("ProjectionName", "SimpleCylindrical");
                oMapping.Add("CenterLongitude", 0.0);
                oMapping.Add("CenterLatitude", 0.0);
                oMapping.Add("CenterLatitudeRadius", oSRS.GetSemiMajor());
            }
            else if (EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_EQUIRECTANGULAR))
            {
                oMapping.Add("ProjectionName", "Equirectangular");
                if (oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0) != 0.0)
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                             "Ignoring %s. Only 0 value supported",
                             SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN);
                }
                oMapping.Add("CenterLongitude",
                             FixLong(oSRS.GetNormProjParm(
                                 SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0)));
                const double dfCenterLat =
                    oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_STANDARD_PARALLEL_1, 0.0);
                oMapping.Add("CenterLatitude", dfCenterLat);

                // in radians
                const double radLat = dfCenterLat * M_PI / 180;
                const double semi_major = oSRS.GetSemiMajor();
                const double semi_minor = oSRS.GetSemiMinor();
                const double localRadius =
                    semi_major * semi_minor /
                    sqrt(pow(semi_minor * cos(radLat), 2) +
                         pow(semi_major * sin(radLat), 2));
                oMapping.Add("CenterLatitudeRadius", localRadius);
            }

            else if (EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_ORTHOGRAPHIC))
            {
                oMapping.Add("ProjectionName", "Orthographic");
                oMapping.Add("CenterLongitude",
                             FixLong(oSRS.GetNormProjParm(
                                 SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0)));
                oMapping.Add(
                    "CenterLatitude",
                    oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0));
            }

            else if (EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_SINUSOIDAL))
            {
                oMapping.Add("ProjectionName", "Sinusoidal");
                oMapping.Add("CenterLongitude",
                             FixLong(oSRS.GetNormProjParm(
                                 SRS_PP_LONGITUDE_OF_CENTER, 0.0)));
            }

            else if (EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_MERCATOR_1SP))
            {
                oMapping.Add("ProjectionName", "Mercator");
                oMapping.Add("CenterLongitude",
                             FixLong(oSRS.GetNormProjParm(
                                 SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0)));
                oMapping.Add(
                    "CenterLatitude",
                    oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0));
                oMapping.Add("scaleFactor",
                             oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 1.0));
            }

            else if (EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_POLAR_STEREOGRAPHIC))
            {
                oMapping.Add("ProjectionName", "PolarStereographic");
                oMapping.Add("CenterLongitude",
                             FixLong(oSRS.GetNormProjParm(
                                 SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0)));
                oMapping.Add(
                    "CenterLatitude",
                    oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0));
                oMapping.Add("scaleFactor",
                             oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 1.0));
            }

            else if (EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_TRANSVERSE_MERCATOR))
            {
                oMapping.Add("ProjectionName", "TransverseMercator");
                oMapping.Add("CenterLongitude",
                             FixLong(oSRS.GetNormProjParm(
                                 SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0)));
                oMapping.Add(
                    "CenterLatitude",
                    oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0));
                oMapping.Add("scaleFactor",
                             oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 1.0));
            }

            else if (EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_LAMBERT_CONFORMAL_CONIC_2SP))
            {
                oMapping.Add("ProjectionName", "LambertConformal");
                oMapping.Add("CenterLongitude",
                             FixLong(oSRS.GetNormProjParm(
                                 SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0)));
                oMapping.Add(
                    "CenterLatitude",
                    oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0));
                oMapping.Add(
                    "FirstStandardParallel",
                    oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_STANDARD_PARALLEL_1, 0.0));
                oMapping.Add(
                    "SecondStandardParallel",
                    oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_STANDARD_PARALLEL_2, 0.0));
            }

            else if (EQUAL(pszProjection,
                           "Vertical Perspective"))  // PROJ 7 required
            {
                oMapping.Add("ProjectionName", "PointPerspective");
                oMapping.Add("CenterLongitude",
                             FixLong(oSRS.GetNormProjParm(
                                 "Longitude of topocentric origin", 0.0)));
                oMapping.Add("CenterLatitude",
                             oSRS.GetNormProjParm(
                                 "Latitude of topocentric origin", 0.0));
                // ISIS3 value is the distance from center of ellipsoid, in km
                oMapping.Add("Distance",
                             (oSRS.GetNormProjParm("Viewpoint height", 0.0) +
                              oSRS.GetSemiMajor()) /
                                 1000.0);
            }

            else if (EQUAL(pszProjection, "custom_proj4"))
            {
                const char *pszProj4 =
                    oSRS.GetExtension("PROJCS", "PROJ4", nullptr);
                if (pszProj4 && strstr(pszProj4, "+proj=ob_tran") &&
                    strstr(pszProj4, "+o_proj=eqc"))
                {
                    const auto FetchParam =
                        [](const char *pszProj4Str, const char *pszKey)
                    {
                        CPLString needle;
                        needle.Printf("+%s=", pszKey);
                        const char *pszVal =
                            strstr(pszProj4Str, needle.c_str());
                        if (pszVal)
                            return CPLAtof(pszVal + needle.size());
                        return 0.0;
                    };

                    double dfLonP = FetchParam(pszProj4, "o_lon_p");
                    double dfLatP = FetchParam(pszProj4, "o_lat_p");
                    double dfLon0 = FetchParam(pszProj4, "lon_0");
                    double dfPoleRotation = -dfLonP;
                    double dfPoleLatitude = 180 - dfLatP;
                    double dfPoleLongitude = dfLon0;
                    oMapping.Add("ProjectionName", "ObliqueCylindrical");
                    oMapping.Add("PoleLatitude", dfPoleLatitude);
                    oMapping.Add("PoleLongitude", FixLong(dfPoleLongitude));
                    oMapping.Add("PoleRotation", dfPoleRotation);
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                             "Projection %s not supported", pszProjection);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                         "Projection %s not supported", pszProjection);
            }

            if (oMapping["ProjectionName"].IsValid())
            {
                if (oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_FALSE_EASTING, 0.0) != 0.0)
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                             "Ignoring %s. Only 0 value supported",
                             SRS_PP_FALSE_EASTING);
                }
                if (oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_FALSE_NORTHING, 0.0) != 0.0)
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "Ignoring %s. Only 0 value supported",
                             SRS_PP_FALSE_NORTHING);
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported, "SRS not supported");
        }
    }

    if (!m_bUseSrcMapping && m_bGotTransform)
    {
        oMapping.Add("_type", "group");

        const double dfDegToMeter = oSRS.GetSemiMajor() * M_PI / 180.0;
        if (!m_oSRS.IsEmpty() && oSRS.IsProjected())
        {
            const double dfLinearUnits = oSRS.GetLinearUnits();
            // Maybe we should deal differently with non meter units ?
            const double dfRes = m_adfGeoTransform[1] * dfLinearUnits;
            const double dfScale = dfDegToMeter / dfRes;
            oMapping.Add("UpperLeftCornerX", m_adfGeoTransform[0]);
            oMapping.Add("UpperLeftCornerY", m_adfGeoTransform[3]);
            oMapping.Add("PixelResolution/value", dfRes);
            oMapping.Add("PixelResolution/unit", "meters/pixel");
            oMapping.Add("Scale/value", dfScale);
            oMapping.Add("Scale/unit", "pixels/degree");
        }
        else if (!m_oSRS.IsEmpty() && oSRS.IsGeographic())
        {
            const double dfScale = 1.0 / m_adfGeoTransform[1];
            const double dfRes = m_adfGeoTransform[1] * dfDegToMeter;
            oMapping.Add("UpperLeftCornerX",
                         m_adfGeoTransform[0] * dfDegToMeter);
            oMapping.Add("UpperLeftCornerY",
                         m_adfGeoTransform[3] * dfDegToMeter);
            oMapping.Add("PixelResolution/value", dfRes);
            oMapping.Add("PixelResolution/unit", "meters/pixel");
            oMapping.Add("Scale/value", dfScale);
            oMapping.Add("Scale/unit", "pixels/degree");
        }
        else
        {
            oMapping.Add("UpperLeftCornerX", m_adfGeoTransform[0]);
            oMapping.Add("UpperLeftCornerY", m_adfGeoTransform[3]);
            oMapping.Add("PixelResolution", m_adfGeoTransform[1]);
        }
    }

    CPLJSONObject oLabelLabel = GetOrCreateJSONObject(oLabel, "Label");
    oLabelLabel.Set("_type", "object");
    oLabelLabel.Set("Bytes", pszLABEL_BYTES_PLACEHOLDER);

    // Deal with History object
    BuildHistory();

    oLabel.Delete("History");
    if (!m_osHistory.empty())
    {
        CPLJSONObject oHistory;
        oHistory.Add("_type", "object");
        oHistory.Add("Name", "IsisCube");
        if (m_osExternalFilename.empty())
            oHistory.Add("StartByte", pszHISTORY_STARTBYTE_PLACEHOLDER);
        else
            oHistory.Add("StartByte", 1);
        oHistory.Add("Bytes", static_cast<GIntBig>(m_osHistory.size()));
        if (!m_osExternalFilename.empty())
        {
            CPLString osFilename(CPLGetBasename(GetDescription()));
            osFilename += ".History.IsisCube";
            oHistory.Add("^History", osFilename);
        }
        oLabel.Add("History", oHistory);
    }

    // Deal with other objects that have StartByte & Bytes
    m_aoNonPixelSections.clear();
    if (m_oSrcJSonLabel.IsValid())
    {
        CPLString osLabelSrcFilename;
        CPLJSONObject oFilename = oLabel["_filename"];
        if (oFilename.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
        {
            osLabelSrcFilename = oFilename.ToString();
        }

        for (CPLJSONObject &oObj : oLabel.GetChildren())
        {
            CPLString osKey = oObj.GetName();
            if (osKey == "History")
            {
                continue;
            }

            CPLJSONObject oBytes = oObj.GetObj("Bytes");
            if (oBytes.GetType() != CPLJSONObject::Type::Integer ||
                oBytes.ToInteger() <= 0)
            {
                continue;
            }

            CPLJSONObject oStartByte = oObj.GetObj("StartByte");
            if (oStartByte.GetType() != CPLJSONObject::Type::Integer ||
                oStartByte.ToInteger() <= 0)
            {
                continue;
            }

            if (osLabelSrcFilename.empty())
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Cannot find _filename attribute in "
                         "source ISIS3 metadata. Removing object "
                         "%s from the label.",
                         osKey.c_str());
                oLabel.Delete(osKey);
                continue;
            }

            NonPixelSection oSection;
            oSection.osSrcFilename = osLabelSrcFilename;
            oSection.nSrcOffset =
                static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(oObj.GetInteger("StartByte")) - 1U;
            oSection.nSize =
                static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(oObj.GetInteger("Bytes"));

            CPLString osName;
            CPLJSONObject oName = oObj.GetObj("Name");
            if (oName.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
            {
                osName = oName.ToString();
            }

            CPLString osContainerName(osKey);
            CPLJSONObject oContainerName = oObj.GetObj("_container_name");
            if (oContainerName.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
            {
                osContainerName = oContainerName.ToString();
            }

            const CPLString osKeyFilename("^" + osContainerName);
            CPLJSONObject oFilenameCap = oObj.GetObj(osKeyFilename);
            if (oFilenameCap.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
            {
                VSIStatBufL sStat;
                const CPLString osSrcFilename(
                    CPLFormFilename(CPLGetPath(osLabelSrcFilename),
                                    oFilenameCap.ToString().c_str(), nullptr));
                if (VSIStatL(osSrcFilename, &sStat) == 0)
                {
                    oSection.osSrcFilename = osSrcFilename;
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "Object %s points to %s, which does "
                             "not exist. Removing this section "
                             "from the label",
                             osKey.c_str(), osSrcFilename.c_str());
                    oLabel.Delete(osKey);
                    continue;
                }
            }

            if (!m_osExternalFilename.empty())
            {
                oObj.Set("StartByte", 1);
            }
            else
            {
                CPLString osPlaceHolder;
                osPlaceHolder.Printf(
                    "!*^PLACEHOLDER_%d_STARTBYTE^*!",
                    static_cast<int>(m_aoNonPixelSections.size()) + 1);
                oObj.Set("StartByte", osPlaceHolder);
                oSection.osPlaceHolder = osPlaceHolder;
            }

            if (!m_osExternalFilename.empty())
            {
                CPLString osDstFilename(CPLGetBasename(GetDescription()));
                osDstFilename += ".";
                osDstFilename += osContainerName;
                if (!osName.empty())
                {
                    osDstFilename += ".";
                    osDstFilename += osName;
                }

                oSection.osDstFilename = CPLFormFilename(
                    CPLGetPath(GetDescription()), osDstFilename, nullptr);

                oObj.Set(osKeyFilename, osDstFilename);
            }
            else
            {
                oObj.Delete(osKeyFilename);
            }

            m_aoNonPixelSections.push_back(oSection);
        }
    }
    m_oJSonLabel = oLabel;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         BuildHistory()                               */
/************************************************************************/

void ISIS3Dataset::BuildHistory()
{
    CPLString osHistory;

    if (m_oSrcJSonLabel.IsValid() && m_bUseSrcHistory)
    {
        vsi_l_offset nHistoryOffset = 0;
        int nHistorySize = 0;
        CPLString osSrcFilename;

        CPLJSONObject oFilename = m_oSrcJSonLabel["_filename"];
        if (oFilename.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
        {
            osSrcFilename = oFilename.ToString();
        }
        CPLString osHistoryFilename(osSrcFilename);
        CPLJSONObject oHistory = m_oSrcJSonLabel["History"];
        if (oHistory.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Object)
        {
            CPLJSONObject oHistoryFilename = oHistory["^History"];
            if (oHistoryFilename.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
            {
                osHistoryFilename = CPLFormFilename(
                    CPLGetPath(osSrcFilename),
                    oHistoryFilename.ToString().c_str(), nullptr);
            }

            CPLJSONObject oStartByte = oHistory["StartByte"];
            if (oStartByte.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Integer)
            {
                if (oStartByte.ToInteger() > 0)
                {
                    nHistoryOffset =
                        static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(oStartByte.ToInteger()) - 1U;
                }
            }

            CPLJSONObject oBytes = oHistory["Bytes"];
            if (oBytes.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::Integer)
            {
                nHistorySize = static_cast<int>(oBytes.ToInteger());
            }
        }

        if (osHistoryFilename.empty())
        {
            CPLDebug("ISIS3", "Cannot find filename for source history");
        }
        else if (nHistorySize <= 0 || nHistorySize > 1000000)
        {
            CPLDebug("ISIS3", "Invalid or missing value for History.Bytes "
                              "for source history");
        }
        else
        {
            VSILFILE *fpHistory = VSIFOpenL(osHistoryFilename, "rb");
            if (fpHistory != nullptr)
            {
                VSIFSeekL(fpHistory, nHistoryOffset, SEEK_SET);
                osHistory.resize(nHistorySize);
                if (VSIFReadL(&osHistory[0], nHistorySize, 1, fpHistory) != 1)
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_FileIO,
                             "Cannot read %d bytes at offset " CPL_FRMT_GUIB
                             "of %s: history will not be preserved",
                             nHistorySize, nHistoryOffset,
                             osHistoryFilename.c_str());
                    osHistory.clear();
                }
                VSIFCloseL(fpHistory);
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_FileIO,
                         "Cannot open %s: history will not be preserved",
                         osHistoryFilename.c_str());
            }
        }
    }

    if (m_bAddGDALHistory && !m_osGDALHistory.empty())
    {
        if (!osHistory.empty())
            osHistory += "\n";
        osHistory += m_osGDALHistory;
    }
    else if (m_bAddGDALHistory)
    {
        if (!osHistory.empty())
            osHistory += "\n";

        CPLJSONObject oHistoryObj;
        char szFullFilename[2048] = {0};
        if (!CPLGetExecPath(szFullFilename, sizeof(szFullFilename) - 1))
            strcpy(szFullFilename, "unknown_program");
        const CPLString osProgram(CPLGetBasename(szFullFilename));
        const CPLString osPath(CPLGetPath(szFullFilename));

        CPLJSONObject oObj;
        oHistoryObj.Add(osProgram, oObj);

        oObj.Add("_type", "object");
        oObj.Add("GdalVersion", GDALVersionInfo("RELEASE_NAME"));
        if (osPath != ".")
            oObj.Add("ProgramPath", osPath);
        time_t nCurTime = time(nullptr);
        if (nCurTime != -1)
        {
            struct tm mytm;
            CPLUnixTimeToYMDHMS(nCurTime, &mytm);
            oObj.Add("ExecutionDateTime",
                     CPLSPrintf("%04d-%02d-%02dT%02d:%02d:%02d",
                                mytm.tm_year + 1900, mytm.tm_mon + 1,
                                mytm.tm_mday, mytm.tm_hour, mytm.tm_min,
                                mytm.tm_sec));
        }
        char szHostname[256] = {0};
        if (gethostname(szHostname, sizeof(szHostname) - 1) == 0)
        {
            oObj.Add("HostName", std::string(szHostname));
        }
        const char *pszUsername = CPLGetConfigOption("USERNAME", nullptr);
        if (pszUsername == nullptr)
            pszUsername = CPLGetConfigOption("USER", nullptr);
        if (pszUsername != nullptr)
        {
            oObj.Add("UserName", pszUsername);
        }
        oObj.Add("Description", "GDAL conversion");

        CPLJSONObject oUserParameters;
        oObj.Add("UserParameters", oUserParameters);

        oUserParameters.Add("_type", "group");
        if (!m_osFromFilename.empty())
        {
            const CPLString osFromFilename = CPLGetFilename(m_osFromFilename);
            oUserParameters.Add("FROM", osFromFilename);
        }
        if (nullptr != GetDescription())
        {
            const CPLString osToFileName = CPLGetFilename(GetDescription());
            oUserParameters.Add("TO", osToFileName);
        }
        if (m_bForce360)
            oUserParameters.Add("Force_360", "true");

        osHistory += SerializeAsPDL(oHistoryObj);
    }

    m_osHistory = osHistory;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           WriteLabel()                               */
/************************************************************************/

void ISIS3Dataset::WriteLabel()
{
    m_bIsLabelWritten = true;

    if (!m_oJSonLabel.IsValid())
        BuildLabel();

    // Serialize label
    CPLString osLabel(SerializeAsPDL(m_oJSonLabel));
    osLabel += "End\n";
    if (m_osExternalFilename.empty() && osLabel.size() < 65536)
    {
        // In-line labels have conventionally a minimize size of 65536 bytes
        // See #2741
        osLabel.resize(65536);
    }
    char *pszLabel = &osLabel[0];
    const int nLabelSize = static_cast<int>(osLabel.size());

    // Hack back StartByte value
    {
        char *pszStartByte = strstr(pszLabel, pszSTARTBYTE_PLACEHOLDER);
        if (pszStartByte != nullptr)
        {
            const char *pszOffset = CPLSPrintf("%d", 1 + nLabelSize);
            memcpy(pszStartByte, pszOffset, strlen(pszOffset));
            memset(pszStartByte + strlen(pszOffset), ' ',
                   strlen(pszSTARTBYTE_PLACEHOLDER) - strlen(pszOffset));
        }
    }

    // Hack back Label.Bytes value
    {
        char *pszLabelBytes = strstr(pszLabel, pszLABEL_BYTES_PLACEHOLDER);
        if (pszLabelBytes != nullptr)
        {
            const char *pszBytes = CPLSPrintf("%d", nLabelSize);
            memcpy(pszLabelBytes, pszBytes, strlen(pszBytes));
            memset(pszLabelBytes + strlen(pszBytes), ' ',
                   strlen(pszLABEL_BYTES_PLACEHOLDER) - strlen(pszBytes));
        }
    }

    const GDALDataType eType = GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType();
    const int nDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eType);
    vsi_l_offset nImagePixels = 0;
    if (m_poExternalDS == nullptr)
    {
        if (m_bIsTiled)
        {
            int nBlockXSize = 1, nBlockYSize = 1;
            GetRasterBand(1)->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize, &nBlockYSize);
            nImagePixels = static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(nBlockXSize) *
                           nBlockYSize * nBands *
                           DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterXSize, nBlockXSize) *
                           DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterYSize, nBlockYSize);
        }
        else
        {
            nImagePixels =
                static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(nRasterXSize) * nRasterYSize * nBands;
        }
    }

    // Hack back History.StartBytes value
    char *pszHistoryStartBytes =
        strstr(pszLabel, pszHISTORY_STARTBYTE_PLACEHOLDER);

    vsi_l_offset nHistoryOffset = 0;
    vsi_l_offset nLastOffset = 0;
    if (pszHistoryStartBytes != nullptr)
    {
        CPLAssert(m_osExternalFilename.empty());
        nHistoryOffset = nLabelSize + nImagePixels * nDTSize;
        nLastOffset = nHistoryOffset + m_osHistory.size();
        const char *pszStartByte =
            CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GUIB, nHistoryOffset + 1);
        CPLAssert(strlen(pszStartByte) <
                  strlen(pszHISTORY_STARTBYTE_PLACEHOLDER));
        memcpy(pszHistoryStartBytes, pszStartByte, strlen(pszStartByte));
        memset(pszHistoryStartBytes + strlen(pszStartByte), ' ',
               strlen(pszHISTORY_STARTBYTE_PLACEHOLDER) - strlen(pszStartByte));
    }

    // Replace placeholders in other sections
    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_aoNonPixelSections.size(); ++i)
    {
        if (!m_aoNonPixelSections[i].osPlaceHolder.empty())
        {
            char *pszPlaceHolder =
                strstr(pszLabel, m_aoNonPixelSections[i].osPlaceHolder.c_str());
            CPLAssert(pszPlaceHolder != nullptr);
            const char *pszStartByte =
                CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GUIB, nLastOffset + 1);
            nLastOffset += m_aoNonPixelSections[i].nSize;
            CPLAssert(strlen(pszStartByte) <
                      m_aoNonPixelSections[i].osPlaceHolder.size());

            memcpy(pszPlaceHolder, pszStartByte, strlen(pszStartByte));
            memset(pszPlaceHolder + strlen(pszStartByte), ' ',
                   m_aoNonPixelSections[i].osPlaceHolder.size() -
                       strlen(pszStartByte));
        }
    }

    // Write to final file
    VSIFSeekL(m_fpLabel, 0, SEEK_SET);
    VSIFWriteL(pszLabel, 1, osLabel.size(), m_fpLabel);

    if (m_osExternalFilename.empty())
    {
        // Update image offset in bands
        if (m_bIsTiled)
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
            {
                ISISTiledBand *poBand =
                    reinterpret_cast<ISISTiledBand *>(GetRasterBand(i + 1));
                poBand->m_nFirstTileOffset += nLabelSize;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < nBands; i++)
            {
                ISIS3RawRasterBand *poBand =
                    reinterpret_cast<ISIS3RawRasterBand *>(
                        GetRasterBand(i + 1));
                poBand->nImgOffset += nLabelSize;
            }
        }
    }

    if (m_bInitToNodata)
    {
        // Initialize the image to nodata
        const double dfNoData = GetRasterBand(1)->GetNoDataValue();
        if (dfNoData == 0.0)
        {
            VSIFTruncateL(m_fpImage,
                          VSIFTellL(m_fpImage) + nImagePixels * nDTSize);
        }
        else if (nDTSize != 0)  // to make Coverity not warn about div by 0
        {
            const int nPageSize = 4096;  // Must be multiple of 4 since
                                         // Float32 is the largest type
            CPLAssert((nPageSize % nDTSize) == 0);
            const int nMaxPerPage = nPageSize / nDTSize;
            GByte *pabyTemp = static_cast<GByte *>(CPLMalloc(nPageSize));
            GDALCopyWords(&dfNoData, GDT_Float64, 0, pabyTemp, eType, nDTSize,
                          nMaxPerPage);
#ifdef CPL_MSB
            GDALSwapWords(pabyTemp, nDTSize, nMaxPerPage, nDTSize);
#endif
            for (vsi_l_offset i = 0; i < nImagePixels; i += nMaxPerPage)
            {
                int n;
                if (i + nMaxPerPage <= nImagePixels)
                    n = nMaxPerPage;
                else
                    n = static_cast<int>(nImagePixels - i);
                if (VSIFWriteL(pabyTemp, n * nDTSize, 1, m_fpImage) != 1)
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                             "Cannot initialize imagery to null");
                    break;
                }
            }

            CPLFree(pabyTemp);
        }
    }

    // Write history
    if (!m_osHistory.empty())
    {
        if (m_osExternalFilename.empty())
        {
            VSIFSeekL(m_fpLabel, nHistoryOffset, SEEK_SET);
            VSIFWriteL(m_osHistory.c_str(), 1, m_osHistory.size(), m_fpLabel);
        }
        else
        {
            CPLString osFilename(CPLGetBasename(GetDescription()));
            osFilename += ".History.IsisCube";
            osFilename = CPLFormFilename(CPLGetPath(GetDescription()),
                                         osFilename, nullptr);
            VSILFILE *fp = VSIFOpenL(osFilename, "wb");
            if (fp)
            {
                m_aosAdditionalFiles.AddString(osFilename);

                VSIFWriteL(m_osHistory.c_str(), 1, m_osHistory.size(), fp);
                VSIFCloseL(fp);
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot write %s",
                         osFilename.c_str());
            }
        }
    }

    // Write other non pixel sections
    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_aoNonPixelSections.size(); ++i)
    {
        VSILFILE *fpSrc =
            VSIFOpenL(m_aoNonPixelSections[i].osSrcFilename, "rb");
        if (fpSrc == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot open %s",
                     m_aoNonPixelSections[i].osSrcFilename.c_str());
            continue;
        }

        VSILFILE *fpDest = m_fpLabel;
        if (!m_aoNonPixelSections[i].osDstFilename.empty())
        {
            fpDest = VSIFOpenL(m_aoNonPixelSections[i].osDstFilename, "wb");
            if (fpDest == nullptr)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot create %s",
                         m_aoNonPixelSections[i].osDstFilename.c_str());
                VSIFCloseL(fpSrc);
                continue;
            }

            m_aosAdditionalFiles.AddString(
                m_aoNonPixelSections[i].osDstFilename);
        }

        VSIFSeekL(fpSrc, m_aoNonPixelSections[i].nSrcOffset, SEEK_SET);
        GByte abyBuffer[4096];
        vsi_l_offset nRemaining = m_aoNonPixelSections[i].nSize;
        while (nRemaining)
        {
            size_t nToRead = 4096;
            if (nRemaining < nToRead)
                nToRead = static_cast<size_t>(nRemaining);
            size_t nRead = VSIFReadL(abyBuffer, 1, nToRead, fpSrc);
            if (nRead != nToRead)
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_FileIO,
                         "Could not read " CPL_FRMT_GUIB " bytes from %s",
                         m_aoNonPixelSections[i].nSize,
                         m_aoNonPixelSections[i].osSrcFilename.c_str());
                break;
            }
            VSIFWriteL(abyBuffer, 1, nRead, fpDest);
            nRemaining -= nRead;
        }

        VSIFCloseL(fpSrc);
        if (fpDest != m_fpLabel)
            VSIFCloseL(fpDest);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      SerializeAsPDL()                                */
/************************************************************************/

CPLString ISIS3Dataset::SerializeAsPDL(const CPLJSONObject &oObj)
{
    CPLString osTmpFile(
        CPLSPrintf("/vsimem/isis3_%p", oObj.GetInternalHandle()));
    VSILFILE *fpTmp = VSIFOpenL(osTmpFile, "wb+");
    SerializeAsPDL(fpTmp, oObj);
    VSIFCloseL(fpTmp);
    CPLString osContent(reinterpret_cast<char *>(
        VSIGetMemFileBuffer(osTmpFile, nullptr, FALSE)));
    VSIUnlink(osTmpFile);
    return osContent;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      SerializeAsPDL()                                */
/************************************************************************/

void ISIS3Dataset::SerializeAsPDL(VSILFILE *fp, const CPLJSONObject &oObj,
                                  int nDepth)
{
    CPLString osIndentation;
    for (int i = 0; i < nDepth; i++)
        osIndentation += "  ";
    const size_t WIDTH = 79;

    std::vector<CPLJSONObject> aoChildren = oObj.GetChildren();
    size_t nMaxKeyLength = 0;
    for (const CPLJSONObject &oChild : aoChildren)
    {
        const CPLString osKey = oChild.GetName();
        if (EQUAL(osKey, "_type") || EQUAL(osKey, "_container_name") ||
            EQUAL(osKey, "_filename"))
        {
            continue;
        }

        const auto eType = oChild.GetType();
        if (eType == CPLJSONObject::Type::String ||
            eType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Integer ||
            eType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Double ||
            eType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Array)
        {
            if (osKey.size() > nMaxKeyLength)
            {
                nMaxKeyLength = osKey.size();
            }
        }
        else if (eType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Object)
        {
            CPLJSONObject oValue = oChild.GetObj("value");
            CPLJSONObject oUnit = oChild.GetObj("unit");
            if (oValue.IsValid() &&
                oUnit.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
            {
                if (osKey.size() > nMaxKeyLength)
                {
                    nMaxKeyLength = osKey.size();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    for (const CPLJSONObject &oChild : aoChildren)
    {
        const CPLString osKey = oChild.GetName();
        if (EQUAL(osKey, "_type") || EQUAL(osKey, "_container_name") ||
            EQUAL(osKey, "_filename"))
        {
            continue;
        }
        if (STARTS_WITH(osKey, "_comment"))
        {
            if (oChild.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
            {
                VSIFPrintfL(fp, "#%s\n", oChild.ToString().c_str());
            }
            continue;
        }
        CPLString osPadding;
        size_t nLen = osKey.size();
        if (nLen < nMaxKeyLength)
        {
            osPadding.append(nMaxKeyLength - nLen, ' ');
        }

        const auto eType = oChild.GetType();
        if (eType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Object)
        {
            CPLJSONObject oType = oChild.GetObj("_type");
            CPLJSONObject oContainerName = oChild.GetObj("_container_name");
            CPLString osContainerName = osKey;
            if (oContainerName.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
            {
                osContainerName = oContainerName.ToString();
            }
            if (oType.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
            {
                const CPLString osType = oType.ToString();
                if (EQUAL(osType, "Object"))
                {
                    if (nDepth == 0 && VSIFTellL(fp) != 0)
                        VSIFPrintfL(fp, "\n");
                    VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%sObject = %s\n", osIndentation.c_str(),
                                osContainerName.c_str());
                    SerializeAsPDL(fp, oChild, nDepth + 1);
                    VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%sEnd_Object\n", osIndentation.c_str());
                }
                else if (EQUAL(osType, "Group"))
                {
                    VSIFPrintfL(fp, "\n");
                    VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%sGroup = %s\n", osIndentation.c_str(),
                                osContainerName.c_str());
                    SerializeAsPDL(fp, oChild, nDepth + 1);
                    VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%sEnd_Group\n", osIndentation.c_str());
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLJSONObject oValue = oChild.GetObj("value");
                CPLJSONObject oUnit = oChild.GetObj("unit");
                if (oValue.IsValid() &&
                    oUnit.GetType() == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
                {
                    const CPLString osUnit = oUnit.ToString();
                    const auto eValueType = oValue.GetType();
                    if (eValueType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Integer)
                    {
                        VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s%s%s = %d <%s>\n",
                                    osIndentation.c_str(), osKey.c_str(),
                                    osPadding.c_str(), oValue.ToInteger(),
                                    osUnit.c_str());
                    }
                    else if (eValueType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Double)
                    {
                        const double dfVal = oValue.ToDouble();
                        if (dfVal >= INT_MIN && dfVal <= INT_MAX &&
                            static_cast<int>(dfVal) == dfVal)
                        {
                            VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s%s%s = %d.0 <%s>\n",
                                        osIndentation.c_str(), osKey.c_str(),
                                        osPadding.c_str(),
                                        static_cast<int>(dfVal),
                                        osUnit.c_str());
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s%s%s = %.18g <%s>\n",
                                        osIndentation.c_str(), osKey.c_str(),
                                        osPadding.c_str(), dfVal,
                                        osUnit.c_str());
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else if (eType == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
        {
            CPLString osVal = oChild.ToString();
            const char *pszVal = osVal.c_str();
            if (pszVal[0] == '\0' || strchr(pszVal, ' ') ||
                strstr(pszVal, "\\n") || strstr(pszVal, "\\r"))
            {
                osVal.replaceAll("\\n", "\n");
                osVal.replaceAll("\\r", "\r");
                VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s%s%s = \"%s\"\n", osIndentation.c_str(),
                            osKey.c_str(), osPadding.c_str(), osVal.c_str());
            }
            else
            {
                if (osIndentation.size() + osKey.size() + osPadding.size() +
                            strlen(" = ") + strlen(pszVal) >
                        WIDTH &&
                    osIndentation.size() + osKey.size() + osPadding.size() +
                            strlen(" = ") <
                        WIDTH)
                {
                    size_t nFirstPos = osIndentation.size() + osKey.size() +
                                       osPadding.size() + strlen(" = ");
                    VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s%s%s = ", osIndentation.c_str(),
                                osKey.c_str(), osPadding.c_str());
                    size_t nCurPos = nFirstPos;
                    for (int j = 0; pszVal[j] != '\0'; j++)
                    {
                        nCurPos++;
                        if (nCurPos == WIDTH && pszVal[j + 1] != '\0')
                        {
                            VSIFPrintfL(fp, "-\n");
                            for (size_t k = 0; k < nFirstPos; k++)
                            {
                                const char chSpace = ' ';
                                VSIFWriteL(&chSpace, 1, 1, fp);
                            }
                            nCurPos = nFirstPos + 1;
                        }
                        VSIFWriteL(&pszVal[j], 1, 1, fp);
                    }
                    VSIFPrintfL(fp, "\n");
                }
                else
                {
                    VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s%s%s = %s\n", osIndentation.c_str(),
                                osKey.c_str(), osPadding.c_str(), pszVal);
                }
            }
        }
        else if (eType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Integer)
        {
            const int nVal = oChild.ToInteger();
            VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s%s%s = %d\n", osIndentation.c_str(),
                        osKey.c_str(), osPadding.c_str(), nVal);
        }
        else if (eType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Double)
        {
            const double dfVal = oChild.ToDouble();
            if (dfVal >= INT_MIN && dfVal <= INT_MAX &&
                static_cast<int>(dfVal) == dfVal)
            {
                VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s%s%s = %d.0\n", osIndentation.c_str(),
                            osKey.c_str(), osPadding.c_str(),
                            static_cast<int>(dfVal));
            }
            else
            {
                VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s%s%s = %.18g\n", osIndentation.c_str(),
                            osKey.c_str(), osPadding.c_str(), dfVal);
            }
        }
        else if (eType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Array)
        {
            CPLJSONArray oArrayItem(oChild);
            const int nLength = oArrayItem.Size();
            size_t nFirstPos = osIndentation.size() + osKey.size() +
                               osPadding.size() + strlen(" = (");
            VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s%s%s = (", osIndentation.c_str(), osKey.c_str(),
                        osPadding.c_str());
            size_t nCurPos = nFirstPos;
            for (int idx = 0; idx < nLength; idx++)
            {
                CPLJSONObject oItem = oArrayItem[idx];
                const auto eArrayItemType = oItem.GetType();
                if (eArrayItemType == CPLJSONObject::Type::String)
                {
                    CPLString osVal = oItem.ToString();
                    const char *pszVal = osVal.c_str();
                    if (pszVal[0] == '\0' || strchr(pszVal, ' ') ||
                        strstr(pszVal, "\\n") || strstr(pszVal, "\\r"))
                    {
                        osVal.replaceAll("\\n", "\n");
                        osVal.replaceAll("\\r", "\r");
                        VSIFPrintfL(fp, "\"%s\"", osVal.c_str());
                    }
                    else if (nFirstPos < WIDTH &&
                             nCurPos + strlen(pszVal) > WIDTH)
                    {
                        if (idx > 0)
                        {
                            VSIFPrintfL(fp, "\n");
                            for (size_t j = 0; j < nFirstPos; j++)
                            {
                                const char chSpace = ' ';
                                VSIFWriteL(&chSpace, 1, 1, fp);
                            }
                            nCurPos = nFirstPos;
                        }

                        for (int j = 0; pszVal[j] != '\0'; j++)
                        {
                            nCurPos++;
                            if (nCurPos == WIDTH && pszVal[j + 1] != '\0')
                            {
                                VSIFPrintfL(fp, "-\n");
                                for (size_t k = 0; k < nFirstPos; k++)
                                {
                                    const char chSpace = ' ';
                                    VSIFWriteL(&chSpace, 1, 1, fp);
                                }
                                nCurPos = nFirstPos + 1;
                            }
                            VSIFWriteL(&pszVal[j], 1, 1, fp);
                        }
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s", pszVal);
                        nCurPos += strlen(pszVal);
                    }
                }
                else if (eArrayItemType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Integer)
                {
                    const int nVal = oItem.ToInteger();
                    const char *pszVal = CPLSPrintf("%d", nVal);
                    const size_t nValLen = strlen(pszVal);
                    if (nFirstPos < WIDTH && idx > 0 &&
                        nCurPos + nValLen > WIDTH)
                    {
                        VSIFPrintfL(fp, "\n");
                        for (size_t j = 0; j < nFirstPos; j++)
                        {
                            const char chSpace = ' ';
                            VSIFWriteL(&chSpace, 1, 1, fp);
                        }
                        nCurPos = nFirstPos;
                    }
                    VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%d", nVal);
                    nCurPos += nValLen;
                }
                else if (eArrayItemType == CPLJSONObject::Type::Double)
                {
                    const double dfVal = oItem.ToDouble();
                    CPLString osVal;
                    if (dfVal >= INT_MIN && dfVal <= INT_MAX &&
                        static_cast<int>(dfVal) == dfVal)
                    {
                        osVal = CPLSPrintf("%d.0", static_cast<int>(dfVal));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        osVal = CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfVal);
                    }
                    const size_t nValLen = osVal.size();
                    if (nFirstPos < WIDTH && idx > 0 &&
                        nCurPos + nValLen > WIDTH)
                    {
                        VSIFPrintfL(fp, "\n");
                        for (size_t j = 0; j < nFirstPos; j++)
                        {
                            const char chSpace = ' ';
                            VSIFWriteL(&chSpace, 1, 1, fp);
                        }
                        nCurPos = nFirstPos;
                    }
                    VSIFPrintfL(fp, "%s", osVal.c_str());
                    nCurPos += nValLen;
                }
                if (idx < nLength - 1)
                {
                    VSIFPrintfL(fp, ", ");
                    nCurPos += 2;
                }
            }
            VSIFPrintfL(fp, ")\n");
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           Create()                                   */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *ISIS3Dataset::Create(const char *pszFilename, int nXSize,
                                  int nYSize, int nBandsIn, GDALDataType eType,
                                  char **papszOptions)
{
    if (eType != GDT_Byte && eType != GDT_UInt16 && eType != GDT_Int16 &&
        eType != GDT_Float32)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported, "Unsupported data type");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (nBandsIn == 0 || nBandsIn > 32767)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported, "Unsupported band count");
        return nullptr;
    }

    const char *pszDataLocation =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "DATA_LOCATION", "LABEL");
    const bool bIsTiled = CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "TILED", false);
    const int nBlockXSize = std::max(
        1, atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "BLOCKXSIZE", "256")));
    const int nBlockYSize = std::max(
        1, atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "BLOCKYSIZE", "256")));
    if (!EQUAL(pszDataLocation, "LABEL") &&
        !EQUAL(CPLGetExtension(pszFilename), "LBL"))
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "For DATA_LOCATION=%s, "
                 "the main filename should have a .lbl extension",
                 pszDataLocation);
        return nullptr;
    }

    VSILFILE *fp = VSIFOpenExL(pszFilename, "wb", true);
    if (fp == nullptr)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot create %s: %s", pszFilename,
                 VSIGetLastErrorMsg());
        return nullptr;
    }
    VSILFILE *fpImage = nullptr;
    CPLString osExternalFilename;
    GDALDataset *poExternalDS = nullptr;
    bool bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal = false;
    if (EQUAL(pszDataLocation, "EXTERNAL"))
    {
        osExternalFilename =
            CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "EXTERNAL_FILENAME",
                                 CPLResetExtension(pszFilename, "cub"));
        fpImage = VSIFOpenExL(osExternalFilename, "wb", true);
        if (fpImage == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot create %s: %s",
                     osExternalFilename.c_str(), VSIGetLastErrorMsg());
            VSIFCloseL(fp);
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
    else if (EQUAL(pszDataLocation, "GEOTIFF"))
    {
        osExternalFilename =
            CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "EXTERNAL_FILENAME",
                                 CPLResetExtension(pszFilename, "tif"));
        GDALDriver *poDrv =
            static_cast<GDALDriver *>(GDALGetDriverByName("GTiff"));
        if (poDrv == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot find GTiff driver");
            VSIFCloseL(fp);
            return nullptr;
        }
        char **papszGTiffOptions = nullptr;
        papszGTiffOptions =
            CSLSetNameValue(papszGTiffOptions, "ENDIANNESS", "LITTLE");
        if (bIsTiled)
        {
            papszGTiffOptions =
                CSLSetNameValue(papszGTiffOptions, "TILED", "YES");
            papszGTiffOptions = CSLSetNameValue(papszGTiffOptions, "BLOCKXSIZE",
                                                CPLSPrintf("%d", nBlockXSize));
            papszGTiffOptions = CSLSetNameValue(papszGTiffOptions, "BLOCKYSIZE",
                                                CPLSPrintf("%d", nBlockYSize));
        }
        const char *pszGTiffOptions =
            CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "GEOTIFF_OPTIONS", "");
        char **papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString2(pszGTiffOptions, ",", 0);
        for (int i = 0; papszTokens[i] != nullptr; i++)
        {
            papszGTiffOptions = CSLAddString(papszGTiffOptions, papszTokens[i]);
        }
        CSLDestroy(papszTokens);

        // If the user didn't specify any compression and
        // GEOTIFF_AS_REGULAR_EXTERNAL is set (or unspecified), then the
        // GeoTIFF file can be seen as a regular external raw file, provided
        // we make some provision on its organization.
        if (CSLFetchNameValue(papszGTiffOptions, "COMPRESS") == nullptr &&
            CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "GEOTIFF_AS_REGULAR_EXTERNAL", true))
        {
            bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal = true;
            papszGTiffOptions =
                CSLSetNameValue(papszGTiffOptions, "INTERLEAVE", "BAND");
            // Will make sure that our blocks at nodata are not optimized
            // away but indeed well written
            papszGTiffOptions = CSLSetNameValue(
                papszGTiffOptions, "@WRITE_EMPTY_TILES_SYNCHRONOUSLY", "YES");
            if (!bIsTiled && nBandsIn > 1)
            {
                papszGTiffOptions =
                    CSLSetNameValue(papszGTiffOptions, "BLOCKYSIZE", "1");
            }
        }

        poExternalDS = poDrv->Create(osExternalFilename, nXSize, nYSize,
                                     nBandsIn, eType, papszGTiffOptions);
        CSLDestroy(papszGTiffOptions);
        if (poExternalDS == nullptr)
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot create %s",
                     osExternalFilename.c_str());
            VSIFCloseL(fp);
            return nullptr;
        }
    }

    ISIS3Dataset *poDS = new ISIS3Dataset();
    poDS->SetDescription(pszFilename);
    poDS->eAccess = GA_Update;
    poDS->nRasterXSize = nXSize;
    poDS->nRasterYSize = nYSize;
    poDS->m_osExternalFilename = osExternalFilename;
    poDS->m_poExternalDS = poExternalDS;
    poDS->m_bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal = bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal;
    if (bGeoTIFFAsRegularExternal)
        poDS->m_bGeoTIFFInitDone = false;
    poDS->m_fpLabel = fp;
    poDS->m_fpImage = fpImage ? fpImage : fp;
    poDS->m_bIsLabelWritten = false;
    poDS->m_bIsTiled = bIsTiled;
    poDS->m_bInitToNodata = (poDS->m_poExternalDS == nullptr);
    poDS->m_osComment = CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "COMMENT", "");
    poDS->m_osLatitudeType =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "LATITUDE_TYPE", "");
    poDS->m_osLongitudeDirection =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "LONGITUDE_DIRECTION", "");
    poDS->m_osTargetName =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "TARGET_NAME", "");
    poDS->m_bForce360 = CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "FORCE_360", false);
    poDS->m_bWriteBoundingDegrees =
        CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "WRITE_BOUNDING_DEGREES", true);
    poDS->m_osBoundingDegrees =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "BOUNDING_DEGREES", "");
    poDS->m_bUseSrcLabel = CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "USE_SRC_LABEL", true);
    poDS->m_bUseSrcMapping =
        CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "USE_SRC_MAPPING", false);
    poDS->m_bUseSrcHistory =
        CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "USE_SRC_HISTORY", true);
    poDS->m_bAddGDALHistory =
        CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "ADD_GDAL_HISTORY", true);
    if (poDS->m_bAddGDALHistory)
    {
        poDS->m_osGDALHistory =
            CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "GDAL_HISTORY", "");
    }
    const double dfNoData = (eType == GDT_Byte)     ? NULL1
                            : (eType == GDT_UInt16) ? NULLU2
                            : (eType == GDT_Int16)
                                ? NULL2
                                :
                                /*(eType == GDT_Float32) ?*/ NULL4;

    for (int i = 0; i < nBandsIn; i++)
    {
        GDALRasterBand *poBand = nullptr;

        if (poDS->m_poExternalDS != nullptr)
        {
            ISIS3WrapperRasterBand *poISISBand = new ISIS3WrapperRasterBand(
                poDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(i + 1));
            poBand = poISISBand;
        }
        else if (bIsTiled)
        {
            ISISTiledBand *poISISBand = new ISISTiledBand(
                poDS, poDS->m_fpImage, i + 1, eType, nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize,
                0,  // nSkipBytes, to be hacked
                // afterwards for in-label imagery
                0, 0, CPL_IS_LSB);

            poBand = poISISBand;
        }
        else
        {
            const int nPixelOffset = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eType);
            const int nLineOffset = nPixelOffset * nXSize;
            const vsi_l_offset nBandOffset =
                static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(nLineOffset) * nYSize;
            ISIS3RawRasterBand *poISISBand = new ISIS3RawRasterBand(
                poDS, i + 1, poDS->m_fpImage,
                nBandOffset * i,  // nImgOffset, to be
                // hacked afterwards for in-label imagery
                nPixelOffset, nLineOffset, eType, CPL_IS_LSB);

            poBand = poISISBand;
        }
        poDS->SetBand(i + 1, poBand);
        poBand->SetNoDataValue(dfNoData);
    }

    return poDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      GetUnderlyingDataset()                          */
/************************************************************************/

static GDALDataset *GetUnderlyingDataset(GDALDataset *poSrcDS)
{
    if (poSrcDS->GetDriver() != nullptr &&
        poSrcDS->GetDriver() == GDALGetDriverByName("VRT"))
    {
        VRTDataset *poVRTDS = reinterpret_cast<VRTDataset *>(poSrcDS);
        poSrcDS = poVRTDS->GetSingleSimpleSource();
    }

    return poSrcDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            CreateCopy()                              */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *ISIS3Dataset::CreateCopy(const char *pszFilename,
                                      GDALDataset *poSrcDS, int /*bStrict*/,
                                      char **papszOptions,
                                      GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                      void *pProgressData)
{
    const char *pszDataLocation =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "DATA_LOCATION", "LABEL");
    GDALDataset *poSrcUnderlyingDS = GetUnderlyingDataset(poSrcDS);
    if (poSrcUnderlyingDS == nullptr)
        poSrcUnderlyingDS = poSrcDS;
    if (EQUAL(pszDataLocation, "GEOTIFF") &&
        strcmp(poSrcUnderlyingDS->GetDescription(),
               CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "EXTERNAL_FILENAME",
                                    CPLResetExtension(pszFilename, "tif"))) ==
            0)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Output file has same name as input file");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if (poSrcDS->GetRasterCount() == 0)
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported, "Unsupported band count");
        return nullptr;
    }

    const int nXSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterXSize();
    const int nYSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterYSize();
    const int nBands = poSrcDS->GetRasterCount();
    GDALDataType eType = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType();
    ISIS3Dataset *poDS = reinterpret_cast<ISIS3Dataset *>(
        Create(pszFilename, nXSize, nYSize, nBands, eType, papszOptions));
    if (poDS == nullptr)
        return nullptr;
    poDS->m_osFromFilename = poSrcUnderlyingDS->GetDescription();

    double adfGeoTransform[6] = {0.0};
    if (poSrcDS->GetGeoTransform(adfGeoTransform) == CE_None &&
        (adfGeoTransform[0] != 0.0 || adfGeoTransform[1] != 1.0 ||
         adfGeoTransform[2] != 0.0 || adfGeoTransform[3] != 0.0 ||
         adfGeoTransform[4] != 0.0 || adfGeoTransform[5] != 1.0))
    {
        poDS->SetGeoTransform(adfGeoTransform);
    }

    auto poSrcSRS = poSrcDS->GetSpatialRef();
    if (poSrcSRS)
    {
        poDS->SetSpatialRef(poSrcSRS);
    }

    for (int i = 1; i <= nBands; i++)
    {
        const double dfOffset = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(i)->GetOffset();
        if (dfOffset != 0.0)
            poDS->GetRasterBand(i)->SetOffset(dfOffset);

        const double dfScale = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(i)->GetScale();
        if (dfScale != 1.0)
            poDS->GetRasterBand(i)->SetScale(dfScale);
    }

    // Do we need to remap nodata ?
    int bHasNoData = FALSE;
    poDS->m_dfSrcNoData =
        poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetNoDataValue(&bHasNoData);
    poDS->m_bHasSrcNoData = CPL_TO_BOOL(bHasNoData);

    if (poDS->m_bUseSrcLabel)
    {
        char **papszMD_ISIS3 = poSrcDS->GetMetadata("json:ISIS3");
        if (papszMD_ISIS3 != nullptr)
        {
            poDS->SetMetadata(papszMD_ISIS3, "json:ISIS3");
        }
    }

    // We don't need to initialize the imagery as we are going to copy it
    // completely
    poDS->m_bInitToNodata = false;
    CPLErr eErr = GDALDatasetCopyWholeRaster(poSrcDS, poDS, nullptr,
                                             pfnProgress, pProgressData);
    poDS->FlushCache(false);
    poDS->m_bHasSrcNoData = false;
    if (eErr != CE_None)
    {
        delete poDS;
        return nullptr;
    }

    return poDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALRegister_ISIS3()                         */
/************************************************************************/

void GDALRegister_ISIS3()

{
    if (GDALGetDriverByName("ISIS3") != nullptr)
        return;

    GDALDriver *poDriver = new GDALDriver();

    poDriver->SetDescription("ISIS3");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_RASTER, "YES");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_LONGNAME,
                              "USGS Astrogeology ISIS cube (Version 3)");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_HELPTOPIC, "drivers/raster/isis3.html");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DCAP_VIRTUALIO, "YES");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_EXTENSIONS, "lbl cub");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_CREATIONDATATYPES,
                              "Byte UInt16 Int16 Float32");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(GDAL_DMD_OPENOPTIONLIST, "<OpenOptionList/>");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem(
        GDAL_DMD_CREATIONOPTIONLIST,
        "<CreationOptionList>"
        "  <Option name='DATA_LOCATION' type='string-select' "
        "description='Location of pixel data' default='LABEL'>"
        "     <Value>LABEL</Value>"
        "     <Value>EXTERNAL</Value>"
        "     <Value>GEOTIFF</Value>"
        "  </Option>"
        "  <Option name='GEOTIFF_AS_REGULAR_EXTERNAL' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether the GeoTIFF file, if uncompressed, should be "
        "registered as a regular raw file' default='YES'/>"
        "  <Option name='GEOTIFF_OPTIONS' type='string' "
        "description='Comma separated list of KEY=VALUE tuples to forward "
        "to the GeoTIFF driver'/>"
        "  <Option name='EXTERNAL_FILENAME' type='string' "
        "description='Override default external filename. "
        "Only for DATA_LOCATION=EXTERNAL or GEOTIFF'/>"
        "  <Option name='TILED' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether the pixel data should be tiled' default='NO'/>"
        "  <Option name='BLOCKXSIZE' type='int' "
        "description='Tile width' default='256'/>"
        "  <Option name='BLOCKYSIZE' type='int' "
        "description='Tile height' default='256'/>"
        "  <Option name='COMMENT' type='string' "
        "description='Comment to add into the label'/>"
        "  <Option name='LATITUDE_TYPE' type='string-select' "
        "description='Value of Mapping.LatitudeType' default='Planetocentric'>"
        "     <Value>Planetocentric</Value>"
        "     <Value>Planetographic</Value>"
        "  </Option>"
        "  <Option name='LONGITUDE_DIRECTION' type='string-select' "
        "description='Value of Mapping.LongitudeDirection' "
        "default='PositiveEast'>"
        "     <Value>PositiveEast</Value>"
        "     <Value>PositiveWest</Value>"
        "  </Option>"
        "  <Option name='TARGET_NAME' type='string' description='Value of "
        "Mapping.TargetName'/>"
        "  <Option name='FORCE_360' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether to force longitudes in [0,360] range' "
        "default='NO'/>"
        "  <Option name='WRITE_BOUNDING_DEGREES' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether to write Min/MaximumLong/Latitude values' "
        "default='YES'/>"
        "  <Option name='BOUNDING_DEGREES' type='string' "
        "description='Manually set bounding box with the syntax "
        "min_long,min_lat,max_long,max_lat'/>"
        "  <Option name='USE_SRC_LABEL' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether to use source label in ISIS3 to ISIS3 "
        "conversions' "
        "default='YES'/>"
        "  <Option name='USE_SRC_MAPPING' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether to use Mapping group from source label in "
        "ISIS3 to ISIS3 conversions' "
        "default='NO'/>"
        "  <Option name='USE_SRC_HISTORY' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether to use content pointed by the History object in "
        "ISIS3 to ISIS3 conversions' "
        "default='YES'/>"
        "  <Option name='ADD_GDAL_HISTORY' type='boolean' "
        "description='Whether to add GDAL specific history in the content "
        "pointed "
        "by the History object in "
        "ISIS3 to ISIS3 conversions' "
        "default='YES'/>"
        "  <Option name='GDAL_HISTORY' type='string' "
        "description='Manually defined GDAL history. Must be formatted as "
        "ISIS3 "
        "PDL. If not specified, it is automatically composed.'/>"
        "</CreationOptionList>");

    poDriver->pfnOpen = ISIS3Dataset::Open;
    poDriver->pfnIdentify = ISIS3Dataset::Identify;
    poDriver->pfnCreate = ISIS3Dataset::Create;
    poDriver->pfnCreateCopy = ISIS3Dataset::CreateCopy;

    GetGDALDriverManager()->RegisterDriver(poDriver);
}
