/******************************************************************************
 *
 * Project:  PDS 4 Driver; Planetary Data System Format
 * Purpose:  Implementation of PDS4Dataset
 * Author:   Even Rouault, even.rouault at spatialys.com
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 2017, Hobu Inc
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ****************************************************************************/

#include "cpl_vsi_error.h"
#include "gdal_proxy.h"
#include "rawdataset.h"
#include "vrtdataset.h"
#include "ogrsf_frmts.h"
#include "ogr_spatialref.h"
#include "gdal_priv_templates.hpp"
#include "ogreditablelayer.h"
#include "pds4dataset.h"

#include <cstdlib>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>

#define TIFF_GEOTIFF_STRING "TIFF 6.0"
#define BIGTIFF_GEOTIFF_STRING "TIFF 6.0"
#define PREEXISTING_BINARY_FILE \
    "Binary file pre-existing PDS4 label. This comment is used by GDAL to " \
    "avoid deleting the binary file when the label is deleted. Keep it to " \
    "preserve this behavior."

#define CURRENT_CART_VERSION        "1G00_1950"

extern "C" void GDALRegister_PDS4();

/************************************************************************/
/*                        PDS4WrapperRasterBand()                      */
/************************************************************************/

PDS4WrapperRasterBand::PDS4WrapperRasterBand( GDALRasterBand* poBaseBandIn ) :
    m_poBaseBand(poBaseBandIn),
    m_bHasOffset(false),
    m_bHasScale(false),
    m_bHasNoData(false),
    m_dfOffset(0.0),
    m_dfScale(1.0),
    m_dfNoData(0.0)
{
    eDataType = m_poBaseBand->GetRasterDataType();
    m_poBaseBand->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize, &nBlockYSize);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SetMaskBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void PDS4WrapperRasterBand::SetMaskBand(GDALRasterBand* poMaskBand)
{
    bOwnMask = true;
    poMask = poMaskBand;
    nMaskFlags = 0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetOffset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

double PDS4WrapperRasterBand::GetOffset( int *pbSuccess )
{
    if( pbSuccess )
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasOffset;
    return m_dfOffset;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

double PDS4WrapperRasterBand::GetScale( int *pbSuccess )
{
    if( pbSuccess )
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasScale;
    return m_dfScale;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetOffset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4WrapperRasterBand::SetOffset( double dfNewOffset )
{
    m_dfOffset = dfNewOffset;
    m_bHasOffset = true;

    PDS4Dataset* poGDS = reinterpret_cast<PDS4Dataset*>(poDS);
    if( poGDS->m_poExternalDS && eAccess == GA_Update )
        poGDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(nBand)->SetOffset(dfNewOffset);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4WrapperRasterBand::SetScale( double dfNewScale )
{
    m_dfScale = dfNewScale;
    m_bHasScale = true;

    PDS4Dataset* poGDS = reinterpret_cast<PDS4Dataset*>(poDS);
    if( poGDS->m_poExternalDS && eAccess == GA_Update )
        poGDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(nBand)->SetScale(dfNewScale);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

double PDS4WrapperRasterBand::GetNoDataValue( int *pbSuccess )
{
    if( pbSuccess )
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasNoData;
    return m_dfNoData;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4WrapperRasterBand::SetNoDataValue( double dfNewNoData )
{
    m_dfNoData = dfNewNoData;
    m_bHasNoData = true;

    PDS4Dataset* poGDS = reinterpret_cast<PDS4Dataset*>(poDS);
    if( poGDS->m_poExternalDS && eAccess == GA_Update )
        poGDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(nBand)->SetNoDataValue(dfNewNoData);

    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                               Fill()                                 */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4WrapperRasterBand::Fill(double dfRealValue, double dfImaginaryValue)
{
    PDS4Dataset* poGDS = reinterpret_cast<PDS4Dataset*>(poDS);
    if( poGDS->m_bMustInitImageFile )
    {
        if( !poGDS->InitImageFile() )
            return CE_Failure;
    }
    return GDALProxyRasterBand::Fill( dfRealValue, dfImaginaryValue );
}


/************************************************************************/
/*                             IWriteBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4WrapperRasterBand::IWriteBlock( int nXBlock, int nYBlock,
                                            void *pImage )

{
    PDS4Dataset* poGDS = reinterpret_cast<PDS4Dataset*>(poDS);
    if( poGDS->m_bMustInitImageFile )
    {
        if( !poGDS->InitImageFile() )
            return CE_Failure;
    }
    return GDALProxyRasterBand::IWriteBlock( nXBlock, nYBlock, pImage );
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IRasterIO()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4WrapperRasterBand::IRasterIO( GDALRWFlag eRWFlag,
                                 int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                                 void * pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                                 GDALDataType eBufType,
                                 GSpacing nPixelSpace, GSpacing nLineSpace,
                                 GDALRasterIOExtraArg* psExtraArg )

{
    PDS4Dataset* poGDS = reinterpret_cast<PDS4Dataset*>(poDS);
    if( eRWFlag == GF_Write && poGDS->m_bMustInitImageFile )
    {
        if( !poGDS->InitImageFile() )
            return CE_Failure;
    }
    return GDALProxyRasterBand::IRasterIO( eRWFlag,
                                     nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                     pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize,
                                     eBufType,
                                     nPixelSpace, nLineSpace,
                                     psExtraArg );
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       PDS4RawRasterBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

PDS4RawRasterBand::PDS4RawRasterBand( GDALDataset *l_poDS, int l_nBand,
                                        VSILFILE * l_fpRaw,
                                        vsi_l_offset l_nImgOffset,
                                        int l_nPixelOffset,
                                        int l_nLineOffset,
                                        GDALDataType l_eDataType,
                                        int l_bNativeOrder )
    : RawRasterBand(l_poDS, l_nBand, l_fpRaw, l_nImgOffset, l_nPixelOffset,
                    l_nLineOffset,
                    l_eDataType, l_bNativeOrder, RawRasterBand::OwnFP::NO),
    m_bHasOffset(false),
    m_bHasScale(false),
    m_bHasNoData(false),
    m_dfOffset(0.0),
    m_dfScale(1.0),
    m_dfNoData(0.0)
{
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SetMaskBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void PDS4RawRasterBand::SetMaskBand(GDALRasterBand* poMaskBand)
{
    bOwnMask = true;
    poMask = poMaskBand;
    nMaskFlags = 0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetOffset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

double PDS4RawRasterBand::GetOffset( int *pbSuccess )
{
    if( pbSuccess )
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasOffset;
    return m_dfOffset;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

double PDS4RawRasterBand::GetScale( int *pbSuccess )
{
    if( pbSuccess )
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasScale;
    return m_dfScale;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetOffset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4RawRasterBand::SetOffset( double dfNewOffset )
{
    m_dfOffset = dfNewOffset;
    m_bHasOffset = true;
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              SetScale()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4RawRasterBand::SetScale( double dfNewScale )
{
    m_dfScale = dfNewScale;
    m_bHasScale = true;
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           GetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

double PDS4RawRasterBand::GetNoDataValue( int *pbSuccess )
{
    if( pbSuccess )
        *pbSuccess = m_bHasNoData;
    return m_dfNoData;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetNoDataValue()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4RawRasterBand::SetNoDataValue( double dfNewNoData )
{
    m_dfNoData = dfNewNoData;
    m_bHasNoData = true;
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IReadBlock()                             */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4RawRasterBand::IWriteBlock( int nXBlock, int nYBlock,
                                        void *pImage )

{
    PDS4Dataset* poGDS = reinterpret_cast<PDS4Dataset*>(poDS);
    if( poGDS->m_bMustInitImageFile )
    {
        if( !poGDS->InitImageFile() )
            return CE_Failure;
    }

    return RawRasterBand::IWriteBlock( nXBlock, nYBlock, pImage );
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             IRasterIO()                              */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4RawRasterBand::IRasterIO( GDALRWFlag eRWFlag,
                                 int nXOff, int nYOff, int nXSize, int nYSize,
                                 void * pData, int nBufXSize, int nBufYSize,
                                 GDALDataType eBufType,
                                 GSpacing nPixelSpace, GSpacing nLineSpace,
                                 GDALRasterIOExtraArg* psExtraArg )

{
    PDS4Dataset* poGDS = reinterpret_cast<PDS4Dataset*>(poDS);
    if( eRWFlag == GF_Write && poGDS->m_bMustInitImageFile )
    {
        if( !poGDS->InitImageFile() )
            return CE_Failure;
    }

    return RawRasterBand::IRasterIO( eRWFlag,
                                     nXOff, nYOff, nXSize, nYSize,
                                     pData, nBufXSize, nBufYSize,
                                     eBufType,
                                     nPixelSpace, nLineSpace,
                                     psExtraArg );
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            PDS4MaskBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

PDS4MaskBand::PDS4MaskBand( GDALRasterBand* poBaseBand,
                            const std::vector<double>& adfConstants )
    : m_poBaseBand(poBaseBand)
    , m_pBuffer(nullptr)
    , m_adfConstants(adfConstants)
{
    eDataType = GDT_Byte;
    poBaseBand->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize, &nBlockYSize);
    nRasterXSize = poBaseBand->GetXSize();
    nRasterYSize = poBaseBand->GetYSize();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           ~PDS4MaskBand()                            */
/************************************************************************/

PDS4MaskBand::~PDS4MaskBand()
{
    VSIFree(m_pBuffer);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             FillMask()                               */
/************************************************************************/

template<class T>
static void FillMask      (void* pvBuffer,
                           GByte* pabyDst,
                           int nReqXSize, int nReqYSize,
                           int nBlockXSize,
                           const std::vector<double>& adfConstants)
{
    const T* pSrc = static_cast<T*>(pvBuffer);
    std::vector<T> aConstants;
    for(size_t i = 0; i < adfConstants.size(); i++ )
    {
        T cst;
        GDALCopyWord(adfConstants[i], cst);
        aConstants.push_back(cst);
    }

    for( int y = 0; y < nReqYSize; y++ )
    {
        for( int x = 0; x < nReqXSize; x++ )
        {
            const T nSrc = pSrc[y * nBlockXSize + x];
            if( std::find(aConstants.begin(), aConstants.end(), nSrc) !=
                                                        aConstants.end() )
            {
                pabyDst[y * nBlockXSize + x] = 0;
            }
            else
            {
                pabyDst[y * nBlockXSize + x] = 255;
            }
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           IReadBlock()                               */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4MaskBand::IReadBlock( int nXBlock, int nYBlock, void *pImage )

{
    const GDALDataType eSrcDT = m_poBaseBand->GetRasterDataType();
    const int nSrcDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eSrcDT);
    if( m_pBuffer == nullptr )
    {
        m_pBuffer = VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize, nSrcDTSize);
        if( m_pBuffer == nullptr )
            return CE_Failure;
    }

    int nXOff = nXBlock * nBlockXSize;
    int nReqXSize = nBlockXSize;
    if( nXOff + nReqXSize > nRasterXSize )
        nReqXSize = nRasterXSize - nXOff;
    int nYOff = nYBlock * nBlockYSize;
    int nReqYSize = nBlockYSize;
    if( nYOff + nReqYSize > nRasterYSize )
        nReqYSize = nRasterYSize - nYOff;

    if( m_poBaseBand->RasterIO( GF_Read,
                                nXOff, nYOff, nReqXSize, nReqYSize,
                                m_pBuffer,
                                nReqXSize, nReqYSize,
                                eSrcDT,
                                nSrcDTSize,
                                nSrcDTSize * nBlockXSize,
                                nullptr ) != CE_None )
    {
        return CE_Failure;
    }

    GByte* pabyDst = static_cast<GByte*>(pImage);
    if( eSrcDT == GDT_Byte )
    {
        FillMask<GByte>(m_pBuffer, pabyDst, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBlockXSize,
                        m_adfConstants);
    }
    else if( eSrcDT == GDT_UInt16 )
    {
        FillMask<GUInt16>(m_pBuffer, pabyDst, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBlockXSize,
                          m_adfConstants);
    }
    else if( eSrcDT == GDT_Int16 )
    {
        FillMask<GInt16>(m_pBuffer, pabyDst, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBlockXSize,
                         m_adfConstants);
    }
    else if( eSrcDT == GDT_UInt32 )
    {
        FillMask<GUInt32>(m_pBuffer, pabyDst, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBlockXSize,
                          m_adfConstants);
    }
    else if( eSrcDT == GDT_Int32 )
    {
        FillMask<GInt32>(m_pBuffer, pabyDst, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBlockXSize,
                         m_adfConstants);
    }
    else if( eSrcDT == GDT_Float32 )
    {
        FillMask<float>(m_pBuffer, pabyDst, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBlockXSize,
                        m_adfConstants);
    }
    else if( eSrcDT == GDT_Float64 )
    {
        FillMask<double>(m_pBuffer, pabyDst, nReqXSize, nReqYSize, nBlockXSize,
                         m_adfConstants);
    }

    return CE_None;
}


/************************************************************************/
/*                            PDS4Dataset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

PDS4Dataset::PDS4Dataset()
{
    m_oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    m_adfGeoTransform[0] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[1] = 1.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[2] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[3] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[4] = 0.0;
    m_adfGeoTransform[5] = 1.0;
}


/************************************************************************/
/*                           ~PDS4Dataset()                             */
/************************************************************************/

PDS4Dataset::~PDS4Dataset()
{
    if( m_bMustInitImageFile)
        CPL_IGNORE_RET_VAL(InitImageFile());
    PDS4Dataset::FlushCache(true);
    if( m_bCreateHeader || m_bDirtyHeader )
        WriteHeader();
    if( m_fpImage )
        VSIFCloseL(m_fpImage);
    CSLDestroy(m_papszCreationOptions);
    PDS4Dataset::CloseDependentDatasets();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        GetRawBinaryLayout()                          */
/************************************************************************/

bool PDS4Dataset::GetRawBinaryLayout(GDALDataset::RawBinaryLayout& sLayout)
{
    if( !RawDataset::GetRawBinaryLayout(sLayout) )
        return false;
    sLayout.osRawFilename = m_osImageFilename;
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                        CloseDependentDatasets()                      */
/************************************************************************/

int PDS4Dataset::CloseDependentDatasets()
{
    int bHasDroppedRef = GDALPamDataset::CloseDependentDatasets();

    if( m_poExternalDS )
    {
        bHasDroppedRef = FALSE;
        delete m_poExternalDS;
        m_poExternalDS = nullptr;

        for( int iBand = 0; iBand < nBands; iBand++ )
        {
           delete papoBands[iBand];
           papoBands[iBand] = nullptr;
        }
        nBands = 0;
    }

    return bHasDroppedRef;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GetSpatialRef()                              */
/************************************************************************/

const OGRSpatialReference* PDS4Dataset::GetSpatialRef() const
{
    if( !m_oSRS.IsEmpty() )
        return &m_oSRS;
    return GDALPamDataset::GetSpatialRef();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           SetSpatialRef()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4Dataset::SetSpatialRef(const OGRSpatialReference* poSRS )

{
    if( eAccess == GA_ReadOnly )
        return CE_Failure;
    m_oSRS.Clear();
    if( poSRS )
        m_oSRS = *poSRS;
    if( m_poExternalDS )
        m_poExternalDS->SetSpatialRef(poSRS);
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetGeoTransform()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4Dataset::GetGeoTransform( double * padfTransform )

{
    if( m_bGotTransform )
    {
        memcpy( padfTransform, m_adfGeoTransform, sizeof(double) * 6 );
        return CE_None;
    }

    return GDALPamDataset::GetGeoTransform( padfTransform );
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          SetGeoTransform()                           */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4Dataset::SetGeoTransform( double * padfTransform )

{
    if( !((padfTransform[1] > 0.0 &&
           padfTransform[2] == 0.0 &&
           padfTransform[4] == 0.0 &&
           padfTransform[5] < 0.0) ||
          (padfTransform[1] == 0.0 &&
           padfTransform[2] > 0.0 &&
           padfTransform[4] > 0.0 &&
           padfTransform[5] == 0.0)) )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Only north-up geotransform or map_projection_rotation=90 supported");
        return CE_Failure;
    }
    memcpy( m_adfGeoTransform, padfTransform, sizeof(double) * 6 );
    m_bGotTransform = true;
    if( m_poExternalDS )
        m_poExternalDS->SetGeoTransform(padfTransform);
    return CE_None;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             SetMetadata()                            */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4Dataset::SetMetadata( char** papszMD, const char* pszDomain )
{
    if( m_bUseSrcLabel && eAccess == GA_Update && pszDomain != nullptr &&
        EQUAL( pszDomain, "xml:PDS4" ) )
    {
        if( papszMD != nullptr && papszMD[0] != nullptr )
        {
            m_osXMLPDS4 = papszMD[0];
        }
        return CE_None;
    }
    return GDALPamDataset::SetMetadata(papszMD, pszDomain);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetFileList()                             */
/************************************************************************/

char** PDS4Dataset::GetFileList()
{
    char** papszFileList = GDALPamDataset::GetFileList();
    if( !m_osXMLFilename.empty() &&
        CSLFindString(papszFileList, m_osXMLFilename) < 0 )
    {
        papszFileList = CSLAddString(papszFileList, m_osXMLFilename);
    }
    if(  !m_osImageFilename.empty() )
    {
        papszFileList = CSLAddString(papszFileList, m_osImageFilename);
    }
    for( const auto& poLayer: m_apoLayers )
    {
        auto papszTemp = poLayer->GetFileList();
        papszFileList = CSLInsertStrings(papszFileList, -1, papszTemp);
        CSLDestroy(papszTemp);
    }
    return papszFileList;
}


/************************************************************************/
/*                               Identify()                             */
/************************************************************************/

int PDS4Dataset::Identify(GDALOpenInfo* poOpenInfo)
{
    if( STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "PDS4:") )
        return TRUE;
    if( poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes == 0 )
        return FALSE;

    const auto HasProductSomethingRootElement = [](const char* pszStr)
    {
        return strstr(pszStr, "Product_Observational") != nullptr ||
               strstr(pszStr, "Product_Ancillary") != nullptr ||
               strstr(pszStr, "Product_Collection") != nullptr;
    };
    const auto HasPDS4Schema = [](const char* pszStr)
    {
        return strstr(pszStr, "://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/pds/v1") != nullptr;
    };

    for( int i = 0; i < 2; ++i )
    {
        const char* pszHeader = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(poOpenInfo->pabyHeader);
        int nMatches = 0;
        if( HasProductSomethingRootElement(pszHeader) )
            nMatches ++;
        if( HasPDS4Schema(pszHeader) )
            nMatches ++;
        if( nMatches == 2 )
        {
           return TRUE;
        }
        if( i == 0 )
        {
            if( nMatches == 0 || poOpenInfo->nHeaderBytes >= 8192 )
                break;
            // If we have found one of the 2 matching elements to identify
            // PDS4 products, but have only ingested the default 1024 bytes,
            // then try to ingest more.
            poOpenInfo->TryToIngest(8192);
        }
    }
    return FALSE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetLinearValue()                          */
/************************************************************************/

static const struct
{
    const char* pszUnit;
    double      dfToMeter;
} apsLinearUnits[] = {
    { "AU", 149597870700.0 },
    { "Angstrom", 1e-10 },
    { "cm", 1e-2 },
    { "km", 1e3 },
    { "micrometer", 1e-6 },
    { "mm", 1e-3 },
    { "nm", 1e-9 }
};

static double GetLinearValue(const CPLXMLNode* psParent, const char* pszElementName)
{
    const CPLXMLNode* psNode = CPLGetXMLNode(psParent, pszElementName);
    if( psNode == nullptr )
        return 0.0;
    double dfVal = CPLAtof(CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, nullptr, ""));
    const char* pszUnit = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "unit", nullptr);
    if( pszUnit && !EQUAL(pszUnit, "m") )
    {
        bool bFound = false;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < CPL_ARRAYSIZE(apsLinearUnits); i++ )
        {
            if( EQUAL(pszUnit, apsLinearUnits[i].pszUnit) )
            {
                dfVal *= apsLinearUnits[i].dfToMeter;
                bFound = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if( !bFound )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Unknown unit '%s' for '%s'",
                     pszUnit, pszElementName);
        }
    }
    return dfVal;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetResolutionValue()                        */
/************************************************************************/

static const struct
{
    const char* pszUnit;
    double      dfToMeter;
} apsResolutionUnits[] = {
    { "km/pixel", 1e3 },
    { "mm/pixel", 1e-3 },
};

static double GetResolutionValue(CPLXMLNode* psParent, const char* pszElementName)
{
    CPLXMLNode* psNode = CPLGetXMLNode(psParent, pszElementName);
    if( psNode == nullptr )
        return 0.0;
    double dfVal = CPLAtof(CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, nullptr, ""));
    const char* pszUnit = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "unit", nullptr);
    if( pszUnit && !EQUAL(pszUnit, "m/pixel") )
    {
        bool bFound = false;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < CPL_ARRAYSIZE(apsResolutionUnits); i++ )
        {
            if( EQUAL(pszUnit, apsResolutionUnits[i].pszUnit) )
            {
                dfVal *= apsResolutionUnits[i].dfToMeter;
                bFound = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if( !bFound )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Unknown unit '%s' for '%s'",
                     pszUnit, pszElementName);
        }
    }
    return dfVal;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            GetAngularValue()                         */
/************************************************************************/

static const struct
{
    const char* pszUnit;
    double      dfToDeg;
} apsAngularUnits[] = {
    { "arcmin", 1. / 60. },
    { "arcsec", 1. / 3600 },
    { "hr", 15.0 },
    { "mrad", 180.0 / M_PI / 1000. },
    { "rad", 180.0 / M_PI }
};

static double GetAngularValue(CPLXMLNode* psParent, const char* pszElementName,
                              bool* pbGotVal = nullptr)
{
    CPLXMLNode* psNode = CPLGetXMLNode(psParent, pszElementName);
    if( psNode == nullptr )
    {
        if( pbGotVal )
            *pbGotVal = false;
        return 0.0;
    }
    double dfVal = CPLAtof(CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, nullptr, ""));
    const char* pszUnit = CPLGetXMLValue(psNode, "unit", nullptr);
    if( pszUnit && !EQUAL(pszUnit, "deg") )
    {
        bool bFound = false;
        for( size_t i = 0; i < CPL_ARRAYSIZE(apsAngularUnits); i++ )
        {
            if( EQUAL(pszUnit, apsAngularUnits[i].pszUnit) )
            {
                dfVal *= apsAngularUnits[i].dfToDeg;
                bFound = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if( !bFound )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Unknown unit '%s' for '%s'",
                     pszUnit, pszElementName);
        }
    }
    if( pbGotVal )
        *pbGotVal = true;
    return dfVal;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          ReadGeoreferencing()                       */
/************************************************************************/

// See https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/cart/v1/PDS4_CART_1G00_1950.xsd, (GDAL 3.4)
//     https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/cart/v1/PDS4_CART_1D00_1933.xsd,
//     https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nasa-pds-data-dictionaries/ldd-cart/master/build/1.B.0.0/PDS4_CART_1B00.xsd,
//     https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/cart/v1/PDS4_CART_1700.xsd
// and the corresponding .sch files
void PDS4Dataset::ReadGeoreferencing(CPLXMLNode* psProduct)
{
    CPLXMLNode* psCart = CPLGetXMLNode(psProduct,
                                       "Observation_Area.Discipline_Area.Cartography");
    if( psCart == nullptr )
    {
        CPLDebug("PDS4", "Did not find Observation_Area.Discipline_Area.Cartography");
        return;
    }

    // Bounding box: informative only
    CPLXMLNode* psBounding = CPLGetXMLNode(psCart,
                                    "Spatial_Domain.Bounding_Coordinates");
    if( psBounding )
    {
        const char* pszWest =
            CPLGetXMLValue(psBounding, "west_bounding_coordinate", nullptr);
        const char* pszEast =
            CPLGetXMLValue(psBounding, "east_bounding_coordinate", nullptr);
        const char* pszNorth =
            CPLGetXMLValue(psBounding, "north_bounding_coordinate", nullptr);
        const char* pszSouth =
            CPLGetXMLValue(psBounding, "south_bounding_coordinate", nullptr);
        if( pszWest )
            CPLDebug("PDS4", "West: %s", pszWest);
        if( pszEast )
            CPLDebug("PDS4", "East: %s", pszEast);
        if( pszNorth )
            CPLDebug("PDS4", "North: %s", pszNorth);
        if( pszSouth )
            CPLDebug("PDS4", "South: %s", pszSouth);
    }

    CPLXMLNode* psSR = CPLGetXMLNode(psCart,
        "Spatial_Reference_Information.Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition");
    if( psSR == nullptr )
    {
        CPLDebug("PDS4", "Did not find Spatial_Reference_Information."
                 "Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition");
        return;
    }

    double dfLongitudeMultiplier = 1;
    const CPLXMLNode* psGeodeticModel = CPLGetXMLNode(psSR, "Geodetic_Model");
    if( psGeodeticModel != nullptr )
    {
        if( EQUAL(CPLGetXMLValue(psGeodeticModel, "longitude_direction", ""),
                  "Positive West") )
        {
            dfLongitudeMultiplier = -1;
        }
    }

    OGRSpatialReference oSRS;
    CPLXMLNode* psGridCoordinateSystem = CPLGetXMLNode(psSR,
                                            "Planar.Grid_Coordinate_System");
    CPLXMLNode* psMapProjection = CPLGetXMLNode(psSR, "Planar.Map_Projection");
    CPLString osProjName;
    double dfCenterLon = 0.0;
    double dfCenterLat = 0.0;
    double dfStdParallel1 = 0.0;
    double dfStdParallel2 = 0.0;
    double dfScale = 1.0;
    double dfMapProjectionRotation = 0.0;
    if( psGridCoordinateSystem != nullptr )
    {
        osProjName = CPLGetXMLValue(psGridCoordinateSystem,
                                        "grid_coordinate_system_name", "");
        if( !osProjName.empty() )
        {
            if( osProjName == "Universal Transverse Mercator" )
            {
                CPLXMLNode* psUTMZoneNumber = CPLGetXMLNode(
                    psGridCoordinateSystem,
                    "Universal_Transverse_Mercator.utm_zone_number");
                if( psUTMZoneNumber )
                {
                    int nZone = atoi(CPLGetXMLValue(psUTMZoneNumber, nullptr, ""));
                    oSRS.SetUTM( std::abs(nZone), nZone >= 0 );
                }
            }
            else if( osProjName == "Universal Polar Stereographic" )
            {
                CPLXMLNode* psProjParamNode = CPLGetXMLNode(
                    psGridCoordinateSystem,
                    "Universal_Polar_Stereographic.Polar_Stereographic");
                if( psProjParamNode )
                {
                    dfCenterLon = GetAngularValue(psProjParamNode,
                                    "longitude_of_central_meridian") * dfLongitudeMultiplier;
                    dfCenterLat = GetAngularValue(psProjParamNode,
                                    "latitude_of_projection_origin");
                    dfScale = CPLAtof(CPLGetXMLValue(psProjParamNode,
                                "scale_factor_at_projection_origin", "1"));
                    oSRS.SetPS(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, dfScale, 0, 0);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                         "grid_coordinate_system_name = %s not supported",
                         osProjName.c_str());
            }
        }
    }
    else if( psMapProjection != nullptr )
    {
        osProjName = CPLGetXMLValue(psMapProjection,
                                                 "map_projection_name", "");
        if( !osProjName.empty() )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psProjParamNode = CPLGetXMLNode(psMapProjection,
                          CPLString(osProjName).replaceAll(' ','_').c_str());
            if( psProjParamNode == nullptr &&
                // typo in https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/cart/v1/PDS4_CART_1700.sch
                EQUAL(osProjName, "Orothographic") )
            {
                psProjParamNode = CPLGetXMLNode(psMapProjection, "Orthographic");
            }
            bool bGotStdParallel1 = false;
            bool bGotStdParallel2 = false;
            bool bGotScale = false;
            if( psProjParamNode )
            {
                bool bGotCenterLon = false;
                dfCenterLon = GetAngularValue(psProjParamNode,
                                              "longitude_of_central_meridian",
                                              &bGotCenterLon) * dfLongitudeMultiplier;
                if( !bGotCenterLon )
                {
                    dfCenterLon = GetAngularValue(psProjParamNode,
                                    "straight_vertical_longitude_from_pole",
                                    &bGotCenterLon) * dfLongitudeMultiplier;
                }
                dfCenterLat = GetAngularValue(psProjParamNode,
                                    "latitude_of_projection_origin");
                dfStdParallel1 = GetAngularValue(psProjParamNode,
                                    "standard_parallel_1", &bGotStdParallel1);
                dfStdParallel2 = GetAngularValue(psProjParamNode,
                                    "standard_parallel_2", &bGotStdParallel2);
                const char* pszScaleParam =
                    ( osProjName == "Transverse Mercator" ) ?
                        "scale_factor_at_central_meridian":
                        "scale_factor_at_projection_origin";
                const char* pszScaleVal =
                    CPLGetXMLValue(psProjParamNode, pszScaleParam, nullptr);
                bGotScale = pszScaleVal != nullptr;
                dfScale = ( pszScaleVal ) ? CPLAtof(pszScaleVal) : 1.0;

                dfMapProjectionRotation =
                    GetAngularValue(psProjParamNode, "map_projection_rotation");
            }

            CPLXMLNode* psObliqueAzimuth = CPLGetXMLNode(psProjParamNode,
                                                    "Oblique_Line_Azimuth");
            CPLXMLNode* psObliquePoint = CPLGetXMLNode(psProjParamNode,
                                                    "Oblique_Line_Point");

            if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Equirectangular") )
            {
                oSRS.SetEquirectangular2 (dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon,
                                          dfStdParallel1,
                                          0, 0);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Lambert Conformal Conic") )
            {
                if( bGotScale )
                {
                    if( (bGotStdParallel1 && dfStdParallel1 != dfCenterLat) ||
                        (bGotStdParallel2 && dfStdParallel2 != dfCenterLat) )
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                 "Ignoring standard_parallel_1 and/or "
                                 "standard_parallel_2 with LCC_1SP formulation");
                    }
                    oSRS.SetLCC1SP(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon,
                                   dfScale, 0, 0);
                }
                else
                {
                    oSRS.SetLCC(dfStdParallel1, dfStdParallel2,
                                dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, 0, 0);
                }
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Mercator") )
            {
                if( bGotScale )
                {
                    oSRS.SetMercator(dfCenterLat, // should be 0 normally
                                     dfCenterLon, dfScale,
                                     0.0, 0.0);
                }
                else
                {
                    oSRS.SetMercator2SP(dfStdParallel1,
                                        dfCenterLat, // should be 0 normally
                                        dfCenterLon, 0.0, 0.0);
                }
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Orthographic") )
            {
                oSRS.SetOrthographic(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, 0.0, 0.0);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Oblique Mercator") &&
                     (psObliqueAzimuth != nullptr || psObliquePoint != nullptr) )
            {
                if( psObliqueAzimuth )
                {
                    // Not sure of this
                    dfCenterLon = CPLAtof(CPLGetXMLValue(psObliqueAzimuth,
                                    "azimuth_measure_point_longitude", "0"));

                    double dfAzimuth = CPLAtof(CPLGetXMLValue(psObliqueAzimuth,
                                            "azimuthal_angle", "0"));
                    oSRS.SetProjection( SRS_PT_HOTINE_OBLIQUE_MERCATOR_AZIMUTH_CENTER );
                    oSRS.SetNormProjParm( SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_CENTER, dfCenterLat );
                    oSRS.SetNormProjParm( SRS_PP_LONGITUDE_OF_CENTER, dfCenterLon );
                    oSRS.SetNormProjParm( SRS_PP_AZIMUTH, dfAzimuth );
                    //SetNormProjParm( SRS_PP_RECTIFIED_GRID_ANGLE, dfRectToSkew );
                    oSRS.SetNormProjParm( SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, dfScale );
                    oSRS.SetNormProjParm( SRS_PP_FALSE_EASTING, 0.0 );
                    oSRS.SetNormProjParm( SRS_PP_FALSE_NORTHING, 0.0 );
                }
                else
                {
                    double dfLat1 = 0.0;
                    double dfLong1 = 0.0;
                    double dfLat2 = 0.0;
                    double dfLong2 = 0.0;
                    CPLXMLNode* psPoint = CPLGetXMLNode(psObliquePoint,
                                                        "Oblique_Line_Point_Group");
                    if( psPoint )
                    {
                        dfLat1 = CPLAtof(CPLGetXMLValue(psPoint,
                                            "oblique_line_latitude", "0.0"));
                        dfLong1 = CPLAtof(CPLGetXMLValue(psPoint,
                                            "oblique_line_longitude", "0.0"));
                        psPoint = psPoint->psNext;
                        if( psPoint && psPoint->eType == CXT_Element &&
                            EQUAL(psPoint->pszValue, "Oblique_Line_Point_Group") )
                        {
                            dfLat2 = CPLAtof(CPLGetXMLValue(psPoint,
                                            "oblique_line_latitude", "0.0"));
                            dfLong2 = CPLAtof(CPLGetXMLValue(psPoint,
                                                "oblique_line_longitude", "0.0"));
                        }
                    }
                    oSRS.SetHOM2PNO( dfCenterLat,
                                     dfLat1, dfLong1,
                                     dfLat2, dfLong2,
                                     dfScale,
                                     0.0, 0.0 );
                }
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Polar Stereographic") )
            {
                oSRS.SetPS(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, dfScale, 0, 0);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Polyconic") )
            {
                oSRS.SetPolyconic(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, 0, 0);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Sinusoidal") )
            {
                oSRS.SetSinusoidal(dfCenterLon, 0, 0);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Transverse Mercator") )
            {
                oSRS.SetTM(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, dfScale, 0, 0);
            }

            // Below values are valid map_projection_name according to
            // the schematron but they don't have a dedicated element to
            // hold the projection parameter. Assumed the schema is extended
            // similarly to the existing for a few obvious ones
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Albers Conical Equal Area") )
            {
                oSRS.SetACEA( dfStdParallel1, dfStdParallel2,
                              dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon,
                              0.0, 0.0 );
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Azimuthal Equidistant") )
            {
                oSRS.SetAE(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, 0, 0);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Equidistant Conic") )
            {
                oSRS.SetEC( dfStdParallel1, dfStdParallel2,
                            dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon,
                            0.0, 0.0 );
            }
            // Unhandled: General Vertical Near-sided Projection
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Gnomonic") )
            {
                oSRS.SetGnomonic(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, 0, 0);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area") )
            {
                oSRS.SetLAEA(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, 0, 0);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Miller Cylindrical") )
            {
                oSRS.SetMC(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, 0, 0);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Orothographic") // typo
                     || EQUAL(osProjName, "Orthographic") )
            {
                osProjName = "Orthographic";
                oSRS.SetOrthographic(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, 0, 0);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Robinson") )
            {
                oSRS.SetRobinson(dfCenterLon, 0, 0);
            }
            // Unhandled: Space Oblique Mercator
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "Stereographic") )
            {
                oSRS.SetStereographic(dfCenterLat, dfCenterLon, dfScale, 0, 0);
            }
            else if( EQUAL(osProjName, "van der Grinten") )
            {
                oSRS.SetVDG(dfCenterLon, 0, 0);
            }
            else if (EQUAL(osProjName, "Oblique Cylindrical" )) {
                const double poleLatitude = GetAngularValue(
                    psProjParamNode, "oblique_proj_pole_latitude");
                const double poleLongitude = GetAngularValue(
                    psProjParamNode, "oblique_proj_pole_longitude") * dfLongitudeMultiplier;
                const double poleRotation = GetAngularValue(
                    psProjParamNode, "oblique_proj_pole_rotation");

                CPLString oProj4String;
                // Cf isis3dataset.cpp comments for ObliqueCylindrical
                oProj4String.Printf(
                    "+proj=ob_tran +o_proj=eqc +o_lon_p=%.18g +o_lat_p=%.18g +lon_0=%.18g",
                    -poleRotation,
                    180-poleLatitude,
                    poleLongitude);
                oSRS.SetFromUserInput(oProj4String);
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                         "map_projection_name = %s not supported",
                         osProjName.c_str());
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        CPLXMLNode* psGeographic = CPLGetXMLNode(psSR, "Geographic");
        if( GetLayerCount() && psGeographic )
        {
            // do nothing
        }
        else
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Planar.Map_Projection not found");
        }
    }

    if( oSRS.IsProjected() )
    {
        oSRS.SetLinearUnits("Metre", 1.0);
    }

    if( psGeodeticModel != nullptr )
    {
        const char* pszLatitudeType = CPLGetXMLValue(psGeodeticModel,
                                                     "latitude_type",
                                                     "");
        bool bIsOgraphic = EQUAL(pszLatitudeType, "Planetographic");

        const bool bUseLDD1930RadiusNames =
            CPLGetXMLNode(psGeodeticModel, "a_axis_radius") != nullptr;

        // Before PDS CART schema pre-1.B.10.0 (pre LDD version 1.9.3.0),
        // the confusing semi_major_radius, semi_minor_radius and polar_radius
        // were used but did not follow the recommended
        // FGDC names. Using both "semi" and "radius" in the same keyword,
        // which both mean half, does not make sense.
        const char* pszAAxis = bUseLDD1930RadiusNames ?
                                    "a_axis_radius" : "semi_major_radius";
        const char* pszBAxis = bUseLDD1930RadiusNames ?
                                    "b_axis_radius" : "semi_minor_radius";
        const char* pszCAxis = bUseLDD1930RadiusNames ?
                                    "c_axis_radius" : "polar_radius";

        const double dfSemiMajor = GetLinearValue(psGeodeticModel, pszAAxis);

        // a_axis_radius and b_axis_radius should be the same in most cases
        // unless a triaxial body is being defined. This should be extremely
        // rare (and not used) since the IAU generally defines a best-fit sphere
        // for triaxial bodies: https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/groups/IAU-WGCCRE
        const double dfBValue = GetLinearValue(psGeodeticModel, pszBAxis);
        if( dfSemiMajor != dfBValue )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "%s = %f m, different from "
                    "%s = %f, will be ignored",
                    pszBAxis, dfBValue, pszAAxis, dfSemiMajor);
        }

        const double dfPolarRadius = GetLinearValue(psGeodeticModel, pszCAxis);
        // Use the polar_radius as the actual semi minor
        const double dfSemiMinor = dfPolarRadius;

        // Compulsory
        const char* pszTargetName = CPLGetXMLValue(psProduct,
            "Observation_Area.Target_Identification.name", "unknown");

        if( oSRS.IsProjected() )
        {
            CPLString osProjTargetName = osProjName + " " + pszTargetName;
            oSRS.SetProjCS(osProjTargetName);
        }

        CPLString osGeogName = CPLString("GCS_") + pszTargetName;

        CPLString osSphereName = CPLGetXMLValue(psGeodeticModel,
                                                "spheroid_name",
                                                pszTargetName);
        CPLString osDatumName  = "D_" + osSphereName;

        //calculate inverse flattening from major and minor axis: 1/f = a/(a-b)
        double dfInvFlattening = 0;
        if((dfSemiMajor - dfSemiMinor) >= 0.00000001)
        {
            dfInvFlattening = dfSemiMajor / (dfSemiMajor - dfSemiMinor);
        }

        //(if stereographic with center lat ==90) or (polar stereographic )
        if ( ( EQUAL(osProjName, "STEREOGRAPHIC" ) && fabs(dfCenterLat) == 90) ||
            (EQUAL(osProjName, "POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC") )){
            if (bIsOgraphic)
            {
                oSRS.SetGeogCS( osGeogName, osDatumName, osSphereName, dfSemiMajor,
                                dfInvFlattening, "Reference_Meridian", 0.0);
            }
            else
            {
                osSphereName += "_polarRadius";
                oSRS.SetGeogCS( osGeogName, osDatumName, osSphereName,
                                dfPolarRadius, 0.0, "Reference_Meridian", 0.0);
            }
        }
        else if((EQUAL(osProjName, "EQUIRECTANGULAR")) ||
                (EQUAL(osProjName, "ORTHOGRAPHIC")) ||
                (EQUAL(osProjName, "STEREOGRAPHIC")) ||
                (EQUAL(osProjName, "SINUSOIDAL")) ){
            oSRS.SetGeogCS(osGeogName, osDatumName, osSphereName,
                            dfSemiMajor, 0.0, "Reference_Meridian", 0.0);
        }
        else
        {
            if(bIsOgraphic)
            {
                oSRS.SetGeogCS( osGeogName, osDatumName, osSphereName,
                                dfSemiMajor, dfInvFlattening, "Reference_Meridian", 0.0);
            }
            else
            {
                oSRS.SetGeogCS( osGeogName, osDatumName, osSphereName,
                                dfSemiMajor, 0.0, "Reference_Meridian", 0.0);
            }
        }

    }

    CPLXMLNode* psPCI = CPLGetXMLNode(psSR, "Planar.Planar_Coordinate_Information");
    CPLXMLNode* psGT = CPLGetXMLNode(psSR, "Planar.Geo_Transformation");
    if( psPCI && psGT )
    {
        const char* pszPCIEncoding = CPLGetXMLValue(psPCI,
                                    "planar_coordinate_encoding_method", "");
        CPLXMLNode* psCR = CPLGetXMLNode(psPCI, "Coordinate_Representation");
        if( !EQUAL(pszPCIEncoding, "Coordinate Pair") )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                     "planar_coordinate_encoding_method = %s not supported",
                     pszPCIEncoding);
        }
        else if( psCR != nullptr )
        {
            double dfXRes = GetResolutionValue(psCR, "pixel_resolution_x");
            double dfYRes = GetResolutionValue(psCR, "pixel_resolution_y");
            double dfULX = GetLinearValue(psGT, "upperleft_corner_x");
            double dfULY = GetLinearValue(psGT, "upperleft_corner_y");

            // The PDS4 specification is not really clear about the
            // origin convention, but it appears from https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/issues/735
            // that it matches GDAL top-left corner of top-left pixel
            m_adfGeoTransform[0] = dfULX;
            m_adfGeoTransform[1] = dfXRes;
            m_adfGeoTransform[2] = 0.0;
            m_adfGeoTransform[3] = dfULY;
            m_adfGeoTransform[4] = 0.0;
            m_adfGeoTransform[5] = -dfYRes;
            m_bGotTransform = true;

            if( dfMapProjectionRotation != 0 )
            {
                const double sin_rot = dfMapProjectionRotation == 90 ? 1.0 : sin(dfMapProjectionRotation / 180 * M_PI);
                const double cos_rot = dfMapProjectionRotation == 90 ? 0.0 : cos(dfMapProjectionRotation / 180 * M_PI);
                const double gt_1 = cos_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[1] - sin_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[4];
                const double gt_2 = cos_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[2] - sin_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[5];
                const double gt_0 = cos_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[0] - sin_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[3];
                const double gt_4 = sin_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[1] + cos_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[4];
                const double gt_5 = sin_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[2] + cos_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[5];
                const double gt_3 = sin_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[0] + cos_rot * m_adfGeoTransform[3];
                m_adfGeoTransform[1] = gt_1;
                m_adfGeoTransform[2] = gt_2;
                m_adfGeoTransform[0] = gt_0;
                m_adfGeoTransform[4] = gt_4;
                m_adfGeoTransform[5] = gt_5;
                m_adfGeoTransform[3] = gt_3;
            }
        }
    }

    if( !oSRS.IsEmpty() )
    {
        if( GetRasterCount() )
        {
            m_oSRS = oSRS;
        }
        else if( GetLayerCount() )
        {
            for( auto& poLayer: m_apoLayers )
            {
                if( poLayer->GetGeomType() != wkbNone )
                {
                    auto poSRSClone = oSRS.Clone();
                    poLayer->SetSpatialRef(poSRSClone);
                    poSRSClone->Release();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              GetLayer()                              */
/************************************************************************/

OGRLayer* PDS4Dataset::GetLayer(int nIndex)
{
    if( nIndex < 0 || nIndex >= GetLayerCount() )
        return nullptr;
    return m_apoLayers[nIndex].get();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       FixupTableFilename()                           */
/************************************************************************/

static CPLString FixupTableFilename(const CPLString& osFilename)
{
    VSIStatBufL sStat;
    if( VSIStatL(osFilename, &sStat) == 0 )
    {
        return osFilename;
    }
    CPLString osExt = CPLGetExtension(osFilename);
    if( !osExt.empty() )
    {
        CPLString osTry(osFilename);
        if( islower(osExt[0]) )
        {
            osTry = CPLResetExtension(osFilename, osExt.toupper());
        }
        else
        {
            osTry = CPLResetExtension(osFilename, osExt.tolower());
        }
        if( VSIStatL(osTry, &sStat) == 0 )
        {
            return osTry;
        }
    }
    return osFilename;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       OpenTableCharacter()                           */
/************************************************************************/

bool PDS4Dataset::OpenTableCharacter(const char* pszFilename,
                                     const CPLXMLNode* psTable)
{
    CPLString osLayerName(CPLGetBasename(pszFilename));
    CPLString osFullFilename = FixupTableFilename(
                CPLFormFilename( CPLGetPath(m_osXMLFilename.c_str()),
                                 pszFilename, nullptr ));
    std::unique_ptr<PDS4TableCharacter> poLayer(
        new PDS4TableCharacter(this, osLayerName, osFullFilename));
    if( !poLayer->ReadTableDef(psTable) )
    {
        return false;
    }
    std::unique_ptr<PDS4EditableLayer> poEditableLayer(
        new PDS4EditableLayer(poLayer.release()));
    m_apoLayers.push_back(std::move(poEditableLayer));
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                       OpenTableBinary()                              */
/************************************************************************/

bool PDS4Dataset::OpenTableBinary(const char* pszFilename,
                                     const CPLXMLNode* psTable)
{
    CPLString osLayerName(CPLGetBasename(pszFilename));
    CPLString osFullFilename = FixupTableFilename(
                CPLFormFilename( CPLGetPath(m_osXMLFilename.c_str()),
                                 pszFilename, nullptr ));
    std::unique_ptr<PDS4TableBinary> poLayer(
        new PDS4TableBinary(this, osLayerName, osFullFilename));
    if( !poLayer->ReadTableDef(psTable) )
    {
        return false;
    }
    std::unique_ptr<PDS4EditableLayer> poEditableLayer(
        new PDS4EditableLayer(poLayer.release()));
    m_apoLayers.push_back(std::move(poEditableLayer));
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      OpenTableDelimited()                            */
/************************************************************************/

bool PDS4Dataset::OpenTableDelimited(const char* pszFilename,
                                     const CPLXMLNode* psTable)
{
    CPLString osLayerName(CPLGetBasename(pszFilename));
    CPLString osFullFilename = FixupTableFilename(
                CPLFormFilename( CPLGetPath(m_osXMLFilename.c_str()),
                                 pszFilename, nullptr ));
    std::unique_ptr<PDS4DelimitedTable> poLayer(
        new PDS4DelimitedTable(this, osLayerName, osFullFilename));
    if( !poLayer->ReadTableDef(psTable) )
    {
        return false;
    }
    std::unique_ptr<PDS4EditableLayer> poEditableLayer(
        new PDS4EditableLayer(poLayer.release()));
    m_apoLayers.push_back(std::move(poEditableLayer));
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                                Open()                                */
/************************************************************************/

// See https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/pds/v1/PDS4_PDS_1800.xsd
// and https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/pds/v1/PDS4_PDS_1800.sch
PDS4Dataset* PDS4Dataset::OpenInternal(GDALOpenInfo* poOpenInfo)
{
    if( !Identify(poOpenInfo) )
        return nullptr;

    CPLString osXMLFilename(poOpenInfo->pszFilename);
    int nFAOIdxLookup = -1;
    int nArrayIdxLookup = -1;
    if( STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "PDS4:") )
    {
        char** papszTokens =
            CSLTokenizeString2(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, ":", 0);
        int nCount = CSLCount(papszTokens);
        if( nCount == 5 && strlen(papszTokens[1]) == 1 &&
            (papszTokens[2][0] == '\\' || papszTokens[2][0] == '/') )
        {
            osXMLFilename = CPLString(papszTokens[1]) + ":" + papszTokens[2];
            nFAOIdxLookup = atoi(papszTokens[3]);
            nArrayIdxLookup = atoi(papszTokens[4]);
        }
        else if( nCount == 5 &&
            (EQUAL(papszTokens[1], "/vsicurl/http") ||
             EQUAL(papszTokens[1], "/vsicurl/https")) )
        {
            osXMLFilename = CPLString(papszTokens[1]) + ":" + papszTokens[2];
            nFAOIdxLookup = atoi(papszTokens[3]);
            nArrayIdxLookup = atoi(papszTokens[4]);
        }
        else if( nCount == 4 )
        {
            osXMLFilename = papszTokens[1];
            nFAOIdxLookup = atoi(papszTokens[2]);
            nArrayIdxLookup = atoi(papszTokens[3]);
        }
        else
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Invalid syntax for PDS4 subdataset name");
            CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
            return nullptr;
        }
        CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
    }

    CPLXMLTreeCloser oCloser(CPLParseXMLFile(osXMLFilename));
    CPLXMLNode* psRoot = oCloser.get();
    CPLStripXMLNamespace(psRoot, nullptr, TRUE);

    GDALAccess eAccess = STARTS_WITH_CI(poOpenInfo->pszFilename, "PDS4:") ?
        GA_ReadOnly : poOpenInfo->eAccess;

    CPLXMLNode* psProduct = CPLGetXMLNode(psRoot, "=Product_Observational");
    if( psProduct == nullptr )
    {
        eAccess = GA_ReadOnly;
        psProduct = CPLGetXMLNode(psRoot, "=Product_Ancillary");
        if( psProduct == nullptr )
        {
            psProduct = CPLGetXMLNode(psRoot, "=Product_Collection");
        }
    }
    if( psProduct == nullptr )
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Test case: https://starbase.jpl.nasa.gov/pds4/1700/dph_example_products/test_Images_DisplaySettings/TestPattern_Image/TestPattern.xml
    const char* pszVertDir = CPLGetXMLValue(psProduct,
        "Observation_Area.Discipline_Area.Display_Settings.Display_Direction."
        "vertical_display_direction", "");
    const bool bBottomToTop = EQUAL(pszVertDir, "Bottom to Top");

    PDS4Dataset *poDS = new PDS4Dataset();
    poDS->m_osXMLFilename = osXMLFilename;
    poDS->eAccess = eAccess;
    poDS->papszOpenOptions = CSLDuplicate(poOpenInfo->papszOpenOptions);

    CPLStringList aosSubdatasets;
    int nFAOIdx = 0;
    for( CPLXMLNode* psIter = psProduct->psChild;
                     psIter != nullptr;
                     psIter = psIter->psNext )
    {
        if( psIter->eType != CXT_Element ||
            (strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "File_Area_Observational") != 0 &&
             strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "File_Area_Ancillary") != 0 &&
             strcmp(psIter->pszValue, "File_Area_Inventory") != 0) )
        {
            continue;
        }

        nFAOIdx ++;
        CPLXMLNode* psFile = CPLGetXMLNode(psIter, "File");
        if( psFile == nullptr )
        {
            continue;
        }
        const char* pszFilename = CPLGetXMLValue(psFile, "file_name", nullptr);
        if( pszFilename == nullptr )
        {
            continue;
        }

        for( CPLXMLNode* psSubIter = psFile->psChild;
                psSubIter != nullptr;
                psSubIter = psSubIter->psNext )
        {
            if( psSubIter->eType == CXT_Comment &&
                EQUAL(psSubIter->pszValue, PREEXISTING_BINARY_FILE) )
            {
                poDS->m_bCreatedFromExistingBinaryFile = true;
            }
        }

        int nArrayIdx = 0;
        for( CPLXMLNode* psSubIter = psIter->psChild;
             (nFAOIdxLookup < 0 || nFAOIdxLookup == nFAOIdx) &&
             psSubIter != nullptr;
             psSubIter = psSubIter->psNext )
        {
            if( psSubIter->eType != CXT_Element )
            {
                continue;
            }
            int nDIM = 0;
            if( STARTS_WITH(psSubIter->pszValue, "Array_1D") )
            {
                nDIM = 1;
            }
            else if( STARTS_WITH(psSubIter->pszValue, "Array_2D") )
            {
                nDIM = 2;
            }
            else if ( STARTS_WITH(psSubIter->pszValue, "Array_3D") )
            {
                nDIM = 3;
            }
            else if( strcmp(psSubIter->pszValue, "Array") == 0 )
            {
                nDIM = atoi(CPLGetXMLValue(psSubIter, "axes", "0"));
            }
            else if( strcmp(psSubIter->pszValue, "Table_Character") == 0 )
            {
                poDS->OpenTableCharacter(pszFilename, psSubIter);
                continue;
            }
            else if( strcmp(psSubIter->pszValue, "Table_Binary") == 0 )
            {
                poDS->OpenTableBinary(pszFilename, psSubIter);
                continue;
            }
            else if( strcmp(psSubIter->pszValue, "Table_Delimited") == 0 ||
                     strcmp(psSubIter->pszValue, "Inventory") == 0 )
            {
                poDS->OpenTableDelimited(pszFilename, psSubIter);
                continue;
            }
            if( nDIM == 0 )
            {
                continue;
            }

            nArrayIdx ++;
            // Does it match a selected subdataset ?
            if( nArrayIdxLookup > 0 && nArrayIdx != nArrayIdxLookup)
            {
                continue;
            }

            const char* pszArrayName = CPLGetXMLValue(psSubIter,
                                                      "name", nullptr);
            const char* pszArrayId = CPLGetXMLValue(psSubIter,
                                                    "local_identifier", nullptr);
            vsi_l_offset nOffset = static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(CPLAtoGIntBig(
                                CPLGetXMLValue(psSubIter, "offset", "0")));

            const char* pszAxisIndexOrder = CPLGetXMLValue(
                psSubIter, "axis_index_order", "");
            if( !EQUAL(pszAxisIndexOrder, "Last Index Fastest") )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                         "axis_index_order = '%s' unhandled",
                         pszAxisIndexOrder);
                continue;
            }

            // Figure out data type
            const char* pszDataType = CPLGetXMLValue(psSubIter,
                                        "Element_Array.data_type", "");
            GDALDataType eDT = GDT_Byte;
            bool bSignedByte = false;
            bool bLSBOrder = strstr(pszDataType, "LSB") != nullptr;

            // ComplexLSB16', 'ComplexLSB8', 'ComplexMSB16', 'ComplexMSB8', 'IEEE754LSBDouble', 'IEEE754LSBSingle', 'IEEE754MSBDouble', 'IEEE754MSBSingle', 'SignedBitString', 'SignedByte', 'SignedLSB2', 'SignedLSB4', 'SignedLSB8', 'SignedMSB2', 'SignedMSB4', 'SignedMSB8', 'UnsignedBitString', 'UnsignedByte', 'UnsignedLSB2', 'UnsignedLSB4', 'UnsignedLSB8', 'UnsignedMSB2', 'UnsignedMSB4', 'UnsignedMSB8'
            if( EQUAL(pszDataType, "ComplexLSB16") ||
                EQUAL(pszDataType, "ComplexMSB16") )
            {
                eDT = GDT_CFloat64;
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszDataType, "ComplexLSB8") ||
                     EQUAL(pszDataType, "ComplexMSB8") )
            {
                eDT = GDT_CFloat32;
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszDataType, "IEEE754LSBDouble") ||
                     EQUAL(pszDataType, "IEEE754MSBDouble")  )
            {
                eDT = GDT_Float64;
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszDataType, "IEEE754LSBSingle") ||
                     EQUAL(pszDataType, "IEEE754MSBSingle") )
            {
                eDT = GDT_Float32;
            }
            // SignedBitString unhandled
            else if( EQUAL(pszDataType, "SignedByte") )
            {
                eDT = GDT_Byte;
                bSignedByte = true;
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszDataType, "SignedLSB2") ||
                     EQUAL(pszDataType, "SignedMSB2") )
            {
                eDT = GDT_Int16;
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszDataType, "SignedLSB4") ||
                     EQUAL(pszDataType, "SignedMSB4") )
            {
                eDT = GDT_Int32;
            }
            // SignedLSB8 and SignedMSB8 unhandled
            else if( EQUAL(pszDataType, "UnsignedByte") )
            {
                eDT = GDT_Byte;
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszDataType, "UnsignedLSB2") ||
                     EQUAL(pszDataType, "UnsignedMSB2") )
            {
                eDT = GDT_UInt16;
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszDataType, "UnsignedLSB4") ||
                     EQUAL(pszDataType, "UnsignedMSB4") )
            {
                eDT = GDT_UInt32;
            }
            // UnsignedLSB8 and UnsignedMSB8 unhandled
            else
            {
                CPLDebug("PDS4", "data_type = '%s' unhandled",
                         pszDataType);
                continue;
            }

            poDS->m_osUnits = CPLGetXMLValue(psSubIter,
                                       "Element_Array.unit", "");

            double dfValueOffset = CPLAtof(
                CPLGetXMLValue(psSubIter, "Element_Array.value_offset", "0"));
            double dfValueScale = CPLAtof(
                CPLGetXMLValue(psSubIter, "Element_Array.scaling_factor", "1"));

            // Parse Axis_Array elements
            char szOrder[4] = { 0 };
            int l_nBands = 1;
            int nLines = 0;
            int nSamples = 0;
            int nAxisFound = 0;
            int anElements[3] = { 0 };
            for( CPLXMLNode* psAxisIter = psSubIter->psChild;
                 psAxisIter != nullptr; psAxisIter = psAxisIter->psNext )
            {
                if( psAxisIter->eType != CXT_Element ||
                    strcmp(psAxisIter->pszValue, "Axis_Array") != 0 )
                {
                    continue;
                }
                const char* pszAxisName = CPLGetXMLValue(psAxisIter,
                                                         "axis_name", nullptr);
                const char* pszElements = CPLGetXMLValue(psAxisIter,
                                                         "elements", nullptr);
                const char* pszSequenceNumber = CPLGetXMLValue(psAxisIter,
                                                    "sequence_number", nullptr);
                if( pszAxisName == nullptr || pszElements == nullptr ||
                    pszSequenceNumber == nullptr )
                {
                    continue;
                }
                int nSeqNumber = atoi(pszSequenceNumber);
                if( nSeqNumber < 1 || nSeqNumber > nDIM )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "Invalid sequence_number = %s", pszSequenceNumber);
                    continue;
                }
                int nElements = atoi(pszElements);
                if( nElements <= 0 )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "Invalid elements = %s", pszElements);
                    continue;
                }
                nSeqNumber --;
                if( szOrder[nSeqNumber] != '\0' )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                             "Invalid sequence_number = %s", pszSequenceNumber);
                    continue;
                }
                if( EQUAL(pszAxisName, "Band") && nDIM == 3 )
                {
                    szOrder[nSeqNumber] = 'B';
                    l_nBands = nElements;
                    anElements[nSeqNumber] = nElements;
                    nAxisFound ++;
                }
                else if( EQUAL(pszAxisName, "Line") )
                {
                    szOrder[nSeqNumber] = 'L';
                    nLines = nElements;
                    anElements[nSeqNumber] = nElements;
                    nAxisFound ++;
                }
                else if (EQUAL(pszAxisName, "Sample") )
                {
                    szOrder[nSeqNumber] = 'S';
                    nSamples = nElements;
                    anElements[nSeqNumber] = nElements;
                    nAxisFound ++;
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                             "Unsupported axis_name = %s", pszAxisName);
                    continue;
                }
            }
            if( nAxisFound != nDIM )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "Found only %d Axis_Array elements. %d expected",
                         nAxisFound, nDIM);
                continue;
            }

            if( !GDALCheckDatasetDimensions(nSamples, nLines) ||
                !GDALCheckBandCount(l_nBands, FALSE) )
            {
                continue;
            }

            // Compute pixel, line and band spacing
            vsi_l_offset nSpacing = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDT);
            int nPixelOffset = 0;
            int nLineOffset = 0;
            vsi_l_offset nBandOffset = 0;
            int nCountPreviousDim = 1;
            for( int i = nDIM - 1; i >= 0; i-- )
            {
                if( szOrder[i] == 'S' )
                {
                    if( nSpacing > static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(
                                            INT_MAX / nCountPreviousDim) )
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                                 "Integer overflow");
                        delete poDS;
                        return nullptr;
                    }
                    nPixelOffset =
                        static_cast<int>(nSpacing * nCountPreviousDim);
                    nSpacing = nPixelOffset;
                }
                else if( szOrder[i] == 'L' )
                {
                    if( nSpacing > static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(
                                            INT_MAX / nCountPreviousDim) )
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                                 "Integer overflow");
                        delete poDS;
                        return nullptr;
                    }
                    nLineOffset =
                        static_cast<int>(nSpacing * nCountPreviousDim);
                    nSpacing = nLineOffset;
                }
                else
                {
                    nBandOffset = nSpacing * nCountPreviousDim;
                    nSpacing = nBandOffset;
                }
                nCountPreviousDim = anElements[i];
            }

            // Retrieve no data value
            bool bNoDataSet = false;
            double dfNoData = 0.0;
            std::vector<double> adfConstants;
            CPLXMLNode* psSC = CPLGetXMLNode(psSubIter, "Special_Constants");
            if( psSC )
            {
                const char* pszMC =
                    CPLGetXMLValue(psSC, "missing_constant", nullptr);
                if( pszMC )
                {
                    bNoDataSet = true;
                    dfNoData = CPLAtof(pszMC);
                }

                const char* apszConstantNames[] = {
                    "saturated_constant",
                    "missing_constant",
                    "error_constant",
                    "invalid_constant",
                    "unknown_constant",
                    "not_applicable_constant",
                    "high_instrument_saturation",
                    "high_representation_saturation",
                    "low_instrument_saturation",
                    "low_representation_saturation"
                };
                for(size_t i=0; i<CPL_ARRAYSIZE(apszConstantNames); i++ )
                {
                    const char* pszConstant =
                        CPLGetXMLValue(psSC, apszConstantNames[i], nullptr);
                    if( pszConstant )
                        adfConstants.push_back(CPLAtof(pszConstant));
                }
            }

            // Add subdatasets
            const int nSDSIdx = 1 + aosSubdatasets.size() / 2;
            aosSubdatasets.SetNameValue(
                CPLSPrintf("SUBDATASET_%d_NAME", nSDSIdx),
                CPLSPrintf("PDS4:%s:%d:%d",
                            osXMLFilename.c_str(),
                            nFAOIdx,
                            nArrayIdx));
            aosSubdatasets.SetNameValue(
                CPLSPrintf("SUBDATASET_%d_DESC", nSDSIdx),
                CPLSPrintf("Image file %s, array %s",
                            pszFilename,
                            pszArrayName ? pszArrayName :
                            pszArrayId ? pszArrayId :
                                CPLSPrintf("%d", nArrayIdx)));

            if( poDS->nBands != 0 )
                continue;

            const char* pszImageFullFilename =
                CPLFormFilename( CPLGetPath(osXMLFilename.c_str()),
                                 pszFilename, nullptr );
            VSILFILE* fp = VSIFOpenExL(pszImageFullFilename,
                (poOpenInfo->eAccess == GA_Update) ? "rb+" : "rb", true );
            if( fp == nullptr )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_FileIO,
                         "Cannt open %s: %s", pszImageFullFilename,
                         VSIGetLastErrorMsg());
                continue;
            }
            poDS->nRasterXSize = nSamples;
            poDS->nRasterYSize = nLines;
            poDS->m_osImageFilename = pszImageFullFilename;
            poDS->m_fpImage = fp;
            poDS->m_bIsLSB = bLSBOrder;

            if( memcmp(szOrder, "BLS", 3) == 0 )
            {
                poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("INTERLEAVE", "BAND",
                                                  "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
            }
            else if( memcmp(szOrder, "LSB", 3) == 0 )
            {
                poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("INTERLEAVE", "PIXEL",
                                                  "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
            }

            CPLXMLNode* psOS = CPLGetXMLNode(psSubIter, "Object_Statistics");
            const char* pszMin = nullptr;
            const char* pszMax = nullptr;
            const char* pszMean = nullptr;
            const char* pszStdDev = nullptr;
            if( psOS )
            {
                pszMin = CPLGetXMLValue(psOS, "minimum", nullptr);
                pszMax = CPLGetXMLValue(psOS, "maximum", nullptr);
                pszMean = CPLGetXMLValue(psOS, "mean", nullptr);
                pszStdDev = CPLGetXMLValue(psOS, "standard_deviation", nullptr);
            }

            for( int i = 0; i < l_nBands; i++ )
            {
                PDS4RawRasterBand *poBand = new PDS4RawRasterBand(
                    poDS,
                    i+1,
                    poDS->m_fpImage,
                    (bBottomToTop ) ?
                        nOffset + nBandOffset * i +
                            static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(nLines - 1) * nLineOffset :
                        nOffset + nBandOffset * i,
                    nPixelOffset,
                    (bBottomToTop ) ? -nLineOffset : nLineOffset,
                    eDT,
#ifdef CPL_LSB
                    bLSBOrder
#else
                    !bLSBOrder
#endif
                );
                if( bNoDataSet )
                {
                    poBand->SetNoDataValue(dfNoData);
                }
                if( bSignedByte )
                {
                    poBand->GDALRasterBand::SetMetadataItem(
                        "PIXELTYPE", "SIGNEDBYTE", "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
                }
                poBand->SetOffset( dfValueOffset );
                poBand->SetScale( dfValueScale );

                if( l_nBands == 1 )
                {
                    if( pszMin )
                    {
                        poBand->GDALRasterBand::SetMetadataItem(
                            "STATISTICS_MINIMUM", pszMin);
                    }
                    if( pszMax )
                    {
                        poBand->GDALRasterBand::SetMetadataItem(
                            "STATISTICS_MAXIMUM", pszMax);
                    }
                    if( pszMean )
                    {
                        poBand->GDALRasterBand::SetMetadataItem(
                            "STATISTICS_MEAN", pszMean);
                    }
                    if( pszStdDev )
                    {
                        poBand->GDALRasterBand::SetMetadataItem(
                            "STATISTICS_STDDEV", pszStdDev);
                    }
                }
                poDS->SetBand(i+1, poBand);

                // Only instantiate explicit mask band if we have at least one
                // special constant (that is not the missing_constant,
                // already exposed as nodata value)
                if( !GDALDataTypeIsComplex(eDT) &&
                    (CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("PDS4_FORCE_MASK", "NO")) ||
                     adfConstants.size() >= 2 ||
                     (adfConstants.size() == 1 && !bNoDataSet)) )
                {
                    poBand->SetMaskBand( new PDS4MaskBand(poBand, adfConstants) );
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if( nFAOIdxLookup < 0 && aosSubdatasets.size() > 2 )
    {
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadata(aosSubdatasets.List(), "SUBDATASETS");
    }
    else if ( poDS->nBands == 0 &&
              (poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_RASTER) != 0 &&
              (poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_VECTOR) == 0 )
    {
        delete poDS;
        return nullptr;
    }
    else if( poDS->m_apoLayers.empty() &&
              (poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_VECTOR) != 0 &&
              (poOpenInfo->nOpenFlags & GDAL_OF_RASTER) == 0 )
    {
        delete poDS;
        return nullptr;
    }

    // Expose XML content in xml:PDS4 metadata domain
    GByte* pabyRet = nullptr;
    CPL_IGNORE_RET_VAL(
        VSIIngestFile(nullptr, osXMLFilename, &pabyRet, nullptr, 10*1024*1024) );
    if( pabyRet )
    {
        char* apszXML[2] = { reinterpret_cast<char*>(pabyRet), nullptr };
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadata(apszXML, "xml:PDS4");
    }
    VSIFree(pabyRet);

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*  Parse georeferencing info                                               */
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    poDS->ReadGeoreferencing(psProduct);

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*  Check for overviews                                                     */
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    poDS->oOvManager.Initialize( poDS, poOpenInfo->pszFilename );

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/*  Initialize any PAM information                                          */
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
    poDS->SetDescription( poOpenInfo->pszFilename);
    poDS->TryLoadXML();

    return poDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         IsCARTVersionGTE()                           */
/************************************************************************/

// Returns true is pszCur >= pszRef
// Must be things like 1900, 1B00, 1D00_1933 ...
static bool IsCARTVersionGTE(const char* pszCur, const char* pszRef)
{
    return strcmp(pszCur, pszRef) >= 0;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         WriteGeoreferencing()                        */
/************************************************************************/

void PDS4Dataset::WriteGeoreferencing(CPLXMLNode* psCart,
                                      const char* pszCARTVersion)
{
    bool bHasBoundingBox = false;
    double adfX[4] = {0};
    double adfY[4] = {0};
    CPLString osPrefix;
    const char* pszColon = strchr(psCart->pszValue, ':');
    if( pszColon )
        osPrefix.assign(psCart->pszValue, pszColon - psCart->pszValue + 1);

    if( m_bGotTransform )
    {
        bHasBoundingBox = true;

        // upper left
        adfX[0] = m_adfGeoTransform[0];
        adfY[0] = m_adfGeoTransform[3];

        // upper right
        adfX[1] = m_adfGeoTransform[0] + m_adfGeoTransform[1] * nRasterXSize ;
        adfY[1] = m_adfGeoTransform[3];

        // lower left
        adfX[2] = m_adfGeoTransform[0];
        adfY[2] = m_adfGeoTransform[3] + m_adfGeoTransform[5] * nRasterYSize;

        // lower right
        adfX[3] = m_adfGeoTransform[0] + m_adfGeoTransform[1] * nRasterXSize;
        adfY[3] = m_adfGeoTransform[3] + m_adfGeoTransform[5] * nRasterYSize;
    }
    else
    {
        OGRLayer* poLayer = GetLayer(0);
        OGREnvelope sEnvelope;
        if( poLayer->GetExtent(&sEnvelope) == OGRERR_NONE )
        {
            bHasBoundingBox = true;

            adfX[0] = sEnvelope.MinX;
            adfY[0] = sEnvelope.MaxY;

            adfX[1] = sEnvelope.MaxX;
            adfY[1] = sEnvelope.MaxY;

            adfX[2] = sEnvelope.MinX;
            adfY[2] = sEnvelope.MinY;

            adfX[3] = sEnvelope.MaxX;
            adfY[3] = sEnvelope.MinY;
        }
    }

    if( bHasBoundingBox && !m_oSRS.IsGeographic() )
    {
        bHasBoundingBox = false;
        OGRSpatialReference* poSRSLongLat = m_oSRS.CloneGeogCS();
        if( poSRSLongLat )
        {
            poSRSLongLat->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
            OGRCoordinateTransformation* poCT =
                OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(&m_oSRS, poSRSLongLat);
            if( poCT )
            {
                if( poCT->Transform(4, adfX, adfY) )
                {
                    bHasBoundingBox = true;
                }
                delete poCT;
            }
            delete poSRSLongLat;
        }
    }

    if( !bHasBoundingBox )
    {
        // Write dummy values
        adfX[0] = -180.0;
        adfY[0] = 90.0;
        adfX[1] = 180.0;
        adfY[1] = 90.0;
        adfX[2] = -180.0;
        adfY[2] = -90.0;
        adfX[3] = 180.0;
        adfY[3] = -90.0;
    }

    const char* pszLongitudeDirection =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(m_papszCreationOptions, "LONGITUDE_DIRECTION",
                             "Positive East");
    const double dfLongitudeMultiplier =
        EQUAL(pszLongitudeDirection, "Positive West") ? -1 : 1;
    const auto FixLong = [dfLongitudeMultiplier](double dfLon)
    {
        return dfLon * dfLongitudeMultiplier;
    };

    // Note: starting with CART 1900, Spatial_Domain is actually optional
    CPLXMLNode* psSD = CPLCreateXMLNode(psCart, CXT_Element,
            (osPrefix + "Spatial_Domain").c_str());
    CPLXMLNode* psBC = CPLCreateXMLNode(psSD, CXT_Element,
            (osPrefix + "Bounding_Coordinates").c_str());

    const char* pszBoundingDegrees = CSLFetchNameValue(
        m_papszCreationOptions, "BOUNDING_DEGREES");
    double dfWest = FixLong(std::min(std::min(adfX[0], adfX[1]),
                             std::min(adfX[2], adfX[3])));
    double dfEast = FixLong(std::max(std::max(adfX[0], adfX[1]),
                             std::max(adfX[2], adfX[3])));
    double dfNorth = std::max(std::max(adfY[0], adfY[1]),
                              std::max(adfY[2], adfY[3]));
    double dfSouth = std::min(std::min(adfY[0], adfY[1]),
                              std::min(adfY[2], adfY[3]));
    if( pszBoundingDegrees )
    {
        char** papszTokens =
                CSLTokenizeString2(pszBoundingDegrees, ",", 0);
        if( CSLCount(papszTokens) == 4 )
        {
            dfWest  = CPLAtof(papszTokens[0]);
            dfSouth = CPLAtof(papszTokens[1]);
            dfEast  = CPLAtof(papszTokens[2]);
            dfNorth = CPLAtof(papszTokens[3]);
        }
        CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
    }

    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psBC,
            (osPrefix + "west_bounding_coordinate").c_str(),
            CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfWest)), "unit", "deg");
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psBC,
            (osPrefix + "east_bounding_coordinate").c_str(),
            CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfEast )), "unit", "deg");
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psBC,
            (osPrefix + "north_bounding_coordinate").c_str(),
            CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfNorth)), "unit", "deg");
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psBC,
            (osPrefix + "south_bounding_coordinate").c_str(),
            CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfSouth)), "unit", "deg");

    CPLXMLNode* psSRI = CPLCreateXMLNode(psCart, CXT_Element,
                (osPrefix + "Spatial_Reference_Information").c_str());
    CPLXMLNode* psHCSD = CPLCreateXMLNode(psSRI, CXT_Element,
                (osPrefix + "Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition").c_str());

    double dfUnrotatedULX = m_adfGeoTransform[0];
    double dfUnrotatedULY = m_adfGeoTransform[3];
    double dfUnrotatedResX = m_adfGeoTransform[1];
    double dfUnrotatedResY = m_adfGeoTransform[5];
    double dfMapProjectionRotation = 0.0;
    if (m_adfGeoTransform[1] == 0.0 &&
        m_adfGeoTransform[2] > 0.0 &&
        m_adfGeoTransform[4] > 0.0 &&
        m_adfGeoTransform[5] == 0.0)
    {
        dfUnrotatedULX = m_adfGeoTransform[3];
        dfUnrotatedULY = -m_adfGeoTransform[0];
        dfUnrotatedResX = m_adfGeoTransform[4];
        dfUnrotatedResY = -m_adfGeoTransform[2];
        dfMapProjectionRotation = 90.0;
    }

    if( GetRasterCount() || m_oSRS.IsProjected() )
    {
        CPLXMLNode* psPlanar = CPLCreateXMLNode(psHCSD, CXT_Element,
                    (osPrefix + "Planar").c_str());
        CPLXMLNode* psMP = CPLCreateXMLNode(psPlanar, CXT_Element,
                    (osPrefix + "Map_Projection").c_str());
        const char* pszProjection = m_oSRS.GetAttrValue("PROJECTION");
        CPLString pszPDS4ProjectionName = "";
        typedef std::pair<const char*, double> ProjParam;
        std::vector<ProjParam> aoProjParams;

        const bool bUse_CART_1933_Or_Later =
            IsCARTVersionGTE(pszCARTVersion, "1D00_1933");

        const bool bUse_CART_1950_Or_Later =
            IsCARTVersionGTE(pszCARTVersion, "1G00_1950");

        if( pszProjection == nullptr )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Equirectangular";
            if( bUse_CART_1933_Or_Later )
            {
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin", 0.0));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("standard_parallel_1", 0.0));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian", 0.0));
            }
            else
            {
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("standard_parallel_1", 0.0));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian", 0.0));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin", 0.0));
            }
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_EQUIRECTANGULAR) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Equirectangular";
            if( bUse_CART_1933_Or_Later )
            {
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("standard_parallel_1",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_STANDARD_PARALLEL_1, 1.0)));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                        FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
            }
            else
            {
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("standard_parallel_1",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_STANDARD_PARALLEL_1, 1.0)));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                        FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
            }
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_LAMBERT_CONFORMAL_CONIC_1SP) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Lambert Conformal Conic";
            if( bUse_CART_1933_Or_Later )
            {
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                        FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("scale_factor_at_projection_origin",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 1.0)));
            }
            else
            {
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("scale_factor_at_projection_origin",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 1.0)));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                        FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
            }
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_LAMBERT_CONFORMAL_CONIC_2SP) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Lambert Conformal Conic";
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("standard_parallel_1",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_STANDARD_PARALLEL_1, 0.0)));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("standard_parallel_2",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_STANDARD_PARALLEL_2, 0.0)));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                    FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_HOTINE_OBLIQUE_MERCATOR_AZIMUTH_CENTER) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Oblique Mercator";
            // Proj params defined later
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_HOTINE_OBLIQUE_MERCATOR_TWO_POINT_NATURAL_ORIGIN) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Oblique Mercator";
            // Proj params defined later
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_POLAR_STEREOGRAPHIC) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Polar Stereographic";
            if( bUse_CART_1950_Or_Later )
            {
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                        FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("scale_factor_at_projection_origin",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 1.0)));
            }
            else
            {
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam(
                    bUse_CART_1933_Or_Later ?  "longitude_of_central_meridian" :
                                               "straight_vertical_longitude_from_pole",
                        FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("scale_factor_at_projection_origin",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 1.0)));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                        m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
            }
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_POLYCONIC) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Polyconic";
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0)));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
        }
        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_SINUSOIDAL) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Sinusoidal";
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                    FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_TRANSVERSE_MERCATOR) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Transverse Mercator";
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("scale_factor_at_central_meridian",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 1.0)));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0)));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
        }
        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_ORTHOGRAPHIC) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Orthographic";
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                    FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_MERCATOR_1SP) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Mercator";
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                    FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("scale_factor_at_projection_origin",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 1.0)));
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_MERCATOR_2SP) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Mercator";
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("standard_parallel_1",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_STANDARD_PARALLEL_1, 0.0)));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                    FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_LAMBERT_AZIMUTHAL_EQUAL_AREA) )
        {
            pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area";
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("longitude_of_central_meridian",
                    FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0))));
            aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("latitude_of_projection_origin",
                    m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)));
        }

        else if( EQUAL(pszProjection, "custom_proj4") )
        {
            const char* pszProj4 = m_oSRS.GetExtension("PROJCS", "PROJ4", nullptr);
            if( pszProj4 && strstr(pszProj4, "+proj=ob_tran" ) &&
                strstr(pszProj4, "+o_proj=eqc") )
            {
                pszPDS4ProjectionName = "Oblique Cylindrical";
                const auto FetchParam = [](const char* pszProj4Str, const char* pszKey)
                {
                    CPLString needle;
                    needle.Printf("+%s=", pszKey);
                    const char* pszVal = strstr(pszProj4Str, needle.c_str());
                    if( pszVal )
                        return CPLAtof(pszVal+needle.size());
                    return 0.0;
                };

                double dfLonP = FetchParam(pszProj4, "o_lon_p");
                double dfLatP = FetchParam(pszProj4, "o_lat_p");
                double dfLon0 = FetchParam(pszProj4, "lon_0");
                double dfPoleRotation = -dfLonP;
                double dfPoleLatitude = 180 - dfLatP;
                double dfPoleLongitude = dfLon0;

                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("map_projection_rotation",
                                                 dfMapProjectionRotation));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("oblique_proj_pole_latitude",
                                                 dfPoleLatitude));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("oblique_proj_pole_longitude",
                                                 FixLong(dfPoleLongitude)));
                aoProjParams.push_back(ProjParam("oblique_proj_pole_rotation",
                                                 dfPoleRotation));
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                        "Projection %s not supported",
                        pszProjection);
            }
        }
        else
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                            "Projection %s not supported",
                            pszProjection);
        }
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psMP,
                                    (osPrefix + "map_projection_name").c_str(),
                                    pszPDS4ProjectionName);
        CPLXMLNode* psProj = CPLCreateXMLNode(psMP, CXT_Element,
            CPLString(osPrefix + pszPDS4ProjectionName).replaceAll(' ','_'));
        for( size_t i = 0; i < aoProjParams.size(); i++ )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psParam = CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psProj,
                    (osPrefix + aoProjParams[i].first).c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", aoProjParams[i].second));
            if( !STARTS_WITH(aoProjParams[i].first, "scale_factor") )
            {
                CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(psParam, "unit", "deg");
            }
        }

        if( pszProjection &&
            EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_HOTINE_OBLIQUE_MERCATOR_AZIMUTH_CENTER) )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psOLA = CPLCreateXMLNode(nullptr, CXT_Element,
                                    (osPrefix + "Oblique_Line_Azimuth").c_str());
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psOLA,
                    (osPrefix + "azimuthal_angle").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_AZIMUTH, 0.0))),
                "unit", "deg");;
            // Not completely sure of this
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psOLA,
                    (osPrefix + "azimuth_measure_point_longitude").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0)))),
                "unit", "deg");

            if( bUse_CART_1933_Or_Later )
            {
                CPLAddXMLChild(psProj, psOLA);

                CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                    CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psProj,
                        (osPrefix + "longitude_of_central_meridian").c_str(),
                        "0"),
                    "unit", "deg");

                const double dfScaleFactor = m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 0.0);
                if( dfScaleFactor != 1.0 )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                             "Scale factor on initial support = %.18g cannot "
                             "be encoded in PDS4",
                             dfScaleFactor);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psProj,
                    (osPrefix + "scale_factor_at_projection_origin").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 0.0)));

                CPLAddXMLChild(psProj, psOLA);
            }

            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psProj,
                    (osPrefix + "latitude_of_projection_origin").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0))),
                "unit", "deg");
        }
        else if( pszProjection &&
            EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_HOTINE_OBLIQUE_MERCATOR_TWO_POINT_NATURAL_ORIGIN) )
        {
            if( bUse_CART_1933_Or_Later )
            {
                const double dfScaleFactor = m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 0.0);
                if( dfScaleFactor != 1.0 )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                             "Scale factor on initial support = %.18g cannot "
                             "be encoded in PDS4",
                             dfScaleFactor);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psProj,
                    (osPrefix + "scale_factor_at_projection_origin").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_SCALE_FACTOR, 0.0)));
            }

            CPLXMLNode* psOLP = CPLCreateXMLNode(psProj, CXT_Element,
                                    (osPrefix + "Oblique_Line_Point").c_str());
            CPLXMLNode* psOLPG1 = CPLCreateXMLNode(psOLP, CXT_Element,
                                    (osPrefix + "Oblique_Line_Point_Group").c_str());
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psOLPG1,
                    (osPrefix + "oblique_line_latitude").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_POINT_1, 0.0))),
                "unit", "deg");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psOLPG1,
                    (osPrefix + "oblique_line_longitude").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LONGITUDE_OF_POINT_1, 0.0)))),
                "unit", "deg");
            CPLXMLNode* psOLPG2 = CPLCreateXMLNode(psOLP, CXT_Element,
                                    (osPrefix + "Oblique_Line_Point_Group").c_str());
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psOLPG2,
                    (osPrefix + "oblique_line_latitude").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_POINT_2, 0.0))),
                "unit", "deg");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psOLPG2,
                    (osPrefix + "oblique_line_longitude").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LONGITUDE_OF_POINT_2, 0.0))),
                "unit", "deg");

            if( bUse_CART_1933_Or_Later )
            {
                CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                    CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psProj,
                        (osPrefix + "longitude_of_central_meridian").c_str(),
                        "0"),
                    "unit", "deg");
            }

            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psProj,
                    (osPrefix + "latitude_of_projection_origin").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", FixLong(m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0)))),
                "unit", "deg");
        }

        CPLXMLNode* psCR = nullptr;
        if( m_bGotTransform || !IsCARTVersionGTE(pszCARTVersion, "1B00") )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psPCI = CPLCreateXMLNode(psPlanar, CXT_Element,
                            (osPrefix + "Planar_Coordinate_Information").c_str());
            CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psPCI,
                (osPrefix + "planar_coordinate_encoding_method").c_str(),
                "Coordinate Pair");
            psCR = CPLCreateXMLNode(psPCI, CXT_Element,
                            (osPrefix + "Coordinate_Representation").c_str());
        }
        const double dfLinearUnits = m_oSRS.GetLinearUnits();
        const double dfDegToMeter = m_oSRS.GetSemiMajor() * M_PI / 180.0;

        if( psCR == nullptr )
        {
            // do nothing
        }
        else if( !m_bGotTransform )
        {
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_resolution_x").c_str(),
                    "0"),
                "unit", "m/pixel");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_resolution_y").c_str(),
                    "0"),
                "unit", "m/pixel");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_scale_x").c_str(),
                    "0"),
                "unit", "pixel/deg");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_scale_y").c_str(),
                    "0"),
                "unit", "pixel/deg");
        }
        else if( m_oSRS.IsGeographic() )
        {
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_resolution_x").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfUnrotatedResX * dfDegToMeter)),
                "unit", "m/pixel");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_resolution_y").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", -dfUnrotatedResY * dfDegToMeter)),
                "unit", "m/pixel");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_scale_x").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", 1.0 / (dfUnrotatedResX))),
                "unit", "pixel/deg");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_scale_y").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", 1.0 / (-dfUnrotatedResY))),
                "unit", "pixel/deg");
        }
        else if( m_oSRS.IsProjected() )
        {
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_resolution_x").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfUnrotatedResX * dfLinearUnits)),
                "unit", "m/pixel");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_resolution_y").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", -dfUnrotatedResY * dfLinearUnits)),
                "unit", "m/pixel");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_scale_x").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfDegToMeter / (dfUnrotatedResX * dfLinearUnits))),
                "unit", "pixel/deg");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psCR,
                    (osPrefix + "pixel_scale_y").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfDegToMeter / (-dfUnrotatedResY * dfLinearUnits))),
                "unit", "pixel/deg");
        }

        if( m_bGotTransform )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psGT = CPLCreateXMLNode(psPlanar, CXT_Element,
                                                (osPrefix + "Geo_Transformation").c_str());
            const double dfFalseEasting =
                m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_FALSE_EASTING, 0.0);
            const double dfFalseNorthing =
                m_oSRS.GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_FALSE_NORTHING, 0.0);
            const double dfULX = -dfFalseEasting + dfUnrotatedULX;
            const double dfULY = -dfFalseNorthing + dfUnrotatedULY;
            if( m_oSRS.IsGeographic() )
            {
                CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGT,
                            (osPrefix + "upperleft_corner_x").c_str(),
                            CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfULX * dfDegToMeter)),
                        "unit", "m");
                CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGT,
                            (osPrefix + "upperleft_corner_y").c_str(),
                            CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfULY * dfDegToMeter)),
                        "unit", "m");
            }
            else if( m_oSRS.IsProjected() )
            {
                CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGT,
                            (osPrefix + "upperleft_corner_x").c_str(),
                            CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfULX * dfLinearUnits)),
                        "unit", "m");
                CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGT,
                            (osPrefix + "upperleft_corner_y").c_str(),
                            CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfULY * dfLinearUnits)),
                        "unit", "m");
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        CPLXMLNode* psGeographic = CPLCreateXMLNode(psHCSD, CXT_Element,
                    (osPrefix + "Geographic").c_str());
        if( !IsCARTVersionGTE(pszCARTVersion, "1B00") )
        {
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGeographic,
                            (osPrefix + "latitude_resolution").c_str(),
                            "0"),
                        "unit", "deg");
            CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGeographic,
                            (osPrefix + "longitude_resolution").c_str(),
                            "0"),
                        "unit", "deg");
        }
    }

    CPLXMLNode* psGM = CPLCreateXMLNode(psHCSD, CXT_Element,
                                        (osPrefix + "Geodetic_Model").c_str());
    const char* pszLatitudeType =
        CSLFetchNameValueDef(m_papszCreationOptions, "LATITUDE_TYPE",
                             "Planetocentric");
    // Fix case
    if( EQUAL(pszLatitudeType, "Planetocentric") )
        pszLatitudeType = "Planetocentric";
    else if( EQUAL(pszLatitudeType, "Planetographic") )
        pszLatitudeType = "Planetographic";
    CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGM,
                                (osPrefix + "latitude_type").c_str(),
                                pszLatitudeType);

    const char* pszDatum = m_oSRS.GetAttrValue("DATUM");
    if( pszDatum && STARTS_WITH(pszDatum, "D_") )
    {
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGM,
                                    (osPrefix + "spheroid_name").c_str(),
                                    pszDatum + 2);
    }
    else if( pszDatum )
    {
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGM,
                                    (osPrefix + "spheroid_name").c_str(),
                                    pszDatum);
    }

    double dfSemiMajor = m_oSRS.GetSemiMajor();
    double dfSemiMinor = m_oSRS.GetSemiMinor();
    const char* pszRadii = CSLFetchNameValue(m_papszCreationOptions, "RADII");
    if( pszRadii )
    {
        char** papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString2(pszRadii, " ,", 0);
        if( CSLCount(papszTokens) == 2 )
        {
            dfSemiMajor = CPLAtof(papszTokens[0]);
            dfSemiMinor = CPLAtof(papszTokens[1]);
        }
        CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
    }

    const bool bUseLDD1930RadiusNames =
        IsCARTVersionGTE(pszCARTVersion, "1B10_1930");

    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGM,
                (osPrefix + (bUseLDD1930RadiusNames ? "a_axis_radius" : "semi_major_radius")).c_str(),
                CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfSemiMajor)),
        "unit", "m");
    // No, this is not a bug. The PDS4  b_axis_radius/semi_minor_radius is the minor radius
    // on the equatorial plane. Which in WKT doesn't really exist, so reuse
    // the WKT semi major
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGM,
                (osPrefix + (bUseLDD1930RadiusNames ? "b_axis_radius" : "semi_minor_radius")).c_str(),
                CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfSemiMajor)),
        "unit", "m");
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGM,
                (osPrefix + (bUseLDD1930RadiusNames ? "c_axis_radius" : "polar_radius")).c_str(),
                CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfSemiMinor)),
        "unit", "m");

    // Fix case
    if( EQUAL(pszLongitudeDirection, "Positive East") )
        pszLongitudeDirection = "Positive East";
    else if( EQUAL(pszLongitudeDirection, "Positive West") )
        pszLongitudeDirection = "Positive West";
    CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psGM,
                                (osPrefix + "longitude_direction").c_str(),
                                pszLongitudeDirection);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         SubstituteVariables()                        */
/************************************************************************/

void PDS4Dataset::SubstituteVariables(CPLXMLNode* psNode, char** papszDict)
{
    if( psNode->eType == CXT_Text && psNode->pszValue &&
        strstr(psNode->pszValue, "${") )
    {
        CPLString osVal(psNode->pszValue);

        if( strstr(psNode->pszValue, "${TITLE}") != nullptr &&
            CSLFetchNameValue(papszDict, "VAR_TITLE") == nullptr )
        {
            const CPLString osTitle(CPLGetFilename(GetDescription()));
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "VAR_TITLE not defined. Using %s by default",
                     osTitle.c_str());
            osVal.replaceAll("${TITLE}", osTitle);
        }

        for( char** papszIter = papszDict; papszIter && *papszIter; papszIter++ )
        {
            if( STARTS_WITH_CI(*papszIter, "VAR_") )
            {
                char* pszKey = nullptr;
                const char* pszValue = CPLParseNameValue(*papszIter, &pszKey);
                if( pszKey && pszValue )
                {
                    const char* pszVarName = pszKey + strlen("VAR_");
                    osVal.replaceAll((CPLString("${") + pszVarName + "}").c_str(),
                                     pszValue);
                    osVal.replaceAll(CPLString(CPLString("${") + pszVarName + "}").tolower().c_str(),
                                     CPLString(pszValue).tolower());
                    CPLFree(pszKey);
                }
            }
        }
        if( osVal.find("${") != std::string::npos )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "%s could not be substituted", osVal.c_str());
        }
        CPLFree(psNode->pszValue);
        psNode->pszValue = CPLStrdup(osVal);
    }

    for(CPLXMLNode* psIter = psNode->psChild; psIter; psIter = psIter->psNext)
    {
        SubstituteVariables(psIter, papszDict);
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         InitImageFile()                             */
/************************************************************************/

bool PDS4Dataset::InitImageFile()
{
    m_bMustInitImageFile = false;

    if( m_poExternalDS )
    {
        int nBlockXSize, nBlockYSize;
        GetRasterBand(1)->GetBlockSize(&nBlockXSize, &nBlockYSize);
        const GDALDataType eDT = GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType();
        const int nDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDT);
        const int nBlockSizeBytes = nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize * nDTSize;
        const int l_nBlocksPerColumn = DIV_ROUND_UP(nRasterYSize, nBlockYSize);

        int bHasNoData = FALSE;
        double dfNoData = GetRasterBand(1)->GetNoDataValue(&bHasNoData);
        if( !bHasNoData )
            dfNoData = 0;

        if( nBands == 1 || EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BSQ") )
        {
            // We need to make sure that blocks are written in the right order
            for( int i = 0; i < nBands; i++ )
            {
                if( m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(i+1)->Fill(dfNoData) !=
                                                                    CE_None )
                {
                    return false;
                }
            }
            m_poExternalDS->FlushCache(false);

            // Check that blocks are effectively written in expected order.
            GIntBig nLastOffset = 0;
            for( int i = 0; i < nBands; i++ )
            {
                for( int y = 0; y < l_nBlocksPerColumn; y++ )
                {
                    const char* pszBlockOffset =  m_poExternalDS->
                        GetRasterBand(i+1)->GetMetadataItem(
                            CPLSPrintf("BLOCK_OFFSET_%d_%d", 0, y), "TIFF");
                    if( pszBlockOffset )
                    {
                        GIntBig nOffset = CPLAtoGIntBig(pszBlockOffset);
                        if( i != 0 || y != 0 )
                        {
                            if( nOffset != nLastOffset + nBlockSizeBytes )
                            {
                                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                         "Block %d,%d band %d not at expected "
                                         "offset",
                                         0, y, i+1);
                                return false;
                            }
                        }
                        nLastOffset = nOffset;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                 "Block %d,%d band %d not at expected "
                                 "offset",
                                 0, y, i+1);
                        return false;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            void* pBlockData = VSI_MALLOC_VERBOSE(nBlockSizeBytes);
            if( pBlockData == nullptr )
                return false;
            GDALCopyWords(&dfNoData, GDT_Float64, 0,
                          pBlockData, eDT, nDTSize,
                          nBlockXSize * nBlockYSize);
            for( int y = 0; y < l_nBlocksPerColumn; y++ )
            {
                for( int i = 0; i < nBands; i++ )
                {
                    if( m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(i+1)->
                                WriteBlock(0, y, pBlockData) != CE_None )
                    {
                        VSIFree(pBlockData);
                        return false;
                    }
                }
            }
            VSIFree(pBlockData);
            m_poExternalDS->FlushCache(false);

            // Check that blocks are effectively written in expected order.
            GIntBig nLastOffset = 0;
            for( int y = 0; y < l_nBlocksPerColumn; y++ )
            {
                const char* pszBlockOffset =  m_poExternalDS->
                    GetRasterBand(1)->GetMetadataItem(
                        CPLSPrintf("BLOCK_OFFSET_%d_%d", 0, y), "TIFF");
                if( pszBlockOffset )
                {
                    GIntBig nOffset = CPLAtoGIntBig(pszBlockOffset);
                    if( y != 0 )
                    {
                        if( nOffset != nLastOffset + nBlockSizeBytes * nBands )
                        {
                            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                        "Block %d,%d not at expected "
                                        "offset",
                                        0, y);
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                    nLastOffset = nOffset;
                }
                else
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                "Block %d,%d not at expected "
                                "offset",
                                0, y);
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    int bHasNoData = FALSE;
    const double dfNoData = GetRasterBand(1)->GetNoDataValue(&bHasNoData);
    const GDALDataType eDT = GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType();
    const int nDTSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eDT);
    const vsi_l_offset nFileSize =
            static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(nRasterXSize) * nRasterYSize * nBands *
                nDTSize;
    if( dfNoData == 0 || !bHasNoData )
    {
        if( VSIFTruncateL( m_fpImage, nFileSize ) != 0 )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                    "Cannot create file of size " CPL_FRMT_GUIB " bytes",
                    nFileSize);
            return false;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        size_t nLineSize = static_cast<size_t>(nRasterXSize) * nDTSize;
        void* pData = VSI_MALLOC_VERBOSE(nLineSize);
        if( pData == nullptr )
            return false;
        GDALCopyWords(&dfNoData, GDT_Float64, 0,
                      pData, eDT, nDTSize,
                      nRasterXSize);
#ifdef CPL_MSB
        if( GDALDataTypeIsComplex(eDT) )
        {
            GDALSwapWords(pData, nDTSize / 2, nRasterXSize * 2, nDTSize / 2);
        }
        else
        {
            GDALSwapWords(pData, nDTSize, nRasterXSize, nDTSize);
        }
#endif
        for( vsi_l_offset i = 0; i <
                static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(nRasterYSize) * nBands; i++ )
        {
            size_t nBytesWritten = VSIFWriteL(pData, 1, nLineSize, m_fpImage);
            if( nBytesWritten != nLineSize )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                        "Cannot create file of size " CPL_FRMT_GUIB " bytes",
                        nFileSize);
                VSIFree(pData);
                return false;
            }
        }
        VSIFree(pData);
    }
    return true;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          GetSpecialConstants()                       */
/************************************************************************/

static CPLXMLNode* GetSpecialConstants(const CPLString& osPrefix,
                                       CPLXMLNode* psFileAreaObservational)
{
    for(CPLXMLNode* psIter = psFileAreaObservational->psChild;
                psIter; psIter = psIter->psNext )
    {
        if( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
            STARTS_WITH(psIter->pszValue, (osPrefix + "Array").c_str()) )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psSC =
                CPLGetXMLNode(psIter, (osPrefix + "Special_Constants").c_str());
            if( psSC )
            {
                CPLXMLNode* psNext = psSC->psNext;
                psSC->psNext = nullptr;
                CPLXMLNode* psRet = CPLCloneXMLTree(psSC);
                psSC->psNext = psNext;
                return psRet;
            }
        }
    }
    return nullptr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          WriteHeaderAppendCase()                     */
/************************************************************************/

void PDS4Dataset::WriteHeaderAppendCase()
{
    CPLXMLTreeCloser oCloser(CPLParseXMLFile(GetDescription()));
    CPLXMLNode* psRoot = oCloser.get();
    if( psRoot == nullptr )
        return;
    CPLString osPrefix;
    CPLXMLNode* psProduct = CPLGetXMLNode(psRoot, "=Product_Observational");
    if( psProduct == nullptr )
    {
        psProduct = CPLGetXMLNode(psRoot, "=pds:Product_Observational");
        if( psProduct )
            osPrefix = "pds:";
    }
    if( psProduct == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find Product_Observational element");
        return;
    }
    CPLXMLNode* psFAO = CPLGetXMLNode(psProduct,
                            (osPrefix + "File_Area_Observational").c_str());
    if( psFAO == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find File_Area_Observational element");
        return;
    }

    WriteArray(osPrefix, psFAO, nullptr, nullptr);

    CPLSerializeXMLTreeToFile(psRoot, GetDescription());
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                              WriteArray()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void PDS4Dataset::WriteArray(const CPLString& osPrefix,
                             CPLXMLNode* psFAO,
                             const char* pszLocalIdentifierDefault,
                             CPLXMLNode* psTemplateSpecialConstants)
{
    const char* pszArrayType = CSLFetchNameValueDef(m_papszCreationOptions,
                                        "ARRAY_TYPE", "Array_3D_Image");
    const bool bIsArray2D = STARTS_WITH(pszArrayType, "Array_2D");
    CPLXMLNode* psArray = CPLCreateXMLNode(psFAO, CXT_Element,
                                        (osPrefix + pszArrayType).c_str());

    const char* pszLocalIdentifier = CSLFetchNameValueDef(
        m_papszCreationOptions, "ARRAY_IDENTIFIER", pszLocalIdentifierDefault);
    if( pszLocalIdentifier )
    {
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psArray,
                                    (osPrefix + "local_identifier").c_str(),
                                    pszLocalIdentifier);
    }

    GUIntBig nOffset = m_nBaseOffset;
    if( m_poExternalDS )
    {
        const char* pszOffset = m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(1)->
                            GetMetadataItem("BLOCK_OFFSET_0_0", "TIFF");
        if( pszOffset )
            nOffset = CPLAtoGIntBig(pszOffset);
    }
    CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psArray,
                                    (osPrefix + "offset").c_str(),
                                    CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GUIB, nOffset)),
        "unit", "byte");
    CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psArray, (osPrefix + "axes").c_str(),
                                                (bIsArray2D) ? "2" : "3");
    CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psArray,
                                (osPrefix + "axis_index_order").c_str(),
                                "Last Index Fastest");
    CPLXMLNode* psElementArray = CPLCreateXMLNode(psArray, CXT_Element,
                                    (osPrefix + "Element_Array").c_str());
    GDALDataType eDT = GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType();
    const char* pszDataType =
        (eDT == GDT_Byte) ? "UnsignedByte" :
        (eDT == GDT_UInt16) ? "UnsignedLSB2" :
        (eDT == GDT_Int16) ? (m_bIsLSB ? "SignedLSB2" : "SignedMSB2") :
        (eDT == GDT_UInt32) ? (m_bIsLSB ? "UnsignedLSB4": "UnsignedMSB4") :
        (eDT == GDT_Int32) ? (m_bIsLSB ? "SignedLSB4" : "SignedMSB4") :
        (eDT == GDT_Float32) ? (m_bIsLSB ? "IEEE754LSBSingle" : "IEEE754MSBSingle") :
        (eDT == GDT_Float64) ? (m_bIsLSB ? "IEEE754LSBDouble" : "IEEE754MSBDouble") :
        (eDT == GDT_CFloat32) ?  (m_bIsLSB ? "ComplexLSB8" : "ComplexMSB8") :
        (eDT == GDT_CFloat64) ? (m_bIsLSB ? "ComplexLSB16" : "ComplexMSB16") :
                                "should not happen";
    CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psElementArray,
                                (osPrefix + "data_type").c_str(),
                                pszDataType);

    const char* pszUnits = GetRasterBand(1)->GetUnitType();
    const char* pszUnitsCO = CSLFetchNameValue(m_papszCreationOptions, "UNIT");
    if( pszUnitsCO )
    {
        pszUnits = pszUnitsCO;
    }
    if( pszUnits && pszUnits[0] != 0 )
    {
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psElementArray,
                            (osPrefix + "unit").c_str(),
                            pszUnits);
    }

    int bHasScale = FALSE;
    double dfScale = GetRasterBand(1)->GetScale(&bHasScale);
    if( bHasScale && dfScale != 1.0 )
    {
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psElementArray,
                            (osPrefix + "scaling_factor").c_str(),
                            CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfScale));
    }

    int bHasOffset = FALSE;
    double dfOffset = GetRasterBand(1)->GetOffset(&bHasOffset);
    if( bHasOffset && dfOffset != 1.0 )
    {
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psElementArray,
                            (osPrefix + "value_offset").c_str(),
                            CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfOffset));
    }

    // Axis definitions
    {
        CPLXMLNode* psAxis = CPLCreateXMLNode(psArray, CXT_Element,
                                    (osPrefix + "Axis_Array").c_str());
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psAxis,
                                (osPrefix + "axis_name").c_str(),
                                EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BSQ") ? "Band" :
                                /* EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BIL") ? "Line" : */
                                                                "Line");
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psAxis,
                        (osPrefix + "elements").c_str(),
                        CPLSPrintf("%d",
                            EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BSQ") ? nBands :
                            /* EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BIL") ? nRasterYSize : */
                                                            nRasterYSize
                        ));
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psAxis,
                            (osPrefix + "sequence_number").c_str(), "1");
    }
    {
        CPLXMLNode* psAxis = CPLCreateXMLNode(psArray, CXT_Element,
                                    (osPrefix + "Axis_Array").c_str());
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psAxis,
                                (osPrefix + "axis_name").c_str(),
                                EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BSQ") ? "Line" :
                                EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BIL") ? "Band" :
                                                                "Sample");
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psAxis,
                        (osPrefix + "elements").c_str(),
                        CPLSPrintf("%d",
                            EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BSQ") ? nRasterYSize :
                            EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BIL") ? nBands :
                                                            nRasterXSize
                        ));
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psAxis,
                            (osPrefix + "sequence_number").c_str(), "2");
    }
    if( !bIsArray2D )
    {
        CPLXMLNode* psAxis = CPLCreateXMLNode(psArray, CXT_Element,
                                    (osPrefix + "Axis_Array").c_str());
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psAxis,
                                (osPrefix + "axis_name").c_str(),
                                EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BSQ") ? "Sample" :
                                EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BIL") ? "Sample" :
                                                                "Band");
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psAxis,
                        (osPrefix + "elements").c_str(),
                        CPLSPrintf("%d",
                            EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BSQ") ? nRasterXSize :
                            EQUAL(m_osInterleave, "BIL") ? nRasterXSize :
                                                            nBands
                        ));
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psAxis,
                            (osPrefix + "sequence_number").c_str(), "3");
    }

    int bHasNoData = FALSE;
    double dfNoData = GetRasterBand(1)->GetNoDataValue(&bHasNoData);
    if( psTemplateSpecialConstants )
    {
        CPLAddXMLChild(psArray, psTemplateSpecialConstants);
        if( bHasNoData )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psMC = CPLGetXMLNode(
                psTemplateSpecialConstants,
                (osPrefix + "missing_constant").c_str());
            if( psMC != nullptr )
            {
                if( psMC->psChild && psMC->psChild->eType == CXT_Text )
                {
                    CPLFree( psMC->psChild->pszValue );
                    psMC->psChild->pszValue =
                                CPLStrdup(CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfNoData));
                }
            }
            else
            {
                CPLXMLNode* psSaturatedConstant = CPLGetXMLNode(
                    psTemplateSpecialConstants,
                    (osPrefix + "saturated_constant").c_str());
                psMC = CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(nullptr,
                    (osPrefix + "missing_constant").c_str(),
                    CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfNoData));
                CPLXMLNode* psNext;
                if( psSaturatedConstant )
                {
                    psNext = psSaturatedConstant->psNext;
                    psSaturatedConstant->psNext = psMC;
                }
                else
                {
                    psNext = psTemplateSpecialConstants->psChild;
                    psTemplateSpecialConstants->psChild = psMC;
                }
                psMC->psNext = psNext;
            }
        }
    }
    else if( bHasNoData )
    {
        CPLXMLNode* psSC = CPLCreateXMLNode(psArray, CXT_Element,
                                (osPrefix + "Special_Constants").c_str());
        CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psSC,
                            (osPrefix + "missing_constant").c_str(),
                            CPLSPrintf("%.18g", dfNoData));
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                          WriteVectorLayers()                         */
/************************************************************************/

void PDS4Dataset::WriteVectorLayers(CPLXMLNode* psProduct)
{
    CPLString osPrefix;
    if( STARTS_WITH(psProduct->pszValue, "pds:") )
        osPrefix = "pds:";

    for( auto& poLayer: m_apoLayers )
    {
        if( !poLayer->IsDirtyHeader() )
            continue;

        if( poLayer->GetFeatureCount(false) == 0 )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Writing header for layer %s which has 0 features. "
                     "This is not legal in PDS4",
                     poLayer->GetName());
        }

        if( poLayer->GetRawFieldCount() == 0 )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Writing header for layer %s which has 0 fields. "
                     "This is not legal in PDS4",
                      poLayer->GetName());
        }

        const CPLString osRelativePath(
            CPLExtractRelativePath(
                CPLGetPath(m_osXMLFilename), poLayer->GetFileName(), nullptr));

        bool bFound = false;
        for( CPLXMLNode* psIter = psProduct->psChild;
                psIter != nullptr; psIter = psIter->psNext )
        {
            if( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                strcmp(psIter->pszValue, (osPrefix + "File_Area_Observational").c_str()) == 0 )
            {
                const char* pszFilename = CPLGetXMLValue(psIter,
                            (osPrefix + "File." + osPrefix + "file_name").c_str(),
                            "");
                if( strcmp(pszFilename, osRelativePath) == 0 )
                {
                    poLayer->RefreshFileAreaObservational(psIter);
                    bFound = true;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        if( !bFound )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psFAO = CPLCreateXMLNode(psProduct,
                CXT_Element, (osPrefix + "File_Area_Observational").c_str());
            CPLXMLNode* psFile = CPLCreateXMLNode(psFAO,
                CXT_Element, (osPrefix + "File").c_str());
            CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psFile, (osPrefix + "file_name").c_str(),
                                        osRelativePath);
            poLayer->RefreshFileAreaObservational(psFAO);
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            CreateHeader()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void PDS4Dataset::CreateHeader(CPLXMLNode* psProduct,
                               const char* pszCARTVersion)
{
    CPLString osPrefix;
    if( STARTS_WITH(psProduct->pszValue, "pds:") )
        osPrefix = "pds:";

    OGREnvelope sExtent;
    if( m_oSRS.IsEmpty() && GetLayerCount() >= 1 &&
        GetLayer(0)->GetSpatialRef() != nullptr )
    {
        const auto poSRS = GetLayer(0)->GetSpatialRef();
        if( poSRS )
            m_oSRS = *poSRS;
    }

    if( !m_oSRS.IsEmpty() &&
            CSLFetchNameValue(m_papszCreationOptions, "VAR_TARGET") == nullptr )
    {
        const char* pszTarget = nullptr;
        if( fabs(m_oSRS.GetSemiMajor() - 6378137) < 0.001 * 6378137 )
        {
            pszTarget = "Earth";
            m_papszCreationOptions = CSLSetNameValue(
                m_papszCreationOptions, "VAR_TARGET_TYPE", "Planet");
        }
        else
        {
            const char* pszDatum = m_oSRS.GetAttrValue("DATUM");
            if( pszDatum && STARTS_WITH(pszDatum, "D_") )
            {
                pszTarget = pszDatum + 2;
            }
            else if( pszDatum )
            {
                pszTarget = pszDatum;
            }
        }
        if( pszTarget )
        {
            m_papszCreationOptions = CSLSetNameValue(
                m_papszCreationOptions, "VAR_TARGET", pszTarget);
        }
    }
    SubstituteVariables(psProduct, m_papszCreationOptions);

    // Remove <Discipline_Area>/<disp:Display_Settings> if there is no raster
    if( GetRasterCount() == 0 )
    {
        CPLXMLNode* psDisciplineArea = CPLGetXMLNode(psProduct,
            (osPrefix + "Observation_Area." + osPrefix + "Discipline_Area").c_str());
        if( psDisciplineArea )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psDisplaySettings = CPLGetXMLNode(
                psDisciplineArea, "disp:Display_Settings");
            if( psDisplaySettings )
            {
                CPLRemoveXMLChild(psDisciplineArea, psDisplaySettings);
                CPLDestroyXMLNode(psDisplaySettings);
            }
        }
    }

    // Depending on the version of the DISP schema, Local_Internal_Reference
    // may be in the disp: namespace or the default one.
    const auto GetLocalIdentifierReferenceFromDisciplineArea =
        [](const CPLXMLNode* psDisciplineArea, const char* pszDefault)
    {
        return CPLGetXMLValue(psDisciplineArea,
            "disp:Display_Settings.Local_Internal_Reference."
                                                    "local_identifier_reference",
            CPLGetXMLValue(psDisciplineArea,
                   "disp:Display_Settings.disp:Local_Internal_Reference."
                                                    "local_identifier_reference",
                    pszDefault));
    };

    if( GetRasterCount() || !m_oSRS.IsEmpty() )
    {
        CPLXMLNode* psDisciplineArea = CPLGetXMLNode(psProduct,
            (osPrefix + "Observation_Area." + osPrefix + "Discipline_Area").c_str());
        if( GetRasterCount() && !(m_bGotTransform && !m_oSRS.IsEmpty()) )
        {
            // if we have no georeferencing, strip any existing georeferencing
            // from the template
            if( psDisciplineArea )
            {
                CPLXMLNode* psCart = CPLGetXMLNode(psDisciplineArea, "cart:Cartography");
                if( psCart == nullptr )
                    psCart = CPLGetXMLNode(psDisciplineArea, "Cartography");
                if( psCart )
                {
                    CPLRemoveXMLChild(psDisciplineArea, psCart);
                    CPLDestroyXMLNode(psCart);
                }

                if( CPLGetXMLNode(psDisciplineArea, "sp:Spectral_Characteristics") )
                {
                    const char* pszArrayType = CSLFetchNameValue(m_papszCreationOptions, "ARRAY_TYPE");
                    // The schematron PDS4_SP_1100.sch requires that
                    // sp:local_identifier_reference is used by Array_[2D|3D]_Spectrum/pds:local_identifier
                    if( pszArrayType == nullptr )
                    {
                        m_papszCreationOptions = CSLSetNameValue(
                            m_papszCreationOptions, "ARRAY_TYPE", "Array_3D_Spectrum");
                    }
                    else if( !EQUAL(pszArrayType, "Array_2D_Spectrum") &&
                             !EQUAL(pszArrayType, "Array_3D_Spectrum") )
                    {
                        CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                                 "PDS4_SP_xxxx.sch schematron requires the "
                                 "use of ARRAY_TYPE=Array_2D_Spectrum or "
                                 "Array_3D_Spectrum");
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else
        {
            if( psDisciplineArea == nullptr )
            {
                CPLXMLNode* psTI = CPLGetXMLNode(psProduct,
                    (osPrefix + "Observation_Area." +
                    osPrefix + "Target_Identification").c_str());
                if( psTI == nullptr )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Cannot find Target_Identification element in template");
                    return;
                }
                psDisciplineArea = CPLCreateXMLNode(nullptr, CXT_Element,
                                            (osPrefix + "Discipline_Area").c_str());
                if( psTI->psNext )
                    psDisciplineArea->psNext = psTI->psNext;
                psTI->psNext = psDisciplineArea;
            }
            CPLXMLNode* psCart = CPLGetXMLNode(psDisciplineArea, "cart:Cartography");
            if( psCart == nullptr )
                psCart = CPLGetXMLNode(psDisciplineArea, "Cartography");
            if( psCart == nullptr )
            {
                psCart = CPLCreateXMLNode(psDisciplineArea,
                                        CXT_Element, "cart:Cartography");
                if( CPLGetXMLNode(psProduct, "xmlns:cart") == nullptr )
                {
                    CPLXMLNode* psNS = CPLCreateXMLNode( nullptr, CXT_Attribute,
                                                        "xmlns:cart" );
                    CPLCreateXMLNode(psNS, CXT_Text,
                                    "http://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/cart/v1");
                    CPLAddXMLChild(psProduct, psNS);
                    CPLXMLNode* psSchemaLoc =
                        CPLGetXMLNode(psProduct, "xsi:schemaLocation");
                    if( psSchemaLoc != nullptr && psSchemaLoc->psChild != nullptr &&
                        psSchemaLoc->psChild->pszValue != nullptr )
                    {
                        CPLString osCartSchema;
                        if( strstr(psSchemaLoc->psChild->pszValue, "PDS4_PDS_1800.xsd")  )
                        {
                            // GDAL 2.4
                            osCartSchema = "https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/cart/v1/PDS4_CART_1700.xsd";
                            pszCARTVersion = "1700";
                        }
                        else if( strstr(psSchemaLoc->psChild->pszValue, "PDS4_PDS_1B00.xsd") )
                        {
                            // GDAL 3.0
                            osCartSchema = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nasa-pds-data-dictionaries/ldd-cart/master/build/1.B.0.0/PDS4_CART_1B00.xsd";
                            pszCARTVersion = "1B00";
                        }
                        else if( strstr(psSchemaLoc->psChild->pszValue, "PDS4_PDS_1D00.xsd") )
                        {
                            // GDAL 3.1
                            osCartSchema = "https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/cart/v1/PDS4_CART_1D00_1933.xsd";
                            pszCARTVersion = "1D00_1933";
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            // GDAL 3.4
                            osCartSchema = "https://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/cart/v1/PDS4_CART_" CURRENT_CART_VERSION ".xsd";
                            pszCARTVersion = CURRENT_CART_VERSION;
                        }
                        CPLString osNewVal(psSchemaLoc->psChild->pszValue);
                        osNewVal += " http://pds.nasa.gov/pds4/cart/v1 " + osCartSchema;
                        CPLFree(psSchemaLoc->psChild->pszValue);
                        psSchemaLoc->psChild->pszValue = CPLStrdup(osNewVal);
                    }
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if( psCart->psChild )
                {
                    CPLDestroyXMLNode(psCart->psChild);
                    psCart->psChild = nullptr;
                }
            }

            if( IsCARTVersionGTE(pszCARTVersion, "1900") )
            {
                const char* pszLocalIdentifier = GetLocalIdentifierReferenceFromDisciplineArea(
                    psDisciplineArea,
                    GetRasterCount() == 0 && GetLayerCount() > 0 ?
                        GetLayer(0)->GetName() : "image");
                CPLXMLNode* psLIR = CPLCreateXMLNode(psCart, CXT_Element,
                                        (osPrefix + "Local_Internal_Reference").c_str());
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psLIR,
                            (osPrefix + "local_identifier_reference").c_str(),
                            pszLocalIdentifier);
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psLIR,
                            (osPrefix + "local_reference_type").c_str(),
                            "cartography_parameters_to_image_object");
            }

            WriteGeoreferencing(psCart, pszCARTVersion);
        }

        const char* pszVertDir = CSLFetchNameValue(m_papszCreationOptions,
                                                   "VAR_VERTICAL_DISPLAY_DIRECTION");
        if( pszVertDir )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psVertDirNode = CPLGetXMLNode(psDisciplineArea,
              "disp:Display_Settings.disp:Display_Direction."
              "disp:vertical_display_direction");
            if( psVertDirNode == nullptr )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
                         "PDS4 template lacks a disp:vertical_display_direction element where to write %s",
                         pszVertDir);
            }
            else
            {
                CPLDestroyXMLNode(psVertDirNode->psChild);
                psVertDirNode->psChild = CPLCreateXMLNode(nullptr, CXT_Text, pszVertDir);
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        // Remove Observation_Area.Discipline_Area if it contains only
        // <disp:Display_Settings> or is empty
        CPLXMLNode* psObservationArea = CPLGetXMLNode(psProduct,
            (osPrefix + "Observation_Area").c_str());
        if( psObservationArea )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psDisciplineArea = CPLGetXMLNode(psObservationArea,
                (osPrefix + "Discipline_Area").c_str());
            if( psDisciplineArea &&
                (psDisciplineArea->psChild == nullptr ||
                 (psDisciplineArea->psChild->eType == CXT_Element &&
                  psDisciplineArea->psChild->psNext == nullptr &&
                  strcmp(psDisciplineArea->psChild->pszValue, "disp:Display_Settings") == 0)) )
            {
                CPLRemoveXMLChild(psObservationArea, psDisciplineArea);
                CPLDestroyXMLNode(psDisciplineArea);
            }
        }
    }

    if( m_bStripFileAreaObservationalFromTemplate )
    {
        m_bStripFileAreaObservationalFromTemplate = false;
        CPLXMLNode* psObservationArea = nullptr;
        CPLXMLNode* psPrev = nullptr;
        CPLXMLNode* psTemplateSpecialConstants = nullptr;
        for( CPLXMLNode* psIter = psProduct->psChild; psIter != nullptr; )
        {
            if( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                psIter->pszValue == osPrefix + "Observation_Area" )
            {
                psObservationArea = psIter;
                psPrev = psIter;
                psIter = psIter->psNext;
            }
            else if( psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
                (psIter->pszValue == osPrefix + "File_Area_Observational" ||
                psIter->pszValue == osPrefix + "File_Area_Observational_Supplemental") )
            {
                if( psIter->pszValue == osPrefix + "File_Area_Observational" )
                {
                    psTemplateSpecialConstants = GetSpecialConstants(osPrefix,
                                                                    psIter);
                }
                if( psPrev )
                    psPrev->psNext = psIter->psNext;
                else
                {
                    CPLAssert( psProduct->psChild == psIter );
                    psProduct->psChild = psIter->psNext;
                }
                CPLXMLNode* psNext = psIter->psNext;
                psIter->psNext = nullptr;
                CPLDestroyXMLNode(psIter);
                psIter = psNext;
            }
            else
            {
                psPrev = psIter;
                psIter = psIter->psNext;
            }
        }
        if( psObservationArea == nullptr )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                    "Cannot find Observation_Area in template");
            CPLDestroyXMLNode( psTemplateSpecialConstants );
            return;
        }

        if( GetRasterCount() )
        {
            CPLXMLNode* psFAOPrev = psObservationArea;
            while( psFAOPrev->psNext != nullptr &&
                psFAOPrev->psNext->eType == CXT_Comment )
            {
                psFAOPrev = psFAOPrev->psNext;
            }
            if( psFAOPrev->psNext != nullptr )
            {
                // There may be an optional Reference_List element between
                // Observation_Area and File_Area_Observational
                if( !(psFAOPrev->psNext->eType == CXT_Element &&
                      psFAOPrev->psNext->pszValue == osPrefix + "Reference_List") )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                            "Unexpected content found after Observation_Area in template");
                    CPLDestroyXMLNode( psTemplateSpecialConstants );
                    return;
                }
                psFAOPrev = psFAOPrev->psNext;
                while( psFAOPrev->psNext != nullptr &&
                    psFAOPrev->psNext->eType == CXT_Comment )
                {
                    psFAOPrev = psFAOPrev->psNext;
                }
                if( psFAOPrev->psNext != nullptr )
                {
                    CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                            "Unexpected content found after Reference_List in template");
                    CPLDestroyXMLNode( psTemplateSpecialConstants );
                    return;
                }
            }

            CPLXMLNode* psFAO = CPLCreateXMLNode(nullptr, CXT_Element,
                                (osPrefix + "File_Area_Observational").c_str());
            psFAOPrev->psNext = psFAO;

            CPLXMLNode* psFile = CPLCreateXMLNode(psFAO, CXT_Element,
                                                (osPrefix + "File").c_str());
            CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psFile, (osPrefix + "file_name").c_str(),
                                        CPLGetFilename(m_osImageFilename));
            if( m_bCreatedFromExistingBinaryFile )
            {
                CPLCreateXMLNode(psFile, CXT_Comment, PREEXISTING_BINARY_FILE);
            }
            CPLXMLNode* psDisciplineArea = CPLGetXMLNode(psProduct,
                (osPrefix + "Observation_Area." + osPrefix + "Discipline_Area").c_str());
            const char* pszLocalIdentifier = GetLocalIdentifierReferenceFromDisciplineArea(
                psDisciplineArea, "image");

            if( m_poExternalDS && m_poExternalDS->GetDriver() &&
                EQUAL(m_poExternalDS->GetDriver()->GetDescription(), "GTiff") )
            {
                VSILFILE* fpTemp = VSIFOpenL(m_poExternalDS->GetDescription(), "rb");
                if( fpTemp )
                {
                    GByte abySignature[4] = {0};
                    VSIFReadL(abySignature, 1, 4, fpTemp);
                    VSIFCloseL(fpTemp);
                    const bool bBigTIFF = abySignature[2] == 43 || abySignature[3] == 43;
                    m_osHeaderParsingStandard = bBigTIFF ? BIGTIFF_GEOTIFF_STRING : TIFF_GEOTIFF_STRING;
                    const char* pszOffset = m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand(1)->
                            GetMetadataItem("BLOCK_OFFSET_0_0", "TIFF");
                    if( pszOffset )
                        m_nBaseOffset = CPLAtoGIntBig(pszOffset);
                }
            }

            if( !m_osHeaderParsingStandard.empty() && m_nBaseOffset > 0 )
            {
                CPLXMLNode* psHeader = CPLCreateXMLNode(psFAO, CXT_Element,
                                                (osPrefix + "Header").c_str());
                CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                    CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psHeader,
                        (osPrefix + "offset").c_str(), "0"), "unit", "byte");
                CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(
                    CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psHeader,
                        (osPrefix + "object_length").c_str(),
                        CPLSPrintf(CPL_FRMT_GUIB,
                                   static_cast<GUIntBig>(m_nBaseOffset))),
                    "unit", "byte");
                CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psHeader,
                        (osPrefix + "parsing_standard_id").c_str(),
                        m_osHeaderParsingStandard.c_str());
                if( m_osHeaderParsingStandard == TIFF_GEOTIFF_STRING )
                {
                    CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psHeader,
                        (osPrefix + "description").c_str(),
                        "TIFF/GeoTIFF header. The TIFF/GeoTIFF format is used "
                        "throughout the geospatial and science communities "
                        "to share geographic image data. ");
                }
                else if( m_osHeaderParsingStandard == BIGTIFF_GEOTIFF_STRING )
                {
                    CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psHeader,
                        (osPrefix + "description").c_str(),
                        "BigTIFF/GeoTIFF header. The BigTIFF/GeoTIFF format is used "
                        "throughout the geospatial and science communities "
                        "to share geographic image data. ");
                }
            }

            WriteArray(osPrefix, psFAO, pszLocalIdentifier,
                    psTemplateSpecialConstants);
        }
    }
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             WriteHeader()                            */
/************************************************************************/

void PDS4Dataset::WriteHeader()
{
    const bool bAppend = CPLFetchBool(m_papszCreationOptions, "APPEND_SUBDATASET", false);
    if( bAppend )
    {
        WriteHeaderAppendCase();
        return;
    }

    CPLXMLNode* psRoot;
    if( m_bCreateHeader )
    {
        CPLString osTemplateFilename = CSLFetchNameValueDef(m_papszCreationOptions,
                                                        "TEMPLATE", "");
        if( !osTemplateFilename.empty() )
        {
            if( STARTS_WITH(osTemplateFilename, "http://") ||
                STARTS_WITH(osTemplateFilename, "https://") )
            {
                osTemplateFilename = "/vsicurl_streaming/" + osTemplateFilename;
            }
            psRoot = CPLParseXMLFile(osTemplateFilename);
        }
        else if( !m_osXMLPDS4.empty() )
            psRoot = CPLParseXMLString(m_osXMLPDS4);
        else
        {
            const char* pszDefaultTemplateFilename =
                                    CPLFindFile("gdal", "pds4_template.xml");
            if( pszDefaultTemplateFilename == nullptr )
            {
                CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                        "Cannot find pds4_template.xml and TEMPLATE "
                        "creation option not specified");
                return;
            }
            psRoot = CPLParseXMLFile(pszDefaultTemplateFilename);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        psRoot = CPLParseXMLFile(m_osXMLFilename);
    }
    CPLXMLTreeCloser oCloser(psRoot);
    psRoot = oCloser.get();
    if( psRoot == nullptr )
        return;
    CPLXMLNode* psProduct = CPLGetXMLNode(psRoot, "=Product_Observational");
    if( psProduct == nullptr )
    {
        psProduct = CPLGetXMLNode(psRoot, "=pds:Product_Observational");
    }
    if( psProduct == nullptr )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                 "Cannot find Product_Observational element in template");
        return;
    }

    if( m_bCreateHeader )
    {
        CPLString osCARTVersion(CURRENT_CART_VERSION);
        char* pszXML = CPLSerializeXMLTree(psRoot);
        if( pszXML )
        {
            const char* pszIter = pszXML;
            while( true )
            {
                const char* pszCartSchema = strstr(pszIter, "PDS4_CART_");
                if( pszCartSchema )
                {
                    const char* pszXSDExtension = strstr(pszCartSchema, ".xsd");
                    if( pszXSDExtension && pszXSDExtension - pszCartSchema <= 20 )
                    {
                        osCARTVersion = pszCartSchema + strlen("PDS4_CART_");
                        osCARTVersion.resize(pszXSDExtension - pszCartSchema - strlen("PDS4_CART_"));
                        break;
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        pszIter = pszCartSchema + 1;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    break;
                }
            }

            CPLFree(pszXML);
        }

        CreateHeader(psProduct, osCARTVersion.c_str());
    }

    WriteVectorLayers(psProduct);

    CPLSerializeXMLTreeToFile(psRoot, GetDescription());
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            ICreateLayer()                            */
/************************************************************************/

OGRLayer* PDS4Dataset::ICreateLayer( const char *pszName,
                                OGRSpatialReference * poSpatialRef,
                                OGRwkbGeometryType eGType,
                                char ** papszOptions )
{
    const char* pszTableType = CSLFetchNameValueDef(
        papszOptions, "TABLE_TYPE", "DELIMITED");
    if( !EQUAL(pszTableType, "CHARACTER") &&
        !EQUAL(pszTableType, "BINARY") &&
        !EQUAL(pszTableType, "DELIMITED") )
    {
        return nullptr;
    }

    const char* pszExt = EQUAL(pszTableType, "CHARACTER") ? "dat" :
                         EQUAL(pszTableType, "BINARY") ? "bin" : "csv";

    bool bSameDirectory = CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions,
                                                           "SAME_DIRECTORY",
                                                           "NO"));

    std::string osBasename(pszName);
    for( char& ch: osBasename )
    {
        if( !isalnum(ch) && static_cast<unsigned>(ch) <= 127 )
            ch = '_';
    }

    CPLString osFullFilename;
    if( bSameDirectory )
    {
        osFullFilename = CPLFormFilename( CPLGetPath(m_osXMLFilename.c_str()),
                                          osBasename.c_str(), pszExt );
        VSIStatBufL sStat;
        if( VSIStatL(osFullFilename, &sStat) == 0 )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "%s already exists. Please delete it before, or "
                     "rename the layer",
                     osFullFilename.c_str());
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        CPLString osDirectory = CPLFormFilename(
            CPLGetPath(m_osXMLFilename),
            CPLGetBasename(m_osXMLFilename),
            nullptr);
        VSIStatBufL sStat;
        if( VSIStatL(osDirectory, &sStat) != 0 &&
            VSIMkdir(osDirectory, 0755) != 0 )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Cannot create directory %s", osDirectory.c_str());
            return nullptr;
        }
        osFullFilename = CPLFormFilename( osDirectory, osBasename.c_str(), pszExt );
    }

    if( EQUAL(pszTableType, "DELIMITED") )
    {
        std::unique_ptr<PDS4DelimitedTable> poLayer(
            new PDS4DelimitedTable(this, pszName, osFullFilename));
        if( !poLayer->InitializeNewLayer(poSpatialRef, false, eGType, papszOptions) )
        {
            return nullptr;
        }
        std::unique_ptr<PDS4EditableLayer> poEditableLayer(
            new PDS4EditableLayer(poLayer.release()));
        m_apoLayers.push_back(std::move(poEditableLayer));
    }
    else
    {
        std::unique_ptr<PDS4FixedWidthTable> poLayer(
            EQUAL(pszTableType, "CHARACTER") ?
                static_cast<PDS4FixedWidthTable*>(new PDS4TableCharacter(this, pszName, osFullFilename)):
                static_cast<PDS4FixedWidthTable*>(new PDS4TableBinary(this, pszName, osFullFilename)));
        if( !poLayer->InitializeNewLayer(poSpatialRef, false, eGType, papszOptions) )
        {
            return nullptr;
        }
        std::unique_ptr<PDS4EditableLayer> poEditableLayer(
            new PDS4EditableLayer(poLayer.release()));
        m_apoLayers.push_back(std::move(poEditableLayer));
    }
    return m_apoLayers.back().get();
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           TestCapability()                           */
/************************************************************************/

int PDS4Dataset::TestCapability( const char * pszCap )
{
    if( EQUAL(pszCap,ODsCCreateLayer) )
        return eAccess == GA_Update;
    else if( EQUAL(pszCap,ODsCZGeometries) )
        return TRUE;
    else
        return FALSE;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Create()                                 */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset *PDS4Dataset::Create(const char *pszFilename,
                                 int nXSize, int nYSize, int nBandsIn,
                                 GDALDataType eType, char **papszOptions)
{
    return CreateInternal(pszFilename, nullptr, nXSize, nYSize, nBandsIn,
                          eType, papszOptions);
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                           CreateInternal()                           */
/************************************************************************/

PDS4Dataset *PDS4Dataset::CreateInternal(const char *pszFilename,
                                         GDALDataset* poSrcDS,
                                         int nXSize, int nYSize, int nBandsIn,
                                         GDALDataType eType,
                                         const char * const * papszOptionsIn)
{
    CPLStringList aosOptions(papszOptionsIn);

    if( nXSize == 0 && nYSize == 0 && nBandsIn == 0 && eType == GDT_Unknown )
    {
        // Vector file creation
        PDS4Dataset* poDS = new PDS4Dataset();
        poDS->SetDescription(pszFilename);
        poDS->nRasterXSize = 0;
        poDS->nRasterYSize = 0;
        poDS->eAccess = GA_Update;
        poDS->m_osXMLFilename = pszFilename;
        poDS->m_bCreateHeader = true;
        poDS->m_bStripFileAreaObservationalFromTemplate = true;
        poDS->m_papszCreationOptions = CSLDuplicate(aosOptions.List());
        poDS->m_bUseSrcLabel = aosOptions.FetchBool("USE_SRC_LABEL", true);
        return poDS;
    }

    if( nXSize == 0 )
        return nullptr;

    if( !(eType == GDT_Byte || eType == GDT_Int16 || eType == GDT_UInt16 ||
          eType == GDT_Int32 || eType == GDT_UInt32 || eType == GDT_Float32 ||
          eType == GDT_Float64 || eType == GDT_CFloat32 ||
          eType == GDT_CFloat64) )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "The PDS4 driver does not supporting creating files of type %s.",
                 GDALGetDataTypeName( eType ) );
        return nullptr;
    }

    if( nBandsIn == 0 )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Invalid number of bands");
        return nullptr;
    }

    const char* pszArrayType = aosOptions.FetchNameValueDef(
                                    "ARRAY_TYPE", "Array_3D_Image");
    const bool bIsArray2D = STARTS_WITH(pszArrayType, "Array_2D");
    if( nBandsIn > 1 && bIsArray2D )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "ARRAY_TYPE=%s is not supported for a multi-band raster",
                 pszArrayType);
        return nullptr;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Compute pixel, line and band offsets                            */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    const int nItemSize = GDALGetDataTypeSizeBytes(eType);
    int nLineOffset, nPixelOffset;
    vsi_l_offset nBandOffset;

    const char* pszInterleave = aosOptions.FetchNameValueDef("INTERLEAVE", "BSQ");
    if( bIsArray2D )
        pszInterleave = "BIP";

    if( EQUAL(pszInterleave,"BIP") )
    {
        nPixelOffset = nItemSize * nBandsIn;
        if( nPixelOffset > INT_MAX / nBandsIn )
        {
            return nullptr;
        }
        nLineOffset = nPixelOffset * nXSize;
        nBandOffset = nItemSize;
    }
    else if( EQUAL(pszInterleave,"BSQ") )
    {
        nPixelOffset = nItemSize;
        if( nPixelOffset > INT_MAX / nXSize )
        {
            return nullptr;
        }
        nLineOffset = nPixelOffset * nXSize;
        nBandOffset = static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(nLineOffset) * nYSize;
    }
    else if( EQUAL(pszInterleave, "BIL") )
    {
        nPixelOffset = nItemSize;
        if( nPixelOffset > INT_MAX / nBandsIn ||
            nPixelOffset * nBandsIn > INT_MAX / nXSize )
        {
            return nullptr;
        }
        nLineOffset = nItemSize * nBandsIn * nXSize;
        nBandOffset = static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(nItemSize) * nXSize;
    }
    else
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Invalid value for INTERLEAVE");
        return nullptr;
    }

    const char* pszImageFormat = aosOptions.FetchNameValueDef("IMAGE_FORMAT",
                                                       "RAW");
    const char* pszImageExtension = aosOptions.FetchNameValueDef(
        "IMAGE_EXTENSION", EQUAL(pszImageFormat, "RAW") ? "img" : "tif");
    CPLString osImageFilename(aosOptions.FetchNameValueDef(
        "IMAGE_FILENAME", CPLResetExtension(pszFilename, pszImageExtension)));

    const bool bAppend = aosOptions.FetchBool("APPEND_SUBDATASET", false);
    if( bAppend )
    {
        GDALOpenInfo oOpenInfo(pszFilename, GA_ReadOnly);
        auto poExistingPDS4 = static_cast<PDS4Dataset*>(Open(&oOpenInfo));
        if( !poExistingPDS4 )
        {
            return nullptr;
        }
        osImageFilename = poExistingPDS4->m_osImageFilename;
        delete poExistingPDS4;

        auto poImageDS = GDALDataset::FromHandle(
            GDALOpenEx(osImageFilename, GDAL_OF_RASTER,
                       nullptr, nullptr, nullptr));
        if( poImageDS && poImageDS->GetDriver() &&
            EQUAL(poImageDS->GetDriver()->GetDescription(), "GTiff") )
        {
            pszImageFormat = "GEOTIFF";
        }
        delete poImageDS;
    }

    GDALDataset* poExternalDS = nullptr;
    VSILFILE* fpImage = nullptr;
    vsi_l_offset nBaseOffset = 0;
    bool bIsLSB = true;
    CPLString osHeaderParsingStandard;
    const bool bCreateLabelOnly = aosOptions.FetchBool("CREATE_LABEL_ONLY", false);
    if( bCreateLabelOnly )
    {
        if( poSrcDS == nullptr )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "CREATE_LABEL_ONLY is only compatible of CreateCopy() mode");
            return nullptr;
        }
        RawBinaryLayout sLayout;
        if( !poSrcDS->GetRawBinaryLayout(sLayout) )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Source dataset is not compatible of a raw binary format");
            return nullptr;
        }
        if( (nBandsIn > 1 && sLayout.eInterleaving == RawBinaryLayout::Interleaving::UNKNOWN) ||
            (nBandsIn == 1 && !(sLayout.nPixelOffset == nItemSize &&
                              sLayout.nLineOffset == sLayout.nPixelOffset * nXSize)) )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Source dataset has an interleaving not handled in PDS4");
            return nullptr;
        }
        fpImage = VSIFOpenL(sLayout.osRawFilename.c_str(), "rb");
        if( fpImage == nullptr )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                     "Cannot open raw image %s", sLayout.osRawFilename.c_str());
            return nullptr;
        }
        osImageFilename = sLayout.osRawFilename;
        if( nBandsIn == 1 || sLayout.eInterleaving == RawBinaryLayout::Interleaving::BIP )
            pszInterleave = "BIP";
        else if( sLayout.eInterleaving == RawBinaryLayout::Interleaving::BIL )
            pszInterleave = "BIL";
        else
            pszInterleave = "BSQ";
        nBaseOffset = sLayout.nImageOffset;
        nPixelOffset = static_cast<int>(sLayout.nPixelOffset);
        nLineOffset = static_cast<int>(sLayout.nLineOffset);
        nBandOffset = static_cast<vsi_l_offset>(sLayout.nBandOffset);
        bIsLSB = sLayout.bLittleEndianOrder;
        auto poSrcDriver = poSrcDS->GetDriver();
        if( poSrcDriver)
        {
            auto pszDriverName = poSrcDriver->GetDescription();
            if( EQUAL(pszDriverName, "GTiff") )
            {
                GByte abySignature[4] = {0};
                VSIFReadL(abySignature, 1, 4, fpImage);
                const bool bBigTIFF = abySignature[2] == 43 || abySignature[3] == 43;
                osHeaderParsingStandard = bBigTIFF ? BIGTIFF_GEOTIFF_STRING : TIFF_GEOTIFF_STRING;
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszDriverName, "ISIS3") )
            {
                osHeaderParsingStandard = "ISIS3";
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszDriverName, "VICAR") )
            {
                osHeaderParsingStandard = "VICAR2";
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszDriverName, "PDS") )
            {
                osHeaderParsingStandard = "PDS3";
            }
            else if( EQUAL(pszDriverName, "FITS") )
            {
                osHeaderParsingStandard = "FITS 3.0";
                aosOptions.SetNameValue("VAR_VERTICAL_DISPLAY_DIRECTION", "Bottom to Top");
            }
        }
    }
    else if( EQUAL(pszImageFormat, "GEOTIFF") )
    {
        if( EQUAL(pszInterleave, "BIL"))
        {
            if( aosOptions.FetchBool("@INTERLEAVE_ADDED_AUTOMATICALLY", false) )
            {
                pszInterleave = "BSQ";
            }
            else
            {
                CPLError( CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                          "INTERLEAVE=BIL not supported for GeoTIFF in PDS4" );
                return nullptr;
            }
        }
        GDALDriver* poDrv = static_cast<GDALDriver*>(
                                            GDALGetDriverByName("GTiff"));
        if( poDrv == nullptr )
        {
            CPLError( CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                      "Cannot find GTiff driver" );
            return nullptr;
        }
        char** papszGTiffOptions = nullptr;
#ifdef notdef
        // In practice I can't see which option we can really use
        const char* pszGTiffOptions = CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions,
                                                    "GEOTIFF_OPTIONS", "");
        char** papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString2( pszGTiffOptions, ",", 0 );
        if( CPLFetchBool(papszTokens, "TILED", false) )
        {
            CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
            CPLError( CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                      "Tiled GeoTIFF is not supported for PDS4" );
            return NULL;
        }
        if( !EQUAL(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszTokens, "COMPRESS", "NONE"), "NONE") )
        {
            CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
            CPLError( CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                      "Compressed GeoTIFF is not supported for PDS4" );
            return NULL;
        }
        papszGTiffOptions = CSLSetNameValue(papszGTiffOptions,
                                            "ENDIANNESS", "LITTLE");
        for( int i = 0; papszTokens[i] != NULL; i++ )
        {
            papszGTiffOptions = CSLAddString(papszGTiffOptions,
                                             papszTokens[i]);
        }
        CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
#endif

        papszGTiffOptions = CSLSetNameValue(papszGTiffOptions,
                "INTERLEAVE", EQUAL(pszInterleave, "BSQ") ? "BAND" : "PIXEL");
        // Will make sure that our blocks at nodata are not optimized
        // away but indeed well written
        papszGTiffOptions = CSLSetNameValue(papszGTiffOptions,
                                "@WRITE_EMPTY_TILES_SYNCHRONOUSLY", "YES");
        if( nBandsIn > 1 && EQUAL(pszInterleave, "BSQ") )
        {
            papszGTiffOptions = CSLSetNameValue(papszGTiffOptions,
                                                "BLOCKYSIZE", "1");
        }

        if( bAppend )
        {
            papszGTiffOptions = CSLAddString(
                papszGTiffOptions, "APPEND_SUBDATASET=YES");
        }

        poExternalDS = poDrv->Create( osImageFilename, nXSize, nYSize,
                                      nBandsIn,
                                      eType, papszGTiffOptions );
        CSLDestroy(papszGTiffOptions);
        if( poExternalDS == nullptr )
        {
            CPLError( CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO,
                      "Cannot create %s",
                      osImageFilename.c_str() );
            return nullptr;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        fpImage = VSIFOpenL(osImageFilename, bAppend ? "rb+" : "wb");
        if( fpImage == nullptr )
        {
            CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_FileIO, "Cannot create %s",
                    osImageFilename.c_str());
            return nullptr;
        }
        if( bAppend )
        {
            VSIFSeekL(fpImage, 0, SEEK_END);
            nBaseOffset = VSIFTellL(fpImage);
        }
    }

    PDS4Dataset* poDS = new PDS4Dataset();
    poDS->SetDescription(pszFilename);
    poDS->m_bMustInitImageFile = true;
    poDS->m_fpImage = fpImage;
    poDS->m_nBaseOffset = nBaseOffset;
    poDS->m_poExternalDS = poExternalDS;
    poDS->nRasterXSize = nXSize;
    poDS->nRasterYSize = nYSize;
    poDS->eAccess = GA_Update;
    poDS->m_osImageFilename = osImageFilename;
    poDS->m_bCreateHeader = true;
    poDS->m_bStripFileAreaObservationalFromTemplate = true;
    poDS->m_osInterleave = pszInterleave;
    poDS->m_papszCreationOptions = CSLDuplicate(aosOptions.List());
    poDS->m_bUseSrcLabel = aosOptions.FetchBool("USE_SRC_LABEL", true);
    poDS->m_bIsLSB = bIsLSB;
    poDS->m_osHeaderParsingStandard = osHeaderParsingStandard;
    poDS->m_bCreatedFromExistingBinaryFile = bCreateLabelOnly;

    if( EQUAL(pszInterleave, "BIP") )
    {
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("INTERLEAVE", "PIXEL",
                                           "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
    }
    else if( EQUAL(pszInterleave, "BSQ") )
    {
        poDS->GDALDataset::SetMetadataItem("INTERLEAVE", "BAND",
                                           "IMAGE_STRUCTURE");
    }

    for( int i = 0; i < nBandsIn; i++ )
    {
        if( poDS->m_poExternalDS != nullptr )
        {
            PDS4WrapperRasterBand* poBand =
                new PDS4WrapperRasterBand(
                            poDS->m_poExternalDS->GetRasterBand( i+1 ) );
            poDS->SetBand(i+1, poBand);
        }
        else
        {
            PDS4RawRasterBand *poBand = new
                    PDS4RawRasterBand(poDS, i+1, poDS->m_fpImage,
                                        poDS->m_nBaseOffset + nBandOffset * i,
                                        nPixelOffset,
                                        nLineOffset,
                                        eType,
#ifdef CPL_LSB
                                        poDS->m_bIsLSB
#else
                                        !(poDS->m_bIsLSB)
#endif
            );
            poDS->SetBand(i+1, poBand);
        }
    }

    return poDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                      PDS4GetUnderlyingDataset()                      */
/************************************************************************/

static GDALDataset* PDS4GetUnderlyingDataset( GDALDataset* poSrcDS )
{
    if( poSrcDS->GetDriver() != nullptr &&
        poSrcDS->GetDriver() == GDALGetDriverByName("VRT") )
    {
        VRTDataset* poVRTDS = reinterpret_cast<VRTDataset* >(poSrcDS);
        poSrcDS = poVRTDS->GetSingleSimpleSource();
    }

    return poSrcDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                            CreateCopy()                              */
/************************************************************************/

GDALDataset* PDS4Dataset::CreateCopy( const char *pszFilename,
                                       GDALDataset *poSrcDS,
                                       int bStrict,
                                       char ** papszOptions,
                                       GDALProgressFunc pfnProgress,
                                       void * pProgressData )
{
    const char* pszImageFormat = CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions,
                                                       "IMAGE_FORMAT",
                                                       "RAW");
    GDALDataset* poSrcUnderlyingDS = PDS4GetUnderlyingDataset(poSrcDS);
    if( poSrcUnderlyingDS == nullptr )
        poSrcUnderlyingDS = poSrcDS;
    if( EQUAL(pszImageFormat, "GEOTIFF") &&
        strcmp(poSrcUnderlyingDS->GetDescription(),
               CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "IMAGE_FILENAME",
                                CPLResetExtension(pszFilename, "tif"))) == 0 )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                 "Output file has same name as input file");
        return nullptr;
    }
    if( poSrcDS->GetRasterCount() == 0 )
    {
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported, "Unsupported band count");
        return nullptr;
    }

    const bool bAppend = CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "APPEND_SUBDATASET", false);
    if( bAppend )
    {
        GDALOpenInfo oOpenInfo(pszFilename, GA_ReadOnly);
        GDALDataset* poExistingDS = Open(&oOpenInfo);
        if( poExistingDS )
        {
            double adfExistingGT[6] = { 0.0 };
            const bool bExistingHasGT =
                poExistingDS->GetGeoTransform(adfExistingGT) == CE_None;
            double adfGeoTransform[6] = { 0.0 };
            const bool bSrcHasGT =
                poSrcDS->GetGeoTransform( adfGeoTransform ) == CE_None;

            OGRSpatialReference oExistingSRS;
            OGRSpatialReference oSrcSRS;
            const char* pszExistingSRS = poExistingDS->GetProjectionRef();
            const char* pszSrcSRS = poSrcDS->GetProjectionRef();
            CPLString osExistingProj4;
            if( pszExistingSRS && pszExistingSRS[0] )
            {
                oExistingSRS.SetFromUserInput(pszExistingSRS, OGRSpatialReference::SET_FROM_USER_INPUT_LIMITATIONS_get());
                char* pszExistingProj4 = nullptr;
                oExistingSRS.exportToProj4(&pszExistingProj4);
                if( pszExistingProj4 )
                    osExistingProj4 = pszExistingProj4;
                CPLFree(pszExistingProj4);
            }
            CPLString osSrcProj4;
            if( pszSrcSRS && pszSrcSRS[0] )
            {
                oSrcSRS.SetFromUserInput(pszSrcSRS, OGRSpatialReference::SET_FROM_USER_INPUT_LIMITATIONS_get());
                char* pszSrcProj4 = nullptr;
                oSrcSRS.exportToProj4(&pszSrcProj4);
                if( pszSrcProj4 )
                    osSrcProj4 = pszSrcProj4;
                CPLFree(pszSrcProj4);
            }

            delete poExistingDS;

            const auto maxRelErrorGT = [](const double adfGT1[6], const double adfGT2[6])
            {
                double maxRelError = 0.0;
                for( int i = 0; i < 6; i++ )
                {
                    if( adfGT1[i] == 0.0 )
                    {
                        maxRelError = std::max(maxRelError, std::abs(adfGT2[i]));
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        maxRelError = std::max(maxRelError,
                            std::abs(adfGT2[i] - adfGT1[i]) / std::abs(adfGT1[i]));
                    }
                }
                return maxRelError;
            };

            if( (bExistingHasGT && !bSrcHasGT) || (!bExistingHasGT && bSrcHasGT) ||
                (bExistingHasGT && bSrcHasGT &&
                maxRelErrorGT(adfExistingGT, adfGeoTransform) > 1e-10) )
            {
                CPLError(bStrict ? CE_Failure : CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                         "Appending to a dataset with a different "
                         "geotransform is not supported");
                if( bStrict )
                    return nullptr;
            }
            // Do proj string comparison, as it is unlikely that OGRSpatialReference::IsSame()
            // will lead to identical reasons due to PDS changing CRS names, etc...
            if( osExistingProj4 != osSrcProj4 )
            {
                CPLError(bStrict ? CE_Failure : CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
                         "Appending to a dataset with a different "
                         "coordinate reference system is not supported");
                if( bStrict )
                    return nullptr;
            }
        }
    }

    const int nXSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterXSize();
    const int nYSize = poSrcDS->GetRasterYSize();
    const int nBands = poSrcDS->GetRasterCount();
    GDALDataType eType = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(1)->GetRasterDataType();
    PDS4Dataset *poDS = CreateInternal(
        pszFilename, poSrcDS, nXSize, nYSize, nBands, eType, papszOptions );
    if( poDS == nullptr )
        return nullptr;

    double adfGeoTransform[6] = { 0.0 };
    if( poSrcDS->GetGeoTransform( adfGeoTransform ) == CE_None
        && (adfGeoTransform[0] != 0.0
            || adfGeoTransform[1] != 1.0
            || adfGeoTransform[2] != 0.0
            || adfGeoTransform[3] != 0.0
            || adfGeoTransform[4] != 0.0
            || adfGeoTransform[5] != 1.0) )
    {
        poDS->SetGeoTransform( adfGeoTransform );
    }

    if( poSrcDS->GetProjectionRef() != nullptr
        && strlen(poSrcDS->GetProjectionRef()) > 0 )
    {
        poDS->SetProjection( poSrcDS->GetProjectionRef() );
    }

    for(int i=1;i<=nBands;i++)
    {
        int bHasNoData = false;
        const double dfNoData = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(i)->GetNoDataValue(&bHasNoData);
        if( bHasNoData )
            poDS->GetRasterBand(i)->SetNoDataValue(dfNoData);

        const double dfOffset = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(i)->GetOffset();
        if( dfOffset != 0.0 )
            poDS->GetRasterBand(i)->SetOffset(dfOffset);

        const double dfScale = poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(i)->GetScale();
        if( dfScale != 1.0 )
            poDS->GetRasterBand(i)->SetScale(dfScale);

        poDS->GetRasterBand(i)->SetUnitType(
            poSrcDS->GetRasterBand(i)->GetUnitType());
    }

    if( poDS->m_bUseSrcLabel )
    {
        char** papszMD_PDS4 = poSrcDS->GetMetadata("xml:PDS4");
        if( papszMD_PDS4 != nullptr )
        {
            poDS->SetMetadata( papszMD_PDS4, "xml:PDS4" );
        }
    }

    if( poDS->m_poExternalDS == nullptr )
    {
        // We don't need to initialize the imagery as we are going to copy it
        // completely
        poDS->m_bMustInitImageFile = false;
    }

    if( !CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "CREATE_LABEL_ONLY", false) )
    {
        CPLErr eErr = GDALDatasetCopyWholeRaster( poSrcDS, poDS,
                                           nullptr, pfnProgress, pProgressData );
        poDS->FlushCache(false);
        if( eErr != CE_None )
        {
            delete poDS;
            return nullptr;
        }

        char **papszISIS3MD = poSrcDS->GetMetadata("json:ISIS3");
        if( papszISIS3MD )
        {
            poDS->SetMetadata( papszISIS3MD, "json:ISIS3");
        }
    }

    return poDS;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                             Delete()                                 */
/************************************************************************/

CPLErr PDS4Dataset::Delete( const char * pszFilename )

{
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Collect file list.                                              */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    GDALOpenInfo oOpenInfo(pszFilename, GA_ReadOnly);
    auto poDS = std::unique_ptr<PDS4Dataset>(PDS4Dataset::OpenInternal(&oOpenInfo));
    if( poDS == nullptr )
    {
        if( CPLGetLastErrorNo() == 0 )
            CPLError( CE_Failure, CPLE_OpenFailed,
                      "Unable to open %s to obtain file list.", pszFilename );

        return CE_Failure;
    }

    char **papszFileList = poDS->GetFileList();
    CPLString osImageFilename = poDS->m_osImageFilename;
    bool bCreatedFromExistingBinaryFile = poDS->m_bCreatedFromExistingBinaryFile;

    poDS.reset();

    if( CSLCount( papszFileList ) == 0 )
    {
        CPLError( CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
                  "Unable to determine files associated with %s, "
                  "delete fails.", pszFilename );
        CSLDestroy( papszFileList );
        return CE_Failure;
    }

/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/*      Delete all files.                                               */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    CPLErr eErr = CE_None;
    for( int i = 0; papszFileList[i] != nullptr; ++i )
    {
        if( bCreatedFromExistingBinaryFile &&
            EQUAL(papszFileList[i], osImageFilename) )
        {
            continue;
        }
        if( VSIUnlink( papszFileList[i] ) != 0 )
        {
            CPLError( CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
                      "Deleting %s failed:\n%s",
                      papszFileList[i],
                      VSIStrerror(errno) );
            eErr = CE_Failure;
        }
    }

    CSLDestroy( papszFileList );

    return eErr;
}

/************************************************************************/
/*                         GDALRegister_PDS4()                          */
/************************************************************************/

void GDALRegister_PDS4()

{
    if( GDALGetDriverByName( "PDS4" ) != nullptr )
        return;

    GDALDriver *poDriver = new GDALDriver();

    poDriver->SetDescription( "PDS4" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_VECTOR, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_RASTER, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_CREATE_LAYER, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_CREATE_FIELD, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_DELETE_FIELD, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_REORDER_FIELDS, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_ALTER_FIELD_DEFN_FLAGS, "Name Type WidthPrecision" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_Z_GEOMETRIES, "YES" );

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_LONGNAME,
                               "NASA Planetary Data System 4" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_HELPTOPIC,
                               "drivers/raster/pds4.html" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_EXTENSION, "xml" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_CREATIONDATATYPES,
                               "Byte UInt16 Int16 UInt32 Int32 Float32 "
                               "Float64 CFloat32 CFloat64" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_OPENOPTIONLIST, "<OpenOptionList/>");
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DCAP_VIRTUALIO, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_SUBDATASETS, "YES" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_SUPPORTED_SQL_DIALECTS, "OGRSQL SQLITE" );

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_OPENOPTIONLIST,
"<OpenOptionList>"
"  <Option name='LAT' type='string' scope='vector' description="
                    "'Name of a field containing a Latitude value' default='Latitude'/>"
"  <Option name='LONG' type='string' scope='vector' description="
                    "'Name of a field containing a Longitude value' default='Longitude'/>"
"  <Option name='ALT' type='string' scope='vector' description="
                    "'Name of a field containing a Altitude value' default='Altitude'/>"
"  <Option name='WKT' type='string' scope='vector' description="
                    "'Name of a field containing a geometry encoded in the WKT format' default='WKT'/>"
"  <Option name='KEEP_GEOM_COLUMNS' scope='vector' type='boolean' description="
                    "'whether to add original x/y/geometry columns as regular fields.' default='NO' />"
"</OpenOptionList>" );

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_CREATIONOPTIONLIST,
"<CreationOptionList>"
"  <Option name='IMAGE_FILENAME' type='string' scope='raster' description="
                    "'Image filename'/>"
"  <Option name='IMAGE_EXTENSION' type='string' scope='raster' description="
                    "'Extension of the binary raw/geotiff file'/>"
"  <Option name='CREATE_LABEL_ONLY' scope='raster' type='boolean' description="
                    "'whether to create only the XML label when converting from an existing raw format.' default='NO' />"
"  <Option name='IMAGE_FORMAT' type='string-select' scope='raster' "
                    "description='Format of the image file' default='RAW'>"
"     <Value>RAW</Value>"
"     <Value>GEOTIFF</Value>"
"  </Option>"
#ifdef notdef
"  <Option name='GEOTIFF_OPTIONS' type='string' scope='raster' "
    "description='Comma separated list of KEY=VALUE tuples to forward "
    "to the GeoTIFF driver'/>"
#endif
"  <Option name='INTERLEAVE' type='string-select' scope='raster' description="
                    "'Pixel organization' default='BSQ'>"
"     <Value>BSQ</Value>"
"     <Value>BIP</Value>"
"     <Value>BIL</Value>"
"  </Option>"
"  <Option name='VAR_*' type='string' scope='raster,vector' description="
                    "'Value to substitute to a variable in the template'/>"
"  <Option name='TEMPLATE' type='string' scope='raster,vector' description="
                    "'.xml template to use'/>"
"  <Option name='USE_SRC_LABEL' type='boolean' scope='raster' "
    "description='Whether to use source label in PDS4 to PDS4 conversions' "
    "default='YES'/>"
"  <Option name='LATITUDE_TYPE' type='string-select' scope='raster,vector' "
    "description='Value of latitude_type' default='Planetocentric'>"
"     <Value>Planetocentric</Value>"
"     <Value>Planetographic</Value>"
"  </Option>"
"  <Option name='LONGITUDE_DIRECTION' type='string-select' scope='raster,vector' "
    "description='Value of longitude_direction' "
    "default='Positive East'>"
"     <Value>Positive East</Value>"
"     <Value>Positive West</Value>"
"  </Option>"
"  <Option name='RADII' type='string' scope='raster,vector' description='Value of form "
    "semi_major_radius,semi_minor_radius to override the ones of the SRS'/>"
"  <Option name='ARRAY_TYPE' type='string-select' scope='raster' description='Name of the "
            "Array XML element' default='Array_3D_Image'>"
"     <Value>Array</Value>"
"     <Value>Array_2D</Value>"
"     <Value>Array_2D_Image</Value>"
"     <Value>Array_2D_Map</Value>"
"     <Value>Array_2D_Spectrum</Value>"
"     <Value>Array_3D</Value>"
"     <Value>Array_3D_Image</Value>"
"     <Value>Array_3D_Movie</Value>"
"     <Value>Array_3D_Spectrum</Value>"
"  </Option>"
"  <Option name='ARRAY_IDENTIFIER' type='string' scope='raster' "
    "description='Identifier to put in the Array element'/>"
"  <Option name='UNIT' type='string' scope='raster' "
    "description='Name of the unit of the array elements'/>"
"  <Option name='BOUNDING_DEGREES' type='string' scope='raster,vector' "
    "description='Manually set bounding box with the syntax "
    "west_lon,south_lat,east_lon,north_lat'/>"
"</CreationOptionList>" );

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DS_LAYER_CREATIONOPTIONLIST,
"<LayerCreationOptionList>"
"  <Option name='TABLE_TYPE' type='string-select' description='Type of table' default='DELIMITED'>"
"     <Value>DELIMITED</Value>"
"     <Value>CHARACTER</Value>"
"     <Value>BINARY</Value>"
"  </Option>"
"  <Option name='LINE_ENDING' type='string-select' description="
    "'end-of-line sequence. Only applies for TABLE_TYPE=DELIMITED/CHARACTER' "
    "default='CRLF'>"
"    <Value>CRLF</Value>"
"    <Value>LF</Value>"
"  </Option>"
"  <Option name='GEOM_COLUMNS' type='string-select' description='How geometry is encoded' default='AUTO'>"
"     <Value>AUTO</Value>"
"     <Value>WKT</Value>"
"     <Value>LONG_LAT</Value>"
"  </Option>"
"  <Option name='CREATE_VRT' type='boolean' description='Whether to generate "
        "a OGR VRT file. Only applies for TABLE_TYPE=DELIMITED' default='YES'/>"
"  <Option name='LAT' type='string' description="
                    "'Name of a field containing a Latitude value' default='Latitude'/>"
"  <Option name='LONG' type='string' description="
                    "'Name of a field containing a Longitude value' default='Longitude'/>"
"  <Option name='ALT' type='string' description="
                    "'Name of a field containing a Altitude value' default='Altitude'/>"
"  <Option name='WKT' type='string' description="
                    "'Name of a field containing a WKT value' default='WKT'/>"
"  <Option name='SAME_DIRECTORY' type='boolean' description="
                    "'Whether table files should be created in the same "
                    "directory, or in a subdirectory' default='NO'/>"
"</LayerCreationOptionList>");

    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_CREATIONFIELDDATATYPES, "Integer Integer64 Real String Date DateTime Time" );
    poDriver->SetMetadataItem( GDAL_DMD_CREATIONFIELDDATASUBTYPES, "Boolean" );

    poDriver->pfnOpen = PDS4Dataset::Open;
    poDriver->pfnIdentify = PDS4Dataset::Identify;
    poDriver->pfnCreate = PDS4Dataset::Create;
    poDriver->pfnCreateCopy = PDS4Dataset::CreateCopy;
    poDriver->pfnDelete = PDS4Dataset::Delete;

    GetGDALDriverManager()->RegisterDriver( poDriver );
}
