sqlglot.dialects.duckdb API documentation

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# sqlglot.dialects.duckdb

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       1from __future__ import annotations
       2
       3import typing as t
       4
       5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
       6
       7from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
       8    Dialect,
       9    JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE,
      10    NormalizationStrategy,
      11    Version,
      12    approx_count_distinct_sql,
      13    arrow_json_extract_sql,
      14    binary_from_function,
      15    bool_xor_sql,
      16    build_default_decimal_type,
      17    count_if_to_sum,
      18    date_delta_to_binary_interval_op,
      19    date_trunc_to_time,
      20    datestrtodate_sql,
      21    no_datetime_sql,
      22    encode_decode_sql,
      23    build_formatted_time,
      24    inline_array_unless_query,
      25    no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
      26    no_time_sql,
      27    no_timestamp_sql,
      28    pivot_column_names,
      29    rename_func,
      30    remove_from_array_using_filter,
      31    strposition_sql,
      32    str_to_time_sql,
      33    timestamptrunc_sql,
      34    timestrtotime_sql,
      35    unit_to_str,
      36    sha256_sql,
      37    build_regexp_extract,
      38    explode_to_unnest_sql,
      39    no_make_interval_sql,
      40    groupconcat_sql,
      41)
      42from sqlglot.generator import unsupported_args
      43from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
      44from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
      45from sqlglot.parser import binary_range_parser
      46
      47
      48# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the DATE function
      49def _date_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Date) -> str:
      50    result = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
      51    zone = self.sql(expression, "zone")
      52
      53    if zone:
      54        date_str = self.func("STRFTIME", result, "'%d/%m/%Y'")
      55        date_str = f"{date_str} || ' ' || {zone}"
      56
      57        # This will create a TIMESTAMP with time zone information
      58        result = self.func("STRPTIME", date_str, "'%d/%m/%Y %Z'")
      59
      60    return result
      61
      62
      63# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the TIME_DIFF function
      64def _timediff_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.TimeDiff) -> str:
      65    this = exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
      66    expr = exp.cast(expression.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIME)
      67
      68    # Although the 2 dialects share similar signatures, BQ seems to inverse
      69    # the sign of the result so the start/end time operands are flipped
      70    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(expression), expr, this)
      71
      72
      73@unsupported_args(("expression", "DuckDB's ARRAY_SORT does not support a comparator."))
      74def _array_sort_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.ArraySort) -> str:
      75    return self.func("ARRAY_SORT", expression.this)
      76
      77
      78def _sort_array_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
      79    name = "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT" if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false() else "ARRAY_SORT"
      80    return self.func(name, expression.this)
      81
      82
      83def _build_sort_array_desc(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
      84    return exp.SortArray(this=seq_get(args, 0), asc=exp.false())
      85
      86
      87def _build_date_diff(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
      88    return exp.DateDiff(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
      89
      90
      91def _build_generate_series(end_exclusive: bool = False) -> t.Callable[[t.List], exp.GenerateSeries]:
      92    def _builder(args: t.List) -> exp.GenerateSeries:
      93        # Check https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/functions/nested.html#range-functions
      94        if len(args) == 1:
      95            # DuckDB uses 0 as a default for the series' start when it's omitted
      96            args.insert(0, exp.Literal.number("0"))
      97
      98        gen_series = exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list(args)
      99        gen_series.set("is_end_exclusive", end_exclusive)
     100
     101        return gen_series
     102
     103    return _builder
     104
     105
     106def _build_make_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
     107    if len(args) == 1:
     108        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS)
     109
     110    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
     111        year=seq_get(args, 0),
     112        month=seq_get(args, 1),
     113        day=seq_get(args, 2),
     114        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
     115        min=seq_get(args, 4),
     116        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
     117    )
     118
     119
     120def _show_parser(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Callable[[DuckDB.Parser], exp.Show]:
     121    def _parse(self: DuckDB.Parser) -> exp.Show:
     122        return self._parse_show_duckdb(*args, **kwargs)
     123
     124    return _parse
     125
     126
     127def _struct_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
     128    args: t.List[str] = []
     129
     130    # BigQuery allows inline construction such as "STRUCT<a STRING, b INTEGER>('str', 1)" which is
     131    # canonicalized to "ROW('str', 1) AS STRUCT(a TEXT, b INT)" in DuckDB
     132    # The transformation to ROW will take place if:
     133    #  1. The STRUCT itself does not have proper fields (key := value) as a "proper" STRUCT would
     134    #  2. A cast to STRUCT / ARRAY of STRUCTs is found
     135    ancestor_cast = expression.find_ancestor(exp.Cast)
     136    is_bq_inline_struct = (
     137        (expression.find(exp.PropertyEQ) is None)
     138        and ancestor_cast
     139        and any(
     140            casted_type.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.STRUCT)
     141            for casted_type in ancestor_cast.find_all(exp.DataType)
     142        )
     143    )
     144
     145    for i, expr in enumerate(expression.expressions):
     146        is_property_eq = isinstance(expr, exp.PropertyEQ)
     147        value = expr.expression if is_property_eq else expr
     148
     149        if is_bq_inline_struct:
     150            args.append(self.sql(value))
     151        else:
     152            if is_property_eq:
     153                if isinstance(expr.this, exp.Identifier):
     154                    key = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(expr.name))
     155                else:
     156                    key = self.sql(expr.this)
     157            else:
     158                key = self.sql(exp.Literal.string(f"_{i}"))
     159
     160            args.append(f"{key}: {self.sql(value)}")
     161
     162    csv_args = ", ".join(args)
     163
     164    return f"ROW({csv_args})" if is_bq_inline_struct else f"{{{csv_args}}}"
     165
     166
     167def _datatype_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
     168    if expression.is_type("array"):
     169        return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[{self.expressions(expression, key='values', flat=True)}]"
     170
     171    # Modifiers are not supported for TIME, [TIME | TIMESTAMP] WITH TIME ZONE
     172    if expression.is_type(
     173        exp.DataType.Type.TIME, exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ
     174    ):
     175        return expression.this.value
     176
     177    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
     178
     179
     180def _json_format_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONFormat) -> str:
     181    sql = self.func("TO_JSON", expression.this, expression.args.get("options"))
     182    return f"CAST({sql} AS TEXT)"
     183
     184
     185def _unix_to_time_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
     186    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
     187    timestamp = expression.this
     188
     189    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
     190        return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
     191    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
     192        return self.func("EPOCH_MS", timestamp)
     193    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
     194        return self.func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP", timestamp)
     195
     196    return self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", exp.Div(this=timestamp, expression=exp.func("POW", 10, scale)))
     197
     198
     199WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS = (exp.Binary, exp.Bracket, exp.In)
     200
     201
     202def _arrow_json_extract_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: JSON_EXTRACT_TYPE) -> str:
     203    arrow_sql = arrow_json_extract_sql(self, expression)
     204    if not expression.same_parent and isinstance(
     205        expression.parent, WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS
     206    ):
     207        arrow_sql = self.wrap(arrow_sql)
     208    return arrow_sql
     209
     210
     211def _implicit_datetime_cast(
     212    arg: t.Optional[exp.Expression], type: exp.DataType.Type = exp.DataType.Type.DATE
     213) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     214    return exp.cast(arg, type) if isinstance(arg, exp.Literal) else arg
     215
     216
     217def _date_diff_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DateDiff) -> str:
     218    this = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.this)
     219    expr = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.expression)
     220
     221    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", unit_to_str(expression), expr, this)
     222
     223
     224def _generate_datetime_array_sql(
     225    self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: t.Union[exp.GenerateDateArray, exp.GenerateTimestampArray]
     226) -> str:
     227    is_generate_date_array = isinstance(expression, exp.GenerateDateArray)
     228
     229    type = exp.DataType.Type.DATE if is_generate_date_array else exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP
     230    start = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.args.get("start"), type=type)
     231    end = _implicit_datetime_cast(expression.args.get("end"), type=type)
     232
     233    # BQ's GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY & GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY are transformed to DuckDB'S GENERATE_SERIES
     234    gen_series: t.Union[exp.GenerateSeries, exp.Cast] = exp.GenerateSeries(
     235        start=start, end=end, step=expression.args.get("step")
     236    )
     237
     238    if is_generate_date_array:
     239        # The GENERATE_SERIES result type is TIMESTAMP array, so to match BQ's semantics for
     240        # GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY we must cast it back to DATE array
     241        gen_series = exp.cast(gen_series, exp.DataType.build("ARRAY<DATE>"))
     242
     243    return self.sql(gen_series)
     244
     245
     246def _json_extract_value_array_sql(
     247    self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONValueArray | exp.JSONExtractArray
     248) -> str:
     249    json_extract = exp.JSONExtract(this=expression.this, expression=expression.expression)
     250    data_type = "ARRAY<STRING>" if isinstance(expression, exp.JSONValueArray) else "ARRAY<JSON>"
     251    return self.sql(exp.cast(json_extract, to=exp.DataType.build(data_type)))
     252
     253
     254class DuckDB(Dialect):
     255    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
     256    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
     257    SAFE_DIVISION = True
     258    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
     259    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
     260    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True
     261    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True
     262    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False
     263    NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED = True
     264
     265    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
     266    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     267
     268    DATE_PART_MAPPING = {
     269        **Dialect.DATE_PART_MAPPING,
     270        "DAYOFWEEKISO": "ISODOW",
     271    }
     272    DATE_PART_MAPPING.pop("WEEKDAY")
     273
     274    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     275        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
     276            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
     277            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
     278            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
     279            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
     280            path_text = path.name
     281            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
     282                return path
     283
     284        return super().to_json_path(path)
     285
     286    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     287        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
     288        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
     289
     290        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
     291        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
     292
     293        KEYWORDS = {
     294            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     295            "//": TokenType.DIV,
     296            "**": TokenType.DSTAR,
     297            "^@": TokenType.CARET_AT,
     298            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
     299            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
     300            "ATTACH": TokenType.ATTACH,
     301            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
     302            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
     303            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     304            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     305            "DATETIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     306            "DETACH": TokenType.DETACH,
     307            "FORCE": TokenType.FORCE,
     308            "INSTALL": TokenType.INSTALL,
     309            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
     310            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
     311            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
     312            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
     313            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
     314            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
     315            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
     316            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
     317            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     318            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
     319            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
     320            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
     321            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     322            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
     323            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
     324            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
     325            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
     326            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     327        }
     328        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     329
     330        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     331            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     332            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     333        }
     334
     335        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
     336
     337    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     338        MAP_KEYS_ARE_ARBITRARY_EXPRESSIONS = True
     339
     340        BITWISE = {
     341            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
     342            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
     343        }
     344        BITWISE.pop(TokenType.CARET)
     345
     346        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     347            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     348            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
     349            TokenType.CARET_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.StartsWith),
     350        }
     351
     352        EXPONENT = {
     353            **parser.Parser.EXPONENT,
     354            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
     355            TokenType.DSTAR: exp.Pow,
     356        }
     357
     358        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
     359
     360        SHOW_PARSERS = {
     361            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     362            "ALL TABLES": _show_parser("ALL TABLES"),
     363        }
     364
     365        FUNCTIONS = {
     366            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     367            "ANY_VALUE": lambda args: exp.IgnoreNulls(this=exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list(args)),
     368            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     369            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     370            "BIT_AND": exp.BitwiseAndAgg.from_arg_list,
     371            "BIT_OR": exp.BitwiseOrAgg.from_arg_list,
     372            "BIT_XOR": exp.BitwiseXorAgg.from_arg_list,
     373            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
     374            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
     375            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     376            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     377            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
     378                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     379            ),
     380            "EDITDIST3": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
     381            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
     382                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     383            ),
     384            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
     385            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
     386                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
     387            ),
     388            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
     389            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
     390            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
     391            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     392            "LIST_CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
     393            "LIST_COSINE_DISTANCE": exp.CosineDistance.from_arg_list,
     394            "LIST_DISTANCE": exp.EuclideanDistance.from_arg_list,
     395            "LIST_FILTER": exp.ArrayFilter.from_arg_list,
     396            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
     397            "LIST_HAS_ANY": exp.ArrayOverlaps.from_arg_list,
     398            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     399            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     400            "LIST_TRANSFORM": exp.Transform.from_arg_list,
     401            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
     402            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
     403            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
     404            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
     405            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
     406            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
     407            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
     408            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
     409            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     410            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
     411                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     412                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     413                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
     414                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
     415            ),
     416            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
     417            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
     418            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     419            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     420            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     421            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
     422            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
     423            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     424            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     425            "TIME_BUCKET": exp.DateBin.from_arg_list,
     426            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
     427            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     428            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     429        }
     430
     431        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
     432        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
     433
     434        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     435            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     436            **dict.fromkeys(
     437                ("GROUP_CONCAT", "LISTAGG", "STRINGAGG"), lambda self: self._parse_string_agg()
     438            ),
     439        }
     440        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
     441
     442        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     443            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     444            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
     445            "@": lambda self: exp.Abs(this=self._parse_bitwise()),
     446        }
     447
     448        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
     449            TokenType.SEMI,
     450            TokenType.ANTI,
     451        }
     452
     453        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
     454            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
     455            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
     456                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
     457                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
     458                else None
     459            ),
     460        }
     461
     462        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
     463            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
     464            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
     465            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
     466            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
     467        }
     468
     469        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     470            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     471            TokenType.ATTACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(),
     472            TokenType.DETACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(is_attach=False),
     473            TokenType.FORCE: lambda self: self._parse_force(),
     474            TokenType.INSTALL: lambda self: self._parse_install(),
     475            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
     476        }
     477
     478        SET_PARSERS = {
     479            **parser.Parser.SET_PARSERS,
     480            "VARIABLE": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_assignment("VARIABLE"),
     481        }
     482
     483        def _parse_lambda(self, alias: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     484            index = self._index
     485            if not self._match_text_seq("LAMBDA"):
     486                return super()._parse_lambda(alias=alias)
     487
     488            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_lambda_arg)
     489            if not self._match(TokenType.COLON):
     490                self._retreat(index)
     491                return None
     492
     493            this = self._replace_lambda(self._parse_assignment(), expressions)
     494            return self.expression(exp.Lambda, this=this, expressions=expressions, colon=True)
     495
     496        def _parse_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     497            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. foo: 1
     498            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
     499                alias = self._parse_id_var(tokens=self.ALIAS_TOKENS)
     500                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
     501                comments = self._prev_comments or []
     502
     503                this = self._parse_assignment()
     504                if isinstance(this, exp.Expression):
     505                    # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: expr /* comment */`
     506                    comments += this.pop_comments() or []
     507
     508                return self.expression(exp.Alias, comments=comments, this=this, alias=alias)
     509
     510            return super()._parse_expression()
     511
     512        def _parse_table(
     513            self,
     514            schema: bool = False,
     515            joins: bool = False,
     516            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     517            parse_bracket: bool = False,
     518            is_db_reference: bool = False,
     519            parse_partition: bool = False,
     520            consume_pipe: bool = False,
     521        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     522            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. FROM foo: bar
     523            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
     524                alias = self._parse_table_alias(
     525                    alias_tokens=alias_tokens or self.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
     526                )
     527                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
     528                comments = self._prev_comments or []
     529            else:
     530                alias = None
     531                comments = []
     532
     533            table = super()._parse_table(
     534                schema=schema,
     535                joins=joins,
     536                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
     537                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
     538                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
     539                parse_partition=parse_partition,
     540            )
     541            if isinstance(table, exp.Expression) and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias):
     542                # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: table /* comment */`
     543                comments += table.pop_comments() or []
     544                alias.comments = alias.pop_comments() + comments
     545                table.set("alias", alias)
     546
     547            return table
     548
     549        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
     550            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
     551            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
     552            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
     553                if sample.args.get("size"):
     554                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     555                else:
     556                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
     557
     558            return sample
     559
     560        def _parse_bracket(
     561            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
     562        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     563            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
     564
     565            if self.dialect.version < Version("1.2.0") and isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
     566                # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
     567                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
     568
     569            return bracket
     570
     571        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
     572            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
     573                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
     574
     575            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
     576            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
     577
     578        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     579            return self._parse_field_def()
     580
     581        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
     582            if len(aggregations) == 1:
     583                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
     584            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
     585
     586        def _parse_attach_detach(self, is_attach=True) -> exp.Attach | exp.Detach:
     587            def _parse_attach_option() -> exp.AttachOption:
     588                return self.expression(
     589                    exp.AttachOption,
     590                    this=self._parse_var(any_token=True),
     591                    expression=self._parse_field(any_token=True),
     592                )
     593
     594            self._match(TokenType.DATABASE)
     595            exists = self._parse_exists(not_=is_attach)
     596            this = self._parse_alias(self._parse_primary_or_var(), explicit=True)
     597
     598            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
     599                expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_attach_option)
     600            else:
     601                expressions = None
     602
     603            return (
     604                self.expression(exp.Attach, this=this, exists=exists, expressions=expressions)
     605                if is_attach
     606                else self.expression(exp.Detach, this=this, exists=exists)
     607            )
     608
     609        def _parse_show_duckdb(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
     610            return self.expression(exp.Show, this=this)
     611
     612        def _parse_force(self) -> exp.Install | exp.Command:
     613            # FORCE can only be followed by INSTALL or CHECKPOINT
     614            # In the case of CHECKPOINT, we fallback
     615            if not self._match(TokenType.INSTALL):
     616                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
     617
     618            return self._parse_install(force=True)
     619
     620        def _parse_install(self, force: bool = False) -> exp.Install:
     621            return self.expression(
     622                exp.Install,
     623                **{  # type: ignore
     624                    "this": self._parse_id_var(),
     625                    "from": self._parse_var_or_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
     626                    "force": force,
     627                },
     628            )
     629
     630        def _parse_primary(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     631            if self._match_pair(TokenType.HASH, TokenType.NUMBER):
     632                return exp.PositionalColumn(this=exp.Literal.number(self._prev.text))
     633
     634            return super()._parse_primary()
     635
     636    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     637        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     638        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
     639        JOIN_HINTS = False
     640        TABLE_HINTS = False
     641        QUERY_HINTS = False
     642        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
     643        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     644        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
     645        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     646        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
     647        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
     648        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     649        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
     650        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     651        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
     652        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     653        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
     654        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
     655        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
     656        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     657        SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE = True
     658        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
     659        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     660        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
     661        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     662        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
     663        NORMALIZE_EXTRACT_DATE_PARTS = True
     664        SUPPORTS_LIKE_QUANTIFIERS = False
     665
     666        TRANSFORMS = {
     667            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     668            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
     669            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
     670            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
     671            exp.ArrayRemove: remove_from_array_using_filter,
     672            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
     673            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
     674            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: lambda self, e: self.func(
     675                "LIST", exp.Distinct(expressions=[e.this])
     676            ),
     677            exp.BitwiseAndAgg: rename_func("BIT_AND"),
     678            exp.BitwiseOrAgg: rename_func("BIT_OR"),
     679            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
     680            exp.BitwiseXorAgg: rename_func("BIT_XOR"),
     681            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     682            exp.CosineDistance: rename_func("LIST_COSINE_DISTANCE"),
     683            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
     684            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
     685            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
     686            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     687            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     688            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
     689            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     690            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
     691            exp.Date: _date_sql,
     692            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     693            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
     694            exp.DateSub: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     695            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
     696            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     697            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
     698            exp.DatetimeSub: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     699            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     700            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
     701            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
     702            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
     703            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
     704            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
     705            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
     706            exp.EuclideanDistance: rename_func("LIST_DISTANCE"),
     707            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     708            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     709            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: groupconcat_sql(self, e, within_group=False),
     710            exp.HexString: lambda self, e: self.hexstring_sql(e, binary_function_repr="FROM_HEX"),
     711            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
     712            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
     713            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
     714            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
     715            exp.JSONBExists: rename_func("JSON_EXISTS"),
     716            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     717            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     718            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     719            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
     720            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     721            exp.Lateral: explode_to_unnest_sql,
     722            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
     723            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
     724            exp.MakeInterval: lambda self, e: no_make_interval_sql(self, e, sep=" "),
     725            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
     726            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
     727                "DATEDIFF",
     728                "'month'",
     729                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     730                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     731            ),
     732            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
     733            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
     734            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
     735            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
     736            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
     737            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
     738                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
     739                e.this,
     740                e.expression,
     741                e.args.get("replacement"),
     742                e.args.get("modifiers"),
     743            ),
     744            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
     745            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.func(
     746                "REGEXP_MATCHES", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string("i")
     747            ),
     748            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
     749            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
     750            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
     751            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     752            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     753            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
     754            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
     755            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
     756            exp.StrPosition: strposition_sql,
     757            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     758                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
     759            ),
     760            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
     761            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
     762            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     763            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
     764            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
     765            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     766            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     767                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
     768            ),
     769            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     770            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
     771            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     772            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     773                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
     774            ),
     775            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     776            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
     777            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
     778            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
     779            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     780            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     781                "DATE_DIFF",
     782                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
     783                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     784                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     785            ),
     786            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     787                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
     788            ),
     789            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
     790                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
     791            ),
     792            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
     793            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
     794            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
     795            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     796            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
     797            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
     798                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN")
     799            ),
     800            exp.JSONObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     801            exp.JSONBObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     802            exp.DateBin: rename_func("TIME_BUCKET"),
     803        }
     804
     805        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     806            exp.JSONPathKey,
     807            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     808            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     809            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
     810        }
     811
     812        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     813            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     814            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
     815            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
     816            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
     817            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
     818            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
     819            exp.DataType.Type.JSONB: "JSON",
     820            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
     821            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
     822            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
     823            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
     824            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
     825            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
     826            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
     827            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
     828            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
     829            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
     830        }
     831
     832        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
     833        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
     834            "array",
     835            "analyse",
     836            "union",
     837            "all",
     838            "when",
     839            "in_p",
     840            "default",
     841            "create_p",
     842            "window",
     843            "asymmetric",
     844            "to",
     845            "else",
     846            "localtime",
     847            "from",
     848            "end_p",
     849            "select",
     850            "current_date",
     851            "foreign",
     852            "with",
     853            "grant",
     854            "session_user",
     855            "or",
     856            "except",
     857            "references",
     858            "fetch",
     859            "limit",
     860            "group_p",
     861            "leading",
     862            "into",
     863            "collate",
     864            "offset",
     865            "do",
     866            "then",
     867            "localtimestamp",
     868            "check_p",
     869            "lateral_p",
     870            "current_role",
     871            "where",
     872            "asc_p",
     873            "placing",
     874            "desc_p",
     875            "user",
     876            "unique",
     877            "initially",
     878            "column",
     879            "both",
     880            "some",
     881            "as",
     882            "any",
     883            "only",
     884            "deferrable",
     885            "null_p",
     886            "current_time",
     887            "true_p",
     888            "table",
     889            "case",
     890            "trailing",
     891            "variadic",
     892            "for",
     893            "on",
     894            "distinct",
     895            "false_p",
     896            "not",
     897            "constraint",
     898            "current_timestamp",
     899            "returning",
     900            "primary",
     901            "intersect",
     902            "having",
     903            "analyze",
     904            "current_user",
     905            "and",
     906            "cast",
     907            "symmetric",
     908            "using",
     909            "order",
     910            "current_catalog",
     911        }
     912
     913        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
     914
     915        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
     916        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
     917        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     918            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
     919            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
     920        }
     921
     922        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
     923        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
     924        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
     925        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
     926        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
     927        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.SequenceProperties] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION
     928
     929        IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS = (
     930            exp.FirstValue,
     931            exp.Lag,
     932            exp.LastValue,
     933            exp.Lead,
     934            exp.NthValue,
     935        )
     936
     937        def lambda_sql(
     938            self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->", wrap: bool = True
     939        ) -> str:
     940            if expression.args.get("colon"):
     941                prefix = "LAMBDA "
     942                arrow_sep = ":"
     943                wrap = False
     944            else:
     945                prefix = ""
     946
     947            lambda_sql = super().lambda_sql(expression, arrow_sep=arrow_sep, wrap=wrap)
     948            return f"{prefix}{lambda_sql}"
     949
     950        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     951            return f"SHOW {expression.name}"
     952
     953        def install_sql(self, expression: exp.Install) -> str:
     954            force = "FORCE " if expression.args.get("force") else ""
     955            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     956            from_clause = expression.args.get("from")
     957            from_clause = f" FROM {from_clause}" if from_clause else ""
     958            return f"{force}INSTALL {this}{from_clause}"
     959
     960        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
     961            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
     962
     963        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
     964            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     965                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     966                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     967            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
     968
     969        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
     970            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     971                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     972                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
     973            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
     974
     975        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
     976            arg = expression.this
     977            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     978                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
     979            return self.func("JSON", arg)
     980
     981        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
     982            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     983            if nano is not None:
     984                expression.set(
     985                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     986                )
     987
     988            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
     989
     990        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     991            sec = expression.args["sec"]
     992
     993            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     994            if milli is not None:
     995                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
     996
     997            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     998            if nano is not None:
     999                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    1000
    1001            if milli or nano:
    1002                expression.set("sec", sec)
    1003
    1004            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    1005
    1006        def tablesample_sql(
    1007            self,
    1008            expression: exp.TableSample,
    1009            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    1010        ) -> str:
    1011            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    1012                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    1013                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    1014
    1015            if expression.args.get("size"):
    1016                method = expression.args.get("method")
    1017                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    1018                    self.unsupported(
    1019                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    1020                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    1021                    )
    1022                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    1023
    1024            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
    1025
    1026        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    1027            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    1028                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1029            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    1030
    1031        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    1032            if (
    1033                not expression.args.get("using")
    1034                and not expression.args.get("on")
    1035                and not expression.method
    1036                and (expression.kind in ("", "INNER", "OUTER"))
    1037            ):
    1038                # Some dialects support `LEFT/INNER JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    1039                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    1040                if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest):
    1041                    return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    1042
    1043                expression.args.pop("side", None)
    1044                expression.args.pop("kind", None)
    1045
    1046            return super().join_sql(expression)
    1047
    1048        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    1049            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    1050            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    1051                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    1052
    1053            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1054
    1055        def countif_sql(self, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    1056            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1057                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1058
    1059            # https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/pull/4749
    1060            return count_if_to_sum(self, expression)
    1061
    1062        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    1063            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1064                return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1065
    1066            # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
    1067            this = expression.this
    1068            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    1069                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    1070
    1071            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1072
    1073            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    1074                if not this.type:
    1075                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1076
    1077                    this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1078
    1079                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    1080                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    1081
    1082            return bracket
    1083
    1084        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    1085            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1086
    1087            func = expression.this
    1088            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    1089                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    1090                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    1091                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    1092                if order_col:
    1093                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    1094                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    1095
    1096            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    1097
    1098            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
    1099
    1100        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1101            arg = expression.this
    1102
    1103            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    1104            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    1105            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    1106                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1107
    1108            if not arg.type:
    1109                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1110
    1111                arg = annotate_types(arg, dialect=self.dialect)
    1112
    1113            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1114                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1115
    1116            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    1117            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    1118            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    1119
    1120            case = (
    1121                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    1122                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    1123                .else_(
    1124                    exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    1125                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    1126            )
    1127
    1128            return self.sql(case)
    1129
    1130        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    1131            this = expression.this
    1132            key = expression.args.get("key")
    1133            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    1134            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    1135
    1136            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    1137
    1138            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    1139            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    1140            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    1141                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    1142
    1143            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
    1144
    1145        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1146            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    1147            if explode_array:
    1148                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    1149                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    1150                expression.expressions.append(
    1151                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    1152                )
    1153
    1154                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    1155                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1156                if isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias):
    1157                    expression.set("alias", None)
    1158                    if alias.columns:
    1159                        alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.columns, 0))
    1160
    1161                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1162                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    1163                return self.sql(select)
    1164
    1165            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1166
    1167        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    1168            this = expression.this
    1169
    1170            if isinstance(this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1171                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1172                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    1173                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    1174
    1175            if isinstance(this, exp.First):
    1176                this = exp.AnyValue(this=this.this)
    1177
    1178            if not isinstance(this, exp.AnyValue):
    1179                self.unsupported("IGNORE NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1180
    1181            return self.sql(this)
    1182
    1183        def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str:
    1184            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1185                # DuckDB should render RESPECT NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1186                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... RESPECT NULLS) OVER (...)
    1187                return super().respectnulls_sql(expression)
    1188
    1189            self.unsupported("RESPECT NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1190            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1191
    1192        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1193            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1194            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1195
    1196            if null_text:
    1197                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1198
    1199            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
    1200
    1201        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1202        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1203            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1204            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1205
    1206            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1207            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1208            if (
    1209                not params
    1210                and group
    1211                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1212            ):
    1213                group = None
    1214            return self.func(
    1215                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1216            )
    1217
    1218        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1219        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1220            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1221            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1222                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1223
    1224            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1225            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1226
    1227        def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str:
    1228            self.unsupported("The AUTOINCREMENT column constraint is not supported by DuckDB")
    1229            return ""
    1230
    1231        def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str:
    1232            this = expression.this
    1233            if isinstance(this, exp.Posexplode):
    1234                return self.posexplode_sql(this)
    1235
    1236            return super().aliases_sql(expression)
    1237
    1238        def posexplode_sql(self, expression: exp.Posexplode) -> str:
    1239            this = expression.this
    1240            parent = expression.parent
    1241
    1242            # The default Spark aliases are "pos" and "col", unless specified otherwise
    1243            pos, col = exp.to_identifier("pos"), exp.to_identifier("col")
    1244
    1245            if isinstance(parent, exp.Aliases):
    1246                # Column case: SELECT POSEXPLODE(col) [AS (a, b)]
    1247                pos, col = parent.expressions
    1248            elif isinstance(parent, exp.Table):
    1249                # Table case: SELECT * FROM POSEXPLODE(col) [AS (a, b)]
    1250                alias = parent.args.get("alias")
    1251                if alias:
    1252                    pos, col = alias.columns or [pos, col]
    1253                    alias.pop()
    1254
    1255            # Translate POSEXPLODE to UNNEST + GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS
    1256            # Note: In Spark pos is 0-indexed, but in DuckDB it's 1-indexed, so we subtract 1 from GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS
    1257            unnest_sql = self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[this], alias=col))
    1258            gen_subscripts = self.sql(
    1259                exp.Alias(
    1260                    this=exp.Anonymous(
    1261                        this="GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS", expressions=[this, exp.Literal.number(1)]
    1262                    )
    1263                    - exp.Literal.number(1),
    1264                    alias=pos,
    1265                )
    1266            )
    1267
    1268            posexplode_sql = self.format_args(gen_subscripts, unnest_sql)
    1269
    1270            if isinstance(parent, exp.From) or (parent and isinstance(parent.parent, exp.From)):
    1271                # SELECT * FROM POSEXPLODE(col) -> SELECT * FROM (SELECT GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS(...), UNNEST(...))
    1272                return self.sql(exp.Subquery(this=exp.Select(expressions=[posexplode_sql])))
    1273
    1274            return posexplode_sql
    1275
    1276        def addmonths_sql(self, expression: exp.AddMonths) -> str:
    1277            this = expression.this
    1278
    1279            if not this.type:
    1280                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1281
    1282                this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1283
    1284            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1285                this = exp.Cast(this=this, to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))
    1286
    1287            func = self.func(
    1288                "DATE_ADD", this, exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=exp.var("MONTH"))
    1289            )
    1290
    1291            # DuckDB's DATE_ADD function returns TIMESTAMP/DATETIME by default, even when the input is DATE
    1292            # To match for example Snowflake's ADD_MONTHS behavior (which preserves the input type)
    1293            # We need to cast the result back to the original type when the input is DATE or TIMESTAMPTZ
    1294            # Example: ADD_MONTHS('2023-01-31'::date, 1) should return DATE, not TIMESTAMP
    1295            if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ):
    1296                return self.sql(exp.Cast(this=func, to=this.type))
    1297
    1298            return self.sql(func)
    1299
    1300        def format_sql(self, expression: exp.Format) -> str:
    1301            if expression.name.lower() == "%s" and len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    1302                return self.func("FORMAT", "'{}'", expression.expressions[0])
    1303
    1304            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

WRAPPED_JSON_EXTRACT_EXPRESSIONS = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Binary'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Bracket'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.In'>)
class DuckDB(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

     255class DuckDB(Dialect):
     256    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
     257    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True
     258    SAFE_DIVISION = True
     259    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
     260    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
     261    SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True
     262    SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True
     263    STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False
     264    NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED = True
     265
     266    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
     267    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     268
     269    DATE_PART_MAPPING = {
     270        **Dialect.DATE_PART_MAPPING,
     271        "DAYOFWEEKISO": "ISODOW",
     272    }
     273    DATE_PART_MAPPING.pop("WEEKDAY")
     274
     275    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     276        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
     277            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
     278            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
     279            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
     280            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
     281            path_text = path.name
     282            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
     283                return path
     284
     285        return super().to_json_path(path)
     286
     287    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
     288        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
     289        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
     290
     291        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
     292        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
     293
     294        KEYWORDS = {
     295            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
     296            "//": TokenType.DIV,
     297            "**": TokenType.DSTAR,
     298            "^@": TokenType.CARET_AT,
     299            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
     300            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
     301            "ATTACH": TokenType.ATTACH,
     302            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
     303            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
     304            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     305            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     306            "DATETIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     307            "DETACH": TokenType.DETACH,
     308            "FORCE": TokenType.FORCE,
     309            "INSTALL": TokenType.INSTALL,
     310            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
     311            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
     312            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
     313            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
     314            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
     315            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
     316            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
     317            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
     318            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
     319            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
     320            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
     321            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
     322            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
     323            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
     324            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
     325            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
     326            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
     327            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
     328        }
     329        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
     330
     331        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
     332            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
     333            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
     334        }
     335
     336        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}
     337
     338    class Parser(parser.Parser):
     339        MAP_KEYS_ARE_ARBITRARY_EXPRESSIONS = True
     340
     341        BITWISE = {
     342            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
     343            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
     344        }
     345        BITWISE.pop(TokenType.CARET)
     346
     347        RANGE_PARSERS = {
     348            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
     349            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
     350            TokenType.CARET_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.StartsWith),
     351        }
     352
     353        EXPONENT = {
     354            **parser.Parser.EXPONENT,
     355            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
     356            TokenType.DSTAR: exp.Pow,
     357        }
     358
     359        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
     360
     361        SHOW_PARSERS = {
     362            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
     363            "ALL TABLES": _show_parser("ALL TABLES"),
     364        }
     365
     366        FUNCTIONS = {
     367            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     368            "ANY_VALUE": lambda args: exp.IgnoreNulls(this=exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list(args)),
     369            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     370            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     371            "BIT_AND": exp.BitwiseAndAgg.from_arg_list,
     372            "BIT_OR": exp.BitwiseOrAgg.from_arg_list,
     373            "BIT_XOR": exp.BitwiseXorAgg.from_arg_list,
     374            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
     375            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
     376            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     377            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
     378            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
     379                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     380            ),
     381            "EDITDIST3": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
     382            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
     383                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
     384            ),
     385            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
     386            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
     387                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
     388            ),
     389            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
     390            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
     391            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
     392            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
     393            "LIST_CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
     394            "LIST_COSINE_DISTANCE": exp.CosineDistance.from_arg_list,
     395            "LIST_DISTANCE": exp.EuclideanDistance.from_arg_list,
     396            "LIST_FILTER": exp.ArrayFilter.from_arg_list,
     397            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
     398            "LIST_HAS_ANY": exp.ArrayOverlaps.from_arg_list,
     399            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
     400            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
     401            "LIST_TRANSFORM": exp.Transform.from_arg_list,
     402            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
     403            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
     404            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
     405            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
     406            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
     407            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
     408            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
     409            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
     410            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
     411            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
     412                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     413                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     414                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
     415                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
     416            ),
     417            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
     418            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
     419            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     420            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     421            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     422            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
     423            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
     424            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
     425            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
     426            "TIME_BUCKET": exp.DateBin.from_arg_list,
     427            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
     428            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
     429            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
     430        }
     431
     432        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
     433        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
     434
     435        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     436            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     437            **dict.fromkeys(
     438                ("GROUP_CONCAT", "LISTAGG", "STRINGAGG"), lambda self: self._parse_string_agg()
     439            ),
     440        }
     441        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
     442
     443        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     444            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     445            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
     446            "@": lambda self: exp.Abs(this=self._parse_bitwise()),
     447        }
     448
     449        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
     450            TokenType.SEMI,
     451            TokenType.ANTI,
     452        }
     453
     454        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
     455            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
     456            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
     457                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
     458                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
     459                else None
     460            ),
     461        }
     462
     463        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
     464            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
     465            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
     466            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
     467            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
     468        }
     469
     470        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
     471            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
     472            TokenType.ATTACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(),
     473            TokenType.DETACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(is_attach=False),
     474            TokenType.FORCE: lambda self: self._parse_force(),
     475            TokenType.INSTALL: lambda self: self._parse_install(),
     476            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
     477        }
     478
     479        SET_PARSERS = {
     480            **parser.Parser.SET_PARSERS,
     481            "VARIABLE": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_assignment("VARIABLE"),
     482        }
     483
     484        def _parse_lambda(self, alias: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     485            index = self._index
     486            if not self._match_text_seq("LAMBDA"):
     487                return super()._parse_lambda(alias=alias)
     488
     489            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_lambda_arg)
     490            if not self._match(TokenType.COLON):
     491                self._retreat(index)
     492                return None
     493
     494            this = self._replace_lambda(self._parse_assignment(), expressions)
     495            return self.expression(exp.Lambda, this=this, expressions=expressions, colon=True)
     496
     497        def _parse_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     498            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. foo: 1
     499            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
     500                alias = self._parse_id_var(tokens=self.ALIAS_TOKENS)
     501                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
     502                comments = self._prev_comments or []
     503
     504                this = self._parse_assignment()
     505                if isinstance(this, exp.Expression):
     506                    # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: expr /* comment */`
     507                    comments += this.pop_comments() or []
     508
     509                return self.expression(exp.Alias, comments=comments, this=this, alias=alias)
     510
     511            return super()._parse_expression()
     512
     513        def _parse_table(
     514            self,
     515            schema: bool = False,
     516            joins: bool = False,
     517            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     518            parse_bracket: bool = False,
     519            is_db_reference: bool = False,
     520            parse_partition: bool = False,
     521            consume_pipe: bool = False,
     522        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     523            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. FROM foo: bar
     524            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
     525                alias = self._parse_table_alias(
     526                    alias_tokens=alias_tokens or self.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
     527                )
     528                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
     529                comments = self._prev_comments or []
     530            else:
     531                alias = None
     532                comments = []
     533
     534            table = super()._parse_table(
     535                schema=schema,
     536                joins=joins,
     537                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
     538                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
     539                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
     540                parse_partition=parse_partition,
     541            )
     542            if isinstance(table, exp.Expression) and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias):
     543                # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: table /* comment */`
     544                comments += table.pop_comments() or []
     545                alias.comments = alias.pop_comments() + comments
     546                table.set("alias", alias)
     547
     548            return table
     549
     550        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
     551            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
     552            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
     553            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
     554                if sample.args.get("size"):
     555                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
     556                else:
     557                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
     558
     559            return sample
     560
     561        def _parse_bracket(
     562            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
     563        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     564            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
     565
     566            if self.dialect.version < Version("1.2.0") and isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
     567                # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
     568                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
     569
     570            return bracket
     571
     572        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
     573            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
     574                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
     575
     576            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
     577            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
     578
     579        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     580            return self._parse_field_def()
     581
     582        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
     583            if len(aggregations) == 1:
     584                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
     585            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
     586
     587        def _parse_attach_detach(self, is_attach=True) -> exp.Attach | exp.Detach:
     588            def _parse_attach_option() -> exp.AttachOption:
     589                return self.expression(
     590                    exp.AttachOption,
     591                    this=self._parse_var(any_token=True),
     592                    expression=self._parse_field(any_token=True),
     593                )
     594
     595            self._match(TokenType.DATABASE)
     596            exists = self._parse_exists(not_=is_attach)
     597            this = self._parse_alias(self._parse_primary_or_var(), explicit=True)
     598
     599            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
     600                expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_attach_option)
     601            else:
     602                expressions = None
     603
     604            return (
     605                self.expression(exp.Attach, this=this, exists=exists, expressions=expressions)
     606                if is_attach
     607                else self.expression(exp.Detach, this=this, exists=exists)
     608            )
     609
     610        def _parse_show_duckdb(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
     611            return self.expression(exp.Show, this=this)
     612
     613        def _parse_force(self) -> exp.Install | exp.Command:
     614            # FORCE can only be followed by INSTALL or CHECKPOINT
     615            # In the case of CHECKPOINT, we fallback
     616            if not self._match(TokenType.INSTALL):
     617                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
     618
     619            return self._parse_install(force=True)
     620
     621        def _parse_install(self, force: bool = False) -> exp.Install:
     622            return self.expression(
     623                exp.Install,
     624                **{  # type: ignore
     625                    "this": self._parse_id_var(),
     626                    "from": self._parse_var_or_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
     627                    "force": force,
     628                },
     629            )
     630
     631        def _parse_primary(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     632            if self._match_pair(TokenType.HASH, TokenType.NUMBER):
     633                return exp.PositionalColumn(this=exp.Literal.number(self._prev.text))
     634
     635            return super()._parse_primary()
     636
     637    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     638        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     639        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
     640        JOIN_HINTS = False
     641        TABLE_HINTS = False
     642        QUERY_HINTS = False
     643        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
     644        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     645        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
     646        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     647        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
     648        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
     649        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     650        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
     651        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     652        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
     653        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     654        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
     655        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
     656        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
     657        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     658        SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE = True
     659        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
     660        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     661        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
     662        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     663        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
     664        NORMALIZE_EXTRACT_DATE_PARTS = True
     665        SUPPORTS_LIKE_QUANTIFIERS = False
     666
     667        TRANSFORMS = {
     668            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     669            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
     670            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
     671            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
     672            exp.ArrayRemove: remove_from_array_using_filter,
     673            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
     674            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
     675            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: lambda self, e: self.func(
     676                "LIST", exp.Distinct(expressions=[e.this])
     677            ),
     678            exp.BitwiseAndAgg: rename_func("BIT_AND"),
     679            exp.BitwiseOrAgg: rename_func("BIT_OR"),
     680            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
     681            exp.BitwiseXorAgg: rename_func("BIT_XOR"),
     682            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     683            exp.CosineDistance: rename_func("LIST_COSINE_DISTANCE"),
     684            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
     685            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
     686            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
     687            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     688            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     689            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
     690            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     691            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
     692            exp.Date: _date_sql,
     693            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     694            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
     695            exp.DateSub: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     696            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
     697            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     698            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
     699            exp.DatetimeSub: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     700            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     701            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
     702            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
     703            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
     704            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
     705            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
     706            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
     707            exp.EuclideanDistance: rename_func("LIST_DISTANCE"),
     708            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     709            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     710            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: groupconcat_sql(self, e, within_group=False),
     711            exp.HexString: lambda self, e: self.hexstring_sql(e, binary_function_repr="FROM_HEX"),
     712            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
     713            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
     714            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
     715            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
     716            exp.JSONBExists: rename_func("JSON_EXISTS"),
     717            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     718            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     719            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     720            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
     721            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     722            exp.Lateral: explode_to_unnest_sql,
     723            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
     724            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
     725            exp.MakeInterval: lambda self, e: no_make_interval_sql(self, e, sep=" "),
     726            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
     727            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
     728                "DATEDIFF",
     729                "'month'",
     730                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     731                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     732            ),
     733            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
     734            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
     735            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
     736            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
     737            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
     738            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
     739                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
     740                e.this,
     741                e.expression,
     742                e.args.get("replacement"),
     743                e.args.get("modifiers"),
     744            ),
     745            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
     746            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.func(
     747                "REGEXP_MATCHES", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string("i")
     748            ),
     749            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
     750            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
     751            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
     752            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     753            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     754            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
     755            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
     756            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
     757            exp.StrPosition: strposition_sql,
     758            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     759                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
     760            ),
     761            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
     762            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
     763            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     764            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
     765            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
     766            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     767            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     768                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
     769            ),
     770            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     771            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
     772            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     773            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     774                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
     775            ),
     776            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     777            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
     778            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
     779            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
     780            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     781            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     782                "DATE_DIFF",
     783                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
     784                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     785                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     786            ),
     787            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     788                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
     789            ),
     790            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
     791                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
     792            ),
     793            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
     794            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
     795            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
     796            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     797            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
     798            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
     799                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN")
     800            ),
     801            exp.JSONObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     802            exp.JSONBObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     803            exp.DateBin: rename_func("TIME_BUCKET"),
     804        }
     805
     806        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     807            exp.JSONPathKey,
     808            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     809            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     810            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
     811        }
     812
     813        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     814            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     815            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
     816            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
     817            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
     818            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
     819            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
     820            exp.DataType.Type.JSONB: "JSON",
     821            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
     822            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
     823            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
     824            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
     825            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
     826            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
     827            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
     828            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
     829            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
     830            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
     831        }
     832
     833        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
     834        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
     835            "array",
     836            "analyse",
     837            "union",
     838            "all",
     839            "when",
     840            "in_p",
     841            "default",
     842            "create_p",
     843            "window",
     844            "asymmetric",
     845            "to",
     846            "else",
     847            "localtime",
     848            "from",
     849            "end_p",
     850            "select",
     851            "current_date",
     852            "foreign",
     853            "with",
     854            "grant",
     855            "session_user",
     856            "or",
     857            "except",
     858            "references",
     859            "fetch",
     860            "limit",
     861            "group_p",
     862            "leading",
     863            "into",
     864            "collate",
     865            "offset",
     866            "do",
     867            "then",
     868            "localtimestamp",
     869            "check_p",
     870            "lateral_p",
     871            "current_role",
     872            "where",
     873            "asc_p",
     874            "placing",
     875            "desc_p",
     876            "user",
     877            "unique",
     878            "initially",
     879            "column",
     880            "both",
     881            "some",
     882            "as",
     883            "any",
     884            "only",
     885            "deferrable",
     886            "null_p",
     887            "current_time",
     888            "true_p",
     889            "table",
     890            "case",
     891            "trailing",
     892            "variadic",
     893            "for",
     894            "on",
     895            "distinct",
     896            "false_p",
     897            "not",
     898            "constraint",
     899            "current_timestamp",
     900            "returning",
     901            "primary",
     902            "intersect",
     903            "having",
     904            "analyze",
     905            "current_user",
     906            "and",
     907            "cast",
     908            "symmetric",
     909            "using",
     910            "order",
     911            "current_catalog",
     912        }
     913
     914        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
     915
     916        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
     917        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
     918        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     919            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
     920            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
     921        }
     922
     923        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
     924        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
     925        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
     926        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
     927        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
     928        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.SequenceProperties] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION
     929
     930        IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS = (
     931            exp.FirstValue,
     932            exp.Lag,
     933            exp.LastValue,
     934            exp.Lead,
     935            exp.NthValue,
     936        )
     937
     938        def lambda_sql(
     939            self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->", wrap: bool = True
     940        ) -> str:
     941            if expression.args.get("colon"):
     942                prefix = "LAMBDA "
     943                arrow_sep = ":"
     944                wrap = False
     945            else:
     946                prefix = ""
     947
     948            lambda_sql = super().lambda_sql(expression, arrow_sep=arrow_sep, wrap=wrap)
     949            return f"{prefix}{lambda_sql}"
     950
     951        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     952            return f"SHOW {expression.name}"
     953
     954        def install_sql(self, expression: exp.Install) -> str:
     955            force = "FORCE " if expression.args.get("force") else ""
     956            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     957            from_clause = expression.args.get("from")
     958            from_clause = f" FROM {from_clause}" if from_clause else ""
     959            return f"{force}INSTALL {this}{from_clause}"
     960
     961        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
     962            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
     963
     964        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
     965            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     966                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     967                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     968            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
     969
     970        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
     971            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     972                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     973                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
     974            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
     975
     976        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
     977            arg = expression.this
     978            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     979                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
     980            return self.func("JSON", arg)
     981
     982        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
     983            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     984            if nano is not None:
     985                expression.set(
     986                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     987                )
     988
     989            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
     990
     991        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     992            sec = expression.args["sec"]
     993
     994            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     995            if milli is not None:
     996                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
     997
     998            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     999            if nano is not None:
    1000                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    1001
    1002            if milli or nano:
    1003                expression.set("sec", sec)
    1004
    1005            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    1006
    1007        def tablesample_sql(
    1008            self,
    1009            expression: exp.TableSample,
    1010            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    1011        ) -> str:
    1012            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    1013                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    1014                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    1015
    1016            if expression.args.get("size"):
    1017                method = expression.args.get("method")
    1018                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    1019                    self.unsupported(
    1020                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    1021                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    1022                    )
    1023                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    1024
    1025            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
    1026
    1027        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    1028            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    1029                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1030            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    1031
    1032        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    1033            if (
    1034                not expression.args.get("using")
    1035                and not expression.args.get("on")
    1036                and not expression.method
    1037                and (expression.kind in ("", "INNER", "OUTER"))
    1038            ):
    1039                # Some dialects support `LEFT/INNER JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    1040                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    1041                if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest):
    1042                    return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    1043
    1044                expression.args.pop("side", None)
    1045                expression.args.pop("kind", None)
    1046
    1047            return super().join_sql(expression)
    1048
    1049        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    1050            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    1051            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    1052                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    1053
    1054            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1055
    1056        def countif_sql(self, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    1057            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1058                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1059
    1060            # https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/pull/4749
    1061            return count_if_to_sum(self, expression)
    1062
    1063        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    1064            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1065                return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1066
    1067            # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
    1068            this = expression.this
    1069            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    1070                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    1071
    1072            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1073
    1074            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    1075                if not this.type:
    1076                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1077
    1078                    this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1079
    1080                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    1081                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    1082
    1083            return bracket
    1084
    1085        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    1086            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1087
    1088            func = expression.this
    1089            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    1090                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    1091                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    1092                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    1093                if order_col:
    1094                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    1095                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    1096
    1097            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    1098
    1099            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
    1100
    1101        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1102            arg = expression.this
    1103
    1104            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    1105            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    1106            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    1107                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1108
    1109            if not arg.type:
    1110                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1111
    1112                arg = annotate_types(arg, dialect=self.dialect)
    1113
    1114            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1115                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1116
    1117            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    1118            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    1119            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    1120
    1121            case = (
    1122                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    1123                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    1124                .else_(
    1125                    exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    1126                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    1127            )
    1128
    1129            return self.sql(case)
    1130
    1131        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    1132            this = expression.this
    1133            key = expression.args.get("key")
    1134            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    1135            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    1136
    1137            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    1138
    1139            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    1140            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    1141            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    1142                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    1143
    1144            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
    1145
    1146        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1147            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    1148            if explode_array:
    1149                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    1150                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    1151                expression.expressions.append(
    1152                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    1153                )
    1154
    1155                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    1156                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1157                if isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias):
    1158                    expression.set("alias", None)
    1159                    if alias.columns:
    1160                        alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.columns, 0))
    1161
    1162                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1163                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    1164                return self.sql(select)
    1165
    1166            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1167
    1168        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    1169            this = expression.this
    1170
    1171            if isinstance(this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1172                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1173                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    1174                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    1175
    1176            if isinstance(this, exp.First):
    1177                this = exp.AnyValue(this=this.this)
    1178
    1179            if not isinstance(this, exp.AnyValue):
    1180                self.unsupported("IGNORE NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1181
    1182            return self.sql(this)
    1183
    1184        def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str:
    1185            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1186                # DuckDB should render RESPECT NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1187                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... RESPECT NULLS) OVER (...)
    1188                return super().respectnulls_sql(expression)
    1189
    1190            self.unsupported("RESPECT NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1191            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1192
    1193        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1194            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1195            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1196
    1197            if null_text:
    1198                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1199
    1200            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
    1201
    1202        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1203        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1204            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1205            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1206
    1207            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1208            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1209            if (
    1210                not params
    1211                and group
    1212                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1213            ):
    1214                group = None
    1215            return self.func(
    1216                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1217            )
    1218
    1219        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1220        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1221            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1222            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1223                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1224
    1225            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1226            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1227
    1228        def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str:
    1229            self.unsupported("The AUTOINCREMENT column constraint is not supported by DuckDB")
    1230            return ""
    1231
    1232        def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str:
    1233            this = expression.this
    1234            if isinstance(this, exp.Posexplode):
    1235                return self.posexplode_sql(this)
    1236
    1237            return super().aliases_sql(expression)
    1238
    1239        def posexplode_sql(self, expression: exp.Posexplode) -> str:
    1240            this = expression.this
    1241            parent = expression.parent
    1242
    1243            # The default Spark aliases are "pos" and "col", unless specified otherwise
    1244            pos, col = exp.to_identifier("pos"), exp.to_identifier("col")
    1245
    1246            if isinstance(parent, exp.Aliases):
    1247                # Column case: SELECT POSEXPLODE(col) [AS (a, b)]
    1248                pos, col = parent.expressions
    1249            elif isinstance(parent, exp.Table):
    1250                # Table case: SELECT * FROM POSEXPLODE(col) [AS (a, b)]
    1251                alias = parent.args.get("alias")
    1252                if alias:
    1253                    pos, col = alias.columns or [pos, col]
    1254                    alias.pop()
    1255
    1256            # Translate POSEXPLODE to UNNEST + GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS
    1257            # Note: In Spark pos is 0-indexed, but in DuckDB it's 1-indexed, so we subtract 1 from GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS
    1258            unnest_sql = self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[this], alias=col))
    1259            gen_subscripts = self.sql(
    1260                exp.Alias(
    1261                    this=exp.Anonymous(
    1262                        this="GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS", expressions=[this, exp.Literal.number(1)]
    1263                    )
    1264                    - exp.Literal.number(1),
    1265                    alias=pos,
    1266                )
    1267            )
    1268
    1269            posexplode_sql = self.format_args(gen_subscripts, unnest_sql)
    1270
    1271            if isinstance(parent, exp.From) or (parent and isinstance(parent.parent, exp.From)):
    1272                # SELECT * FROM POSEXPLODE(col) -> SELECT * FROM (SELECT GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS(...), UNNEST(...))
    1273                return self.sql(exp.Subquery(this=exp.Select(expressions=[posexplode_sql])))
    1274
    1275            return posexplode_sql
    1276
    1277        def addmonths_sql(self, expression: exp.AddMonths) -> str:
    1278            this = expression.this
    1279
    1280            if not this.type:
    1281                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1282
    1283                this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1284
    1285            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1286                this = exp.Cast(this=this, to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))
    1287
    1288            func = self.func(
    1289                "DATE_ADD", this, exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=exp.var("MONTH"))
    1290            )
    1291
    1292            # DuckDB's DATE_ADD function returns TIMESTAMP/DATETIME by default, even when the input is DATE
    1293            # To match for example Snowflake's ADD_MONTHS behavior (which preserves the input type)
    1294            # We need to cast the result back to the original type when the input is DATE or TIMESTAMPTZ
    1295            # Example: ADD_MONTHS('2023-01-31'::date, 1) should return DATE, not TIMESTAMP
    1296            if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ):
    1297                return self.sql(exp.Cast(this=func, to=this.type))
    1298
    1299            return self.sql(func)
    1300
    1301        def format_sql(self, expression: exp.Format) -> str:
    1302            if expression.name.lower() == "%s" and len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    1303                return self.func("FORMAT", "'{}'", expression.expressions[0])
    1304
    1305            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

NULL_ORDERING = 'nulls_are_last'

Default `NULL` ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Possible values: `"nulls_are_small"`, `"nulls_are_large"`, `"nulls_are_last"`

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = True

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

SAFE_DIVISION = True

Whether division by zero throws an error (`False`) or returns NULL (`True`).

INDEX_OFFSET = 1

The base index offset for arrays.

CONCAT_COALESCE = True

A `NULL` arg in `CONCAT` yields `NULL` by default, but in some dialects it yields an empty string.

SUPPORTS_ORDER_BY_ALL = True

Whether ORDER BY ALL is supported (expands to all the selected columns) as in DuckDB, Spark3/Databricks

SUPPORTS_FIXED_SIZE_ARRAYS = True

Whether expressions such as x::INT[5] should be parsed as fixed-size array defs/casts e.g. in DuckDB. In dialects which don't support fixed size arrays such as Snowflake, this should be interpreted as a subscript/index operator.

STRICT_JSON_PATH_SYNTAX = False

Whether failing to parse a JSON path expression using the JSONPath dialect will log a warning.

NUMBERS_CAN_BE_UNDERSCORE_SEPARATED = True

Whether number literals can include underscores for better readability

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

DATE_PART_MAPPING = {'Y': 'YEAR', 'YY': 'YEAR', 'YYY': 'YEAR', 'YYYY': 'YEAR', 'YR': 'YEAR', 'YEARS': 'YEAR', 'YRS': 'YEAR', 'MM': 'MONTH', 'MON': 'MONTH', 'MONS': 'MONTH', 'MONTHS': 'MONTH', 'D': 'DAY', 'DD': 'DAY', 'DAYS': 'DAY', 'DAYOFMONTH': 'DAY', 'DAY OF WEEK': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DOW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'DW': 'DAYOFWEEK', 'WEEKDAY_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DOW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DW_ISO': 'DAYOFWEEKISO', 'DAY OF YEAR': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DOY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'DY': 'DAYOFYEAR', 'W': 'WEEK', 'WK': 'WEEK', 'WEEKOFYEAR': 'WEEK', 'WOY': 'WEEK', 'WY': 'WEEK', 'WEEK_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEARISO': 'WEEKISO', 'WEEKOFYEAR_ISO': 'WEEKISO', 'Q': 'QUARTER', 'QTR': 'QUARTER', 'QTRS': 'QUARTER', 'QUARTERS': 'QUARTER', 'H': 'HOUR', 'HH': 'HOUR', 'HR': 'HOUR', 'HOURS': 'HOUR', 'HRS': 'HOUR', 'M': 'MINUTE', 'MI': 'MINUTE', 'MIN': 'MINUTE', 'MINUTES': 'MINUTE', 'MINS': 'MINUTE', 'S': 'SECOND', 'SEC': 'SECOND', 'SECONDS': 'SECOND', 'SECS': 'SECOND', 'MS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSEC': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSECS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSECOND': 'MILLISECOND', 'MSECONDS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISEC': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECS': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECON': 'MILLISECOND', 'MILLISECONDS': 'MILLISECOND', 'US': 'MICROSECOND', 'USEC': 'MICROSECOND', 'USECS': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSEC': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSECS': 'MICROSECOND', 'USECOND': 'MICROSECOND', 'USECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'MICROSECONDS': 'MICROSECOND', 'NS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSEC': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECOND': 'NANOSECOND', 'NSECONDS': 'NANOSECOND', 'NANOSECS': 'NANOSECOND', 'EPOCH_SECOND': 'EPOCH', 'EPOCH_SECONDS': 'EPOCH', 'EPOCH_MILLISECONDS': 'EPOCH_MILLISECOND', 'EPOCH_MICROSECONDS': 'EPOCH_MICROSECOND', 'EPOCH_NANOSECONDS': 'EPOCH_NANOSECOND', 'TZH': 'TIMEZONE_HOUR', 'TZM': 'TIMEZONE_MINUTE', 'DEC': 'DECADE', 'DECS': 'DECADE', 'DECADES': 'DECADE', 'MIL': 'MILLENIUM', 'MILS': 'MILLENIUM', 'MILLENIA': 'MILLENIUM', 'C': 'CENTURY', 'CENT': 'CENTURY', 'CENTS': 'CENTURY', 'CENTURIES': 'CENTURY', 'DAYOFWEEKISO': 'ISODOW'}
def to_json_path( self, path: Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]) -> Optional[sqlglot.expressions.Expression]: View Source

    275    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    276        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
    277            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
    278            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
    279            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
    280            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
    281            path_text = path.name
    282            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
    283                return path
    284
    285        return super().to_json_path(path)

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = False

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

tokenizer_class = <class 'DuckDB.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'DuckDB.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'DuckDB.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "e'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None
class DuckDB.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    287    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    288        BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
    289        HEREDOC_STRINGS = ["$"]
    290
    291        HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
    292        HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = TokenType.PARAMETER
    293
    294        KEYWORDS = {
    295            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    296            "//": TokenType.DIV,
    297            "**": TokenType.DSTAR,
    298            "^@": TokenType.CARET_AT,
    299            "@>": TokenType.AT_GT,
    300            "<@": TokenType.LT_AT,
    301            "ATTACH": TokenType.ATTACH,
    302            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    303            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
    304            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    305            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    306            "DATETIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
    307            "DETACH": TokenType.DETACH,
    308            "FORCE": TokenType.FORCE,
    309            "INSTALL": TokenType.INSTALL,
    310            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
    311            "ONLY": TokenType.ONLY,
    312            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
    313            "POSITIONAL": TokenType.POSITIONAL,
    314            "RESET": TokenType.COMMAND,
    315            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
    316            "STRING": TokenType.TEXT,
    317            "SUMMARIZE": TokenType.SUMMARIZE,
    318            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ,
    319            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
    320            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    321            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    322            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    323            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
    324            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
    325            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
    326            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
    327            "VARCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
    328        }
    329        KEYWORDS.pop("/*+")
    330
    331        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    332            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    333            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    334        }
    335
    336        COMMANDS = tokens.Tokenizer.COMMANDS - {TokenType.SHOW}

BYTE_STRINGS = [("e'", "'"), ("E'", "'")]
HEREDOC_STRINGS = ['$']
HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER = True
HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE = <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '|>': <TokenType.PIPE_GT: 'PIPE_GT'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_SCHEMA': <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DIV': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NAMESPACE': <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SESSION': <TokenType.SESSION: 'SESSION'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT256': <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'UINT128': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'UINT256': <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHAR VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'REVOKE': <TokenType.REVOKE: 'REVOKE'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '//': <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, '**': <TokenType.DSTAR: 'DSTAR'>, '^@': <TokenType.CARET_AT: 'CARET_AT'>, '@>': <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>, '<@': <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>, 'ATTACH': <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, 'BITSTRING': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'DETACH': <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, 'FORCE': <TokenType.FORCE: 'FORCE'>, 'INSTALL': <TokenType.INSTALL: 'INSTALL'>, 'LOGICAL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'PIVOT_WIDER': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'POSITIONAL': <TokenType.POSITIONAL: 'POSITIONAL'>, 'RESET': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SIGNED': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'SUMMARIZE': <TokenType.SUMMARIZE: 'SUMMARIZE'>, 'TIMESTAMP_S': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, 'TIMESTAMP_MS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NS': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, 'TIMESTAMP_US': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'UBIGINT': <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, 'UINTEGER': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'USMALLINT': <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, 'UTINYINT': <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, '#': <TokenType.HASH: 'HASH'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>}
COMMANDS = {<TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  BIT_STRINGS
  HEX_STRINGS
  RAW_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  QUOTES
  STRING_ESCAPES
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  STRING_ESCAPES_ALLOWED_IN_RAW_STRINGS
  NESTED_COMMENTS
  HINT_START
  TOKENS_PRECEDING_HINT
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  use_rs_tokenizer
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class DuckDB.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    338    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    339        MAP_KEYS_ARE_ARBITRARY_EXPRESSIONS = True
    340
    341        BITWISE = {
    342            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
    343            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
    344        }
    345        BITWISE.pop(TokenType.CARET)
    346
    347        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    348            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,
    349            TokenType.DAMP: binary_range_parser(exp.ArrayOverlaps),
    350            TokenType.CARET_AT: binary_range_parser(exp.StartsWith),
    351        }
    352
    353        EXPONENT = {
    354            **parser.Parser.EXPONENT,
    355            TokenType.CARET: exp.Pow,
    356            TokenType.DSTAR: exp.Pow,
    357        }
    358
    359        FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {*parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS, "STRUCT_PACK"}
    360
    361        SHOW_PARSERS = {
    362            "TABLES": _show_parser("TABLES"),
    363            "ALL TABLES": _show_parser("ALL TABLES"),
    364        }
    365
    366        FUNCTIONS = {
    367            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    368            "ANY_VALUE": lambda args: exp.IgnoreNulls(this=exp.AnyValue.from_arg_list(args)),
    369            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    370            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    371            "BIT_AND": exp.BitwiseAndAgg.from_arg_list,
    372            "BIT_OR": exp.BitwiseOrAgg.from_arg_list,
    373            "BIT_XOR": exp.BitwiseXorAgg.from_arg_list,
    374            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_diff,
    375            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_diff,
    376            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    377            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    378            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
    379                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    380            ),
    381            "EDITDIST3": exp.Levenshtein.from_arg_list,
    382            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
    383                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
    384            ),
    385            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
    386            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    387                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    388            ),
    389            "GENERATE_SERIES": _build_generate_series(),
    390            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
    391            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
    392            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.build_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
    393            "LIST_CONTAINS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    394            "LIST_COSINE_DISTANCE": exp.CosineDistance.from_arg_list,
    395            "LIST_DISTANCE": exp.EuclideanDistance.from_arg_list,
    396            "LIST_FILTER": exp.ArrayFilter.from_arg_list,
    397            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
    398            "LIST_HAS_ANY": exp.ArrayOverlaps.from_arg_list,
    399            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _build_sort_array_desc,
    400            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
    401            "LIST_TRANSFORM": exp.Transform.from_arg_list,
    402            "LIST_VALUE": lambda args: exp.Array(expressions=args),
    403            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
    404            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _build_make_timestamp,
    405            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
    406            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
    407            "RANGE": _build_generate_series(end_exclusive=True),
    408            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtract),
    409            "REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL": build_regexp_extract(exp.RegexpExtractAll),
    410            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    411            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
    412                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    413                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    414                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
    415                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
    416            ),
    417            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
    418            "STRFTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
    419            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    420            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    421            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    422            "STRPTIME": build_formatted_time(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
    423            "STRUCT_PACK": exp.Struct.from_arg_list,
    424            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
    425            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
    426            "TIME_BUCKET": exp.DateBin.from_arg_list,
    427            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
    428            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
    429            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
    430        }
    431
    432        FUNCTIONS.pop("DATE_SUB")
    433        FUNCTIONS.pop("GLOB")
    434
    435        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    436            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    437            **dict.fromkeys(
    438                ("GROUP_CONCAT", "LISTAGG", "STRINGAGG"), lambda self: self._parse_string_agg()
    439            ),
    440        }
    441        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE")
    442
    443        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    444            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    445            "MAP": lambda self: self._parse_map(),
    446            "@": lambda self: exp.Abs(this=self._parse_bitwise()),
    447        }
    448
    449        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
    450            TokenType.SEMI,
    451            TokenType.ANTI,
    452        }
    453
    454        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
    455            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
    456            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
    457                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
    458                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
    459                else None
    460            ),
    461        }
    462
    463        TYPE_CONVERTERS = {
    464            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
    465            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: build_default_decimal_type(precision=18, scale=3),
    466            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/text
    467            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: lambda dtype: exp.DataType.build("TEXT"),
    468        }
    469
    470        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    471            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    472            TokenType.ATTACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(),
    473            TokenType.DETACH: lambda self: self._parse_attach_detach(is_attach=False),
    474            TokenType.FORCE: lambda self: self._parse_force(),
    475            TokenType.INSTALL: lambda self: self._parse_install(),
    476            TokenType.SHOW: lambda self: self._parse_show(),
    477        }
    478
    479        SET_PARSERS = {
    480            **parser.Parser.SET_PARSERS,
    481            "VARIABLE": lambda self: self._parse_set_item_assignment("VARIABLE"),
    482        }
    483
    484        def _parse_lambda(self, alias: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    485            index = self._index
    486            if not self._match_text_seq("LAMBDA"):
    487                return super()._parse_lambda(alias=alias)
    488
    489            expressions = self._parse_csv(self._parse_lambda_arg)
    490            if not self._match(TokenType.COLON):
    491                self._retreat(index)
    492                return None
    493
    494            this = self._replace_lambda(self._parse_assignment(), expressions)
    495            return self.expression(exp.Lambda, this=this, expressions=expressions, colon=True)
    496
    497        def _parse_expression(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    498            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. foo: 1
    499            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
    500                alias = self._parse_id_var(tokens=self.ALIAS_TOKENS)
    501                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
    502                comments = self._prev_comments or []
    503
    504                this = self._parse_assignment()
    505                if isinstance(this, exp.Expression):
    506                    # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: expr /* comment */`
    507                    comments += this.pop_comments() or []
    508
    509                return self.expression(exp.Alias, comments=comments, this=this, alias=alias)
    510
    511            return super()._parse_expression()
    512
    513        def _parse_table(
    514            self,
    515            schema: bool = False,
    516            joins: bool = False,
    517            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
    518            parse_bracket: bool = False,
    519            is_db_reference: bool = False,
    520            parse_partition: bool = False,
    521            consume_pipe: bool = False,
    522        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    523            # DuckDB supports prefix aliases, e.g. FROM foo: bar
    524            if self._next and self._next.token_type == TokenType.COLON:
    525                alias = self._parse_table_alias(
    526                    alias_tokens=alias_tokens or self.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
    527                )
    528                self._match(TokenType.COLON)
    529                comments = self._prev_comments or []
    530            else:
    531                alias = None
    532                comments = []
    533
    534            table = super()._parse_table(
    535                schema=schema,
    536                joins=joins,
    537                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
    538                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
    539                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
    540                parse_partition=parse_partition,
    541            )
    542            if isinstance(table, exp.Expression) and isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias):
    543                # Moves the comment next to the alias in `alias: table /* comment */`
    544                comments += table.pop_comments() or []
    545                alias.comments = alias.pop_comments() + comments
    546                table.set("alias", alias)
    547
    548            return table
    549
    550        def _parse_table_sample(self, as_modifier: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.TableSample]:
    551            # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/samples.html
    552            sample = super()._parse_table_sample(as_modifier=as_modifier)
    553            if sample and not sample.args.get("method"):
    554                if sample.args.get("size"):
    555                    sample.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    556                else:
    557                    sample.set("method", exp.var("SYSTEM"))
    558
    559            return sample
    560
    561        def _parse_bracket(
    562            self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression] = None
    563        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    564            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    565
    566            if self.dialect.version < Version("1.2.0") and isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    567                # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
    568                bracket.set("returns_list_for_maps", True)
    569
    570            return bracket
    571
    572        def _parse_map(self) -> exp.ToMap | exp.Map:
    573            if self._match(TokenType.L_BRACE, advance=False):
    574                return self.expression(exp.ToMap, this=self._parse_bracket())
    575
    576            args = self._parse_wrapped_csv(self._parse_assignment)
    577            return self.expression(exp.Map, keys=seq_get(args, 0), values=seq_get(args, 1))
    578
    579        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    580            return self._parse_field_def()
    581
    582        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
    583            if len(aggregations) == 1:
    584                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
    585            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
    586
    587        def _parse_attach_detach(self, is_attach=True) -> exp.Attach | exp.Detach:
    588            def _parse_attach_option() -> exp.AttachOption:
    589                return self.expression(
    590                    exp.AttachOption,
    591                    this=self._parse_var(any_token=True),
    592                    expression=self._parse_field(any_token=True),
    593                )
    594
    595            self._match(TokenType.DATABASE)
    596            exists = self._parse_exists(not_=is_attach)
    597            this = self._parse_alias(self._parse_primary_or_var(), explicit=True)
    598
    599            if self._match(TokenType.L_PAREN, advance=False):
    600                expressions = self._parse_wrapped_csv(_parse_attach_option)
    601            else:
    602                expressions = None
    603
    604            return (
    605                self.expression(exp.Attach, this=this, exists=exists, expressions=expressions)
    606                if is_attach
    607                else self.expression(exp.Detach, this=this, exists=exists)
    608            )
    609
    610        def _parse_show_duckdb(self, this: str) -> exp.Show:
    611            return self.expression(exp.Show, this=this)
    612
    613        def _parse_force(self) -> exp.Install | exp.Command:
    614            # FORCE can only be followed by INSTALL or CHECKPOINT
    615            # In the case of CHECKPOINT, we fallback
    616            if not self._match(TokenType.INSTALL):
    617                return self._parse_as_command(self._prev)
    618
    619            return self._parse_install(force=True)
    620
    621        def _parse_install(self, force: bool = False) -> exp.Install:
    622            return self.expression(
    623                exp.Install,
    624                **{  # type: ignore
    625                    "this": self._parse_id_var(),
    626                    "from": self._parse_var_or_string() if self._match(TokenType.FROM) else None,
    627                    "force": force,
    628                },
    629            )
    630
    631        def _parse_primary(self) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    632            if self._match_pair(TokenType.HASH, TokenType.NUMBER):
    633                return exp.PositionalColumn(this=exp.Literal.number(self._prev.text))
    634
    635            return super()._parse_primary()

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

MAP_KEYS_ARE_ARBITRARY_EXPRESSIONS = True
BITWISE = {<TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAnd'>, <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOr'>, <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.QMARK_AMP: 'QMARK_AMP'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.QMARK_PIPE: 'QMARK_PIPE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.HASH_DASH: 'HASH_DASH'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>, <TokenType.CARET_AT: 'CARET_AT'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>._parse_binary_range>}
EXPONENT = {<TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>, <TokenType.DSTAR: 'DSTAR'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>}
FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS = {'STRUCT', 'STRUCT_PACK'}
SHOW_PARSERS = {'TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>, 'ALL TABLES': <function _show_parser.<locals>._parse>}
FUNCTIONS = {'AI_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AIAgg'>>, 'AI_CLASSIFY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AIClassify'>>, 'AI_SUMMARIZE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AISummarizeAgg'>>, 'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ACOS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Acos'>>, 'ACOSH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Acosh'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths'>>, 'AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantiles'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopSum'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcatAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFirst'>>, 'ARRAY_INTERSECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayIntersect'>>, 'ARRAY_INTERSECTION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayIntersect'>>, 'ARRAY_LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayLast'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_REMOVE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayRemove'>>, 'ARRAY_REVERSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayReverse'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SLICE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySlice'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ascii'>>, 'ASIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Asin'>>, 'ASINH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Asinh'>>, 'ATAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Atan'>>, 'ATAN2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Atan2'>>, 'ATANH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Atanh'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'BASE64_DECODE_BINARY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Base64DecodeBinary'>>, 'BASE64_DECODE_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Base64DecodeString'>>, 'BASE64_ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Base64Encode'>>, 'BIT_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitLength'>>, 'BITWISE_AND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAndAgg'>>, 'BITWISE_COUNT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseCountAgg'>>, 'BITWISE_OR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOrAgg'>>, 'BITWISE_XOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXorAgg'>>, 'BYTE_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ByteLength'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'CODE_POINTS_TO_BYTES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CodePointsToBytes'>>, 'CODE_POINTS_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CodePointsToString'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'COMPRESS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Compress'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Contains'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function build_convert_timezone>, 'CONVERT_TO_CHARSET': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConvertToCharset'>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COSINE_DISTANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CosineDistance'>>, 'COT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cot'>>, 'COTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coth'>>, 'COUNT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CSC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Csc'>>, 'CSCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Csch'>>, 'CUME_DIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CumeDist'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_SCHEMA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentSchema'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP_L_T_Z': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestampLTZ'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>>, 'DATE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>>, 'DATE_BIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateBin'>>, 'DATEDIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_DIFF': <function _build_date_diff>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_FROM_UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromUnixDate'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'DATETIME': <bound 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method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'INT64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>>, 'IS_ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsAscii'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_APPEND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of 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'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'JSON_REMOVE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONRemove'>>, 'JSON_SET': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONSet'>>, 'JSON_STRIP_NULLS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONStripNulls'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'JSON_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONType'>>, 'J_S_O_N_VALUE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>>, 'JUSTIFY_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JustifyDays'>>, 'JUSTIFY_HOURS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JustifyHours'>>, 'JUSTIFY_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JustifyInterval'>>, 'LAG': <bound method 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'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ntile'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>>, 'OVERLAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_BIGNUMERIC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseBignumeric'>>, 'PARSE_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseDatetime'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PARSE_NUMERIC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseNumeric'>>, 'PARSE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseTime'>>, 'PERCENT_RANK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentRank'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 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<bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rank'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function build_regexp_extract.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <function build_regexp_extract.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_INSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpInstr'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Replace'>>, 'REVERSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reverse'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'S_H_A1_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA1Digest'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'S_H_A2_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2Digest'>>, 'SAFE_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeAdd'>>, 'SAFE_CONVERT_BYTES_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeConvertBytesToString'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SAFE_MULTIPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeMultiply'>>, 'SAFE_NEGATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeNegate'>>, 'SAFE_SUBTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeSubtract'>>, 'SEC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sec'>>, 'SECH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sech'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sin'>>, 'SINH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sinh'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SOUNDEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Soundex'>>, 'SPACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Space'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'ST_DISTANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StDistance'>>, 'ST_POINT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StPoint'>>, 'ST_MAKEPOINT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StPoint'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRTOK_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTRING_INDEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SubstringIndex'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE32': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase32'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_CODE_POINTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToCodePoints'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRANSLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Translate'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'TYPEOF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Typeof'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNICODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_MICROS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixMicros'>>, 'UNIX_MILLIS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixMillis'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UTC_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcDate'>>, 'UTC_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcTime'>>, 'UTC_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcTimestamp'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VECTOR_SEARCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VectorSearch'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLElement'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRPOS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'CHARINDEX': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'LOCATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'BIT_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAndAgg'>>, 'BIT_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOrAgg'>>, 'BIT_XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXorAgg'>>, 'DATETRUNC': <function date_trunc_to_time>, 'EDITDIST3': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'EPOCH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'EPOCH_MS': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_STRING': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIST_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'LIST_COSINE_DISTANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CosineDistance'>>, 'LIST_DISTANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EuclideanDistance'>>, 'LIST_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'LIST_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'LIST_HAS_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'LIST_REVERSE_SORT': <function _build_sort_array_desc>, 'LIST_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'LIST_TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'LIST_VALUE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_make_timestamp>, 'QUANTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'QUANTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'RANGE': <function _build_generate_series.<locals>._builder>, 'REGEXP_MATCHES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'SHA256': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRFTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRING_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STRING_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'STRPTIME': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'STRUCT_PACK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STR_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'STR_SPLIT_REGEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'TIME_BUCKET': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateBin'>>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ARG_MAX': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'ARGMAX': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'MAX_BY': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'ARG_MIN': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'ARGMIN': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'MIN_BY': <function Parser.<dictcomp>.<lambda>>, 'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CEIL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FLOOR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GAP_FILL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECTAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NORMALIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OVERLAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'XMLTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LISTAGG': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRINGAGG': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MAP': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, '@': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SESSION: 'SESSION'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHYPOINT: 'GEOGRAPHYPOINT'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.SEMANTIC_VIEW: 'SEMANTIC_VIEW'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>}
PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {<TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
TYPE_CONVERTERS = {<Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: <function build_default_decimal_type.<locals>._builder>, <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REVOKE: 'REVOKE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FORCE: 'FORCE'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSTALL: 'INSTALL'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>: <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
SET_PARSERS = {'GLOBAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSACTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VARIABLE': <function DuckDB.Parser.<lambda>>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SESSION: 'SESSION'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHYPOINT: 'GEOGRAPHYPOINT'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.SEMANTIC_VIEW: 'SEMANTIC_VIEW'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {'TABLES': {0: True}, 'ALL': {'TABLES': {0: True}}}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}, 'VARIABLE': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ALTERABLES
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  COLON_PLACEHOLDER_TOKENS
  ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  ASSIGNMENT
  DISJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  TERM
  FACTOR
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  CAST_COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PIPE_SYNTAX_TRANSFORM_PARSERS
  PROPERTY_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_TOKENS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
  PROCEDURE_OPTIONS
  EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
  KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
  WINDOW_EXCLUDE_OPTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
  IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
  ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
  ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
  PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  DESCRIBE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  PARTITION_KEYWORDS
  AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS
  OPERATION_MODIFIERS
  RECURSIVE_CTE_SEARCH_KIND
  MODIFIABLES
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
  OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE
  ALTER_RENAME_REQUIRES_COLUMN
  JOINS_HAVE_EQUAL_PRECEDENCE
  ZONE_AWARE_TIMESTAMP_CONSTRUCTOR
  JSON_EXTRACT_REQUIRES_JSON_EXPRESSION
  ADD_JOIN_ON_TRUE
  SUPPORTS_OMITTED_INTERVAL_SPAN_UNIT
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  parse_set_operation
  build_cast
  errors
  sql

class DuckDB.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

     637    class Generator(generator.Generator):
     638        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
     639        NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = "$"
     640        JOIN_HINTS = False
     641        TABLE_HINTS = False
     642        QUERY_HINTS = False
     643        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
     644        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
     645        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
     646        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
     647        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
     648        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
     649        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
     650        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
     651        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
     652        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
     653        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
     654        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
     655        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
     656        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
     657        SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
     658        SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE = True
     659        COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
     660        STAR_EXCEPT = "EXCLUDE"
     661        PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
     662        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
     663        ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
     664        NORMALIZE_EXTRACT_DATE_PARTS = True
     665        SUPPORTS_LIKE_QUANTIFIERS = False
     666
     667        TRANSFORMS = {
     668            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
     669            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
     670            exp.Array: inline_array_unless_query,
     671            exp.ArrayFilter: rename_func("LIST_FILTER"),
     672            exp.ArrayRemove: remove_from_array_using_filter,
     673            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
     674            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
     675            exp.ArrayUniqueAgg: lambda self, e: self.func(
     676                "LIST", exp.Distinct(expressions=[e.this])
     677            ),
     678            exp.BitwiseAndAgg: rename_func("BIT_AND"),
     679            exp.BitwiseOrAgg: rename_func("BIT_OR"),
     680            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
     681            exp.BitwiseXorAgg: rename_func("BIT_XOR"),
     682            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
     683            exp.CosineDistance: rename_func("LIST_COSINE_DISTANCE"),
     684            exp.CurrentDate: lambda *_: "CURRENT_DATE",
     685            exp.CurrentTime: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIME",
     686            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda *_: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
     687            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
     688            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
     689            exp.DayOfWeekIso: rename_func("ISODOW"),
     690            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
     691            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
     692            exp.Date: _date_sql,
     693            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     694            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
     695            exp.DateSub: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     696            exp.DateDiff: _date_diff_sql,
     697            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
     698            exp.Datetime: no_datetime_sql,
     699            exp.DatetimeSub: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     700            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     701            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
     702            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
     703            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
     704            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
     705            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
     706            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
     707            exp.EuclideanDistance: rename_func("LIST_DISTANCE"),
     708            exp.GenerateDateArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     709            exp.GenerateTimestampArray: _generate_datetime_array_sql,
     710            exp.GroupConcat: lambda self, e: groupconcat_sql(self, e, within_group=False),
     711            exp.HexString: lambda self, e: self.hexstring_sql(e, binary_function_repr="FROM_HEX"),
     712            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
     713            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
     714            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
     715            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
     716            exp.JSONBExists: rename_func("JSON_EXISTS"),
     717            exp.JSONExtract: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     718            exp.JSONExtractArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     719            exp.JSONExtractScalar: _arrow_json_extract_sql,
     720            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
     721            exp.JSONValueArray: _json_extract_value_array_sql,
     722            exp.Lateral: explode_to_unnest_sql,
     723            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
     724            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
     725            exp.MakeInterval: lambda self, e: no_make_interval_sql(self, e, sep=" "),
     726            exp.MD5Digest: lambda self, e: self.func("UNHEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
     727            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
     728                "DATEDIFF",
     729                "'month'",
     730                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     731                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP, copy=True),
     732            ),
     733            exp.PercentileCont: rename_func("QUANTILE_CONT"),
     734            exp.PercentileDisc: rename_func("QUANTILE_DISC"),
     735            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
     736            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
     737            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
     738            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
     739                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
     740                e.this,
     741                e.expression,
     742                e.args.get("replacement"),
     743                e.args.get("modifiers"),
     744            ),
     745            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
     746            exp.RegexpILike: lambda self, e: self.func(
     747                "REGEXP_MATCHES", e.this, e.expression, exp.Literal.string("i")
     748            ),
     749            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
     750            exp.Return: lambda self, e: self.sql(e, "this"),
     751            exp.ReturnsProperty: lambda self, e: "TABLE" if isinstance(e.this, exp.Schema) else "",
     752            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
     753            exp.SHA: rename_func("SHA1"),
     754            exp.SHA2: sha256_sql,
     755            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
     756            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
     757            exp.StrPosition: strposition_sql,
     758            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     759                "EPOCH", self.func("STRPTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e))
     760            ),
     761            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
     762            exp.Transform: rename_func("LIST_TRANSFORM"),
     763            exp.TimeAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     764            exp.Time: no_time_sql,
     765            exp.TimeDiff: _timediff_sql,
     766            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
     767            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     768                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
     769            ),
     770            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql(),
     771            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: self.sql(exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATE)),
     772            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
     773            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: self.func(
     774                "EPOCH", exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP)
     775            ),
     776            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self, e: self.func("STRFTIME", e.this, self.format_time(e)),
     777            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
     778            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
     779            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
     780            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_to_binary_interval_op(),
     781            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
     782                "DATE_DIFF",
     783                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
     784                exp.cast(e.expression, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     785                exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP),
     786            ),
     787            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self, e: self.func(
     788                "STRFTIME", self.func("TO_TIMESTAMP", e.this), self.format_time(e)
     789            ),
     790            exp.DatetimeTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func(
     791                "DATE_TRUNC", unit_to_str(e), exp.cast(e.this, exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME)
     792            ),
     793            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
     794            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
     795            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
     796            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
     797            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
     798            exp.Levenshtein: unsupported_args("ins_cost", "del_cost", "sub_cost", "max_dist")(
     799                rename_func("LEVENSHTEIN")
     800            ),
     801            exp.JSONObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     802            exp.JSONBObjectAgg: rename_func("JSON_GROUP_OBJECT"),
     803            exp.DateBin: rename_func("TIME_BUCKET"),
     804        }
     805
     806        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
     807            exp.JSONPathKey,
     808            exp.JSONPathRoot,
     809            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
     810            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
     811        }
     812
     813        TYPE_MAPPING = {
     814            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
     815            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
     816            exp.DataType.Type.BPCHAR: "TEXT",
     817            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
     818            exp.DataType.Type.DATETIME: "TIMESTAMP",
     819            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
     820            exp.DataType.Type.JSONB: "JSON",
     821            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
     822            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
     823            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
     824            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
     825            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "BLOB",
     826            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
     827            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
     828            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
     829            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
     830            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
     831        }
     832
     833        # https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/ff7f24fd8e3128d94371827523dae85ebaf58713/third_party/libpg_query/grammar/keywords/reserved_keywords.list#L1-L77
     834        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
     835            "array",
     836            "analyse",
     837            "union",
     838            "all",
     839            "when",
     840            "in_p",
     841            "default",
     842            "create_p",
     843            "window",
     844            "asymmetric",
     845            "to",
     846            "else",
     847            "localtime",
     848            "from",
     849            "end_p",
     850            "select",
     851            "current_date",
     852            "foreign",
     853            "with",
     854            "grant",
     855            "session_user",
     856            "or",
     857            "except",
     858            "references",
     859            "fetch",
     860            "limit",
     861            "group_p",
     862            "leading",
     863            "into",
     864            "collate",
     865            "offset",
     866            "do",
     867            "then",
     868            "localtimestamp",
     869            "check_p",
     870            "lateral_p",
     871            "current_role",
     872            "where",
     873            "asc_p",
     874            "placing",
     875            "desc_p",
     876            "user",
     877            "unique",
     878            "initially",
     879            "column",
     880            "both",
     881            "some",
     882            "as",
     883            "any",
     884            "only",
     885            "deferrable",
     886            "null_p",
     887            "current_time",
     888            "true_p",
     889            "table",
     890            "case",
     891            "trailing",
     892            "variadic",
     893            "for",
     894            "on",
     895            "distinct",
     896            "false_p",
     897            "not",
     898            "constraint",
     899            "current_timestamp",
     900            "returning",
     901            "primary",
     902            "intersect",
     903            "having",
     904            "analyze",
     905            "current_user",
     906            "and",
     907            "cast",
     908            "symmetric",
     909            "using",
     910            "order",
     911            "current_catalog",
     912        }
     913
     914        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
     915
     916        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
     917        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
     918        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
     919            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
     920            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
     921        }
     922
     923        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
     924        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
     925        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
     926        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
     927        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.ReturnsProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_ALIAS
     928        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.SequenceProperties] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_EXPRESSION
     929
     930        IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS = (
     931            exp.FirstValue,
     932            exp.Lag,
     933            exp.LastValue,
     934            exp.Lead,
     935            exp.NthValue,
     936        )
     937
     938        def lambda_sql(
     939            self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->", wrap: bool = True
     940        ) -> str:
     941            if expression.args.get("colon"):
     942                prefix = "LAMBDA "
     943                arrow_sep = ":"
     944                wrap = False
     945            else:
     946                prefix = ""
     947
     948            lambda_sql = super().lambda_sql(expression, arrow_sep=arrow_sep, wrap=wrap)
     949            return f"{prefix}{lambda_sql}"
     950
     951        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
     952            return f"SHOW {expression.name}"
     953
     954        def install_sql(self, expression: exp.Install) -> str:
     955            force = "FORCE " if expression.args.get("force") else ""
     956            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
     957            from_clause = expression.args.get("from")
     958            from_clause = f" FROM {from_clause}" if from_clause else ""
     959            return f"{force}INSTALL {this}{from_clause}"
     960
     961        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
     962            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))
     963
     964        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
     965            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     966                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     967                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
     968            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)
     969
     970        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
     971            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     972                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
     973                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
     974            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"
     975
     976        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
     977            arg = expression.this
     978            if expression.args.get("safe"):
     979                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
     980            return self.func("JSON", arg)
     981
     982        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
     983            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     984            if nano is not None:
     985                expression.set(
     986                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
     987                )
     988
     989            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
     990
     991        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     992            sec = expression.args["sec"]
     993
     994            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     995            if milli is not None:
     996                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
     997
     998            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     999            if nano is not None:
    1000                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    1001
    1002            if milli or nano:
    1003                expression.set("sec", sec)
    1004
    1005            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
    1006
    1007        def tablesample_sql(
    1008            self,
    1009            expression: exp.TableSample,
    1010            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    1011        ) -> str:
    1012            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    1013                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    1014                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    1015
    1016            if expression.args.get("size"):
    1017                method = expression.args.get("method")
    1018                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    1019                    self.unsupported(
    1020                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    1021                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    1022                    )
    1023                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    1024
    1025            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)
    1026
    1027        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    1028            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    1029                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1030            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
    1031
    1032        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    1033            if (
    1034                not expression.args.get("using")
    1035                and not expression.args.get("on")
    1036                and not expression.method
    1037                and (expression.kind in ("", "INNER", "OUTER"))
    1038            ):
    1039                # Some dialects support `LEFT/INNER JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    1040                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    1041                if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest):
    1042                    return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    1043
    1044                expression.args.pop("side", None)
    1045                expression.args.pop("kind", None)
    1046
    1047            return super().join_sql(expression)
    1048
    1049        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    1050            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    1051            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    1052                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    1053
    1054            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1055
    1056        def countif_sql(self, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    1057            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1058                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1059
    1060            # https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/pull/4749
    1061            return count_if_to_sum(self, expression)
    1062
    1063        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    1064            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1065                return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1066
    1067            # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
    1068            this = expression.this
    1069            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    1070                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    1071
    1072            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1073
    1074            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    1075                if not this.type:
    1076                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1077
    1078                    this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1079
    1080                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    1081                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    1082
    1083            return bracket
    1084
    1085        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    1086            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1087
    1088            func = expression.this
    1089            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    1090                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    1091                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    1092                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    1093                if order_col:
    1094                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    1095                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    1096
    1097            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    1098
    1099            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"
    1100
    1101        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1102            arg = expression.this
    1103
    1104            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    1105            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    1106            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    1107                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1108
    1109            if not arg.type:
    1110                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1111
    1112                arg = annotate_types(arg, dialect=self.dialect)
    1113
    1114            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1115                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1116
    1117            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    1118            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    1119            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    1120
    1121            case = (
    1122                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    1123                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    1124                .else_(
    1125                    exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    1126                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    1127            )
    1128
    1129            return self.sql(case)
    1130
    1131        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    1132            this = expression.this
    1133            key = expression.args.get("key")
    1134            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    1135            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    1136
    1137            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    1138
    1139            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    1140            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    1141            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    1142                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    1143
    1144            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)
    1145
    1146        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1147            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    1148            if explode_array:
    1149                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    1150                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    1151                expression.expressions.append(
    1152                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    1153                )
    1154
    1155                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    1156                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1157                if isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias):
    1158                    expression.set("alias", None)
    1159                    if alias.columns:
    1160                        alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.columns, 0))
    1161
    1162                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1163                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    1164                return self.sql(select)
    1165
    1166            return super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1167
    1168        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    1169            this = expression.this
    1170
    1171            if isinstance(this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1172                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1173                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    1174                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    1175
    1176            if isinstance(this, exp.First):
    1177                this = exp.AnyValue(this=this.this)
    1178
    1179            if not isinstance(this, exp.AnyValue):
    1180                self.unsupported("IGNORE NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1181
    1182            return self.sql(this)
    1183
    1184        def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str:
    1185            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1186                # DuckDB should render RESPECT NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1187                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... RESPECT NULLS) OVER (...)
    1188                return super().respectnulls_sql(expression)
    1189
    1190            self.unsupported("RESPECT NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1191            return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1192
    1193        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1194            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1195            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1196
    1197            if null_text:
    1198                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1199
    1200            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)
    1201
    1202        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1203        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1204            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1205            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1206
    1207            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1208            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1209            if (
    1210                not params
    1211                and group
    1212                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1213            ):
    1214                group = None
    1215            return self.func(
    1216                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1217            )
    1218
    1219        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1220        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1221            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1222            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1223                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1224
    1225            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1226            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1227
    1228        def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str:
    1229            self.unsupported("The AUTOINCREMENT column constraint is not supported by DuckDB")
    1230            return ""
    1231
    1232        def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str:
    1233            this = expression.this
    1234            if isinstance(this, exp.Posexplode):
    1235                return self.posexplode_sql(this)
    1236
    1237            return super().aliases_sql(expression)
    1238
    1239        def posexplode_sql(self, expression: exp.Posexplode) -> str:
    1240            this = expression.this
    1241            parent = expression.parent
    1242
    1243            # The default Spark aliases are "pos" and "col", unless specified otherwise
    1244            pos, col = exp.to_identifier("pos"), exp.to_identifier("col")
    1245
    1246            if isinstance(parent, exp.Aliases):
    1247                # Column case: SELECT POSEXPLODE(col) [AS (a, b)]
    1248                pos, col = parent.expressions
    1249            elif isinstance(parent, exp.Table):
    1250                # Table case: SELECT * FROM POSEXPLODE(col) [AS (a, b)]
    1251                alias = parent.args.get("alias")
    1252                if alias:
    1253                    pos, col = alias.columns or [pos, col]
    1254                    alias.pop()
    1255
    1256            # Translate POSEXPLODE to UNNEST + GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS
    1257            # Note: In Spark pos is 0-indexed, but in DuckDB it's 1-indexed, so we subtract 1 from GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS
    1258            unnest_sql = self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[this], alias=col))
    1259            gen_subscripts = self.sql(
    1260                exp.Alias(
    1261                    this=exp.Anonymous(
    1262                        this="GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS", expressions=[this, exp.Literal.number(1)]
    1263                    )
    1264                    - exp.Literal.number(1),
    1265                    alias=pos,
    1266                )
    1267            )
    1268
    1269            posexplode_sql = self.format_args(gen_subscripts, unnest_sql)
    1270
    1271            if isinstance(parent, exp.From) or (parent and isinstance(parent.parent, exp.From)):
    1272                # SELECT * FROM POSEXPLODE(col) -> SELECT * FROM (SELECT GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS(...), UNNEST(...))
    1273                return self.sql(exp.Subquery(this=exp.Select(expressions=[posexplode_sql])))
    1274
    1275            return posexplode_sql
    1276
    1277        def addmonths_sql(self, expression: exp.AddMonths) -> str:
    1278            this = expression.this
    1279
    1280            if not this.type:
    1281                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1282
    1283                this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1284
    1285            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1286                this = exp.Cast(this=this, to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))
    1287
    1288            func = self.func(
    1289                "DATE_ADD", this, exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=exp.var("MONTH"))
    1290            )
    1291
    1292            # DuckDB's DATE_ADD function returns TIMESTAMP/DATETIME by default, even when the input is DATE
    1293            # To match for example Snowflake's ADD_MONTHS behavior (which preserves the input type)
    1294            # We need to cast the result back to the original type when the input is DATE or TIMESTAMPTZ
    1295            # Example: ADD_MONTHS('2023-01-31'::date, 1) should return DATE, not TIMESTAMP
    1296            if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ):
    1297                return self.sql(exp.Cast(this=func, to=this.type))
    1298
    1299            return self.sql(func)
    1300
    1301        def format_sql(self, expression: exp.Format) -> str:
    1302            if expression.name.lower() == "%s" and len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    1303                return self.func("FORMAT", "'{}'", expression.expressions[0])
    1304
    1305            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

PARAMETER_TOKEN = '$'
NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN = '$'
JOIN_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
STRUCT_DELIMITER = ('(', ')')
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = 'USING SAMPLE'
TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = 'REPEATABLE'
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ','
IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = True
SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER = False
SUPPORTS_WINDOW_EXCLUDE = True
COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD = False
STAR_EXCEPT = 'EXCLUDE'
PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED = True
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED = False
NORMALIZE_EXTRACT_DATE_PARTS = True
SUPPORTS_LIKE_QUANTIFIERS = False
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>: <function <lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeColumns'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeWith'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function no_comment_column_constraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConvertToCharset'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CredentialsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EnviromentProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Get'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContainsAnyTopKeys'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContainsAllTopKeys'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBDeleteAtPath'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByBucket'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionByTruncate'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PositionalColumn'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Put'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TableColumn'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingTemplateProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingData'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcDate'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcTime'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UtcTimestamp'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekStart'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ForceProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function approx_count_distinct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>: <function inline_array_unless_query>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayRemove'>: <function remove_from_array_using_filter>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>: <function _array_sort_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseAndAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseOrAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXorAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CosineDistance'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataType'>: <function _datatype_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Date'>: <function _date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_to_binary_interval_op.<locals>.date_delta_to_binary_interval_op_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function date_delta_to_binary_interval_op.<locals>.date_delta_to_binary_interval_op_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function _date_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>: <function no_datetime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function date_delta_to_binary_interval_op.<locals>.date_delta_to_binary_interval_op_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function date_delta_to_binary_interval_op.<locals>.date_delta_to_binary_interval_op_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EuclideanDistance'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateDateArray'>: <function _generate_datetime_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>: <function _generate_datetime_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HexString'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>: <function _json_extract_value_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function _arrow_json_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function _json_format_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>: <function _json_extract_value_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lateral'>: <function explode_to_unnest_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pivot'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Return'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function sha256_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>: <function _sort_array_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function strposition_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>: <function _struct_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function date_delta_to_binary_interval_op.<locals>.date_delta_to_binary_interval_op_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>: <function no_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>: <function _timediff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>: <function no_timestamp_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_to_binary_interval_op.<locals>.date_delta_to_binary_interval_op_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>: <function DuckDB.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBObjectAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateBin'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathWildcard'>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.BLOB: 'BLOB'>: 'VARBINARY', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'BLOB', <Type.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.JSONB: 'JSONB'>: 'JSON', <Type.UINT: 'UINT'>: 'UINTEGER', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BLOB', <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>: 'TIMESTAMP_S', <Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_MS', <Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'user', 'localtimestamp', 'session_user', 'and', 'null_p', 'current_time', 'with', 'end_p', 'current_role', 'from', 'union', 'collate', 'constraint', 'current_user', 'offset', 'where', 'foreign', 'intersect', 'deferrable', 'when', 'having', 'returning', 'in_p', 'all', 'asymmetric', 'window', 'array', 'column', 'lateral_p', 'to', 'cast', 'default', 'localtime', 'fetch', 'symmetric', 'unique', 'check_p', 'as', 'case', 'group_p', 'references', 'analyze', 'limit', 'current_date', 'else', 'placing', 'order', 'false_p', 'into', 'initially', 'do', 'then', 'true_p', 'some', 'both', 'or', 'table', 'variadic', 'leading', 'any', 'primary', 'except', 'using', 'distinct', 'create_p', 'desc_p', 'only', 'trailing', 'grant', 'not', 'select', 'current_timestamp', 'asc_p', 'analyse', 'on', 'for', 'current_catalog'}
UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.Literal'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Paren'>)
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistributedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DuplicateKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataDeletionProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EnviromentProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IncludeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SequenceProperties'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StorageHandlerProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingTemplateProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ForceProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>}
IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS = (<class 'sqlglot.expressions.FirstValue'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>)
def lambda_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = '->', wrap: bool = True) -> str: View Source

    938        def lambda_sql(
    939            self, expression: exp.Lambda, arrow_sep: str = "->", wrap: bool = True
    940        ) -> str:
    941            if expression.args.get("colon"):
    942                prefix = "LAMBDA "
    943                arrow_sep = ":"
    944                wrap = False
    945            else:
    946                prefix = ""
    947
    948            lambda_sql = super().lambda_sql(expression, arrow_sep=arrow_sep, wrap=wrap)
    949            return f"{prefix}{lambda_sql}"

def show_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Show) -> str: View Source

    951        def show_sql(self, expression: exp.Show) -> str:
    952            return f"SHOW {expression.name}"

def install_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Install) -> str: View Source

    954        def install_sql(self, expression: exp.Install) -> str:
    955            force = "FORCE " if expression.args.get("force") else ""
    956            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    957            from_clause = expression.args.get("from")
    958            from_clause = f" FROM {from_clause}" if from_clause else ""
    959            return f"{force}INSTALL {this}{from_clause}"

def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str: View Source

    961        def fromiso8601timestamp_sql(self, expression: exp.FromISO8601Timestamp) -> str:
    962            return self.sql(exp.cast(expression.this, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ))

def strtotime_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime) -> str: View Source

    964        def strtotime_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToTime) -> str:
    965            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    966                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    967                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS TIMESTAMP)"
    968            return str_to_time_sql(self, expression)

def strtodate_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate) -> str: View Source

    970        def strtodate_sql(self, expression: exp.StrToDate) -> str:
    971            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    972                formatted_time = self.format_time(expression)
    973                return f"CAST({self.func('TRY_STRPTIME', expression.this, formatted_time)} AS DATE)"
    974            return f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, expression)} AS DATE)"

def parsejson_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON) -> str: View Source

    976        def parsejson_sql(self, expression: exp.ParseJSON) -> str:
    977            arg = expression.this
    978            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    979                return self.sql(exp.case().when(exp.func("json_valid", arg), arg).else_(exp.null()))
    980            return self.func("JSON", arg)

def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts) -> str: View Source

    982        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
    983            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
    984            if nano is not None:
    985                expression.set(
    986                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    987                )
    988
    989            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)

def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts) -> str: View Source

     991        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
     992            sec = expression.args["sec"]
     993
     994            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
     995            if milli is not None:
     996                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
     997
     998            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
     999            if nano is not None:
    1000                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
    1001
    1002            if milli or nano:
    1003                expression.set("sec", sec)
    1004
    1005            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)

def tablesample_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TableSample, tablesample_keyword: Optional[str] = None) -> str: View Source

    1007        def tablesample_sql(
    1008            self,
    1009            expression: exp.TableSample,
    1010            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
    1011        ) -> str:
    1012            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
    1013                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
    1014                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
    1015
    1016            if expression.args.get("size"):
    1017                method = expression.args.get("method")
    1018                if method and method.name.upper() != "RESERVOIR":
    1019                    self.unsupported(
    1020                        f"Sampling method {method} is not supported with a discrete sample count, "
    1021                        "defaulting to reservoir sampling"
    1022                    )
    1023                    expression.set("method", exp.var("RESERVOIR"))
    1024
    1025            return super().tablesample_sql(expression, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword)

def columndef_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef, sep: str = ' ') -> str: View Source

    1027        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
    1028            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
    1029                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    1030            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)

def join_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Join) -> str: View Source

    1032        def join_sql(self, expression: exp.Join) -> str:
    1033            if (
    1034                not expression.args.get("using")
    1035                and not expression.args.get("on")
    1036                and not expression.method
    1037                and (expression.kind in ("", "INNER", "OUTER"))
    1038            ):
    1039                # Some dialects support `LEFT/INNER JOIN UNNEST(...)` without an explicit ON clause
    1040                # DuckDB doesn't, but we can just add a dummy ON clause that is always true
    1041                if isinstance(expression.this, exp.Unnest):
    1042                    return super().join_sql(expression.on(exp.true()))
    1043
    1044                expression.args.pop("side", None)
    1045                expression.args.pop("kind", None)
    1046
    1047            return super().join_sql(expression)

def generateseries_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries) -> str: View Source

    1049        def generateseries_sql(self, expression: exp.GenerateSeries) -> str:
    1050            # GENERATE_SERIES(a, b) -> [a, b], RANGE(a, b) -> [a, b)
    1051            if expression.args.get("is_end_exclusive"):
    1052                return rename_func("RANGE")(self, expression)
    1053
    1054            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

def countif_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CountIf) -> str: View Source

    1056        def countif_sql(self, expression: exp.CountIf) -> str:
    1057            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1058                return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)
    1059
    1060            # https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/pull/4749
    1061            return count_if_to_sum(self, expression)

def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str: View Source

    1063        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    1064            if self.dialect.version >= Version("1.2"):
    1065                return super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1066
    1067            # https://duckdb.org/2025/02/05/announcing-duckdb-120.html#breaking-changes
    1068            this = expression.this
    1069            if isinstance(this, exp.Array):
    1070                this.replace(exp.paren(this))
    1071
    1072            bracket = super().bracket_sql(expression)
    1073
    1074            if not expression.args.get("returns_list_for_maps"):
    1075                if not this.type:
    1076                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1077
    1078                    this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1079
    1080                if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.MAP):
    1081                    bracket = f"({bracket})[1]"
    1082
    1083            return bracket

def withingroup_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.WithinGroup) -> str: View Source

    1085        def withingroup_sql(self, expression: exp.WithinGroup) -> str:
    1086            expression_sql = self.sql(expression, "expression")
    1087
    1088            func = expression.this
    1089            if isinstance(func, exp.PERCENTILES):
    1090                # Make the order key the first arg and slide the fraction to the right
    1091                # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/aggregates#ordered-set-aggregate-functions
    1092                order_col = expression.find(exp.Ordered)
    1093                if order_col:
    1094                    func.set("expression", func.this)
    1095                    func.set("this", order_col.this)
    1096
    1097            this = self.sql(expression, "this").rstrip(")")
    1098
    1099            return f"{this}{expression_sql})"

def length_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Length) -> str: View Source

    1101        def length_sql(self, expression: exp.Length) -> str:
    1102            arg = expression.this
    1103
    1104            # Dialects like BQ and Snowflake also accept binary values as args, so
    1105            # DDB will attempt to infer the type or resort to case/when resolution
    1106            if not expression.args.get("binary") or arg.is_string:
    1107                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1108
    1109            if not arg.type:
    1110                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1111
    1112                arg = annotate_types(arg, dialect=self.dialect)
    1113
    1114            if arg.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1115                return self.func("LENGTH", arg)
    1116
    1117            # We need these casts to make duckdb's static type checker happy
    1118            blob = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY)
    1119            varchar = exp.cast(arg, exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    1120
    1121            case = (
    1122                exp.case(self.func("TYPEOF", arg))
    1123                .when("'BLOB'", self.func("OCTET_LENGTH", blob))
    1124                .else_(
    1125                    exp.Anonymous(this="LENGTH", expressions=[varchar])
    1126                )  # anonymous to break length_sql recursion
    1127            )
    1128
    1129            return self.sql(case)

def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert) -> str: View Source

    1131        def objectinsert_sql(self, expression: exp.ObjectInsert) -> str:
    1132            this = expression.this
    1133            key = expression.args.get("key")
    1134            key_sql = key.name if isinstance(key, exp.Expression) else ""
    1135            value_sql = self.sql(expression, "value")
    1136
    1137            kv_sql = f"{key_sql} := {value_sql}"
    1138
    1139            # If the input struct is empty e.g. transpiling OBJECT_INSERT(OBJECT_CONSTRUCT(), key, value) from Snowflake
    1140            # then we can generate STRUCT_PACK which will build it since STRUCT_INSERT({}, key := value) is not valid DuckDB
    1141            if isinstance(this, exp.Struct) and not this.expressions:
    1142                return self.func("STRUCT_PACK", kv_sql)
    1143
    1144            return self.func("STRUCT_INSERT", this, kv_sql)

def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str: View Source

    1146        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    1147            explode_array = expression.args.get("explode_array")
    1148            if explode_array:
    1149                # In BigQuery, UNNESTing a nested array leads to explosion of the top-level array & struct
    1150                # This is transpiled to DDB by transforming "FROM UNNEST(...)" to "FROM (SELECT UNNEST(..., max_depth => 2))"
    1151                expression.expressions.append(
    1152                    exp.Kwarg(this=exp.var("max_depth"), expression=exp.Literal.number(2))
    1153                )
    1154
    1155                # If BQ's UNNEST is aliased, we transform it from a column alias to a table alias in DDB
    1156                alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    1157                if isinstance(alias, exp.TableAlias):
    1158                    expression.set("alias", None)
    1159                    if alias.columns:
    1160                        alias = exp.TableAlias(this=seq_get(alias.columns, 0))
    1161
    1162                unnest_sql = super().unnest_sql(expression)
    1163                select = exp.Select(expressions=[unnest_sql]).subquery(alias)
    1164                return self.sql(select)
    1165
    1166            return super().unnest_sql(expression)

def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.IgnoreNulls) -> str: View Source

    1168        def ignorenulls_sql(self, expression: exp.IgnoreNulls) -> str:
    1169            this = expression.this
    1170
    1171            if isinstance(this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1172                # DuckDB should render IGNORE NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1173                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... IGNORE NULLS) OVER (...)
    1174                return super().ignorenulls_sql(expression)
    1175
    1176            if isinstance(this, exp.First):
    1177                this = exp.AnyValue(this=this.this)
    1178
    1179            if not isinstance(this, exp.AnyValue):
    1180                self.unsupported("IGNORE NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1181
    1182            return self.sql(this)

def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RespectNulls) -> str: View Source

    1184        def respectnulls_sql(self, expression: exp.RespectNulls) -> str:
    1185            if isinstance(expression.this, self.IGNORE_RESPECT_NULLS_WINDOW_FUNCTIONS):
    1186                # DuckDB should render RESPECT NULLS only for the general-purpose
    1187                # window functions that accept it e.g. FIRST_VALUE(... RESPECT NULLS) OVER (...)
    1188                return super().respectnulls_sql(expression)
    1189
    1190            self.unsupported("RESPECT NULLS is not supported for non-window functions.")
    1191            return self.sql(expression, "this")

def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString) -> str: View Source

    1193        def arraytostring_sql(self, expression: exp.ArrayToString) -> str:
    1194            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    1195            null_text = self.sql(expression, "null")
    1196
    1197            if null_text:
    1198                this = f"LIST_TRANSFORM({this}, x -> COALESCE(x, {null_text}))"
    1199
    1200            return self.func("ARRAY_TO_STRING", this, expression.expression)

@unsupported_args('position', 'occurrence')
def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract) -> str: View Source

    1202        @unsupported_args("position", "occurrence")
    1203        def regexpextract_sql(self, expression: exp.RegexpExtract) -> str:
    1204            group = expression.args.get("group")
    1205            params = expression.args.get("parameters")
    1206
    1207            # Do not render group if there is no following argument,
    1208            # and it's the default value for this dialect
    1209            if (
    1210                not params
    1211                and group
    1212                and group.name == str(self.dialect.REGEXP_EXTRACT_DEFAULT_GROUP)
    1213            ):
    1214                group = None
    1215            return self.func(
    1216                "REGEXP_EXTRACT", expression.this, expression.expression, group, params
    1217            )

@unsupported_args('culture')
def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr) -> str: View Source

    1219        @unsupported_args("culture")
    1220        def numbertostr_sql(self, expression: exp.NumberToStr) -> str:
    1221            fmt = expression.args.get("format")
    1222            if fmt and fmt.is_int:
    1223                return self.func("FORMAT", f"'{{:,.{fmt.name}f}}'", expression.this)
    1224
    1225            self.unsupported("Only integer formats are supported by NumberToStr")
    1226            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str: View Source

    1228        def autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql(self, _) -> str:
    1229            self.unsupported("The AUTOINCREMENT column constraint is not supported by DuckDB")
    1230            return ""

def aliases_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Aliases) -> str: View Source

    1232        def aliases_sql(self, expression: exp.Aliases) -> str:
    1233            this = expression.this
    1234            if isinstance(this, exp.Posexplode):
    1235                return self.posexplode_sql(this)
    1236
    1237            return super().aliases_sql(expression)

def posexplode_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode) -> str: View Source

    1239        def posexplode_sql(self, expression: exp.Posexplode) -> str:
    1240            this = expression.this
    1241            parent = expression.parent
    1242
    1243            # The default Spark aliases are "pos" and "col", unless specified otherwise
    1244            pos, col = exp.to_identifier("pos"), exp.to_identifier("col")
    1245
    1246            if isinstance(parent, exp.Aliases):
    1247                # Column case: SELECT POSEXPLODE(col) [AS (a, b)]
    1248                pos, col = parent.expressions
    1249            elif isinstance(parent, exp.Table):
    1250                # Table case: SELECT * FROM POSEXPLODE(col) [AS (a, b)]
    1251                alias = parent.args.get("alias")
    1252                if alias:
    1253                    pos, col = alias.columns or [pos, col]
    1254                    alias.pop()
    1255
    1256            # Translate POSEXPLODE to UNNEST + GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS
    1257            # Note: In Spark pos is 0-indexed, but in DuckDB it's 1-indexed, so we subtract 1 from GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS
    1258            unnest_sql = self.sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[this], alias=col))
    1259            gen_subscripts = self.sql(
    1260                exp.Alias(
    1261                    this=exp.Anonymous(
    1262                        this="GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS", expressions=[this, exp.Literal.number(1)]
    1263                    )
    1264                    - exp.Literal.number(1),
    1265                    alias=pos,
    1266                )
    1267            )
    1268
    1269            posexplode_sql = self.format_args(gen_subscripts, unnest_sql)
    1270
    1271            if isinstance(parent, exp.From) or (parent and isinstance(parent.parent, exp.From)):
    1272                # SELECT * FROM POSEXPLODE(col) -> SELECT * FROM (SELECT GENERATE_SUBSCRIPTS(...), UNNEST(...))
    1273                return self.sql(exp.Subquery(this=exp.Select(expressions=[posexplode_sql])))
    1274
    1275            return posexplode_sql

def addmonths_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AddMonths) -> str: View Source

    1277        def addmonths_sql(self, expression: exp.AddMonths) -> str:
    1278            this = expression.this
    1279
    1280            if not this.type:
    1281                from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    1282
    1283                this = annotate_types(this, dialect=self.dialect)
    1284
    1285            if this.is_type(*exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES):
    1286                this = exp.Cast(this=this, to=exp.DataType(this=exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP))
    1287
    1288            func = self.func(
    1289                "DATE_ADD", this, exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=exp.var("MONTH"))
    1290            )
    1291
    1292            # DuckDB's DATE_ADD function returns TIMESTAMP/DATETIME by default, even when the input is DATE
    1293            # To match for example Snowflake's ADD_MONTHS behavior (which preserves the input type)
    1294            # We need to cast the result back to the original type when the input is DATE or TIMESTAMPTZ
    1295            # Example: ADD_MONTHS('2023-01-31'::date, 1) should return DATE, not TIMESTAMP
    1296            if this.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.DATE, exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ):
    1297                return self.sql(exp.Cast(this=func, to=this.type))
    1298
    1299            return self.sql(func)

def format_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Format) -> str: View Source

    1301        def format_sql(self, expression: exp.Format) -> str:
    1302            if expression.name.lower() == "%s" and len(expression.expressions) == 1:
    1303                return self.func("FORMAT", "'{}'", expression.expressions[0])
    1304
    1305            return self.function_fallback_sql(expression)

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
SUPPORTS_DECODE_CASE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED
  COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
  TRY_SUPPORTED
  SUPPORTS_UESCAPE
  UNICODE_SUBSTITUTE
  HEX_FUNC
  WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX
  QUOTE_JSON_PATH
  SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
  SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE
  SUPPORTS_MEDIAN
  SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
  ALTER_SET_WRAPPED
  PARSE_JSON_NAME
  ARRAY_SIZE_NAME
  ALTER_SET_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_BETWEEN_FLAGS
  MATCH_AGAINST_TABLE_PREFIX
  UNSUPPORTED_TYPES
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  RESPECT_IGNORE_NULLS_UNSUPPORTED_EXPRESSIONS
  SAFE_JSON_PATH_KEY_RE
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  sanitize_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  set_operation
  set_operations
  fetch_sql
  limitoptions_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  hex_sql
  lowerhex_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  tablefromrows_sql
  pivot_sql
  version_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  groupingsets_sql
  rollup_sql
  cube_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  lateral_op
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  queryband_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  options_modifier
  for_modifiers
  queryoption_sql
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  formatphrase_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  interval_sql
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  cast_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  alterindex_sql
  alterdiststyle_sql
  altersortkey_sql
  alterrename_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  alterset_sql
  alter_sql
  altersession_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  addpartition_sql
  distinct_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  safedivide_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  ilike_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  jsoncast_sql
  try_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  ceil_floor
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  whens_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  tonumber_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  duplicatekeyproperty_sql
  uniquekeyproperty_sql
  distributedbyproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  generateembedding_sql
  mltranslate_sql
  mlforecast_sql
  featuresattime_sql
  vectorsearch_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodatetime_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  struct_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql
  copyparameter_sql
  credentials_sql
  copy_sql
  semicolon_sql
  datadeletionproperty_sql
  maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
  gapfill_sql
  scope_resolution
  scoperesolution_sql
  rand_sql
  changes_sql
  pad_sql
  summarize_sql
  explodinggenerateseries_sql
  arrayconcat_sql
  converttimezone_sql
  json_sql
  jsonvalue_sql
  conditionalinsert_sql
  multitableinserts_sql
  oncondition_sql
  jsonextractquote_sql
  jsonexists_sql
  arrayagg_sql
  apply_sql
  grant_sql
  revoke_sql
  grantprivilege_sql
  grantprincipal_sql
  columns_sql
  overlay_sql
  todouble_sql
  string_sql
  median_sql
  overflowtruncatebehavior_sql
  unixseconds_sql
  arraysize_sql
  attach_sql
  detach_sql
  attachoption_sql
  watermarkcolumnconstraint_sql
  encodeproperty_sql
  includeproperty_sql
  xmlelement_sql
  xmlkeyvalueoption_sql
  partitionbyrangeproperty_sql
  partitionbyrangepropertydynamic_sql
  unpivotcolumns_sql
  analyzesample_sql
  analyzestatistics_sql
  analyzehistogram_sql
  analyzedelete_sql
  analyzelistchainedrows_sql
  analyzevalidate_sql
  analyze_sql
  xmltable_sql
  xmlnamespace_sql
  export_sql
  declare_sql
  declareitem_sql
  recursivewithsearch_sql
  parameterizedagg_sql
  anonymousaggfunc_sql
  combinedaggfunc_sql
  combinedparameterizedagg_sql
  get_put_sql
  translatecharacters_sql
  decodecase_sql
  semanticview_sql
  getextract_sql
  datefromunixdate_sql
  space_sql
  buildproperty_sql
  refreshtriggerproperty_sql
  modelattribute_sql