sqlglot.dialects.redshift API documentation

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# sqlglot.dialects.redshift

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import exp, transforms
      6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      7    NormalizationStrategy,
      8    concat_to_dpipe_sql,
      9    concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
     10    date_delta_sql,
     11    generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
     12    json_extract_segments,
     13    no_tablesample_sql,
     14    rename_func,
     15    map_date_part,
     16)
     17from sqlglot.dialects.postgres import Postgres
     18from sqlglot.helper import seq_get
     19from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     20from sqlglot.parser import build_convert_timezone
     21
     22if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
     23    from sqlglot._typing import E
     24
     25
     26def _build_date_delta(expr_type: t.Type[E]) -> t.Callable[[t.List], E]:
     27    def _builder(args: t.List) -> E:
     28        expr = expr_type(
     29            this=seq_get(args, 2),
     30            expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     31            unit=map_date_part(seq_get(args, 0)),
     32        )
     33        if expr_type is exp.TsOrDsAdd:
     34            expr.set("return_type", exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
     35
     36        return expr
     37
     38    return _builder
     39
     40
     41class Redshift(Postgres):
     42    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
     43    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     44
     45    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     46    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
     47    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
     48    HEX_LOWERCASE = True
     49    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True
     50
     51    # ref: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_FORMAT_strings.html
     52    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
     53    TIME_MAPPING = {**Postgres.TIME_MAPPING, "MON": "%b", "HH24": "%H", "HH": "%I"}
     54
     55    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
     56        FUNCTIONS = {
     57            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     58            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
     59                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     60                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     61                unit=exp.var("month"),
     62                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
     63            ),
     64            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
     65            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     66            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     67            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     68            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     69            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     70            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     71            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
     72                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
     73            ),
     74            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
     75        }
     76
     77        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     78            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     79            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
     80            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, sysdate=True),
     81        }
     82
     83        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
     84
     85        def _parse_table(
     86            self,
     87            schema: bool = False,
     88            joins: bool = False,
     89            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     90            parse_bracket: bool = False,
     91            is_db_reference: bool = False,
     92            parse_partition: bool = False,
     93        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     94            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
     95            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
     96            table = super()._parse_table(
     97                schema=schema,
     98                joins=joins,
     99                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
    100                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
    101                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
    102            )
    103
    104            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
    105
    106        def _parse_convert(
    107            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
    108        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    109            to = self._parse_types()
    110            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    111            this = self._parse_bitwise()
    112            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
    113
    114        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
    115            index = self._index - 1
    116            func = self._parse_function()
    117
    118            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
    119                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
    120            self._retreat(index)
    121            return None
    122
    123    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
    124        BIT_STRINGS = []
    125        HEX_STRINGS = []
    126        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    127
    128        KEYWORDS = {
    129            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    130            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
    131            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
    132            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    133            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
    134            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
    135            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
    136            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    137            "BINARY VARYING": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    138        }
    139        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
    140
    141        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
    142        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
    143        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
    144
    145    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
    146        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
    147        QUERY_HINTS = False
    148        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
    149        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
    150        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
    151        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    152        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
    153        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
    154        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
    155        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
    156        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
    157        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
    158        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
    159        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
    160        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
    161        ALTER_SET_TYPE = "TYPE"
    162
    163        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
    164        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
    165
    166        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    167            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    168            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
    169            exp.DataType.Type.BLOB: "VARBYTE",
    170            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
    171            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
    172            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    173            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
    174            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
    175        }
    176
    177        TRANSFORMS = {
    178            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    179            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
    180            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
    181            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
    182            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
    183            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    184            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
    185                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("sysdate") else "GETDATE()"
    186            ),
    187            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    188            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    189            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
    190            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
    191            exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self.explode_sql(e),
    192            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
    193            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
    194            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    195            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    196            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
    197            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
    198            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    199                [
    200                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    201                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    202                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
    203                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
    204                ]
    205            ),
    206            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
    207            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
    208            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
    209            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
    210            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
    211            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
    212            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    213            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    214            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
    215            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
    216        }
    217
    218        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
    219        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
    220
    221        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
    222        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
    223
    224        # Redshift supports these functions
    225        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
    226        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
    227        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
    228
    229        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    230            "aes128",
    231            "aes256",
    232            "all",
    233            "allowoverwrite",
    234            "analyse",
    235            "analyze",
    236            "and",
    237            "any",
    238            "array",
    239            "as",
    240            "asc",
    241            "authorization",
    242            "az64",
    243            "backup",
    244            "between",
    245            "binary",
    246            "blanksasnull",
    247            "both",
    248            "bytedict",
    249            "bzip2",
    250            "case",
    251            "cast",
    252            "check",
    253            "collate",
    254            "column",
    255            "constraint",
    256            "create",
    257            "credentials",
    258            "cross",
    259            "current_date",
    260            "current_time",
    261            "current_timestamp",
    262            "current_user",
    263            "current_user_id",
    264            "default",
    265            "deferrable",
    266            "deflate",
    267            "defrag",
    268            "delta",
    269            "delta32k",
    270            "desc",
    271            "disable",
    272            "distinct",
    273            "do",
    274            "else",
    275            "emptyasnull",
    276            "enable",
    277            "encode",
    278            "encrypt     ",
    279            "encryption",
    280            "end",
    281            "except",
    282            "explicit",
    283            "false",
    284            "for",
    285            "foreign",
    286            "freeze",
    287            "from",
    288            "full",
    289            "globaldict256",
    290            "globaldict64k",
    291            "grant",
    292            "group",
    293            "gzip",
    294            "having",
    295            "identity",
    296            "ignore",
    297            "ilike",
    298            "in",
    299            "initially",
    300            "inner",
    301            "intersect",
    302            "interval",
    303            "into",
    304            "is",
    305            "isnull",
    306            "join",
    307            "leading",
    308            "left",
    309            "like",
    310            "limit",
    311            "localtime",
    312            "localtimestamp",
    313            "lun",
    314            "luns",
    315            "lzo",
    316            "lzop",
    317            "minus",
    318            "mostly16",
    319            "mostly32",
    320            "mostly8",
    321            "natural",
    322            "new",
    323            "not",
    324            "notnull",
    325            "null",
    326            "nulls",
    327            "off",
    328            "offline",
    329            "offset",
    330            "oid",
    331            "old",
    332            "on",
    333            "only",
    334            "open",
    335            "or",
    336            "order",
    337            "outer",
    338            "overlaps",
    339            "parallel",
    340            "partition",
    341            "percent",
    342            "permissions",
    343            "pivot",
    344            "placing",
    345            "primary",
    346            "raw",
    347            "readratio",
    348            "recover",
    349            "references",
    350            "rejectlog",
    351            "resort",
    352            "respect",
    353            "restore",
    354            "right",
    355            "select",
    356            "session_user",
    357            "similar",
    358            "snapshot",
    359            "some",
    360            "sysdate",
    361            "system",
    362            "table",
    363            "tag",
    364            "tdes",
    365            "text255",
    366            "text32k",
    367            "then",
    368            "timestamp",
    369            "to",
    370            "top",
    371            "trailing",
    372            "true",
    373            "truncatecolumns",
    374            "type",
    375            "union",
    376            "unique",
    377            "unnest",
    378            "unpivot",
    379            "user",
    380            "using",
    381            "verbose",
    382            "wallet",
    383            "when",
    384            "where",
    385            "with",
    386            "without",
    387        }
    388
    389        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    390            args = expression.expressions
    391            num_args = len(args)
    392
    393            if num_args != 1:
    394                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
    395                return ""
    396
    397            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
    398                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
    399                return ""
    400
    401            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
    402
    403            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
    404            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
    405
    406        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    407            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
    408                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
    409                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    410
    411            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    412
    413        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    414            """
    415            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
    416            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
    417            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
    418            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
    419            """
    420            if expression.is_type("text"):
    421                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    422                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
    423
    424                if not precision:
    425                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
    426
    427            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
    428
    429        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    430            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    431            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
    432            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
    433            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
    434            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
    435            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
    436
    437            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
    438
    439        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    440            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
    441                return super().array_sql(expression)
    442
    443            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
    444
    445        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
    446            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
    447            return ""

class Redshift(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres): View Source

     42class Redshift(Postgres):
     43    # https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_names.html
     44    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
     45
     46    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
     47    INDEX_OFFSET = 0
     48    COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False
     49    HEX_LOWERCASE = True
     50    HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True
     51
     52    # ref: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_FORMAT_strings.html
     53    TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
     54    TIME_MAPPING = {**Postgres.TIME_MAPPING, "MON": "%b", "HH24": "%H", "HH": "%I"}
     55
     56    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
     57        FUNCTIONS = {
     58            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     59            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
     60                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     61                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     62                unit=exp.var("month"),
     63                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
     64            ),
     65            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
     66            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     67            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     68            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     69            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     70            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     71            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     72            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
     73                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
     74            ),
     75            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
     76        }
     77
     78        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     79            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     80            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
     81            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, sysdate=True),
     82        }
     83
     84        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
     85
     86        def _parse_table(
     87            self,
     88            schema: bool = False,
     89            joins: bool = False,
     90            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     91            parse_bracket: bool = False,
     92            is_db_reference: bool = False,
     93            parse_partition: bool = False,
     94        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     95            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
     96            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
     97            table = super()._parse_table(
     98                schema=schema,
     99                joins=joins,
    100                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
    101                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
    102                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
    103            )
    104
    105            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
    106
    107        def _parse_convert(
    108            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
    109        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    110            to = self._parse_types()
    111            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    112            this = self._parse_bitwise()
    113            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
    114
    115        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
    116            index = self._index - 1
    117            func = self._parse_function()
    118
    119            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
    120                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
    121            self._retreat(index)
    122            return None
    123
    124    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
    125        BIT_STRINGS = []
    126        HEX_STRINGS = []
    127        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    128
    129        KEYWORDS = {
    130            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    131            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
    132            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
    133            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    134            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
    135            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
    136            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
    137            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    138            "BINARY VARYING": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    139        }
    140        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
    141
    142        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
    143        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
    144        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")
    145
    146    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
    147        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
    148        QUERY_HINTS = False
    149        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
    150        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
    151        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
    152        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    153        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
    154        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
    155        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
    156        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
    157        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
    158        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
    159        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
    160        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
    161        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
    162        ALTER_SET_TYPE = "TYPE"
    163
    164        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
    165        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
    166
    167        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    168            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    169            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
    170            exp.DataType.Type.BLOB: "VARBYTE",
    171            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
    172            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
    173            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    174            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
    175            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
    176        }
    177
    178        TRANSFORMS = {
    179            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    180            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
    181            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
    182            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
    183            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
    184            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    185            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
    186                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("sysdate") else "GETDATE()"
    187            ),
    188            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    189            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    190            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
    191            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
    192            exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self.explode_sql(e),
    193            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
    194            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
    195            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    196            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    197            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
    198            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
    199            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    200                [
    201                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    202                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    203                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
    204                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
    205                ]
    206            ),
    207            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
    208            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
    209            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
    210            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
    211            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
    212            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
    213            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    214            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    215            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
    216            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
    217        }
    218
    219        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
    220        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
    221
    222        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
    223        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
    224
    225        # Redshift supports these functions
    226        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
    227        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
    228        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
    229
    230        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    231            "aes128",
    232            "aes256",
    233            "all",
    234            "allowoverwrite",
    235            "analyse",
    236            "analyze",
    237            "and",
    238            "any",
    239            "array",
    240            "as",
    241            "asc",
    242            "authorization",
    243            "az64",
    244            "backup",
    245            "between",
    246            "binary",
    247            "blanksasnull",
    248            "both",
    249            "bytedict",
    250            "bzip2",
    251            "case",
    252            "cast",
    253            "check",
    254            "collate",
    255            "column",
    256            "constraint",
    257            "create",
    258            "credentials",
    259            "cross",
    260            "current_date",
    261            "current_time",
    262            "current_timestamp",
    263            "current_user",
    264            "current_user_id",
    265            "default",
    266            "deferrable",
    267            "deflate",
    268            "defrag",
    269            "delta",
    270            "delta32k",
    271            "desc",
    272            "disable",
    273            "distinct",
    274            "do",
    275            "else",
    276            "emptyasnull",
    277            "enable",
    278            "encode",
    279            "encrypt     ",
    280            "encryption",
    281            "end",
    282            "except",
    283            "explicit",
    284            "false",
    285            "for",
    286            "foreign",
    287            "freeze",
    288            "from",
    289            "full",
    290            "globaldict256",
    291            "globaldict64k",
    292            "grant",
    293            "group",
    294            "gzip",
    295            "having",
    296            "identity",
    297            "ignore",
    298            "ilike",
    299            "in",
    300            "initially",
    301            "inner",
    302            "intersect",
    303            "interval",
    304            "into",
    305            "is",
    306            "isnull",
    307            "join",
    308            "leading",
    309            "left",
    310            "like",
    311            "limit",
    312            "localtime",
    313            "localtimestamp",
    314            "lun",
    315            "luns",
    316            "lzo",
    317            "lzop",
    318            "minus",
    319            "mostly16",
    320            "mostly32",
    321            "mostly8",
    322            "natural",
    323            "new",
    324            "not",
    325            "notnull",
    326            "null",
    327            "nulls",
    328            "off",
    329            "offline",
    330            "offset",
    331            "oid",
    332            "old",
    333            "on",
    334            "only",
    335            "open",
    336            "or",
    337            "order",
    338            "outer",
    339            "overlaps",
    340            "parallel",
    341            "partition",
    342            "percent",
    343            "permissions",
    344            "pivot",
    345            "placing",
    346            "primary",
    347            "raw",
    348            "readratio",
    349            "recover",
    350            "references",
    351            "rejectlog",
    352            "resort",
    353            "respect",
    354            "restore",
    355            "right",
    356            "select",
    357            "session_user",
    358            "similar",
    359            "snapshot",
    360            "some",
    361            "sysdate",
    362            "system",
    363            "table",
    364            "tag",
    365            "tdes",
    366            "text255",
    367            "text32k",
    368            "then",
    369            "timestamp",
    370            "to",
    371            "top",
    372            "trailing",
    373            "true",
    374            "truncatecolumns",
    375            "type",
    376            "union",
    377            "unique",
    378            "unnest",
    379            "unpivot",
    380            "user",
    381            "using",
    382            "verbose",
    383            "wallet",
    384            "when",
    385            "where",
    386            "with",
    387            "without",
    388        }
    389
    390        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    391            args = expression.expressions
    392            num_args = len(args)
    393
    394            if num_args != 1:
    395                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
    396                return ""
    397
    398            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
    399                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
    400                return ""
    401
    402            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
    403
    404            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
    405            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
    406
    407        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    408            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
    409                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
    410                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    411
    412            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    413
    414        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    415            """
    416            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
    417            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
    418            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
    419            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
    420            """
    421            if expression.is_type("text"):
    422                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    423                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
    424
    425                if not precision:
    426                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
    427
    428            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
    429
    430        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    431            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    432            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
    433            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
    434            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
    435            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
    436            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
    437
    438            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
    439
    440        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    441            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
    442                return super().array_sql(expression)
    443
    444            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
    445
    446        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
    447            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
    448            return ""

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Whether user-defined data types are supported.

INDEX_OFFSET = 0

The base index offset for arrays.

COPY_PARAMS_ARE_CSV = False

Whether COPY statement parameters are separated by comma or whitespace

HEX_LOWERCASE = True

Whether the `HEX` function returns a lowercase hexadecimal string.

HAS_DISTINCT_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS = True

Whether the ARRAY constructor is context-sensitive, i.e in Redshift ARRAY[1, 2, 3] != ARRAY(1, 2, 3) as the former is of type INT[] vs the latter which is SUPER

TIME_FORMAT = "'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'"
TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'AM': '%p', 'PM': '%p', 'd': '%u', 'D': '%u', 'dd': '%d', 'DD': '%d', 'ddd': '%j', 'DDD': '%j', 'FMDD': '%-d', 'FMDDD': '%-j', 'FMHH12': '%-I', 'FMHH24': '%-H', 'FMMI': '%-M', 'FMMM': '%-m', 'FMSS': '%-S', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'mi': '%M', 'MI': '%M', 'mm': '%m', 'MM': '%m', 'OF': '%z', 'ss': '%S', 'SS': '%S', 'TMDay': '%A', 'TMDy': '%a', 'TMMon': '%b', 'TMMonth': '%B', 'TZ': '%Z', 'US': '%f', 'ww': '%U', 'WW': '%U', 'yy': '%y', 'YY': '%y', 'yyyy': '%Y', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'MON': '%b', 'HH': '%I'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` formats.

SUPPORTS_COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS = True

Whether the old-style outer join (+) syntax is supported.

UNESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b', '\\\\': '\\'}

Mapping of an escaped sequence (`\n`) to its unescaped version (`` ).

tokenizer_class = <class 'Redshift.Tokenizer'>
jsonpath_tokenizer_class = <class 'sqlglot.tokens.JSONPathTokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'Redshift.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'Redshift.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'd': {0: True, 'd': {0: True, 'd': {0: True}}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'm': {'i': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'w': {'w': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {0: True, 'y': {'y': {0: True}}}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'A': {'M': {0: True}}, 'P': {'M': {0: True}}, 'd': {0: True, 'd': {0: True, 'd': {0: True}}}, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'F': {'M': {'D': {'D': {0: True, 'D': {0: True}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}, 'H': {'H': {'1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'm': {'i': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}}, 'M': {'I': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True}}}, 'O': {'F': {0: True}}, 's': {'s': {0: True}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True}}, 'T': {'M': {'D': {'a': {'y': {0: True}}, 'y': {0: True}}, 'M': {'o': {'n': {0: True, 't': {'h': {0: True}}}}}}, 'Z': {0: True}}, 'U': {'S': {0: True}}, 'w': {'w': {0: True}}, 'W': {'W': {0: True}}, 'y': {'y': {0: True, 'y': {'y': {0: True}}}}, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True, 'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%p': 'PM', '%u': 'D', '%d': 'DD', '%j': 'DDD', '%-d': 'FMDD', '%-j': 'FMDDD', '%-I': 'FMHH12', '%-H': 'FMHH24', '%-M': 'FMMI', '%-m': 'FMMM', '%-S': 'FMSS', '%I': 'HH', '%H': 'HH24', '%M': 'MI', '%m': 'MM', '%z': 'OF', '%S': 'SS', '%A': 'TMDay', '%a': 'TMDy', '%b': 'MON', '%B': 'TMMonth', '%Z': 'TZ', '%f': 'US', '%U': 'WW', '%y': 'YY', '%Y': 'YYYY'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'p': {0: True}, 'u': {0: True}, 'd': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, '-': {'d': {0: True}, 'j': {0: True}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}}, 'I': {0: True}, 'H': {0: True}, 'M': {0: True}, 'm': {0: True}, 'z': {0: True}, 'S': {0: True}, 'A': {0: True}, 'a': {0: True}, 'b': {0: True}, 'B': {0: True}, 'Z': {0: True}, 'f': {0: True}, 'U': {0: True}, 'y': {0: True}, 'Y': {0: True}}}
INVERSE_FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {}
INVERSE_FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {}
INVERSE_CREATABLE_KIND_MAPPING: dict[str, str] = {}
ESCAPED_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v', '\\': '\\\\'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '"'
IDENTIFIER_END = '"'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = None
HEX_END: Optional[str] = None
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "e'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres
  TYPED_DIVISION
  CONCAT_COALESCE
  NULL_ORDERING
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT

class Redshift.Parser(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser): View Source

     56    class Parser(Postgres.Parser):
     57        FUNCTIONS = {
     58            **Postgres.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
     59            "ADD_MONTHS": lambda args: exp.TsOrDsAdd(
     60                this=seq_get(args, 0),
     61                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
     62                unit=exp.var("month"),
     63                return_type=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"),
     64            ),
     65            "CONVERT_TIMEZONE": lambda args: build_convert_timezone(args, "UTC"),
     66            "DATEADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     67            "DATE_ADD": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsAdd),
     68            "DATEDIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     69            "DATE_DIFF": _build_date_delta(exp.TsOrDsDiff),
     70            "GETDATE": exp.CurrentTimestamp.from_arg_list,
     71            "LISTAGG": exp.GroupConcat.from_arg_list,
     72            "SPLIT_TO_ARRAY": lambda args: exp.StringToArray(
     73                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(",")
     74            ),
     75            "STRTOL": exp.FromBase.from_arg_list,
     76        }
     77
     78        NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
     79            **Postgres.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS,
     80            "APPROXIMATE": lambda self: self._parse_approximate_count(),
     81            "SYSDATE": lambda self: self.expression(exp.CurrentTimestamp, sysdate=True),
     82        }
     83
     84        SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
     85
     86        def _parse_table(
     87            self,
     88            schema: bool = False,
     89            joins: bool = False,
     90            alias_tokens: t.Optional[t.Collection[TokenType]] = None,
     91            parse_bracket: bool = False,
     92            is_db_reference: bool = False,
     93            parse_partition: bool = False,
     94        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
     95            # Redshift supports UNPIVOTing SUPER objects, e.g. `UNPIVOT foo.obj[0] AS val AT attr`
     96            unpivot = self._match(TokenType.UNPIVOT)
     97            table = super()._parse_table(
     98                schema=schema,
     99                joins=joins,
    100                alias_tokens=alias_tokens,
    101                parse_bracket=parse_bracket,
    102                is_db_reference=is_db_reference,
    103            )
    104
    105            return self.expression(exp.Pivot, this=table, unpivot=True) if unpivot else table
    106
    107        def _parse_convert(
    108            self, strict: bool, safe: t.Optional[bool] = None
    109        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    110            to = self._parse_types()
    111            self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
    112            this = self._parse_bitwise()
    113            return self.expression(exp.TryCast, this=this, to=to, safe=safe)
    114
    115        def _parse_approximate_count(self) -> t.Optional[exp.ApproxDistinct]:
    116            index = self._index - 1
    117            func = self._parse_function()
    118
    119            if isinstance(func, exp.Count) and isinstance(func.this, exp.Distinct):
    120                return self.expression(exp.ApproxDistinct, this=seq_get(func.this.expressions, 0))
    121            self._retreat(index)
    122            return None

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: The amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ADD_MONTHS': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.And'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPLY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Apply'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONSTRUCT_COMPACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConstructCompact'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'ARRAY_HAS_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_OVERLAPS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_TO_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayToString'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CBRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cbrt'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHAR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COALESCE': <function build_coalesce>, 'IFNULL': <function build_coalesce>, 'NVL': <function build_coalesce>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COLUMNS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Columns'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>>, 'CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Contains'>>, 'CONVERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Convert'>>, 'CONVERT_TIMEZONE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'CORR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Corr'>>, 'COUNT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COVAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarPop'>>, 'COVAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CovarSamp'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_SCHEMA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentSchema'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 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'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function build_timestamp_trunc>, 'DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Datetime'>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK_ISO': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'ISODOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeekIso'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exists'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 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'GAP_FILL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GapFill'>>, 'GENERATE_DATE_ARRAY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <function _build_generate_series>, 'GENERATE_TIMESTAMP_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateTimestampArray'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <function build_hex>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'IIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'INLINE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Inline'>>, 'INT64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>>, 'IS_ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsAscii'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExists'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'J_S_O_N_B_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONCast'>>, 'J_S_O_N_EXISTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExists'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractArray'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function build_extract_json_with_path.<locals>._builder>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'J_S_O_N_VALUE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONValueArray'>>, 'LAG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lag'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastValue'>>, 'LEAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lead'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHAR_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'CHARACTER_LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LIST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.List'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function build_logarithm>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <function build_lower>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LOWER_HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LowerHex'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAKE_INTERVAL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MakeInterval'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MEDIAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Median'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NORMALIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Normalize'>>, 'NTH_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NthValue'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OBJECT_INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ObjectInsert'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Or'>>, 'OVERLAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Overlay'>>, 'PAD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pad'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'QUARTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quarter'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtractAll'>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <function _build_regexp_replace>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SIGN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SIGNUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sign'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Split'>>, 'SPLIT_PART': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SplitPart'>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.String'>>, 'STRING_TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'SPLIT_BY_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUBSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Time'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>>, 'TIMESTAMPDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TO_DOUBLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDouble'>>, 'TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>>, 'TO_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToNumber'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Try'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDatetime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTimestamp'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNICODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_SECONDS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixSeconds'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UNNEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'UPPER': <function build_upper>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GEN_RANDOM_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'GENERATE_UUID': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'UUID_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function build_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'XMLELEMENT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLElement'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'ARRAYAGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'LIKE': <function build_like>, 'LOG2': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG10': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEFTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MOD': <function build_mod>, 'RIGHTPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RPAD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RTRIM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SCOPE_RESOLUTION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRPOS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'CHARINDEX': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INSTR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'LOCATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_HEX': <function build_hex>, 'ASCII': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>>, 'DIV': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_PATH': <function build_json_extract_path.<locals>._builder>, 'MAKE_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'MAKE_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'NOW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'TO_DATE': <function build_formatted_time.<locals>._builder>, 'TO_TIMESTAMP': <function _build_to_timestamp>, 'SHA256': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA384': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA512': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN_LESS_EQUAL': <function _build_levenshtein_less_equal>, 'JSON_OBJECT_AGG': <function Postgres.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSONB_OBJECT_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBObjectAgg'>>, 'DATEADD': <function _build_date_delta.<locals>._builder>, 'GETDATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'LISTAGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'SPLIT_TO_ARRAY': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRTOL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONNECT_BY_ROOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IF': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'APPROXIMATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSDATE': <function Redshift.Parser.<lambda>>}
SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_UNNEST = True
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.STREAMLIT: 'STREAMLIT'>, <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.MULTILINESTRING: 'MULTILINESTRING'>, <TokenType.PUT: 'PUT'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, <TokenType.TAG: 'TAG'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.BLOB: 'BLOB'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.SINK: 'SINK'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, <TokenType.POLYGON: 'POLYGON'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'SIMPLEAGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.TDIGEST: 'TDIGEST'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.DYNAMIC: 'DYNAMIC'>, <TokenType.AGGREGATEFUNCTION: 'AGGREGATEFUNCTION'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.POINT: 'POINT'>, <TokenType.GET: 'GET'>, <TokenType.IPV4: 'IPV4'>, <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.STAGE: 'STAGE'>, <TokenType.FILE_FORMAT: 'FILE_FORMAT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.DATE32: 'DATE32'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, <TokenType.NOTHING: 'NOTHING'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.IPV6: 'IPV6'>, <TokenType.IDENTIFIER: 'IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.DETACH: 'DETACH'>, <TokenType.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.RING: 'RING'>, <TokenType.EXPORT: 'EXPORT'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.VOID: 'VOID'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.LINESTRING: 'LINESTRING'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, <TokenType.UDOUBLE: 'UDOUBLE'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.STORAGE_INTEGRATION: 'STORAGE_INTEGRATION'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.SOURCE: 'SOURCE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.WAREHOUSE: 'WAREHOUSE'>, <TokenType.ATTACH: 'ATTACH'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.MULTIPOLYGON: 'MULTIPOLYGON'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  AGGREGATE_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  ALTERABLES
  ALIAS_TOKENS
  COLON_PLACEHOLDER_TOKENS
  ARRAY_CONSTRUCTORS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  ASSIGNMENT
  DISJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  TERM
  FACTOR
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  STRING_PARSERS
  NUMERIC_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  CONSTRAINT_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  ALTER_ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  TYPE_CONVERTERS
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  CONFLICT_ACTIONS
  CREATE_SEQUENCE
  ISOLATED_LOADING_OPTIONS
  USABLES
  CAST_ACTIONS
  SCHEMA_BINDING_OPTIONS
  PROCEDURE_OPTIONS
  EXECUTE_AS_OPTIONS
  KEY_CONSTRAINT_OPTIONS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_PREFIX
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  VIEW_ATTRIBUTES
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_SEPARATOR_TOKENS
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  NULL_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  SELECT_START_TOKENS
  COPY_INTO_VARLEN_OPTIONS
  IS_JSON_PREDICATE_KIND
  ODBC_DATETIME_LITERALS
  ON_CONDITION_TOKENS
  PRIVILEGE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  DESCRIBE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_STYLES
  ANALYZE_EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  PARTITION_KEYWORDS
  AMBIGUOUS_ALIAS_TOKENS
  OPERATION_MODIFIERS
  RECURSIVE_CTE_SEARCH_KIND
  MODIFIABLES
  STRICT_CAST
  PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  DEFAULT_SAMPLING_METHOD
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_SET_OP
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  NO_PAREN_IF_COMMANDS
  COLON_IS_VARIANT_EXTRACT
  VALUES_FOLLOWED_BY_PAREN
  INTERVAL_SPANS
  SUPPORTS_PARTITION_SELECTION
  WRAPPED_TRANSFORM_COLUMN_CONSTRAINT
  OPTIONAL_ALIAS_TOKEN_CTE
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  parse_set_operation
  errors
  sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Parser
  PROPERTY_PARSERS
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS
  FUNCTION_PARSERS
  BITWISE
  EXPONENT
  RANGE_PARSERS
  STATEMENT_PARSERS
  JSON_ARROWS_REQUIRE_JSON_TYPE
  COLUMN_OPERATORS

class Redshift.Tokenizer(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Tokenizer): View Source

    124    class Tokenizer(Postgres.Tokenizer):
    125        BIT_STRINGS = []
    126        HEX_STRINGS = []
    127        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    128
    129        KEYWORDS = {
    130            **Postgres.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    131            "(+)": TokenType.JOIN_MARKER,
    132            "HLLSKETCH": TokenType.HLLSKETCH,
    133            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    134            "SUPER": TokenType.SUPER,
    135            "TOP": TokenType.TOP,
    136            "UNLOAD": TokenType.COMMAND,
    137            "VARBYTE": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    138            "BINARY VARYING": TokenType.VARBINARY,
    139        }
    140        KEYWORDS.pop("VALUES")
    141
    142        # Redshift allows # to appear as a table identifier prefix
    143        SINGLE_TOKENS = Postgres.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS.copy()
    144        SINGLE_TOKENS.pop("#")

BIT_STRINGS = []
HEX_STRINGS = []
STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\', "'"]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, '~~~': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, '~~': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, '~~*': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, '~*': <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COPY: 'COPY'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_SCHEMA': <TokenType.CURRENT_SCHEMA: 'CURRENT_SCHEMA'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ENUM': <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NAMESPACE': <TokenType.NAMESPACE: 'NAMESPACE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'RENAME': <TokenType.RENAME: 'RENAME'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'STRAIGHT_JOIN': <TokenType.STRAIGHT_JOIN: 'STRAIGHT_JOIN'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.TRUNCATE: 'TRUNCATE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'UHUGEINT': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT256': <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'UINT': <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, 'UINT128': <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, 'UINT256': <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL32': <TokenType.DECIMAL32: 'DECIMAL32'>, 'DECIMAL64': <TokenType.DECIMAL64: 'DECIMAL64'>, 'DECIMAL128': <TokenType.DECIMAL128: 'DECIMAL128'>, 'DECIMAL256': <TokenType.DECIMAL256: 'DECIMAL256'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'LIST': <TokenType.LIST: 'LIST'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'JSONB': <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'BPCHAR': <TokenType.BPCHAR: 'BPCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_LTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPNTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP_NTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPNTZ: 'TIMESTAMPNTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'VECTOR': <TokenType.VECTOR: 'VECTOR'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'SEQUENCE': <TokenType.SEQUENCE: 'SEQUENCE'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.ANALYZE: 'ANALYZE'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.GRANT: 'GRANT'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, '~': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, '@@': <TokenType.DAT: 'DAT'>, '@>': <TokenType.AT_GT: 'AT_GT'>, '<@': <TokenType.LT_AT: 'LT_AT'>, '|/': <TokenType.PIPE_SLASH: 'PIPE_SLASH'>, '||/': <TokenType.DPIPE_SLASH: 'DPIPE_SLASH'>, 'BEGIN TRANSACTION': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BIGSERIAL': <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, 'CHARACTER VARYING': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'CONSTRAINT TRIGGER': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CSTRING': <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'DO': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXEC': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'HSTORE': <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, 'MONEY': <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, 'NAME': <TokenType.NAME: 'NAME'>, 'OID': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'ONLY': <TokenType.ONLY: 'ONLY'>, 'OPERATOR': <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, 'REFRESH': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REINDEX': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'RESET': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'REVOKE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'SERIAL': <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, 'SMALLSERIAL': <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, 'REGCLASS': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCOLLATION': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGCONFIG': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGDICTIONARY': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGNAMESPACE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPER': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGOPERATOR': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROC': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGPROCEDURE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGROLE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, 'REGTYPE': <TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, '(+)': <TokenType.JOIN_MARKER: 'JOIN_MARKER'>, 'HLLSKETCH': <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, 'MINUS': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'SUPER': <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, 'TOP': <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, 'UNLOAD': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VARBYTE': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'BINARY VARYING': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>}
SINGLE_TOKENS = {'(': <TokenType.L_PAREN: 'L_PAREN'>, ')': <TokenType.R_PAREN: 'R_PAREN'>, '[': <TokenType.L_BRACKET: 'L_BRACKET'>, ']': <TokenType.R_BRACKET: 'R_BRACKET'>, '{': <TokenType.L_BRACE: 'L_BRACE'>, '}': <TokenType.R_BRACE: 'R_BRACE'>, '&': <TokenType.AMP: 'AMP'>, '^': <TokenType.CARET: 'CARET'>, ':': <TokenType.COLON: 'COLON'>, ',': <TokenType.COMMA: 'COMMA'>, '.': <TokenType.DOT: 'DOT'>, '-': <TokenType.DASH: 'DASH'>, '=': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '>': <TokenType.GT: 'GT'>, '<': <TokenType.LT: 'LT'>, '%': <TokenType.MOD: 'MOD'>, '!': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, '|': <TokenType.PIPE: 'PIPE'>, '+': <TokenType.PLUS: 'PLUS'>, ';': <TokenType.SEMICOLON: 'SEMICOLON'>, '/': <TokenType.SLASH: 'SLASH'>, '\\': <TokenType.BACKSLASH: 'BACKSLASH'>, '*': <TokenType.STAR: 'STAR'>, '~': <TokenType.TILDA: 'TILDA'>, '?': <TokenType.PLACEHOLDER: 'PLACEHOLDER'>, '@': <TokenType.PARAMETER: 'PARAMETER'>, "'": <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '`': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '"': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, '$': <TokenType.HEREDOC_STRING: 'HEREDOC_STRING'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  RAW_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIERS
  QUOTES
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  STRING_ESCAPES_ALLOWED_IN_RAW_STRINGS
  NESTED_COMMENTS
  HINT_START
  TOKENS_PRECEDING_HINT
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  COMMENTS
  dialect
  use_rs_tokenizer
  reset
  tokenize
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Tokenizer
  BYTE_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_TAG_IS_IDENTIFIER
  HEREDOC_STRING_ALTERNATIVE
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS

class Redshift.Generator(sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator): View Source

    146    class Generator(Postgres.Generator):
    147        LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
    148        QUERY_HINTS = False
    149        VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
    150        TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
    151        NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
    152        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
    153        CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
    154        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
    155        COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
    156        HEX_FUNC = "TO_HEX"
    157        PARSE_JSON_NAME = "JSON_PARSE"
    158        ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
    159        SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
    160        EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
    161        SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
    162        ALTER_SET_TYPE = "TYPE"
    163
    164        # Redshift doesn't have `WITH` as part of their with_properties so we remove it
    165        WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = " "
    166
    167        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    168            **Postgres.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    169            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "VARBYTE",
    170            exp.DataType.Type.BLOB: "VARBYTE",
    171            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INTEGER",
    172            exp.DataType.Type.TIMETZ: "TIME",
    173            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    174            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "VARBYTE",
    175            exp.DataType.Type.ROWVERSION: "VARBYTE",
    176        }
    177
    178        TRANSFORMS = {
    179            **Postgres.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    180            exp.ArrayConcat: lambda self, e: self.arrayconcat_sql(e, name="ARRAY_CONCAT"),
    181            exp.Concat: concat_to_dpipe_sql,
    182            exp.ConcatWs: concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql,
    183            exp.ApproxDistinct: lambda self,
    184            e: f"APPROXIMATE COUNT(DISTINCT {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    185            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: (
    186                "SYSDATE" if e.args.get("sysdate") else "GETDATE()"
    187            ),
    188            exp.DateAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    189            exp.DateDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    190            exp.DistKeyProperty: lambda self, e: self.func("DISTKEY", e.this),
    191            exp.DistStyleProperty: lambda self, e: self.naked_property(e),
    192            exp.Explode: lambda self, e: self.explode_sql(e),
    193            exp.FromBase: rename_func("STRTOL"),
    194            exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint: generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql,
    195            exp.JSONExtract: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    196            exp.JSONExtractScalar: json_extract_segments("JSON_EXTRACT_PATH_TEXT"),
    197            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("LISTAGG"),
    198            exp.Hex: lambda self, e: self.func("UPPER", self.func("TO_HEX", self.sql(e, "this"))),
    199            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    200                [
    201                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    202                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    203                    transforms.unqualify_unnest,
    204                    transforms.unnest_generate_date_array_using_recursive_cte,
    205                ]
    206            ),
    207            exp.SortKeyProperty: lambda self,
    208            e: f"{'COMPOUND ' if e.args['compound'] else ''}SORTKEY({self.format_args(*e.this)})",
    209            exp.StartsWith: lambda self,
    210            e: f"{self.sql(e.this)} LIKE {self.sql(e.expression)} || '%'",
    211            exp.StringToArray: rename_func("SPLIT_TO_ARRAY"),
    212            exp.TableSample: no_tablesample_sql,
    213            exp.TsOrDsAdd: date_delta_sql("DATEADD"),
    214            exp.TsOrDsDiff: date_delta_sql("DATEDIFF"),
    215            exp.UnixToTime: lambda self,
    216            e: f"(TIMESTAMP 'epoch' + {self.sql(e.this)} * INTERVAL '1 SECOND')",
    217        }
    218
    219        # Postgres maps exp.Pivot to no_pivot_sql, but Redshift support pivots
    220        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.Pivot)
    221
    222        # Postgres doesn't support JSON_PARSE, but Redshift does
    223        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.ParseJSON)
    224
    225        # Redshift supports these functions
    226        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.AnyValue)
    227        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.LastDay)
    228        TRANSFORMS.pop(exp.SHA2)
    229
    230        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    231            "aes128",
    232            "aes256",
    233            "all",
    234            "allowoverwrite",
    235            "analyse",
    236            "analyze",
    237            "and",
    238            "any",
    239            "array",
    240            "as",
    241            "asc",
    242            "authorization",
    243            "az64",
    244            "backup",
    245            "between",
    246            "binary",
    247            "blanksasnull",
    248            "both",
    249            "bytedict",
    250            "bzip2",
    251            "case",
    252            "cast",
    253            "check",
    254            "collate",
    255            "column",
    256            "constraint",
    257            "create",
    258            "credentials",
    259            "cross",
    260            "current_date",
    261            "current_time",
    262            "current_timestamp",
    263            "current_user",
    264            "current_user_id",
    265            "default",
    266            "deferrable",
    267            "deflate",
    268            "defrag",
    269            "delta",
    270            "delta32k",
    271            "desc",
    272            "disable",
    273            "distinct",
    274            "do",
    275            "else",
    276            "emptyasnull",
    277            "enable",
    278            "encode",
    279            "encrypt     ",
    280            "encryption",
    281            "end",
    282            "except",
    283            "explicit",
    284            "false",
    285            "for",
    286            "foreign",
    287            "freeze",
    288            "from",
    289            "full",
    290            "globaldict256",
    291            "globaldict64k",
    292            "grant",
    293            "group",
    294            "gzip",
    295            "having",
    296            "identity",
    297            "ignore",
    298            "ilike",
    299            "in",
    300            "initially",
    301            "inner",
    302            "intersect",
    303            "interval",
    304            "into",
    305            "is",
    306            "isnull",
    307            "join",
    308            "leading",
    309            "left",
    310            "like",
    311            "limit",
    312            "localtime",
    313            "localtimestamp",
    314            "lun",
    315            "luns",
    316            "lzo",
    317            "lzop",
    318            "minus",
    319            "mostly16",
    320            "mostly32",
    321            "mostly8",
    322            "natural",
    323            "new",
    324            "not",
    325            "notnull",
    326            "null",
    327            "nulls",
    328            "off",
    329            "offline",
    330            "offset",
    331            "oid",
    332            "old",
    333            "on",
    334            "only",
    335            "open",
    336            "or",
    337            "order",
    338            "outer",
    339            "overlaps",
    340            "parallel",
    341            "partition",
    342            "percent",
    343            "permissions",
    344            "pivot",
    345            "placing",
    346            "primary",
    347            "raw",
    348            "readratio",
    349            "recover",
    350            "references",
    351            "rejectlog",
    352            "resort",
    353            "respect",
    354            "restore",
    355            "right",
    356            "select",
    357            "session_user",
    358            "similar",
    359            "snapshot",
    360            "some",
    361            "sysdate",
    362            "system",
    363            "table",
    364            "tag",
    365            "tdes",
    366            "text255",
    367            "text32k",
    368            "then",
    369            "timestamp",
    370            "to",
    371            "top",
    372            "trailing",
    373            "true",
    374            "truncatecolumns",
    375            "type",
    376            "union",
    377            "unique",
    378            "unnest",
    379            "unpivot",
    380            "user",
    381            "using",
    382            "verbose",
    383            "wallet",
    384            "when",
    385            "where",
    386            "with",
    387            "without",
    388        }
    389
    390        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    391            args = expression.expressions
    392            num_args = len(args)
    393
    394            if num_args != 1:
    395                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
    396                return ""
    397
    398            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
    399                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
    400                return ""
    401
    402            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
    403
    404            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
    405            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg
    406
    407        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    408            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
    409                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
    410                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    411
    412            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)
    413
    414        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    415            """
    416            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
    417            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
    418            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
    419            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
    420            """
    421            if expression.is_type("text"):
    422                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    423                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
    424
    425                if not precision:
    426                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
    427
    428            return super().datatype_sql(expression)
    429
    430        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    431            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    432            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
    433            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
    434            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
    435            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
    436            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
    437
    438            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"
    439
    440        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    441            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
    442                return super().array_sql(expression)
    443
    444            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)
    445
    446        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
    447            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
    448            return ""

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: The pad size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of a projection in a query, relative to its nesting level. Default: 2.
- indent: The indentation size in a formatted string. For example, this affects the indentation of subqueries and filters under a `WHERE` clause. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: How to normalize function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Whether the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
VALUES_AS_TABLE = False
TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE = True
NVL2_SUPPORTED = True
LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
CAN_IMPLEMENT_ARRAY_ANY = False
MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = True
COPY_PARAMS_ARE_WRAPPED = False
HEX_FUNC = 'TO_HEX'
PARSE_JSON_NAME = 'JSON_PARSE'
ARRAY_CONCAT_IS_VAR_LEN = False
SUPPORTS_CONVERT_TIMEZONE = True
EXCEPT_INTERSECT_SUPPORT_ALL_CLAUSE = False
SUPPORTS_MEDIAN = True
ALTER_SET_TYPE = 'TYPE'
WITH_PROPERTIES_PREFIX = ' '
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.DATETIME2: 'DATETIME2'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'CHAR', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'VARCHAR', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.BLOB: 'BLOB'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.SMALLDATETIME: 'SMALLDATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'SMALLINT', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'REAL', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'DOUBLE PRECISION', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'VARBYTE', <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INTEGER', <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>: 'TIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP'}
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathKey'>: <function json_path_key_only_name>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathRoot'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONPathSubscript'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AllowedValuesProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeColumns'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnalyzeWith'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContainsAll'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayOverlaps'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BackupProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConnectByRoot'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CredentialsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DynamicProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EmptyProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EphemeralColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExcludeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Except'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Get'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GlobalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IcebergProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InheritsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Intersect'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Int64'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Operator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByBucket'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionByTruncate'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PivotAny'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ProjectionPolicyColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Put'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecureProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetConfigProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SharingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stream'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StreamingTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrictProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SwapTable'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Tags'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Union'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnloggedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingTemplateProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UsingData'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Uuid'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ViewAttributeProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithProcedureOptions'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSchemaBindingProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithOperator'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ForceProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>: <function filter_array_using_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BitwiseXor'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ColumnDef'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>: <function no_paren_current_date_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function _date_add_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodingGenerateSeries'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtractScalar'>: <function json_extract_segments.<locals>._json_extract_segments>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBContains'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>: <function no_map_from_entries_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Merge'>: <function merge_without_target_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>: <function struct_extract_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>: <function _substring_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>: <function timestamptrunc_sql.<locals>._timestamptrunc_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function trim_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>: <function no_trycast_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function date_delta_sql.<locals>._delta_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>: <function Postgres.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>: <function bool_xor_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unicode'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>: <function _levenshtein_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObjectAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBObjectAgg'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>: <function count_if_to_sum>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Concat'>: <function concat_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ConcatWs'>: <function concat_ws_to_dpipe_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint'>: <function generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>: <function Redshift.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StringToArray'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TableSample'>: <function no_tablesample_sql>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'any', 'delta', 'deflate', 'delta32k', 'desc', 'truncatecolumns', 'encode', 'without', 'freeze', 'create', 'check', 'permissions', 'globaldict64k', 'column', 'aes128', 'gzip', 'timestamp', 'user', 'initially', 'text32k', 'disable', 'ilike', 'some', 'lzo', 'full', 'null', 'overlaps', 'having', 'off', 'backup', 'lzop', 'mostly32', 'intersect', 'limit', 'not', 'rejectlog', 'group', 'distinct', 'unnest', 'end', 'globaldict256', 'leading', 'between', 'notnull', 'asc', 'percent', 'system', 'recover', 'where', 'similar', 'isnull', 'and', 'bzip2', 'all', 'natural', 'sysdate', 'offset', 'top', 'interval', 'verbose', 'with', 'except', 'az64', 'minus', 'nulls', 'open', 'when', 'wallet', 'else', 'foreign', 'current_time', 'in', 'unique', 'into', 'array', 'parallel', 'true', 'for', 'select', 'aes256', 'case', 'default', 'constraint', 'credentials', 'right', 'current_timestamp', 'on', 'old', 'only', 'order', 'type', 'localtimestamp', 'deferrable', 'do', 'raw', 'tdes', 'from', 'session_user', 'is', 'as', 'or', 'current_user_id', 'binary', 'partition', 'pivot', 'enable', 'explicit', 'then', 'blanksasnull', 'primary', 'table', 'bytedict', 'resort', 'restore', 'respect', 'unpivot', 'current_user', 'snapshot', 'emptyasnull', 'analyse', 'both', 'encrypt ', 'ignore', 'offline', 'localtime', 'references', 'mostly8', 'cast', 'identity', 'inner', 'new', 'join', 'defrag', 'grant', 'placing', 'tag', 'using', 'to', 'analyze', 'luns', 'false', 'union', 'like', 'oid', 'left', 'trailing', 'authorization', 'current_date', 'encryption', 'mostly16', 'outer', 'allowoverwrite', 'cross', 'readratio', 'text255', 'collate', 'lun'}
def unnest_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str: View Source

    390        def unnest_sql(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    391            args = expression.expressions
    392            num_args = len(args)
    393
    394            if num_args != 1:
    395                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported number of arguments in UNNEST: {num_args}")
    396                return ""
    397
    398            if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join, exp.Select), exp.Select):
    399                self.unsupported("Unsupported UNNEST when not used in FROM/JOIN clauses")
    400                return ""
    401
    402            arg = self.sql(seq_get(args, 0))
    403
    404            alias = self.expressions(expression.args.get("alias"), key="columns", flat=True)
    405            return f"{arg} AS {alias}" if alias else arg

def cast_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Cast, safe_prefix: Optional[str] = None) -> str: View Source

    407        def cast_sql(self, expression: exp.Cast, safe_prefix: t.Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    408            if expression.is_type(exp.DataType.Type.JSON):
    409                # Redshift doesn't support a JSON type, so casting to it is treated as a noop
    410                return self.sql(expression, "this")
    411
    412            return super().cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix=safe_prefix)

def datatype_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.DataType) -> str: View Source

    414        def datatype_sql(self, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
    415            """
    416            Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean
    417            VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type
    418            without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert
    419            `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.
    420            """
    421            if expression.is_type("text"):
    422                expression.set("this", exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR)
    423                precision = expression.args.get("expressions")
    424
    425                if not precision:
    426                    expression.append("expressions", exp.var("MAX"))
    427
    428            return super().datatype_sql(expression)

Redshift converts the `TEXT` data type to `VARCHAR(255)` by default when people more generally mean VARCHAR of max length which is `VARCHAR(max)` in Redshift. Therefore if we get a `TEXT` data type without precision we convert it to `VARCHAR(max)` and if it does have precision then we just convert `TEXT` to `VARCHAR`.

def alterset_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AlterSet) -> str: View Source

    430        def alterset_sql(self, expression: exp.AlterSet) -> str:
    431            exprs = self.expressions(expression, flat=True)
    432            exprs = f" TABLE PROPERTIES ({exprs})" if exprs else ""
    433            location = self.sql(expression, "location")
    434            location = f" LOCATION {location}" if location else ""
    435            file_format = self.expressions(expression, key="file_format", flat=True, sep=" ")
    436            file_format = f" FILE FORMAT {file_format}" if file_format else ""
    437
    438            return f"SET{exprs}{location}{file_format}"

def array_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    440        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    441            if expression.args.get("bracket_notation"):
    442                return super().array_sql(expression)
    443
    444            return rename_func("ARRAY")(self, expression)

def explode_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Explode) -> str: View Source

    446        def explode_sql(self, expression: exp.Explode) -> str:
    447            self.unsupported("Unsupported EXPLODE() function")
    448            return ""

SELECT_KINDS: Tuple[str, ...] = ()
TRY_SUPPORTED = False
SUPPORTS_UESCAPE = False
AFTER_HAVING_MODIFIER_TRANSFORMS = {'windows': <function Generator.<lambda>>, 'qualify': <function Generator.<lambda>>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM
  LIMIT_FETCH
  LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  COLLATE_IS_FUNC
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS
  UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS
  JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP
  INSERT_OVERWRITE
  SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE
  JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED
  JSON_PATH_SINGLE_QUOTE_ESCAPE
  SUPPORTS_TO_NUMBER
  SET_OP_MODIFIERS
  COPY_PARAMS_EQ_REQUIRED
  STAR_EXCEPT
  QUOTE_JSON_PATH
  PAD_FILL_PATTERN_IS_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_EXPLODING_PROJECTIONS
  SUPPORTS_UNIX_SECONDS
  ARRAY_SIZE_NAME
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  STRUCT_DELIMITER
  NAMED_PLACEHOLDER_TOKEN
  EXPRESSION_PRECEDES_PROPERTIES_CREATABLES
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  PARAMETERIZABLE_TEXT_TYPES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_parts
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql
  generatedasrowcolumnconstraint_sql
  periodforsystemtimeconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  transformcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  createable_sql
  create_sql
  sequenceproperties_sql
  clone_sql
  describe_sql
  heredoc_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  bytestring_sql
  unicodestring_sql
  rawstring_sql
  datatypeparam_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  set_operation
  set_operations
  fetch_sql
  limitoptions_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  indexparameters_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  hex_sql
  lowerhex_sql
  inputoutputformat_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_name
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
  datablocksizeproperty_sql
  blockcompressionproperty_sql
  isolatedloadingproperty_sql
  partitionboundspec_sql
  partitionedofproperty_sql
  lockingproperty_sql
  withdataproperty_sql
  withsystemversioningproperty_sql
  insert_sql
  introducer_sql
  kill_sql
  pseudotype_sql
  objectidentifier_sql
  onconflict_sql
  returning_sql
  rowformatdelimitedproperty_sql
  withtablehint_sql
  indextablehint_sql
  historicaldata_sql
  table_parts
  table_sql
  tablefromrows_sql
  tablesample_sql
  pivot_sql
  version_sql
  tuple_sql
  update_sql
  values_sql
  var_sql
  into_sql
  from_sql
  groupingsets_sql
  rollup_sql
  cube_sql
  group_sql
  having_sql
  connect_sql
  prior_sql
  join_sql
  lambda_sql
  lateral_op
  lateral_sql
  limit_sql
  offset_sql
  setitem_sql
  set_sql
  pragma_sql
  lock_sql
  literal_sql
  escape_str
  loaddata_sql
  null_sql
  boolean_sql
  order_sql
  withfill_sql
  cluster_sql
  distribute_sql
  sort_sql
  ordered_sql
  matchrecognizemeasure_sql
  matchrecognize_sql
  query_modifiers
  options_modifier
  queryoption_sql
  offset_limit_modifiers
  after_limit_modifiers
  select_sql
  schema_sql
  schema_columns_sql
  star_sql
  parameter_sql
  sessionparameter_sql
  placeholder_sql
  subquery_sql
  qualify_sql
  prewhere_sql
  where_sql
  window_sql
  partition_by_sql
  windowspec_sql
  withingroup_sql
  between_sql
  bracket_offset_expressions
  all_sql
  any_sql
  exists_sql
  case_sql
  constraint_sql
  nextvaluefor_sql
  extract_sql
  trim_sql
  convert_concat_args
  concat_sql
  concatws_sql
  check_sql
  foreignkey_sql
  primarykey_sql
  if_sql
  jsonkeyvalue_sql
  jsonpath_sql
  json_path_part
  formatjson_sql
  jsonobject_sql
  jsonobjectagg_sql
  jsonarray_sql
  jsonarrayagg_sql
  jsoncolumndef_sql
  jsonschema_sql
  jsontable_sql
  openjsoncolumndef_sql
  openjson_sql
  in_sql
  in_unnest_op
  return_sql
  reference_sql
  anonymous_sql
  paren_sql
  neg_sql
  not_sql
  alias_sql
  pivotalias_sql
  aliases_sql
  atindex_sql
  attimezone_sql
  fromtimezone_sql
  add_sql
  and_sql
  or_sql
  xor_sql
  connector_sql
  bitwiseand_sql
  bitwiseleftshift_sql
  bitwisenot_sql
  bitwiseor_sql
  bitwiserightshift_sql
  bitwisexor_sql
  currentdate_sql
  collate_sql
  command_sql
  comment_sql
  mergetreettlaction_sql
  mergetreettl_sql
  transaction_sql
  commit_sql
  rollback_sql
  altercolumn_sql
  alterindex_sql
  alterdiststyle_sql
  altersortkey_sql
  alterrename_sql
  renamecolumn_sql
  alter_sql
  add_column_sql
  droppartition_sql
  addconstraint_sql
  distinct_sql
  ignorenulls_sql
  respectnulls_sql
  havingmax_sql
  intdiv_sql
  dpipe_sql
  div_sql
  safedivide_sql
  overlaps_sql
  distance_sql
  dot_sql
  eq_sql
  propertyeq_sql
  escape_sql
  glob_sql
  gt_sql
  gte_sql
  ilike_sql
  ilikeany_sql
  is_sql
  like_sql
  likeany_sql
  similarto_sql
  lt_sql
  lte_sql
  mod_sql
  mul_sql
  neq_sql
  nullsafeeq_sql
  nullsafeneq_sql
  slice_sql
  sub_sql
  trycast_sql
  jsoncast_sql
  try_sql
  log_sql
  use_sql
  binary
  ceil_floor
  function_fallback_sql
  func
  format_args
  too_wide
  format_time
  expressions
  op_expressions
  naked_property
  tag_sql
  token_sql
  userdefinedfunction_sql
  joinhint_sql
  kwarg_sql
  when_sql
  whens_sql
  merge_sql
  tochar_sql
  tonumber_sql
  dictproperty_sql
  dictrange_sql
  dictsubproperty_sql
  duplicatekeyproperty_sql
  uniquekeyproperty_sql
  distributedbyproperty_sql
  oncluster_sql
  clusteredbyproperty_sql
  anyvalue_sql
  querytransform_sql
  indexconstraintoption_sql
  checkcolumnconstraint_sql
  indexcolumnconstraint_sql
  nvl2_sql
  comprehension_sql
  columnprefix_sql
  opclass_sql
  predict_sql
  forin_sql
  refresh_sql
  toarray_sql
  tsordstotime_sql
  tsordstotimestamp_sql
  tsordstodatetime_sql
  tsordstodate_sql
  unixdate_sql
  lastday_sql
  dateadd_sql
  arrayany_sql
  struct_sql
  partitionrange_sql
  truncatetable_sql
  convert_sql
  copyparameter_sql
  credentials_sql
  copy_sql
  semicolon_sql
  datadeletionproperty_sql
  maskingpolicycolumnconstraint_sql
  gapfill_sql
  scope_resolution
  scoperesolution_sql
  parsejson_sql
  rand_sql
  changes_sql
  pad_sql
  summarize_sql
  explodinggenerateseries_sql
  arrayconcat_sql
  converttimezone_sql
  json_sql
  jsonvalue_sql
  conditionalinsert_sql
  multitableinserts_sql
  oncondition_sql
  jsonextractquote_sql
  jsonexists_sql
  arrayagg_sql
  apply_sql
  grant_sql
  grantprivilege_sql
  grantprincipal_sql
  columns_sql
  overlay_sql
  todouble_sql
  string_sql
  median_sql
  overflowtruncatebehavior_sql
  unixseconds_sql
  arraysize_sql
  attach_sql
  detach_sql
  attachoption_sql
  featuresattime_sql
  watermarkcolumnconstraint_sql
  encodeproperty_sql
  includeproperty_sql
  xmlelement_sql
  partitionbyrangeproperty_sql
  partitionbyrangepropertydynamic_sql
  unpivotcolumns_sql
  analyzesample_sql
  analyzestatistics_sql
  analyzehistogram_sql
  analyzedelete_sql
  analyzelistchainedrows_sql
  analyzevalidate_sql
  analyze_sql
  xmltable_sql
  xmlnamespace_sql
  export_sql
  declare_sql
  declareitem_sql
  recursivewithsearch_sql
  parameterizedagg_sql
  anonymousaggfunc_sql
  combinedaggfunc_sql
  combinedparameterizedagg_sql
  show_sql
  get_put_sql
sqlglot.dialects.postgres.Postgres.Generator
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB
  JOIN_HINTS
  TABLE_HINTS
  PARAMETER_TOKEN
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
  SUPPORTS_SELECT_INTO
  JSON_TYPE_REQUIRED_FOR_EXTRACTION
  SUPPORTS_UNLOGGED_TABLES
  LIKE_PROPERTY_INSIDE_SCHEMA
  COPY_HAS_INTO_KEYWORD
  ARRAY_SIZE_DIM_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS
  PROPERTIES_LOCATION
  schemacommentproperty_sql
  commentcolumnconstraint_sql
  bracket_sql
  matchagainst_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  isascii_sql
  currentschema_sql
  interval_sql