sqlglot.dialects.bigquery API documentation

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# sqlglot.dialects.bigquery

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import logging
      4import re
      5import typing as t
      6
      7from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
      8from sqlglot._typing import E
      9from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
     10    Dialect,
     11    NormalizationStrategy,
     12    arg_max_or_min_no_count,
     13    binary_from_function,
     14    date_add_interval_sql,
     15    datestrtodate_sql,
     16    format_time_lambda,
     17    if_sql,
     18    inline_array_sql,
     19    json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
     20    max_or_greatest,
     21    min_or_least,
     22    no_ilike_sql,
     23    parse_date_delta_with_interval,
     24    path_to_jsonpath,
     25    regexp_replace_sql,
     26    rename_func,
     27    timestrtotime_sql,
     28    ts_or_ds_add_cast,
     29)
     30from sqlglot.helper import seq_get, split_num_words
     31from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     32
     33logger = logging.getLogger("sqlglot")
     34
     35
     36def _derived_table_values_to_unnest(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.Values) -> str:
     37    if not expression.find_ancestor(exp.From, exp.Join):
     38        return self.values_sql(expression)
     39
     40    alias = expression.args.get("alias")
     41
     42    structs = [
     43        exp.Struct(
     44            expressions=[
     45                exp.alias_(value, column_name)
     46                for value, column_name in zip(
     47                    t.expressions,
     48                    alias.columns
     49                    if alias and alias.columns
     50                    else (f"_c{i}" for i in range(len(t.expressions))),
     51                )
     52            ]
     53        )
     54        for t in expression.find_all(exp.Tuple)
     55    ]
     56
     57    return self.unnest_sql(exp.Unnest(expressions=[exp.Array(expressions=structs)]))
     58
     59
     60def _returnsproperty_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.ReturnsProperty) -> str:
     61    this = expression.this
     62    if isinstance(this, exp.Schema):
     63        this = f"{this.this} <{self.expressions(this)}>"
     64    else:
     65        this = self.sql(this)
     66    return f"RETURNS {this}"
     67
     68
     69def _create_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.Create) -> str:
     70    kind = expression.args["kind"]
     71    returns = expression.find(exp.ReturnsProperty)
     72
     73    if kind.upper() == "FUNCTION" and returns and returns.args.get("is_table"):
     74        expression.set("kind", "TABLE FUNCTION")
     75
     76        if isinstance(expression.expression, (exp.Subquery, exp.Literal)):
     77            expression.set("expression", expression.expression.this)
     78
     79        return self.create_sql(expression)
     80
     81    return self.create_sql(expression)
     82
     83
     84def _unqualify_unnest(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
     85    """Remove references to unnest table aliases since bigquery doesn't allow them.
     86
     87    These are added by the optimizer's qualify_column step.
     88    """
     89    from sqlglot.optimizer.scope import find_all_in_scope
     90
     91    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select):
     92        unnest_aliases = {
     93            unnest.alias
     94            for unnest in find_all_in_scope(expression, exp.Unnest)
     95            if isinstance(unnest.parent, (exp.From, exp.Join))
     96        }
     97        if unnest_aliases:
     98            for column in expression.find_all(exp.Column):
     99                if column.table in unnest_aliases:
    100                    column.set("table", None)
    101                elif column.db in unnest_aliases:
    102                    column.set("db", None)
    103
    104    return expression
    105
    106
    107# https://issuetracker.google.com/issues/162294746
    108# workaround for bigquery bug when grouping by an expression and then ordering
    109# WITH x AS (SELECT 1 y)
    110# SELECT y + 1 z
    111# FROM x
    112# GROUP BY x + 1
    113# ORDER by z
    114def _alias_ordered_group(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    115    if isinstance(expression, exp.Select):
    116        group = expression.args.get("group")
    117        order = expression.args.get("order")
    118
    119        if group and order:
    120            aliases = {
    121                select.this: select.args["alias"]
    122                for select in expression.selects
    123                if isinstance(select, exp.Alias)
    124            }
    125
    126            for e in group.expressions:
    127                alias = aliases.get(e)
    128
    129                if alias:
    130                    e.replace(exp.column(alias))
    131
    132    return expression
    133
    134
    135def _pushdown_cte_column_names(expression: exp.Expression) -> exp.Expression:
    136    """BigQuery doesn't allow column names when defining a CTE, so we try to push them down."""
    137    if isinstance(expression, exp.CTE) and expression.alias_column_names:
    138        cte_query = expression.this
    139
    140        if cte_query.is_star:
    141            logger.warning(
    142                "Can't push down CTE column names for star queries. Run the query through"
    143                " the optimizer or use 'qualify' to expand the star projections first."
    144            )
    145            return expression
    146
    147        column_names = expression.alias_column_names
    148        expression.args["alias"].set("columns", None)
    149
    150        for name, select in zip(column_names, cte_query.selects):
    151            to_replace = select
    152
    153            if isinstance(select, exp.Alias):
    154                select = select.this
    155
    156            # Inner aliases are shadowed by the CTE column names
    157            to_replace.replace(exp.alias_(select, name))
    158
    159    return expression
    160
    161
    162def _parse_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.StrToTime:
    163    this = format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "bigquery")([seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)])
    164    this.set("zone", seq_get(args, 2))
    165    return this
    166
    167
    168def _parse_date(args: t.List) -> exp.Date | exp.DateFromParts:
    169    expr_type = exp.DateFromParts if len(args) == 3 else exp.Date
    170    return expr_type.from_arg_list(args)
    171
    172
    173def _parse_to_hex(args: t.List) -> exp.Hex | exp.MD5:
    174    # TO_HEX(MD5(..)) is common in BigQuery, so it's parsed into MD5 to simplify its transpilation
    175    arg = seq_get(args, 0)
    176    return exp.MD5(this=arg.this) if isinstance(arg, exp.MD5Digest) else exp.Hex(this=arg)
    177
    178
    179def _array_contains_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.ArrayContains) -> str:
    180    return self.sql(
    181        exp.Exists(
    182            this=exp.select("1")
    183            .from_(exp.Unnest(expressions=[expression.left]).as_("_unnest", table=["_col"]))
    184            .where(exp.column("_col").eq(expression.right))
    185        )
    186    )
    187
    188
    189def _ts_or_ds_add_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> str:
    190    return date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD")(self, ts_or_ds_add_cast(expression))
    191
    192
    193def _ts_or_ds_diff_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsDiff) -> str:
    194    expression.this.replace(exp.cast(expression.this, "TIMESTAMP", copy=True))
    195    expression.expression.replace(exp.cast(expression.expression, "TIMESTAMP", copy=True))
    196    unit = expression.args.get("unit") or "DAY"
    197    return self.func("DATE_DIFF", expression.this, expression.expression, unit)
    198
    199
    200def _unix_to_time_sql(self: BigQuery.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
    201    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
    202    timestamp = self.sql(expression, "this")
    203    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
    204        return f"TIMESTAMP_SECONDS({timestamp})"
    205    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
    206        return f"TIMESTAMP_MILLIS({timestamp})"
    207    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
    208        return f"TIMESTAMP_MICROS({timestamp})"
    209    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.NANOS:
    210        # We need to cast to INT64 because that's what BQ expects
    211        return f"TIMESTAMP_MICROS(CAST({timestamp} / 1000 AS INT64))"
    212
    213    self.unsupported(f"Unsupported scale for timestamp: {scale}.")
    214    return ""
    215
    216
    217def _parse_time(args: t.List) -> exp.Func:
    218    if len(args) == 1:
    219        return exp.TsOrDsToTime(this=args[0])
    220    if len(args) == 3:
    221        return exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list(args)
    222
    223    return exp.Anonymous(this="TIME", expressions=args)
    224
    225
    226class BigQuery(Dialect):
    227    WEEK_OFFSET = -1
    228    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = True
    229    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
    230    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
    231    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
    232
    233    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#case_sensitivity
    234    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    235
    236    # bigquery udfs are case sensitive
    237    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS = False
    238
    239    TIME_MAPPING = {
    240        "%D": "%m/%d/%y",
    241    }
    242
    243    ESCAPE_SEQUENCES = {
    244        "\\a": "\a",
    245        "\\b": "\b",
    246        "\\f": "\f",
    247        "\\n": "\n",
    248        "\\r": "\r",
    249        "\\t": "\t",
    250        "\\v": "\v",
    251    }
    252
    253    FORMAT_MAPPING = {
    254        "DD": "%d",
    255        "MM": "%m",
    256        "MON": "%b",
    257        "MONTH": "%B",
    258        "YYYY": "%Y",
    259        "YY": "%y",
    260        "HH": "%I",
    261        "HH12": "%I",
    262        "HH24": "%H",
    263        "MI": "%M",
    264        "SS": "%S",
    265        "SSSSS": "%f",
    266        "TZH": "%z",
    267    }
    268
    269    # The _PARTITIONTIME and _PARTITIONDATE pseudo-columns are not returned by a SELECT * statement
    270    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/querying-partitioned-tables#query_an_ingestion-time_partitioned_table
    271    PSEUDOCOLUMNS = {"_PARTITIONTIME", "_PARTITIONDATE"}
    272
    273    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    274        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    275            parent = expression.parent
    276            while isinstance(parent, exp.Dot):
    277                parent = parent.parent
    278
    279            # In BigQuery, CTEs aren't case-sensitive, but table names are (by default, at least).
    280            # The following check is essentially a heuristic to detect tables based on whether or
    281            # not they're qualified. It also avoids normalizing UDFs, because they're case-sensitive.
    282            if (
    283                not isinstance(parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
    284                and not (isinstance(parent, exp.Table) and parent.db)
    285                and not expression.meta.get("is_table")
    286            ):
    287                expression.set("this", expression.this.lower())
    288
    289        return expression
    290
    291    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    292        QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
    293        COMMENTS = ["--", "#", ("/*", "*/")]
    294        IDENTIFIERS = ["`"]
    295        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
    296
    297        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
    298
    299        BYTE_STRINGS = [
    300            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("b", "B")
    301        ]
    302
    303        RAW_STRINGS = [
    304            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("r", "R")
    305        ]
    306
    307        KEYWORDS = {
    308            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    309            "ANY TYPE": TokenType.VARIANT,
    310            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    311            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    312            "BYTES": TokenType.BINARY,
    313            "CURRENT_DATETIME": TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME,
    314            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    315            "FLOAT64": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    316            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
    317            "MODEL": TokenType.MODEL,
    318            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": TokenType.VOLATILE,
    319            "RECORD": TokenType.STRUCT,
    320            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    321        }
    322        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")
    323
    324    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    325        PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
    326
    327        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
    328
    329        FUNCTIONS = {
    330            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    331            "DATE": _parse_date,
    332            "DATE_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateAdd),
    333            "DATE_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateSub),
    334            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
    335                unit=exp.Literal.string(str(seq_get(args, 1))),
    336                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    337            ),
    338            "DATETIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeAdd),
    339            "DATETIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeSub),
    340            "DIV": binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv),
    341            "FORMAT_DATE": lambda args: exp.TimeToStr(
    342                this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 1)), format=seq_get(args, 0)
    343            ),
    344            "GENERATE_ARRAY": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
    345            "JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR": lambda args: exp.JSONExtractScalar(
    346                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string("$")
    347            ),
    348            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
    349            "TO_HEX": _parse_to_hex,
    350            "PARSE_DATE": lambda args: format_time_lambda(exp.StrToDate, "bigquery")(
    351                [seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)]
    352            ),
    353            "PARSE_TIMESTAMP": _parse_timestamp,
    354            "REGEXP_CONTAINS": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    355            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    356                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    357                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    358                position=seq_get(args, 2),
    359                occurrence=seq_get(args, 3),
    360                group=exp.Literal.number(1) if re.compile(args[1].name).groups == 1 else None,
    361            ),
    362            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
    363            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
    364            "SPLIT": lambda args: exp.Split(
    365                # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/string_functions#split
    366                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    367                expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(","),
    368            ),
    369            "TIME": _parse_time,
    370            "TIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeAdd),
    371            "TIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeSub),
    372            "TIMESTAMP_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampAdd),
    373            "TIMESTAMP_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampSub),
    374            "TIMESTAMP_MICROS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    375                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS
    376            ),
    377            "TIMESTAMP_MILLIS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    378                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    379            ),
    380            "TIMESTAMP_SECONDS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    381                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS
    382            ),
    383            "TO_JSON_STRING": exp.JSONFormat.from_arg_list,
    384        }
    385
    386        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    387            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    388            "ARRAY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Array, expressions=[self._parse_statement()]),
    389        }
    390        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    391
    392        NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {
    393            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS,
    394            TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: exp.CurrentDatetime,
    395        }
    396
    397        NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {
    398            *parser.Parser.NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS,
    399            TokenType.TABLE,
    400        }
    401
    402        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
    403            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
    404            TokenType.VALUES,
    405        }
    406
    407        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    408            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    409            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": lambda self: self.expression(
    410                exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("VOLATILE")
    411            ),
    412            "OPTIONS": lambda self: self._parse_with_property(),
    413        }
    414
    415        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
    416            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
    417            "OPTIONS": lambda self: exp.Properties(expressions=self._parse_with_property()),
    418        }
    419
    420        RANGE_PARSERS = parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS.copy()
    421        RANGE_PARSERS.pop(TokenType.OVERLAPS, None)
    422
    423        NULL_TOKENS = {TokenType.NULL, TokenType.UNKNOWN}
    424
    425        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    426            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    427            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_as_command(self._prev),
    428            TokenType.FOR: lambda self: self._parse_for_in(),
    429        }
    430
    431        BRACKET_OFFSETS = {
    432            "OFFSET": (0, False),
    433            "ORDINAL": (1, False),
    434            "SAFE_OFFSET": (0, True),
    435            "SAFE_ORDINAL": (1, True),
    436        }
    437
    438        def _parse_for_in(self) -> exp.ForIn:
    439            this = self._parse_range()
    440            self._match_text_seq("DO")
    441            return self.expression(exp.ForIn, this=this, expression=self._parse_statement())
    442
    443        def _parse_table_part(self, schema: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    444            this = super()._parse_table_part(schema=schema) or self._parse_number()
    445
    446            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#table_names
    447            if isinstance(this, exp.Identifier):
    448                table_name = this.name
    449                while self._match(TokenType.DASH, advance=False) and self._next:
    450                    self._advance(2)
    451                    table_name += f"-{self._prev.text}"
    452
    453                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=this.args.get("quoted"))
    454            elif isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
    455                table_name = this.name
    456
    457                if self._is_connected() and self._parse_var(any_token=True):
    458                    table_name += self._prev.text
    459
    460                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=True)
    461
    462            return this
    463
    464        def _parse_table_parts(self, schema: bool = False) -> exp.Table:
    465            table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema)
    466            if isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier) and "." in table.name:
    467                catalog, db, this, *rest = (
    468                    t.cast(t.Optional[exp.Expression], exp.to_identifier(x))
    469                    for x in split_num_words(table.name, ".", 3)
    470                )
    471
    472                if rest and this:
    473                    this = exp.Dot.build(t.cast(t.List[exp.Expression], [this, *rest]))
    474
    475                table = exp.Table(this=this, db=db, catalog=catalog)
    476
    477            return table
    478
    479        def _parse_json_object(self) -> exp.JSONObject:
    480            json_object = super()._parse_json_object()
    481            array_kv_pair = seq_get(json_object.expressions, 0)
    482
    483            # Converts BQ's "signature 2" of JSON_OBJECT into SQLGlot's canonical representation
    484            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/json_functions#json_object_signature2
    485            if (
    486                array_kv_pair
    487                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.this, exp.Array)
    488                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.expression, exp.Array)
    489            ):
    490                keys = array_kv_pair.this.expressions
    491                values = array_kv_pair.expression.expressions
    492
    493                json_object.set(
    494                    "expressions",
    495                    [exp.JSONKeyValue(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(keys, values)],
    496                )
    497
    498            return json_object
    499
    500        def _parse_bracket(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    501            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    502
    503            if this is bracket:
    504                return bracket
    505
    506            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    507                for expression in bracket.expressions:
    508                    name = expression.name.upper()
    509
    510                    if name not in self.BRACKET_OFFSETS:
    511                        break
    512
    513                    offset, safe = self.BRACKET_OFFSETS[name]
    514                    bracket.set("offset", offset)
    515                    bracket.set("safe", safe)
    516                    expression.replace(expression.expressions[0])
    517
    518            return bracket
    519
    520    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    521        EXPLICIT_UNION = True
    522        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
    523        JOIN_HINTS = False
    524        QUERY_HINTS = False
    525        TABLE_HINTS = False
    526        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    527        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    528        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    529        UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
    530        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
    531        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
    532        SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = False
    533        UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = False
    534
    535        TRANSFORMS = {
    536            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    537            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
    538            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MAX_BY"),
    539            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MIN_BY"),
    540            exp.ArrayContains: _array_contains_sql,
    541            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    542            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_precision_parameterized_types]),
    543            exp.CollateProperty: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}"
    544            if e.args.get("default")
    545            else f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    546            exp.CountIf: rename_func("COUNTIF"),
    547            exp.Create: _create_sql,
    548            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([_pushdown_cte_column_names]),
    549            exp.DateAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
    550            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: f"DATE_DIFF({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')}, {self.sql(e.args.get('unit', 'DAY'))})",
    551            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATE"),
    552            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    553            exp.DateSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "SUB"),
    554            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "ADD"),
    555            exp.DatetimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "SUB"),
    556            exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_TRUNC", e.this, e.text("unit")),
    557            exp.GenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_ARRAY"),
    558            exp.GetPath: path_to_jsonpath(),
    559            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
    560            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
    561            exp.If: if_sql(false_value="NULL"),
    562            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
    563            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
    564            exp.JSONFormat: rename_func("TO_JSON_STRING"),
    565            exp.JSONKeyValue: json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
    566            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    567            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    568            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
    569            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    570            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    571            exp.RegexpExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(
    572                "REGEXP_EXTRACT",
    573                e.this,
    574                e.expression,
    575                e.args.get("position"),
    576                e.args.get("occurrence"),
    577            ),
    578            exp.RegexpReplace: regexp_replace_sql,
    579            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_CONTAINS"),
    580            exp.ReturnsProperty: _returnsproperty_sql,
    581            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    582                [
    583                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
    584                    _unqualify_unnest,
    585                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    586                    _alias_ordered_group,
    587                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    588                ]
    589            ),
    590            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
    591                f"SHA256" if e.text("length") == "256" else "SHA512", e.this
    592            ),
    593            exp.StabilityProperty: lambda self, e: f"DETERMINISTIC"
    594            if e.name == "IMMUTABLE"
    595            else "NOT DETERMINISTIC",
    596            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"PARSE_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    597            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func(
    598                "PARSE_TIMESTAMP", self.format_time(e), e.this, e.args.get("zone")
    599            ),
    600            exp.TimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "ADD"),
    601            exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("TIME"),
    602            exp.TimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "SUB"),
    603            exp.TimestampAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "ADD"),
    604            exp.TimestampSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "SUB"),
    605            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    606            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func(f"TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    607            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    608            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
    609            exp.TsOrDsToTime: rename_func("TIME"),
    610            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
    611            exp.UnixDate: rename_func("UNIX_DATE"),
    612            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    613            exp.Values: _derived_table_values_to_unnest,
    614            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    615        }
    616
    617        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    618            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    619            exp.DataType.Type.BIGDECIMAL: "BIGNUMERIC",
    620            exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: "INT64",
    621            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTES",
    622            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BOOL",
    623            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "STRING",
    624            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
    625            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT64",
    626            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "FLOAT64",
    627            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INT64",
    628            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "STRING",
    629            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "STRING",
    630            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT: "INT64",
    631            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "STRING",
    632            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME",
    633            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    634            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    635            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "INT64",
    636            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTES",
    637            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "STRING",
    638            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "ANY TYPE",
    639        }
    640
    641        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    642            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    643            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    644            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    645        }
    646
    647        # from: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#reserved_keywords
    648        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    649            *generator.Generator.RESERVED_KEYWORDS,
    650            "all",
    651            "and",
    652            "any",
    653            "array",
    654            "as",
    655            "asc",
    656            "assert_rows_modified",
    657            "at",
    658            "between",
    659            "by",
    660            "case",
    661            "cast",
    662            "collate",
    663            "contains",
    664            "create",
    665            "cross",
    666            "cube",
    667            "current",
    668            "default",
    669            "define",
    670            "desc",
    671            "distinct",
    672            "else",
    673            "end",
    674            "enum",
    675            "escape",
    676            "except",
    677            "exclude",
    678            "exists",
    679            "extract",
    680            "false",
    681            "fetch",
    682            "following",
    683            "for",
    684            "from",
    685            "full",
    686            "group",
    687            "grouping",
    688            "groups",
    689            "hash",
    690            "having",
    691            "if",
    692            "ignore",
    693            "in",
    694            "inner",
    695            "intersect",
    696            "interval",
    697            "into",
    698            "is",
    699            "join",
    700            "lateral",
    701            "left",
    702            "like",
    703            "limit",
    704            "lookup",
    705            "merge",
    706            "natural",
    707            "new",
    708            "no",
    709            "not",
    710            "null",
    711            "nulls",
    712            "of",
    713            "on",
    714            "or",
    715            "order",
    716            "outer",
    717            "over",
    718            "partition",
    719            "preceding",
    720            "proto",
    721            "qualify",
    722            "range",
    723            "recursive",
    724            "respect",
    725            "right",
    726            "rollup",
    727            "rows",
    728            "select",
    729            "set",
    730            "some",
    731            "struct",
    732            "tablesample",
    733            "then",
    734            "to",
    735            "treat",
    736            "true",
    737            "unbounded",
    738            "union",
    739            "unnest",
    740            "using",
    741            "when",
    742            "where",
    743            "window",
    744            "with",
    745            "within",
    746        }
    747
    748        def timetostr_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
    749            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.TsOrDsToDate):
    750                this: exp.Expression = expression.this
    751            else:
    752                this = expression
    753
    754            return f"FORMAT_DATE({self.format_time(expression)}, {self.sql(this, 'this')})"
    755
    756        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    757            args = []
    758            for expr in expression.expressions:
    759                if isinstance(expr, self.KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS):
    760                    arg = f"{self.sql(expr, 'expression')} AS {expr.this.name}"
    761                else:
    762                    arg = self.sql(expr)
    763
    764                args.append(arg)
    765
    766            return self.func("STRUCT", *args)
    767
    768        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
    769            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
    770            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
    771                if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Update):
    772                    return "NULL"
    773
    774            return self.binary(expression, "=")
    775
    776        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
    777            parent = expression.parent
    778
    779            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
    780            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
    781            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
    782                return self.func(
    783                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
    784                )
    785
    786            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)
    787
    788        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    789            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")
    790
    791        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
    792            if expression.alias_column_names:
    793                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
    794            return super().cte_sql(expression)
    795
    796        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    797            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    798            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
    799                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
    800
    801            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
    802
    803        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    804            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    805            expressions = expression.expressions
    806
    807            if len(expressions) == 1:
    808                arg = expressions[0]
    809                if arg.type is None:
    810                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    811
    812                    arg = annotate_types(arg)
    813
    814                if arg.type and arg.type.this in exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES:
    815                    # BQ doesn't support bracket syntax with string values
    816                    return f"{this}.{arg.name}"
    817
    818            expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions)
    819            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    820
    821            if offset == 0:
    822                expressions_sql = f"OFFSET({expressions_sql})"
    823            elif offset == 1:
    824                expressions_sql = f"ORDINAL({expressions_sql})"
    825            elif offset is not None:
    826                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported array offset: {offset}")
    827
    828            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    829                expressions_sql = f"SAFE_{expressions_sql}"
    830
    831            return f"{this}[{expressions_sql}]"
    832
    833        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    834            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"
    835
    836        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    837            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"
    838
    839        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    840            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"
    841
    842        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    843            return self.sql(expression)
    844
    845        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
    846            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    847                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    848            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    849
    850        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
    851            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    852                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    853            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    854
    855        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    856            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))
    857
    858        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    859            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
    860                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
    861            return super().version_sql(expression)

logger = <Logger sqlglot (WARNING)>
class BigQuery(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    227class BigQuery(Dialect):
    228    WEEK_OFFSET = -1
    229    UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = True
    230    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
    231    SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False
    232    LOG_BASE_FIRST = False
    233
    234    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#case_sensitivity
    235    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
    236
    237    # bigquery udfs are case sensitive
    238    NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS = False
    239
    240    TIME_MAPPING = {
    241        "%D": "%m/%d/%y",
    242    }
    243
    244    ESCAPE_SEQUENCES = {
    245        "\\a": "\a",
    246        "\\b": "\b",
    247        "\\f": "\f",
    248        "\\n": "\n",
    249        "\\r": "\r",
    250        "\\t": "\t",
    251        "\\v": "\v",
    252    }
    253
    254    FORMAT_MAPPING = {
    255        "DD": "%d",
    256        "MM": "%m",
    257        "MON": "%b",
    258        "MONTH": "%B",
    259        "YYYY": "%Y",
    260        "YY": "%y",
    261        "HH": "%I",
    262        "HH12": "%I",
    263        "HH24": "%H",
    264        "MI": "%M",
    265        "SS": "%S",
    266        "SSSSS": "%f",
    267        "TZH": "%z",
    268    }
    269
    270    # The _PARTITIONTIME and _PARTITIONDATE pseudo-columns are not returned by a SELECT * statement
    271    # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/querying-partitioned-tables#query_an_ingestion-time_partitioned_table
    272    PSEUDOCOLUMNS = {"_PARTITIONTIME", "_PARTITIONDATE"}
    273
    274    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    275        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    276            parent = expression.parent
    277            while isinstance(parent, exp.Dot):
    278                parent = parent.parent
    279
    280            # In BigQuery, CTEs aren't case-sensitive, but table names are (by default, at least).
    281            # The following check is essentially a heuristic to detect tables based on whether or
    282            # not they're qualified. It also avoids normalizing UDFs, because they're case-sensitive.
    283            if (
    284                not isinstance(parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
    285                and not (isinstance(parent, exp.Table) and parent.db)
    286                and not expression.meta.get("is_table")
    287            ):
    288                expression.set("this", expression.this.lower())
    289
    290        return expression
    291
    292    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    293        QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
    294        COMMENTS = ["--", "#", ("/*", "*/")]
    295        IDENTIFIERS = ["`"]
    296        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
    297
    298        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
    299
    300        BYTE_STRINGS = [
    301            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("b", "B")
    302        ]
    303
    304        RAW_STRINGS = [
    305            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("r", "R")
    306        ]
    307
    308        KEYWORDS = {
    309            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    310            "ANY TYPE": TokenType.VARIANT,
    311            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    312            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    313            "BYTES": TokenType.BINARY,
    314            "CURRENT_DATETIME": TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME,
    315            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    316            "FLOAT64": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    317            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
    318            "MODEL": TokenType.MODEL,
    319            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": TokenType.VOLATILE,
    320            "RECORD": TokenType.STRUCT,
    321            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    322        }
    323        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")
    324
    325    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    326        PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
    327
    328        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
    329
    330        FUNCTIONS = {
    331            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    332            "DATE": _parse_date,
    333            "DATE_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateAdd),
    334            "DATE_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateSub),
    335            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
    336                unit=exp.Literal.string(str(seq_get(args, 1))),
    337                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    338            ),
    339            "DATETIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeAdd),
    340            "DATETIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeSub),
    341            "DIV": binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv),
    342            "FORMAT_DATE": lambda args: exp.TimeToStr(
    343                this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 1)), format=seq_get(args, 0)
    344            ),
    345            "GENERATE_ARRAY": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
    346            "JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR": lambda args: exp.JSONExtractScalar(
    347                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string("$")
    348            ),
    349            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
    350            "TO_HEX": _parse_to_hex,
    351            "PARSE_DATE": lambda args: format_time_lambda(exp.StrToDate, "bigquery")(
    352                [seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)]
    353            ),
    354            "PARSE_TIMESTAMP": _parse_timestamp,
    355            "REGEXP_CONTAINS": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    356            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    357                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    358                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    359                position=seq_get(args, 2),
    360                occurrence=seq_get(args, 3),
    361                group=exp.Literal.number(1) if re.compile(args[1].name).groups == 1 else None,
    362            ),
    363            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
    364            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
    365            "SPLIT": lambda args: exp.Split(
    366                # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/string_functions#split
    367                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    368                expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(","),
    369            ),
    370            "TIME": _parse_time,
    371            "TIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeAdd),
    372            "TIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeSub),
    373            "TIMESTAMP_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampAdd),
    374            "TIMESTAMP_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampSub),
    375            "TIMESTAMP_MICROS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    376                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS
    377            ),
    378            "TIMESTAMP_MILLIS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    379                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    380            ),
    381            "TIMESTAMP_SECONDS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    382                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS
    383            ),
    384            "TO_JSON_STRING": exp.JSONFormat.from_arg_list,
    385        }
    386
    387        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    388            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    389            "ARRAY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Array, expressions=[self._parse_statement()]),
    390        }
    391        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    392
    393        NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {
    394            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS,
    395            TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: exp.CurrentDatetime,
    396        }
    397
    398        NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {
    399            *parser.Parser.NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS,
    400            TokenType.TABLE,
    401        }
    402
    403        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
    404            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
    405            TokenType.VALUES,
    406        }
    407
    408        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    409            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    410            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": lambda self: self.expression(
    411                exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("VOLATILE")
    412            ),
    413            "OPTIONS": lambda self: self._parse_with_property(),
    414        }
    415
    416        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
    417            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
    418            "OPTIONS": lambda self: exp.Properties(expressions=self._parse_with_property()),
    419        }
    420
    421        RANGE_PARSERS = parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS.copy()
    422        RANGE_PARSERS.pop(TokenType.OVERLAPS, None)
    423
    424        NULL_TOKENS = {TokenType.NULL, TokenType.UNKNOWN}
    425
    426        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    427            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    428            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_as_command(self._prev),
    429            TokenType.FOR: lambda self: self._parse_for_in(),
    430        }
    431
    432        BRACKET_OFFSETS = {
    433            "OFFSET": (0, False),
    434            "ORDINAL": (1, False),
    435            "SAFE_OFFSET": (0, True),
    436            "SAFE_ORDINAL": (1, True),
    437        }
    438
    439        def _parse_for_in(self) -> exp.ForIn:
    440            this = self._parse_range()
    441            self._match_text_seq("DO")
    442            return self.expression(exp.ForIn, this=this, expression=self._parse_statement())
    443
    444        def _parse_table_part(self, schema: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    445            this = super()._parse_table_part(schema=schema) or self._parse_number()
    446
    447            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#table_names
    448            if isinstance(this, exp.Identifier):
    449                table_name = this.name
    450                while self._match(TokenType.DASH, advance=False) and self._next:
    451                    self._advance(2)
    452                    table_name += f"-{self._prev.text}"
    453
    454                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=this.args.get("quoted"))
    455            elif isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
    456                table_name = this.name
    457
    458                if self._is_connected() and self._parse_var(any_token=True):
    459                    table_name += self._prev.text
    460
    461                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=True)
    462
    463            return this
    464
    465        def _parse_table_parts(self, schema: bool = False) -> exp.Table:
    466            table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema)
    467            if isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier) and "." in table.name:
    468                catalog, db, this, *rest = (
    469                    t.cast(t.Optional[exp.Expression], exp.to_identifier(x))
    470                    for x in split_num_words(table.name, ".", 3)
    471                )
    472
    473                if rest and this:
    474                    this = exp.Dot.build(t.cast(t.List[exp.Expression], [this, *rest]))
    475
    476                table = exp.Table(this=this, db=db, catalog=catalog)
    477
    478            return table
    479
    480        def _parse_json_object(self) -> exp.JSONObject:
    481            json_object = super()._parse_json_object()
    482            array_kv_pair = seq_get(json_object.expressions, 0)
    483
    484            # Converts BQ's "signature 2" of JSON_OBJECT into SQLGlot's canonical representation
    485            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/json_functions#json_object_signature2
    486            if (
    487                array_kv_pair
    488                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.this, exp.Array)
    489                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.expression, exp.Array)
    490            ):
    491                keys = array_kv_pair.this.expressions
    492                values = array_kv_pair.expression.expressions
    493
    494                json_object.set(
    495                    "expressions",
    496                    [exp.JSONKeyValue(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(keys, values)],
    497                )
    498
    499            return json_object
    500
    501        def _parse_bracket(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    502            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    503
    504            if this is bracket:
    505                return bracket
    506
    507            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    508                for expression in bracket.expressions:
    509                    name = expression.name.upper()
    510
    511                    if name not in self.BRACKET_OFFSETS:
    512                        break
    513
    514                    offset, safe = self.BRACKET_OFFSETS[name]
    515                    bracket.set("offset", offset)
    516                    bracket.set("safe", safe)
    517                    expression.replace(expression.expressions[0])
    518
    519            return bracket
    520
    521    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    522        EXPLICIT_UNION = True
    523        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
    524        JOIN_HINTS = False
    525        QUERY_HINTS = False
    526        TABLE_HINTS = False
    527        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    528        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    529        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    530        UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
    531        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
    532        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
    533        SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = False
    534        UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = False
    535
    536        TRANSFORMS = {
    537            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    538            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
    539            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MAX_BY"),
    540            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MIN_BY"),
    541            exp.ArrayContains: _array_contains_sql,
    542            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    543            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_precision_parameterized_types]),
    544            exp.CollateProperty: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}"
    545            if e.args.get("default")
    546            else f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    547            exp.CountIf: rename_func("COUNTIF"),
    548            exp.Create: _create_sql,
    549            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([_pushdown_cte_column_names]),
    550            exp.DateAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
    551            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: f"DATE_DIFF({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')}, {self.sql(e.args.get('unit', 'DAY'))})",
    552            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATE"),
    553            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    554            exp.DateSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "SUB"),
    555            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "ADD"),
    556            exp.DatetimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "SUB"),
    557            exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_TRUNC", e.this, e.text("unit")),
    558            exp.GenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_ARRAY"),
    559            exp.GetPath: path_to_jsonpath(),
    560            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
    561            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
    562            exp.If: if_sql(false_value="NULL"),
    563            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
    564            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
    565            exp.JSONFormat: rename_func("TO_JSON_STRING"),
    566            exp.JSONKeyValue: json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
    567            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    568            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    569            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
    570            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    571            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    572            exp.RegexpExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(
    573                "REGEXP_EXTRACT",
    574                e.this,
    575                e.expression,
    576                e.args.get("position"),
    577                e.args.get("occurrence"),
    578            ),
    579            exp.RegexpReplace: regexp_replace_sql,
    580            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_CONTAINS"),
    581            exp.ReturnsProperty: _returnsproperty_sql,
    582            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    583                [
    584                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
    585                    _unqualify_unnest,
    586                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    587                    _alias_ordered_group,
    588                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    589                ]
    590            ),
    591            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
    592                f"SHA256" if e.text("length") == "256" else "SHA512", e.this
    593            ),
    594            exp.StabilityProperty: lambda self, e: f"DETERMINISTIC"
    595            if e.name == "IMMUTABLE"
    596            else "NOT DETERMINISTIC",
    597            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"PARSE_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    598            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func(
    599                "PARSE_TIMESTAMP", self.format_time(e), e.this, e.args.get("zone")
    600            ),
    601            exp.TimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "ADD"),
    602            exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("TIME"),
    603            exp.TimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "SUB"),
    604            exp.TimestampAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "ADD"),
    605            exp.TimestampSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "SUB"),
    606            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    607            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func(f"TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    608            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    609            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
    610            exp.TsOrDsToTime: rename_func("TIME"),
    611            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
    612            exp.UnixDate: rename_func("UNIX_DATE"),
    613            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    614            exp.Values: _derived_table_values_to_unnest,
    615            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    616        }
    617
    618        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    619            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    620            exp.DataType.Type.BIGDECIMAL: "BIGNUMERIC",
    621            exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: "INT64",
    622            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTES",
    623            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BOOL",
    624            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "STRING",
    625            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
    626            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT64",
    627            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "FLOAT64",
    628            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INT64",
    629            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "STRING",
    630            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "STRING",
    631            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT: "INT64",
    632            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "STRING",
    633            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME",
    634            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    635            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    636            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "INT64",
    637            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTES",
    638            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "STRING",
    639            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "ANY TYPE",
    640        }
    641
    642        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    643            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    644            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    645            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    646        }
    647
    648        # from: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#reserved_keywords
    649        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    650            *generator.Generator.RESERVED_KEYWORDS,
    651            "all",
    652            "and",
    653            "any",
    654            "array",
    655            "as",
    656            "asc",
    657            "assert_rows_modified",
    658            "at",
    659            "between",
    660            "by",
    661            "case",
    662            "cast",
    663            "collate",
    664            "contains",
    665            "create",
    666            "cross",
    667            "cube",
    668            "current",
    669            "default",
    670            "define",
    671            "desc",
    672            "distinct",
    673            "else",
    674            "end",
    675            "enum",
    676            "escape",
    677            "except",
    678            "exclude",
    679            "exists",
    680            "extract",
    681            "false",
    682            "fetch",
    683            "following",
    684            "for",
    685            "from",
    686            "full",
    687            "group",
    688            "grouping",
    689            "groups",
    690            "hash",
    691            "having",
    692            "if",
    693            "ignore",
    694            "in",
    695            "inner",
    696            "intersect",
    697            "interval",
    698            "into",
    699            "is",
    700            "join",
    701            "lateral",
    702            "left",
    703            "like",
    704            "limit",
    705            "lookup",
    706            "merge",
    707            "natural",
    708            "new",
    709            "no",
    710            "not",
    711            "null",
    712            "nulls",
    713            "of",
    714            "on",
    715            "or",
    716            "order",
    717            "outer",
    718            "over",
    719            "partition",
    720            "preceding",
    721            "proto",
    722            "qualify",
    723            "range",
    724            "recursive",
    725            "respect",
    726            "right",
    727            "rollup",
    728            "rows",
    729            "select",
    730            "set",
    731            "some",
    732            "struct",
    733            "tablesample",
    734            "then",
    735            "to",
    736            "treat",
    737            "true",
    738            "unbounded",
    739            "union",
    740            "unnest",
    741            "using",
    742            "when",
    743            "where",
    744            "window",
    745            "with",
    746            "within",
    747        }
    748
    749        def timetostr_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
    750            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.TsOrDsToDate):
    751                this: exp.Expression = expression.this
    752            else:
    753                this = expression
    754
    755            return f"FORMAT_DATE({self.format_time(expression)}, {self.sql(this, 'this')})"
    756
    757        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    758            args = []
    759            for expr in expression.expressions:
    760                if isinstance(expr, self.KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS):
    761                    arg = f"{self.sql(expr, 'expression')} AS {expr.this.name}"
    762                else:
    763                    arg = self.sql(expr)
    764
    765                args.append(arg)
    766
    767            return self.func("STRUCT", *args)
    768
    769        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
    770            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
    771            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
    772                if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Update):
    773                    return "NULL"
    774
    775            return self.binary(expression, "=")
    776
    777        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
    778            parent = expression.parent
    779
    780            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
    781            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
    782            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
    783                return self.func(
    784                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
    785                )
    786
    787            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)
    788
    789        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    790            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")
    791
    792        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
    793            if expression.alias_column_names:
    794                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
    795            return super().cte_sql(expression)
    796
    797        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    798            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    799            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
    800                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
    801
    802            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
    803
    804        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    805            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    806            expressions = expression.expressions
    807
    808            if len(expressions) == 1:
    809                arg = expressions[0]
    810                if arg.type is None:
    811                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    812
    813                    arg = annotate_types(arg)
    814
    815                if arg.type and arg.type.this in exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES:
    816                    # BQ doesn't support bracket syntax with string values
    817                    return f"{this}.{arg.name}"
    818
    819            expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions)
    820            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    821
    822            if offset == 0:
    823                expressions_sql = f"OFFSET({expressions_sql})"
    824            elif offset == 1:
    825                expressions_sql = f"ORDINAL({expressions_sql})"
    826            elif offset is not None:
    827                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported array offset: {offset}")
    828
    829            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    830                expressions_sql = f"SAFE_{expressions_sql}"
    831
    832            return f"{this}[{expressions_sql}]"
    833
    834        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    835            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"
    836
    837        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    838            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"
    839
    840        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    841            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"
    842
    843        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    844            return self.sql(expression)
    845
    846        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
    847            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    848                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    849            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    850
    851        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
    852            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    853                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    854            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    855
    856        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    857            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))
    858
    859        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    860            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
    861                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
    862            return super().version_sql(expression)

WEEK_OFFSET = -1

Determines the day of week of DATE_TRUNC(week). Defaults to 0 (Monday). -1 would be Sunday.

UNNEST_COLUMN_ONLY = True

Determines whether or not `UNNEST` table aliases are treated as column aliases.

SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False

Determines whether or not user-defined data types are supported.

SUPPORTS_SEMI_ANTI_JOIN = False

Determines whether or not `SEMI` or `ANTI` joins are supported.

LOG_BASE_FIRST = False

Determines whether the base comes first in the `LOG` function.

NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = <NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE: 'CASE_INSENSITIVE'>

Specifies the strategy according to which identifiers should be normalized.

NORMALIZE_FUNCTIONS: bool | str = False

Determines how function names are going to be normalized.

TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%D': '%m/%d/%y'}

Associates this dialect's time formats with their equivalent Python `strftime` format.

ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\\a': '\x07', '\\b': '\x08', '\\f': '\x0c', '\\n': '\n', '\\r': '\r', '\\t': '\t', '\\v': '\x0b'}

Mapping of an unescaped escape sequence to the corresponding character.

FORMAT_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'DD': '%d', 'MM': '%m', 'MON': '%b', 'MONTH': '%B', 'YYYY': '%Y', 'YY': '%y', 'HH': '%I', 'HH12': '%I', 'HH24': '%H', 'MI': '%M', 'SS': '%S', 'SSSSS': '%f', 'TZH': '%z'}

Helper which is used for parsing the special syntax `CAST(x AS DATE FORMAT 'yyyy')`. If empty, the corresponding trie will be constructed off of `TIME_MAPPING`.

PSEUDOCOLUMNS: Set[str] = {'_PARTITIONDATE', '_PARTITIONTIME'}

Columns that are auto-generated by the engine corresponding to this dialect. For example, such columns may be excluded from `SELECT *` queries.

def normalize_identifier(self, expression: ~E) -> ~E: View Source

    274    def normalize_identifier(self, expression: E) -> E:
    275        if isinstance(expression, exp.Identifier):
    276            parent = expression.parent
    277            while isinstance(parent, exp.Dot):
    278                parent = parent.parent
    279
    280            # In BigQuery, CTEs aren't case-sensitive, but table names are (by default, at least).
    281            # The following check is essentially a heuristic to detect tables based on whether or
    282            # not they're qualified. It also avoids normalizing UDFs, because they're case-sensitive.
    283            if (
    284                not isinstance(parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction)
    285                and not (isinstance(parent, exp.Table) and parent.db)
    286                and not expression.meta.get("is_table")
    287            ):
    288                expression.set("this", expression.this.lower())
    289
    290        return expression

Transforms an identifier in a way that resembles how it'd be resolved by this dialect.

For example, an identifier like `FoO` would be resolved as `foo` in Postgres, because it lowercases all unquoted identifiers. On the other hand, Snowflake uppercases them, so it would resolve it as `FOO`. If it was quoted, it'd need to be treated as case-sensitive, and so any normalization would be prohibited in order to avoid "breaking" the identifier.

There are also dialects like Spark, which are case-insensitive even when quotes are present, and dialects like MySQL, whose resolution rules match those employed by the underlying operating system, for example they may always be case-sensitive in Linux.

Finally, the normalization behavior of some engines can even be controlled through flags, like in Redshift's case, where users can explicitly set enable_case_sensitive_identifier.

SQLGlot aims to understand and handle all of these different behaviors gracefully, so that it can analyze queries in the optimizer and successfully capture their semantics.

tokenizer_class = <class 'BigQuery.Tokenizer'>
parser_class = <class 'BigQuery.Parser'>
generator_class = <class 'BigQuery.Generator'>
TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'D': {0: True}}}
FORMAT_TRIE: Dict = {'D': {'D': {0: True}}, 'M': {'M': {0: True}, 'O': {'N': {0: True, 'T': {'H': {0: True}}}}, 'I': {0: True}}, 'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {'Y': {0: True}}, 0: True}}, 'H': {'H': {0: True, '1': {'2': {0: True}}, '2': {'4': {0: True}}}}, 'S': {'S': {0: True, 'S': {'S': {'S': {0: True}}}}}, 'T': {'Z': {'H': {0: True}}}}
INVERSE_TIME_MAPPING: Dict[str, str] = {'%m/%d/%y': '%D'}
INVERSE_TIME_TRIE: Dict = {'%': {'m': {'/': {'%': {'d': {'/': {'%': {'y': {0: True}}}}}}}}}
INVERSE_ESCAPE_SEQUENCES: Dict[str, str] = {'\x07': '\\a', '\x08': '\\b', '\x0c': '\\f', '\n': '\\n', '\r': '\\r', '\t': '\\t', '\x0b': '\\v'}
QUOTE_START = "'"
QUOTE_END = "'"
IDENTIFIER_START = '`'
IDENTIFIER_END = '`'
BIT_START: Optional[str] = None
BIT_END: Optional[str] = None
HEX_START: Optional[str] = '0x'
HEX_END: Optional[str] = ''
BYTE_START: Optional[str] = "b'"
BYTE_END: Optional[str] = "'"
UNICODE_START: Optional[str] = None
UNICODE_END: Optional[str] = None

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  Dialect
  INDEX_OFFSET
  ALIAS_POST_TABLESAMPLE
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_PERCENT
  IDENTIFIERS_CAN_START_WITH_DIGIT
  DPIPE_IS_STRING_CONCAT
  STRICT_STRING_CONCAT
  NULL_ORDERING
  TYPED_DIVISION
  SAFE_DIVISION
  CONCAT_COALESCE
  DATE_FORMAT
  DATEINT_FORMAT
  TIME_FORMAT
  PREFER_CTE_ALIAS_COLUMN
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  case_sensitive
  can_identify
  quote_identifier
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  tokenizer
  parser
  generator

class BigQuery.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    292    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    293        QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
    294        COMMENTS = ["--", "#", ("/*", "*/")]
    295        IDENTIFIERS = ["`"]
    296        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\"]
    297
    298        HEX_STRINGS = [("0x", ""), ("0X", "")]
    299
    300        BYTE_STRINGS = [
    301            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("b", "B")
    302        ]
    303
    304        RAW_STRINGS = [
    305            (prefix + q, q) for q in t.cast(t.List[str], QUOTES) for prefix in ("r", "R")
    306        ]
    307
    308        KEYWORDS = {
    309            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    310            "ANY TYPE": TokenType.VARIANT,
    311            "BEGIN": TokenType.COMMAND,
    312            "BEGIN TRANSACTION": TokenType.BEGIN,
    313            "BYTES": TokenType.BINARY,
    314            "CURRENT_DATETIME": TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME,
    315            "DECLARE": TokenType.COMMAND,
    316            "FLOAT64": TokenType.DOUBLE,
    317            "FOR SYSTEM_TIME": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT,
    318            "MODEL": TokenType.MODEL,
    319            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": TokenType.VOLATILE,
    320            "RECORD": TokenType.STRUCT,
    321            "TIMESTAMP": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    322        }
    323        KEYWORDS.pop("DIV")

QUOTES = ["'", '"', '"""', "'''"]
COMMENTS = ['--', '#', ('/*', '*/')]
IDENTIFIERS = ['`']
STRING_ESCAPES = ['\\']
HEX_STRINGS = [('0x', ''), ('0X', '')]
BYTE_STRINGS = [("b'", "'"), ("B'", "'"), ('b"', '"'), ('B"', '"'), ('b"""', '"""'), ('B"""', '"""'), ("b'''", "'''"), ("B'''", "'''")]
RAW_STRINGS = [("r'", "'"), ("R'", "'"), ('r"', '"'), ('R"', '"'), ('r"""', '"""'), ('R"""', '"""'), ("r'''", "'''"), ("R'''", "'''")]
KEYWORDS = {'{%': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{%-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '+%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-%}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '{{+': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '{{-': <TokenType.BLOCK_START: 'BLOCK_START'>, '+}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '-}}': <TokenType.BLOCK_END: 'BLOCK_END'>, '/*+': <TokenType.HINT: 'HINT'>, '==': <TokenType.EQ: 'EQ'>, '::': <TokenType.DCOLON: 'DCOLON'>, '||': <TokenType.DPIPE: 'DPIPE'>, '>=': <TokenType.GTE: 'GTE'>, '<=': <TokenType.LTE: 'LTE'>, '<>': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, '!=': <TokenType.NEQ: 'NEQ'>, ':=': <TokenType.COLON_EQ: 'COLON_EQ'>, '<=>': <TokenType.NULLSAFE_EQ: 'NULLSAFE_EQ'>, '->': <TokenType.ARROW: 'ARROW'>, '->>': <TokenType.DARROW: 'DARROW'>, '=>': <TokenType.FARROW: 'FARROW'>, '#>': <TokenType.HASH_ARROW: 'HASH_ARROW'>, '#>>': <TokenType.DHASH_ARROW: 'DHASH_ARROW'>, '<->': <TokenType.LR_ARROW: 'LR_ARROW'>, '&&': <TokenType.DAMP: 'DAMP'>, '??': <TokenType.DQMARK: 'DQMARK'>, 'ALL': <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, 'ALWAYS': <TokenType.ALWAYS: 'ALWAYS'>, 'AND': <TokenType.AND: 'AND'>, 'ANTI': <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, 'ANY': <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, 'ASC': <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, 'AS': <TokenType.ALIAS: 'ALIAS'>, 'ASOF': <TokenType.ASOF: 'ASOF'>, 'AUTOINCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, 'BEGIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'BETWEEN': <TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>, 'CACHE': <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, 'UNCACHE': <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>, 'CASE': <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <TokenType.CHARACTER_SET: 'CHARACTER_SET'>, 'CLUSTER BY': <TokenType.CLUSTER_BY: 'CLUSTER_BY'>, 'COLLATE': <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, 'COLUMN': <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, 'COMMIT': <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, 'CONNECT BY': <TokenType.CONNECT_BY: 'CONNECT_BY'>, 'CONSTRAINT': <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, 'CREATE': <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>, 'CROSS': <TokenType.CROSS: 'CROSS'>, 'CUBE': <TokenType.CUBE: 'CUBE'>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, 'CURRENT_USER': <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, 'DATABASE': <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, 'DEFAULT': <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, 'DELETE': <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, 'DESC': <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, 'DESCRIBE': <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, 'DISTINCT': <TokenType.DISTINCT: 'DISTINCT'>, 'DISTRIBUTE BY': <TokenType.DISTRIBUTE_BY: 'DISTRIBUTE_BY'>, 'DROP': <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>, 'ELSE': <TokenType.ELSE: 'ELSE'>, 'END': <TokenType.END: 'END'>, 'ESCAPE': <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, 'EXCEPT': <TokenType.EXCEPT: 'EXCEPT'>, 'EXECUTE': <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, 'EXISTS': <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, 'FALSE': <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, 'FETCH': <TokenType.FETCH: 'FETCH'>, 'FILTER': <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, 'FIRST': <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, 'FULL': <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, 'FUNCTION': <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, 'FOR': <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, 'FORMAT': <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, 'FROM': <TokenType.FROM: 'FROM'>, 'GEOGRAPHY': <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>, 'GEOMETRY': <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, 'GLOB': <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>, 'GROUP BY': <TokenType.GROUP_BY: 'GROUP_BY'>, 'GROUPING SETS': <TokenType.GROUPING_SETS: 'GROUPING_SETS'>, 'HAVING': <TokenType.HAVING: 'HAVING'>, 'ILIKE': <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>, 'IN': <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>, 'INDEX': <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, 'INET': <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, 'INNER': <TokenType.INNER: 'INNER'>, 'INSERT': <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>, 'INTERVAL': <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, 'INTERSECT': <TokenType.INTERSECT: 'INTERSECT'>, 'INTO': <TokenType.INTO: 'INTO'>, 'IS': <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, 'ISNULL': <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, 'JOIN': <TokenType.JOIN: 'JOIN'>, 'KEEP': <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, 'KILL': <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, 'LATERAL': <TokenType.LATERAL: 'LATERAL'>, 'LEFT': <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, 'LIKE': <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>, 'LIMIT': <TokenType.LIMIT: 'LIMIT'>, 'LOAD': <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, 'LOCK': <TokenType.LOCK: 'LOCK'>, 'MERGE': <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, 'NATURAL': <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, 'NEXT': <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, 'NOT': <TokenType.NOT: 'NOT'>, 'NOTNULL': <TokenType.NOTNULL: 'NOTNULL'>, 'NULL': <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, 'OBJECT': <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, 'OFFSET': <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, 'ON': <TokenType.ON: 'ON'>, 'OR': <TokenType.OR: 'OR'>, 'XOR': <TokenType.XOR: 'XOR'>, 'ORDER BY': <TokenType.ORDER_BY: 'ORDER_BY'>, 'ORDINALITY': <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, 'OUTER': <TokenType.OUTER: 'OUTER'>, 'OVER': <TokenType.OVER: 'OVER'>, 'OVERLAPS': <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, 'OVERWRITE': <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, 'PARTITION': <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, 'PARTITION BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <TokenType.PARTITION_BY: 'PARTITION_BY'>, 'PERCENT': <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, 'PIVOT': <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, 'PRAGMA': <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <TokenType.PRIMARY_KEY: 'PRIMARY_KEY'>, 'PROCEDURE': <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, 'QUALIFY': <TokenType.QUALIFY: 'QUALIFY'>, 'RANGE': <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, 'RECURSIVE': <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, 'REGEXP': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'REPLACE': <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, 'RETURNING': <TokenType.RETURNING: 'RETURNING'>, 'REFERENCES': <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, 'RIGHT': <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, 'RLIKE': <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>, 'ROLLBACK': <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>, 'ROLLUP': <TokenType.ROLLUP: 'ROLLUP'>, 'ROW': <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, 'ROWS': <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, 'SCHEMA': <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, 'SELECT': <TokenType.SELECT: 'SELECT'>, 'SEMI': <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, 'SET': <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, 'SETTINGS': <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, 'SHOW': <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, 'SIMILAR TO': <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>, 'SOME': <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, 'SORT BY': <TokenType.SORT_BY: 'SORT_BY'>, 'START WITH': <TokenType.START_WITH: 'START_WITH'>, 'TABLE': <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, 'TABLESAMPLE': <TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE: 'TABLE_SAMPLE'>, 'TEMP': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'TEMPORARY': <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, 'THEN': <TokenType.THEN: 'THEN'>, 'TRUE': <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, 'UNION': <TokenType.UNION: 'UNION'>, 'UNKNOWN': <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, 'UNNEST': <TokenType.UNNEST: 'UNNEST'>, 'UNPIVOT': <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, 'UPDATE': <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, 'USE': <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, 'USING': <TokenType.USING: 'USING'>, 'UUID': <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, 'VALUES': <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, 'VIEW': <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, 'VOLATILE': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'WHEN': <TokenType.WHEN: 'WHEN'>, 'WHERE': <TokenType.WHERE: 'WHERE'>, 'WINDOW': <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, 'WITH': <TokenType.WITH: 'WITH'>, 'APPLY': <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, 'ARRAY': <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, 'BIT': <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, 'BOOL': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BOOLEAN': <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, 'BYTE': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'MEDIUMINT': <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, 'INT1': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'TINYINT': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'INT16': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SHORT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'SMALLINT': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INT128': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'HUGEINT': <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, 'INT2': <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, 'INTEGER': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT4': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT32': <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, 'INT64': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'LONG': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'BIGINT': <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, 'INT8': <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, 'DEC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'DECIMAL': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'BIGDECIMAL': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'BIGNUMERIC': <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, 'MAP': <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, 'NULLABLE': <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, 'NUMBER': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'NUMERIC': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'FIXED': <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, 'REAL': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT4': <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, 'FLOAT8': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'DOUBLE PRECISION': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'JSON': <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, 'CHAR': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'CHARACTER': <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, 'NCHAR': <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'VARCHAR2': <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'NVARCHAR2': <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, 'STR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'STRING': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'TEXT': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGTEXT': <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, 'MEDIUMTEXT': <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, 'TINYTEXT': <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, 'CLOB': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'LONGVARCHAR': <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, 'BINARY': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'BLOB': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'LONGBLOB': <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, 'MEDIUMBLOB': <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, 'TINYBLOB': <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, 'BYTEA': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'VARBINARY': <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, 'TIME': <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, 'TIMETZ': <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, 'TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, 'TIMESTAMPLTZ': <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, 'DATE': <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, 'DATETIME': <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, 'INT4RANGE': <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, 'INT4MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, 'INT8RANGE': <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, 'INT8MULTIRANGE': <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, 'NUMRANGE': <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, 'NUMMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSRANGE': <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, 'TSMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, 'TSTZRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, 'TSTZMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, 'DATERANGE': <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, 'DATEMULTIRANGE': <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, 'UNIQUE': <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, 'STRUCT': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, 'VARIANT': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'ALTER': <TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>, 'ANALYZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'CALL': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'COMMENT': <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, 'COPY': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'EXPLAIN': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'GRANT': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'OPTIMIZE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'PREPARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'TRUNCATE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'VACUUM': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'USER-DEFINED': <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, 'FOR VERSION': <TokenType.VERSION_SNAPSHOT: 'VERSION_SNAPSHOT'>, 'FOR TIMESTAMP': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'ANY TYPE': <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, 'BEGIN TRANSACTION': <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, 'BYTES': <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, 'DECLARE': <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, 'FLOAT64': <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, 'FOR SYSTEM_TIME': <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT: 'TIMESTAMP_SNAPSHOT'>, 'MODEL': <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, 'NOT DETERMINISTIC': <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, 'RECORD': <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  Tokenizer
  SINGLE_TOKENS
  BIT_STRINGS
  HEREDOC_STRINGS
  UNICODE_STRINGS
  IDENTIFIER_ESCAPES
  VAR_SINGLE_TOKENS
  WHITE_SPACE
  COMMANDS
  COMMAND_PREFIX_TOKENS
  NUMERIC_LITERALS
  dialect
  reset
  tokenize
  peek
  tokenize_rs
  size
  sql
  tokens

class BigQuery.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    325    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    326        PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
    327
    328        LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
    329
    330        FUNCTIONS = {
    331            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    332            "DATE": _parse_date,
    333            "DATE_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateAdd),
    334            "DATE_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DateSub),
    335            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
    336                unit=exp.Literal.string(str(seq_get(args, 1))),
    337                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    338            ),
    339            "DATETIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeAdd),
    340            "DATETIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.DatetimeSub),
    341            "DIV": binary_from_function(exp.IntDiv),
    342            "FORMAT_DATE": lambda args: exp.TimeToStr(
    343                this=exp.TsOrDsToDate(this=seq_get(args, 1)), format=seq_get(args, 0)
    344            ),
    345            "GENERATE_ARRAY": exp.GenerateSeries.from_arg_list,
    346            "JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR": lambda args: exp.JSONExtractScalar(
    347                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string("$")
    348            ),
    349            "MD5": exp.MD5Digest.from_arg_list,
    350            "TO_HEX": _parse_to_hex,
    351            "PARSE_DATE": lambda args: format_time_lambda(exp.StrToDate, "bigquery")(
    352                [seq_get(args, 1), seq_get(args, 0)]
    353            ),
    354            "PARSE_TIMESTAMP": _parse_timestamp,
    355            "REGEXP_CONTAINS": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    356            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
    357                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    358                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    359                position=seq_get(args, 2),
    360                occurrence=seq_get(args, 3),
    361                group=exp.Literal.number(1) if re.compile(args[1].name).groups == 1 else None,
    362            ),
    363            "SHA256": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(256)),
    364            "SHA512": lambda args: exp.SHA2(this=seq_get(args, 0), length=exp.Literal.number(512)),
    365            "SPLIT": lambda args: exp.Split(
    366                # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/string_functions#split
    367                this=seq_get(args, 0),
    368                expression=seq_get(args, 1) or exp.Literal.string(","),
    369            ),
    370            "TIME": _parse_time,
    371            "TIME_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeAdd),
    372            "TIME_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimeSub),
    373            "TIMESTAMP_ADD": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampAdd),
    374            "TIMESTAMP_SUB": parse_date_delta_with_interval(exp.TimestampSub),
    375            "TIMESTAMP_MICROS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    376                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS
    377            ),
    378            "TIMESTAMP_MILLIS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    379                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
    380            ),
    381            "TIMESTAMP_SECONDS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
    382                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS
    383            ),
    384            "TO_JSON_STRING": exp.JSONFormat.from_arg_list,
    385        }
    386
    387        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    388            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    389            "ARRAY": lambda self: self.expression(exp.Array, expressions=[self._parse_statement()]),
    390        }
    391        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    392
    393        NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {
    394            **parser.Parser.NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS,
    395            TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: exp.CurrentDatetime,
    396        }
    397
    398        NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {
    399            *parser.Parser.NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS,
    400            TokenType.TABLE,
    401        }
    402
    403        ID_VAR_TOKENS = {
    404            *parser.Parser.ID_VAR_TOKENS,
    405            TokenType.VALUES,
    406        }
    407
    408        PROPERTY_PARSERS = {
    409            **parser.Parser.PROPERTY_PARSERS,
    410            "NOT DETERMINISTIC": lambda self: self.expression(
    411                exp.StabilityProperty, this=exp.Literal.string("VOLATILE")
    412            ),
    413            "OPTIONS": lambda self: self._parse_with_property(),
    414        }
    415
    416        CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {
    417            **parser.Parser.CONSTRAINT_PARSERS,
    418            "OPTIONS": lambda self: exp.Properties(expressions=self._parse_with_property()),
    419        }
    420
    421        RANGE_PARSERS = parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS.copy()
    422        RANGE_PARSERS.pop(TokenType.OVERLAPS, None)
    423
    424        NULL_TOKENS = {TokenType.NULL, TokenType.UNKNOWN}
    425
    426        STATEMENT_PARSERS = {
    427            **parser.Parser.STATEMENT_PARSERS,
    428            TokenType.END: lambda self: self._parse_as_command(self._prev),
    429            TokenType.FOR: lambda self: self._parse_for_in(),
    430        }
    431
    432        BRACKET_OFFSETS = {
    433            "OFFSET": (0, False),
    434            "ORDINAL": (1, False),
    435            "SAFE_OFFSET": (0, True),
    436            "SAFE_ORDINAL": (1, True),
    437        }
    438
    439        def _parse_for_in(self) -> exp.ForIn:
    440            this = self._parse_range()
    441            self._match_text_seq("DO")
    442            return self.expression(exp.ForIn, this=this, expression=self._parse_statement())
    443
    444        def _parse_table_part(self, schema: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    445            this = super()._parse_table_part(schema=schema) or self._parse_number()
    446
    447            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#table_names
    448            if isinstance(this, exp.Identifier):
    449                table_name = this.name
    450                while self._match(TokenType.DASH, advance=False) and self._next:
    451                    self._advance(2)
    452                    table_name += f"-{self._prev.text}"
    453
    454                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=this.args.get("quoted"))
    455            elif isinstance(this, exp.Literal):
    456                table_name = this.name
    457
    458                if self._is_connected() and self._parse_var(any_token=True):
    459                    table_name += self._prev.text
    460
    461                this = exp.Identifier(this=table_name, quoted=True)
    462
    463            return this
    464
    465        def _parse_table_parts(self, schema: bool = False) -> exp.Table:
    466            table = super()._parse_table_parts(schema=schema)
    467            if isinstance(table.this, exp.Identifier) and "." in table.name:
    468                catalog, db, this, *rest = (
    469                    t.cast(t.Optional[exp.Expression], exp.to_identifier(x))
    470                    for x in split_num_words(table.name, ".", 3)
    471                )
    472
    473                if rest and this:
    474                    this = exp.Dot.build(t.cast(t.List[exp.Expression], [this, *rest]))
    475
    476                table = exp.Table(this=this, db=db, catalog=catalog)
    477
    478            return table
    479
    480        def _parse_json_object(self) -> exp.JSONObject:
    481            json_object = super()._parse_json_object()
    482            array_kv_pair = seq_get(json_object.expressions, 0)
    483
    484            # Converts BQ's "signature 2" of JSON_OBJECT into SQLGlot's canonical representation
    485            # https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/json_functions#json_object_signature2
    486            if (
    487                array_kv_pair
    488                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.this, exp.Array)
    489                and isinstance(array_kv_pair.expression, exp.Array)
    490            ):
    491                keys = array_kv_pair.this.expressions
    492                values = array_kv_pair.expression.expressions
    493
    494                json_object.set(
    495                    "expressions",
    496                    [exp.JSONKeyValue(this=k, expression=v) for k, v in zip(keys, values)],
    497                )
    498
    499            return json_object
    500
    501        def _parse_bracket(self, this: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
    502            bracket = super()._parse_bracket(this)
    503
    504            if this is bracket:
    505                return bracket
    506
    507            if isinstance(bracket, exp.Bracket):
    508                for expression in bracket.expressions:
    509                    name = expression.name.upper()
    510
    511                    if name not in self.BRACKET_OFFSETS:
    512                        break
    513
    514                    offset, safe = self.BRACKET_OFFSETS[name]
    515                    bracket.set("offset", offset)
    516                    bracket.set("safe", safe)
    517                    expression.replace(expression.expressions[0])
    518
    519            return bracket

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the Tokenizer and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: The desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.IMMEDIATE
- error_message_context: Determines the amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 100
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3

PREFIXED_PIVOT_COLUMNS = True
LOG_DEFAULTS_TO_LN = True
FUNCTIONS = {'ABS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Abs'>>, 'ANONYMOUS_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnonymousAggFunc'>>, 'ANY_VALUE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AnyValue'>>, 'APPROX_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>>, 'APPROX_QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxQuantile'>>, 'APPROX_TOP_K': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxTopK'>>, 'ARG_MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARGMAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'MAX_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>>, 'ARG_MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARGMIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'MIN_BY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>>, 'ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Array'>>, 'ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_ALL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAll'>>, 'ARRAY_ANY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayAny'>>, 'ARRAY_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayConcat'>>, 'ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>>, 'FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_FILTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayFilter'>>, 'ARRAY_JOIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayJoin'>>, 'ARRAY_SIZE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>>, 'ARRAY_SORT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySort'>>, 'ARRAY_SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySum'>>, 'ARRAY_UNION_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUnionAgg'>>, 'ARRAY_UNIQUE_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayUniqueAgg'>>, 'AVG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Avg'>>, 'CASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Case'>>, 'CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>>, 'CAST_TO_STR_TYPE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CastToStrType'>>, 'CEIL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CEILING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ceil'>>, 'CHR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Chr'>>, 'COALESCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'IFNULL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'NVL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Coalesce'>>, 'COLLATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Collate'>>, 'COMBINED_AGG_FUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedAggFunc'>>, 'COMBINED_PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CombinedParameterizedAgg'>>, 'CONCAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONCAT_WS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COUNT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Count'>>, 'COUNT_IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'COUNTIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>>, 'CURRENT_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>>, 'CURRENT_DATETIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>>, 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>>, 'CURRENT_USER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>>, 'DATE': <function _parse_date>, 'DATE_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATEDIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>>, 'DATE_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>>, 'DATE_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>>, 'DATE_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATE_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATE_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateToDi'>>, 'DATE_TRUNC': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATETIME_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATETIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeDiff'>>, 'DATETIME_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'DATETIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeTrunc'>>, 'DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Day'>>, 'DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAYOFMONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfMonth'>>, 'DAY_OF_WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAYOFWEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfWeek'>>, 'DAY_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DAYOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DayOfYear'>>, 'DECODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Decode'>>, 'DI_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DiToDate'>>, 'ENCODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Encode'>>, 'EXP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Exp'>>, 'EXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Explode'>>, 'EXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExplodeOuter'>>, 'EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Extract'>>, 'FIRST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.First'>>, 'FLATTEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Flatten'>>, 'FLOOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Floor'>>, 'FROM_BASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase'>>, 'FROM_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FromBase64'>>, 'GENERATE_SERIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'GET_PATH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GetPath'>>, 'GREATEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Greatest'>>, 'GROUP_CONCAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>>, 'HEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>>, 'HLL': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hll'>>, 'IF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>>, 'INITCAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Initcap'>>, 'IS_INF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'ISINF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsInf'>>, 'IS_NAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'ISNAN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsNan'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArray'>>, 'J_S_O_N_ARRAY_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayAgg'>>, 'JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONArrayContains'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtract'>>, 'JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONBExtractScalar'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONExtract'>>, 'JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_FORMAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>, 'J_S_O_N_OBJECT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONObject'>>, 'J_S_O_N_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONTable'>>, 'LAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Last'>>, 'LAST_DAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LAST_DAY_OF_MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LastDay'>>, 'LEAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Least'>>, 'LEFT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Left'>>, 'LENGTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Length'>>, 'LEVENSHTEIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Levenshtein'>>, 'LN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Ln'>>, 'LOG': <function parse_logarithm>, 'LOG10': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log10'>>, 'LOG2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Log2'>>, 'LOGICAL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOL_AND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'BOOLAND_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalAnd'>>, 'LOGICAL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOL_OR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'BOOLOR_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogicalOr'>>, 'LOWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'LCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Lower'>>, 'MD5': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MD5_DIGEST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>>, 'MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Map'>>, 'MAP_FROM_ENTRIES': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MapFromEntries'>>, 'MATCH_AGAINST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MatchAgainst'>>, 'MAX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>>, 'MIN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>>, 'MONTH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Month'>>, 'MONTHS_BETWEEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MonthsBetween'>>, 'NEXT_VALUE_FOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NextValueFor'>>, 'NULLIF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nullif'>>, 'NUMBER_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NumberToStr'>>, 'NVL2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Nvl2'>>, 'OPEN_J_S_O_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OpenJSON'>>, 'PARAMETERIZED_AGG': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParameterizedAgg'>>, 'PARSE_JSON': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'JSON_PARSE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ParseJSON'>>, 'PERCENTILE_CONT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileCont'>>, 'PERCENTILE_DISC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PercentileDisc'>>, 'POSEXPLODE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Posexplode'>>, 'POSEXPLODE_OUTER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PosexplodeOuter'>>, 'POWER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'POW': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Pow'>>, 'PREDICT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Predict'>>, 'QUANTILE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Quantile'>>, 'RAND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDOM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Rand'>>, 'RANDN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Randn'>>, 'RANGE_N': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RangeN'>>, 'READ_CSV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReadCSV'>>, 'REDUCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Reduce'>>, 'REGEXP_EXTRACT': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'REGEXP_I_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpILike'>>, 'REGEXP_LIKE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'REGEXP_REPLACE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>>, 'REGEXP_SPLIT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpSplit'>>, 'REPEAT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Repeat'>>, 'RIGHT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Right'>>, 'ROUND': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Round'>>, 'ROW_NUMBER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowNumber'>>, 'SHA': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA1': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA'>>, 'SHA2': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>>, 'SAFE_DIVIDE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SafeDivide'>>, 'SORT_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortArray'>>, 'SPLIT': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SQRT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sqrt'>>, 'STANDARD_HASH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StandardHash'>>, 'STAR_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StarMap'>>, 'STARTS_WITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STARTSWITH': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StartsWith'>>, 'STDDEV': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stddev'>>, 'STDDEV_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevPop'>>, 'STDDEV_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StddevSamp'>>, 'STR_POSITION': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrPosition'>>, 'STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>>, 'STR_TO_MAP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToMap'>>, 'STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>>, 'STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToUnix'>>, 'STRUCT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Struct'>>, 'STRUCT_EXTRACT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StructExtract'>>, 'STUFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'INSERT': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Stuff'>>, 'SUBSTRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Substring'>>, 'SUM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Sum'>>, 'TIME_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIME_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeDiff'>>, 'TIME_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIMEFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToDate'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>>, 'TIME_STR_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToUnix'>>, 'TIME_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIME_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr'>>, 'TIME_TO_TIME_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME_TO_UNIX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeToUnix'>>, 'TIME_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeTrunc'>>, 'TIMESTAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Timestamp'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_ADD': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIMESTAMP_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampDiff'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_FROM_PARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMPFROMPARTS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampFromParts'>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SUB': <function parse_date_delta_with_interval.<locals>.func>, 'TIMESTAMP_TRUNC': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampTrunc'>>, 'TO_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToArray'>>, 'TO_BASE64': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToBase64'>>, 'TO_CHAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToChar'>>, 'TO_DAYS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToDays'>>, 'TRANSFORM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Transform'>>, 'TRIM': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>>, 'TRY_CAST': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TryCast'>>, 'TS_OR_DI_TO_DI': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDiToDi'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_ADD': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_DIFF': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToDate'>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_DATE_STR': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TS_OR_DS_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>>, 'UNHEX': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>>, 'UNIX_DATE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>>, 'UNIX_TO_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToStr'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>>, 'UNIX_TO_TIME_STR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTimeStr'>>, 'UPPER': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'UCASE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Upper'>>, 'VAR_MAP': <function parse_var_map>, 'VARIANCE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VAR_SAMP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Variance'>>, 'VARIANCE_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'VAR_POP': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>>, 'WEEK': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Week'>>, 'WEEK_OF_YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WEEKOFYEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WeekOfYear'>>, 'WHEN': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.When'>>, 'X_M_L_TABLE': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.XMLTable'>>, 'XOR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Xor'>>, 'YEAR': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Year'>>, 'GLOB': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function parse_like>, 'DIV': <function binary_from_function.<locals>.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT_DATE': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATE_ARRAY': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>>, 'TO_HEX': <function _parse_to_hex>, 'PARSE_DATE': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARSE_TIMESTAMP': <function _parse_timestamp>, 'REGEXP_CONTAINS': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>>, 'SHA256': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'SHA512': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIME': <function _parse_time>, 'TIMESTAMP_MICROS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIMESTAMP_MILLIS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TIMESTAMP_SECONDS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO_JSON_STRING': <bound method Func.from_arg_list of <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>>}
FUNCTION_PARSERS = {'ANY_VALUE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DECODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTRACT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_OBJECT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JSON_TABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATCH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPENJSON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'POSITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PREDICT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAFE_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STRING_AGG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SUBSTRING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CAST': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRY_CONVERT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ARRAY': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
NO_PAREN_FUNCTIONS = {<TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDate'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentDatetime'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTime'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentTimestamp'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>: <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CurrentUser'>}
NESTED_TYPE_TOKENS = {<TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>}
ID_VAR_TOKENS = {<TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.RIGHT: 'RIGHT'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.OFFSET: 'OFFSET'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.NATURAL: 'NATURAL'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.FULL: 'FULL'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.VALUES: 'VALUES'>, <TokenType.APPLY: 'APPLY'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.LEFT: 'LEFT'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.WINDOW: 'WINDOW'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>}
PROPERTY_PARSERS = {'ALGORITHM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'BLOCKCOMPRESSION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARSET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECKSUM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CONTAINS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COPY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DATABLOCKSIZE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFINER': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DETERMINISTIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DISTSTYLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENGINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXECUTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'EXTERNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FALLBACK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FREESPACE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'HEAP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IMMUTABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'JOURNAL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LANGUAGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LAYOUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIFETIME': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCATION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOCKING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LOG': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MATERIALIZED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MERGEBLOCKRATIO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MODIFIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'MULTISET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ORDER BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OUTPUT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITION BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RANGE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'READS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REMOTE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'RETURNS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SAMPLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SETTINGS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SORTKEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SOURCE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STABLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'STORED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'SYSTEM_VERSIONING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TBLPROPERTIES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMP': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TEMPORARY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TO': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSIENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TRANSFORM': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'USING': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'VOLATILE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NOT DETERMINISTIC': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPTIONS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
CONSTRAINT_PARSERS = {'AUTOINCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CASESPECIFIC': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHARACTER SET': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CHECK': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COLLATE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMMENT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'COMPRESS': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'CLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NONCLUSTERED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'DEFAULT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ENCODE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FOREIGN KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'FORMAT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'GENERATED': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'IDENTITY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'INLINE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'LIKE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NOT': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'NULL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'ON': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PATH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PERIOD': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'PRIMARY KEY': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'REFERENCES': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TITLE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'TTL': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UNIQUE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'UPPERCASE': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'WITH': <function Parser.<lambda>>, 'OPTIONS': <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
RANGE_PARSERS = {<TokenType.BETWEEN: 'BETWEEN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.GLOB: 'GLOB'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ILIKE: 'ILIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IN: 'IN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IRLIKE: 'IRLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LIKE: 'LIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.RLIKE: 'RLIKE'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SIMILAR_TO: 'SIMILAR_TO'>: <function binary_range_parser.<locals>.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>}
NULL_TOKENS = {<TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>}
STATEMENT_PARSERS = {<TokenType.ALTER: 'ALTER'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.CREATE: 'CREATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.DROP: 'DROP'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.INSERT: 'INSERT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.ROLLBACK: 'ROLLBACK'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UNCACHE: 'UNCACHE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>: <function Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>: <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>, <TokenType.FOR: 'FOR'>: <function BigQuery.Parser.<lambda>>}
BRACKET_OFFSETS = {'OFFSET': (0, False), 'ORDINAL': (1, False), 'SAFE_OFFSET': (0, True), 'SAFE_ORDINAL': (1, True)}
TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = {<TokenType.OBJECT_IDENTIFIER: 'OBJECT_IDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.INT256: 'INT256'>, <TokenType.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <TokenType.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>, <TokenType.CONSTRAINT: 'CONSTRAINT'>, <TokenType.SHOW: 'SHOW'>, <TokenType.MODEL: 'MODEL'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATETIME: 'CURRENT_DATETIME'>, <TokenType.SCHEMA: 'SCHEMA'>, <TokenType.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.ROWS: 'ROWS'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>, <TokenType.ALL: 'ALL'>, <TokenType.BEGIN: 'BEGIN'>, <TokenType.BINARY: 'BINARY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <TokenType.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>, <TokenType.DELETE: 'DELETE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: 'CURRENT_TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.UINT128: 'UINT128'>, <TokenType.OPERATOR: 'OPERATOR'>, <TokenType.AUTO_INCREMENT: 'AUTO_INCREMENT'>, <TokenType.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>, <TokenType.YEAR: 'YEAR'>, <TokenType.COLLATE: 'COLLATE'>, <TokenType.NESTED: 'NESTED'>, <TokenType.BIT: 'BIT'>, <TokenType.FIRST: 'FIRST'>, <TokenType.ANY: 'ANY'>, <TokenType.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <TokenType.NEXT: 'NEXT'>, <TokenType.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.LOAD: 'LOAD'>, <TokenType.UNIQUE: 'UNIQUE'>, <TokenType.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>, <TokenType.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>, <TokenType.UPDATE: 'UPDATE'>, <TokenType.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>, <TokenType.JSONB: 'JSONB'>, <TokenType.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>, <TokenType.ISNULL: 'ISNULL'>, <TokenType.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>, <TokenType.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>, <TokenType.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <TokenType.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <TokenType.CASE: 'CASE'>, <TokenType.FOREIGN_KEY: 'FOREIGN_KEY'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_TIME: 'CURRENT_TIME'>, <TokenType.FALSE: 'FALSE'>, <TokenType.KILL: 'KILL'>, <TokenType.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>, <TokenType.UUID: 'UUID'>, <TokenType.ORDINALITY: 'ORDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <TokenType.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>, <TokenType.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <TokenType.SET: 'SET'>, <TokenType.DATABASE: 'DATABASE'>, <TokenType.INET: 'INET'>, <TokenType.PSEUDO_TYPE: 'PSEUDO_TYPE'>, <TokenType.INT: 'INT'>, <TokenType.ROW: 'ROW'>, <TokenType.DATE: 'DATE'>, <TokenType.EXECUTE: 'EXECUTE'>, <TokenType.COMMENT: 'COMMENT'>, <TokenType.COMMIT: 'COMMIT'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>, <TokenType.DIV: 'DIV'>, <TokenType.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>, <TokenType.UINT: 'UINT'>, <TokenType.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>, <TokenType.MERGE: 'MERGE'>, <TokenType.JSON: 'JSON'>, <TokenType.KEEP: 'KEEP'>, <TokenType.PARTITION: 'PARTITION'>, <TokenType.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <TokenType.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_DATE: 'CURRENT_DATE'>, <TokenType.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>, <TokenType.USERDEFINED: 'USERDEFINED'>, <TokenType.CACHE: 'CACHE'>, <TokenType.VOLATILE: 'VOLATILE'>, <TokenType.FINAL: 'FINAL'>, <TokenType.XML: 'XML'>, <TokenType.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>, <TokenType.OVERLAPS: 'OVERLAPS'>, <TokenType.ENUM: 'ENUM'>, <TokenType.PROCEDURE: 'PROCEDURE'>, <TokenType.OVERWRITE: 'OVERWRITE'>, <TokenType.VAR: 'VAR'>, <TokenType.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.EXISTS: 'EXISTS'>, <TokenType.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>, <TokenType.ANTI: 'ANTI'>, <TokenType.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>, <TokenType.USE: 'USE'>, <TokenType.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>, <TokenType.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>, <TokenType.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <TokenType.SOME: 'SOME'>, <TokenType.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <TokenType.SEMI: 'SEMI'>, <TokenType.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <TokenType.TABLE: 'TABLE'>, <TokenType.REFERENCES: 'REFERENCES'>, <TokenType.FILTER: 'FILTER'>, <TokenType.PRAGMA: 'PRAGMA'>, <TokenType.DICTIONARY: 'DICTIONARY'>, <TokenType.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>, <TokenType.ASC: 'ASC'>, <TokenType.FUNCTION: 'FUNCTION'>, <TokenType.MONEY: 'MONEY'>, <TokenType.INT128: 'INT128'>, <TokenType.UINT256: 'UINT256'>, <TokenType.PERCENT: 'PERCENT'>, <TokenType.IS: 'IS'>, <TokenType.PIVOT: 'PIVOT'>, <TokenType.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>, <TokenType.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>, <TokenType.END: 'END'>, <TokenType.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>, <TokenType.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>, <TokenType.NULL: 'NULL'>, <TokenType.MAP: 'MAP'>, <TokenType.TOP: 'TOP'>, <TokenType.VIEW: 'VIEW'>, <TokenType.COMMAND: 'COMMAND'>, <TokenType.DESCRIBE: 'DESCRIBE'>, <TokenType.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>, <TokenType.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <TokenType.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>, <TokenType.DEFAULT: 'DEFAULT'>, <TokenType.RANGE: 'RANGE'>, <TokenType.CURRENT_USER: 'CURRENT_USER'>, <TokenType.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <TokenType.TRUE: 'TRUE'>, <TokenType.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>, <TokenType.RECURSIVE: 'RECURSIVE'>, <TokenType.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>, <TokenType.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>, <TokenType.REPLACE: 'REPLACE'>, <TokenType.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <TokenType.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>, <TokenType.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>, <TokenType.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>, <TokenType.UNPIVOT: 'UNPIVOT'>, <TokenType.TEMPORARY: 'TEMPORARY'>, <TokenType.COLUMN: 'COLUMN'>, <TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <TokenType.DESC: 'DESC'>, <TokenType.ESCAPE: 'ESCAPE'>, <TokenType.INDEX: 'INDEX'>, <TokenType.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>, <TokenType.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>, <TokenType.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>, <TokenType.REFRESH: 'REFRESH'>, <TokenType.TIME: 'TIME'>, <TokenType.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <TokenType.SETTINGS: 'SETTINGS'>, <TokenType.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>, <TokenType.SUPER: 'SUPER'>, <TokenType.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <TokenType.FORMAT: 'FORMAT'>, <TokenType.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <TokenType.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <TokenType.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>, <TokenType.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>, <TokenType.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>}
SHOW_TRIE: Dict = {}
SET_TRIE: Dict = {'GLOBAL': {0: True}, 'LOCAL': {0: True}, 'SESSION': {0: True}, 'TRANSACTION': {0: True}}

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  STRUCT_TYPE_TOKENS
  ENUM_TYPE_TOKENS
  TYPE_TOKENS
  SIGNED_TO_UNSIGNED_TYPE_TOKEN
  SUBQUERY_PREDICATES
  RESERVED_TOKENS
  DB_CREATABLES
  CREATABLES
  INTERVAL_VARS
  COMMENT_TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  UPDATE_ALIAS_TOKENS
  TRIM_TYPES
  FUNC_TOKENS
  CONJUNCTION
  EQUALITY
  COMPARISON
  BITWISE
  TERM
  FACTOR
  EXPONENT
  TIMES
  TIMESTAMPS
  SET_OPERATIONS
  JOIN_METHODS
  JOIN_SIDES
  JOIN_KINDS
  JOIN_HINTS
  LAMBDAS
  COLUMN_OPERATORS
  EXPRESSION_PARSERS
  UNARY_PARSERS
  PRIMARY_PARSERS
  PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS
  ALTER_PARSERS
  SCHEMA_UNNAMED_CONSTRAINTS
  NO_PAREN_FUNCTION_PARSERS
  INVALID_FUNC_NAME_TOKENS
  FUNCTIONS_WITH_ALIASED_ARGS
  QUERY_MODIFIER_PARSERS
  SET_PARSERS
  SHOW_PARSERS
  TYPE_LITERAL_PARSERS
  MODIFIABLES
  DDL_SELECT_TOKENS
  PRE_VOLATILE_TOKENS
  TRANSACTION_KIND
  TRANSACTION_CHARACTERISTICS
  INSERT_ALTERNATIVES
  CLONE_KEYWORDS
  HISTORICAL_DATA_KIND
  OPCLASS_FOLLOW_KEYWORDS
  OPTYPE_FOLLOW_TOKENS
  TABLE_INDEX_HINT_TOKENS
  WINDOW_ALIAS_TOKENS
  WINDOW_BEFORE_PAREN_TOKENS
  WINDOW_SIDES
  FETCH_TOKENS
  ADD_CONSTRAINT_TOKENS
  DISTINCT_TOKENS
  UNNEST_OFFSET_ALIAS_TOKENS
  STRICT_CAST
  IDENTIFY_PIVOT_STRINGS
  ALTER_TABLE_ADD_REQUIRED_FOR_EACH_COLUMN
  TABLESAMPLE_CSV
  SET_REQUIRES_ASSIGNMENT_DELIMITER
  TRIM_PATTERN_FIRST
  STRING_ALIASES
  MODIFIERS_ATTACHED_TO_UNION
  UNION_MODIFIERS
  error_level
  error_message_context
  max_errors
  dialect
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression
  errors
  sql

class BigQuery.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    521    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    522        EXPLICIT_UNION = True
    523        INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
    524        JOIN_HINTS = False
    525        QUERY_HINTS = False
    526        TABLE_HINTS = False
    527        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
    528        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
    529        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
    530        UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
    531        COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
    532        LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
    533        SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = False
    534        UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = False
    535
    536        TRANSFORMS = {
    537            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
    538            exp.ApproxDistinct: rename_func("APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"),
    539            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MAX_BY"),
    540            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("MIN_BY"),
    541            exp.ArrayContains: _array_contains_sql,
    542            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
    543            exp.Cast: transforms.preprocess([transforms.remove_precision_parameterized_types]),
    544            exp.CollateProperty: lambda self, e: f"DEFAULT COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}"
    545            if e.args.get("default")
    546            else f"COLLATE {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    547            exp.CountIf: rename_func("COUNTIF"),
    548            exp.Create: _create_sql,
    549            exp.CTE: transforms.preprocess([_pushdown_cte_column_names]),
    550            exp.DateAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "ADD"),
    551            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: f"DATE_DIFF({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.sql(e, 'expression')}, {self.sql(e.args.get('unit', 'DAY'))})",
    552            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("DATE"),
    553            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    554            exp.DateSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATE", "SUB"),
    555            exp.DatetimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "ADD"),
    556            exp.DatetimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("DATETIME", "SUB"),
    557            exp.DateTrunc: lambda self, e: self.func("DATE_TRUNC", e.this, e.text("unit")),
    558            exp.GenerateSeries: rename_func("GENERATE_ARRAY"),
    559            exp.GetPath: path_to_jsonpath(),
    560            exp.GroupConcat: rename_func("STRING_AGG"),
    561            exp.Hex: rename_func("TO_HEX"),
    562            exp.If: if_sql(false_value="NULL"),
    563            exp.ILike: no_ilike_sql,
    564            exp.IntDiv: rename_func("DIV"),
    565            exp.JSONFormat: rename_func("TO_JSON_STRING"),
    566            exp.JSONKeyValue: json_keyvalue_comma_sql,
    567            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    568            exp.MD5: lambda self, e: self.func("TO_HEX", self.func("MD5", e.this)),
    569            exp.MD5Digest: rename_func("MD5"),
    570            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    571            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    572            exp.RegexpExtract: lambda self, e: self.func(
    573                "REGEXP_EXTRACT",
    574                e.this,
    575                e.expression,
    576                e.args.get("position"),
    577                e.args.get("occurrence"),
    578            ),
    579            exp.RegexpReplace: regexp_replace_sql,
    580            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_CONTAINS"),
    581            exp.ReturnsProperty: _returnsproperty_sql,
    582            exp.Select: transforms.preprocess(
    583                [
    584                    transforms.explode_to_unnest(),
    585                    _unqualify_unnest,
    586                    transforms.eliminate_distinct_on,
    587                    _alias_ordered_group,
    588                    transforms.eliminate_semi_and_anti_joins,
    589                ]
    590            ),
    591            exp.SHA2: lambda self, e: self.func(
    592                f"SHA256" if e.text("length") == "256" else "SHA512", e.this
    593            ),
    594            exp.StabilityProperty: lambda self, e: f"DETERMINISTIC"
    595            if e.name == "IMMUTABLE"
    596            else "NOT DETERMINISTIC",
    597            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"PARSE_DATE({self.format_time(e)}, {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    598            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: self.func(
    599                "PARSE_TIMESTAMP", self.format_time(e), e.this, e.args.get("zone")
    600            ),
    601            exp.TimeAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "ADD"),
    602            exp.TimeFromParts: rename_func("TIME"),
    603            exp.TimeSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIME", "SUB"),
    604            exp.TimestampAdd: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "ADD"),
    605            exp.TimestampSub: date_add_interval_sql("TIMESTAMP", "SUB"),
    606            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    607            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func(f"TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    608            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
    609            exp.TsOrDsDiff: _ts_or_ds_diff_sql,
    610            exp.TsOrDsToTime: rename_func("TIME"),
    611            exp.Unhex: rename_func("FROM_HEX"),
    612            exp.UnixDate: rename_func("UNIX_DATE"),
    613            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    614            exp.Values: _derived_table_values_to_unnest,
    615            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
    616        }
    617
    618        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    619            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
    620            exp.DataType.Type.BIGDECIMAL: "BIGNUMERIC",
    621            exp.DataType.Type.BIGINT: "INT64",
    622            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BYTES",
    623            exp.DataType.Type.BOOLEAN: "BOOL",
    624            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "STRING",
    625            exp.DataType.Type.DECIMAL: "NUMERIC",
    626            exp.DataType.Type.DOUBLE: "FLOAT64",
    627            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "FLOAT64",
    628            exp.DataType.Type.INT: "INT64",
    629            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "STRING",
    630            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "STRING",
    631            exp.DataType.Type.SMALLINT: "INT64",
    632            exp.DataType.Type.TEXT: "STRING",
    633            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "DATETIME",
    634            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    635            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: "TIMESTAMP",
    636            exp.DataType.Type.TINYINT: "INT64",
    637            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BYTES",
    638            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "STRING",
    639            exp.DataType.Type.VARIANT: "ANY TYPE",
    640        }
    641
    642        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    643            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,
    644            exp.PartitionedByProperty: exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA,
    645            exp.VolatileProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    646        }
    647
    648        # from: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/lexical#reserved_keywords
    649        RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {
    650            *generator.Generator.RESERVED_KEYWORDS,
    651            "all",
    652            "and",
    653            "any",
    654            "array",
    655            "as",
    656            "asc",
    657            "assert_rows_modified",
    658            "at",
    659            "between",
    660            "by",
    661            "case",
    662            "cast",
    663            "collate",
    664            "contains",
    665            "create",
    666            "cross",
    667            "cube",
    668            "current",
    669            "default",
    670            "define",
    671            "desc",
    672            "distinct",
    673            "else",
    674            "end",
    675            "enum",
    676            "escape",
    677            "except",
    678            "exclude",
    679            "exists",
    680            "extract",
    681            "false",
    682            "fetch",
    683            "following",
    684            "for",
    685            "from",
    686            "full",
    687            "group",
    688            "grouping",
    689            "groups",
    690            "hash",
    691            "having",
    692            "if",
    693            "ignore",
    694            "in",
    695            "inner",
    696            "intersect",
    697            "interval",
    698            "into",
    699            "is",
    700            "join",
    701            "lateral",
    702            "left",
    703            "like",
    704            "limit",
    705            "lookup",
    706            "merge",
    707            "natural",
    708            "new",
    709            "no",
    710            "not",
    711            "null",
    712            "nulls",
    713            "of",
    714            "on",
    715            "or",
    716            "order",
    717            "outer",
    718            "over",
    719            "partition",
    720            "preceding",
    721            "proto",
    722            "qualify",
    723            "range",
    724            "recursive",
    725            "respect",
    726            "right",
    727            "rollup",
    728            "rows",
    729            "select",
    730            "set",
    731            "some",
    732            "struct",
    733            "tablesample",
    734            "then",
    735            "to",
    736            "treat",
    737            "true",
    738            "unbounded",
    739            "union",
    740            "unnest",
    741            "using",
    742            "when",
    743            "where",
    744            "window",
    745            "with",
    746            "within",
    747        }
    748
    749        def timetostr_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
    750            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.TsOrDsToDate):
    751                this: exp.Expression = expression.this
    752            else:
    753                this = expression
    754
    755            return f"FORMAT_DATE({self.format_time(expression)}, {self.sql(this, 'this')})"
    756
    757        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    758            args = []
    759            for expr in expression.expressions:
    760                if isinstance(expr, self.KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS):
    761                    arg = f"{self.sql(expr, 'expression')} AS {expr.this.name}"
    762                else:
    763                    arg = self.sql(expr)
    764
    765                args.append(arg)
    766
    767            return self.func("STRUCT", *args)
    768
    769        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
    770            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
    771            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
    772                if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Update):
    773                    return "NULL"
    774
    775            return self.binary(expression, "=")
    776
    777        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
    778            parent = expression.parent
    779
    780            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
    781            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
    782            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
    783                return self.func(
    784                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
    785                )
    786
    787            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)
    788
    789        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    790            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")
    791
    792        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
    793            if expression.alias_column_names:
    794                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
    795            return super().cte_sql(expression)
    796
    797        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    798            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    799            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
    800                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
    801
    802            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)
    803
    804        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    805            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    806            expressions = expression.expressions
    807
    808            if len(expressions) == 1:
    809                arg = expressions[0]
    810                if arg.type is None:
    811                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    812
    813                    arg = annotate_types(arg)
    814
    815                if arg.type and arg.type.this in exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES:
    816                    # BQ doesn't support bracket syntax with string values
    817                    return f"{this}.{arg.name}"
    818
    819            expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions)
    820            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    821
    822            if offset == 0:
    823                expressions_sql = f"OFFSET({expressions_sql})"
    824            elif offset == 1:
    825                expressions_sql = f"ORDINAL({expressions_sql})"
    826            elif offset is not None:
    827                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported array offset: {offset}")
    828
    829            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    830                expressions_sql = f"SAFE_{expressions_sql}"
    831
    832            return f"{this}[{expressions_sql}]"
    833
    834        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    835            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"
    836
    837        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    838            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"
    839
    840        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    841            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"
    842
    843        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    844            return self.sql(expression)
    845
    846        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
    847            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    848                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    849            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    850
    851        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
    852            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    853                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    854            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"
    855
    856        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    857            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))
    858
    859        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    860            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
    861                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
    862            return super().version_sql(expression)

Generator converts a given syntax tree to the corresponding SQL string.

###### Arguments:

- pretty: Whether or not to format the produced SQL string. Default: False.
- identify: Determines when an identifier should be quoted. Possible values are: False (default): Never quote, except in cases where it's mandatory by the dialect. True or 'always': Always quote. 'safe': Only quote identifiers that are case insensitive.
- normalize: Whether or not to normalize identifiers to lowercase. Default: False.
- pad: Determines the pad size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- indent: Determines the indentation size in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- normalize_functions: Whether or not to normalize all function names. Possible values are: "upper" or True (default): Convert names to uppercase. "lower": Convert names to lowercase. False: Disables function name normalization.
- unsupported_level: Determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- max_unsupported: Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma: Determines whether or not the comma is leading or trailing in select expressions. This is only relevant when generating in pretty mode. Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

EXPLICIT_UNION = True
INTERVAL_ALLOWS_PLURAL_FORM = False
JOIN_HINTS = False
QUERY_HINTS = False
TABLE_HINTS = False
LIMIT_FETCH = 'LIMIT'
RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
UNNEST_WITH_ORDINALITY = False
COLLATE_IS_FUNC = True
LIMIT_ONLY_LITERALS = True
SUPPORTS_TABLE_ALIAS_COLUMNS = False
UNPIVOT_ALIASES_ARE_IDENTIFIERS = False
TRANSFORMS = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CaseSpecificColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CheckColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CommentColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFormatColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefaultColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EncodeColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InlineLengthColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntervalSpan'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NonClusteredColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NotForReplicationColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnUpdateColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PathColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <function _returnsproperty_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TitleColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UppercaseColumnConstraint'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VarMap'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <function Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ApproxDistinct'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMax'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArgMin'>: <function arg_max_or_min_no_count.<locals>._arg_max_or_min_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArrayContains'>: <function _array_contains_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ArraySize'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cast'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CountIf'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Create'>: <function _create_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CTE'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateDiff'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateStrToDate'>: <function datestrtodate_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DatetimeSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DateTrunc'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GenerateSeries'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GetPath'>: <function path_to_jsonpath.<locals>._transform>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.GroupConcat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Hex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.If'>: <function if_sql.<locals>._if_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ILike'>: <function no_ilike_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IntDiv'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONFormat'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JSONKeyValue'>: <function json_keyvalue_comma_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Max'>: <function max_or_greatest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MD5Digest'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Min'>: <function min_or_least>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpExtract'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpReplace'>: <function regexp_replace_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RegexpLike'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Select'>: <function preprocess.<locals>._to_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SHA2'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToDate'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StrToTime'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeFromParts'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampAdd'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimestampSub'>: <function date_add_interval_sql.<locals>.func>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TimeStrToTime'>: <function timestrtotime_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Trim'>: <function BigQuery.Generator.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsAdd'>: <function _ts_or_ds_add_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsDiff'>: <function _ts_or_ds_diff_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TsOrDsToTime'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Unhex'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixDate'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.UnixToTime'>: <function _unix_to_time_sql>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Values'>: <function _derived_table_values_to_unnest>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VariancePop'>: <function rename_func.<locals>.<lambda>>}
TYPE_MAPPING = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>: 'TEXT', <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>: 'BLOB', <Type.INET: 'INET'>: 'INET', <Type.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>: 'BIGNUMERIC', <Type.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>: 'INT64', <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>: 'BYTES', <Type.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>: 'BOOL', <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>: 'NUMERIC', <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>: 'FLOAT64', <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>: 'FLOAT64', <Type.INT: 'INT'>: 'INT64', <Type.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>: 'INT64', <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>: 'STRING', <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>: 'DATETIME', <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>: 'TIMESTAMP', <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>: 'INT64', <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>: 'BYTES', <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>: 'STRING', <Type.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>: 'ANY TYPE'}
PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {<class 'sqlglot.expressions.AlgorithmProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoIncrementProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.AutoRefreshProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.BlockCompressionProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CharacterSetProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ChecksumProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CollateProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.CopyGrantsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Cluster'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ClusteredByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DataBlocksizeProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DefinerProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictRange'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DictProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.DistStyleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.EngineProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExecuteAsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ExternalProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FallbackProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FileFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.FreespaceProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.HeapProperty'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.InputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.IsolatedLoadingProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.JournalProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LanguageProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LikeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LocationProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LockingProperty'>: <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.LogProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MaterializedProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeBlockRatioProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.NoPrimaryIndexProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OnCommitProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Order'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.OutputModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedByProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PartitionedOfProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.PrimaryKey'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Property'>: <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ReturnsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatDelimitedProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.RowFormatSerdeProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SampleProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SchemaCommentProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SerdeProperties'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.Set'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SettingsProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SetProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SortKeyProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlReadWriteProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.SqlSecurityProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.StabilityProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TemporaryProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.ToTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransientProperty'>: <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.TransformModelProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.MergeTreeTTL'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.VolatileProperty'>: <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithDataProperty'>: <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithJournalTableProperty'>: <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>, <class 'sqlglot.expressions.WithSystemVersioningProperty'>: <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>}
RESERVED_KEYWORDS = {'on', 'then', 'when', 'or', 'not', 'asc', 'to', 'except', 'recursive', 'all', 'inner', 'for', 'cross', 'unbounded', 'of', 'escape', 'unnest', 'using', 'merge', 'where', 'new', 'enum', 'nulls', 'exists', 'create', 'like', 'current', 'any', 'natural', 'partition', 'rows', 'assert_rows_modified', 'select', 'no', 'order', 'rollup', 'lookup', 'ignore', 'left', 'lateral', 'set', 'with', 'range', 'false', 'case', 'desc', 'end', 'interval', 'group', 'union', 'join', 'contains', 'preceding', 'outer', 'by', 'intersect', 'treat', 'within', 'distinct', 'default', 'if', 'qualify', 'cast', 'in', 'as', 'exclude', 'grouping', 'tablesample', 'limit', 'full', 'at', 'fetch', 'cube', 'respect', 'array', 'true', 'having', 'is', 'window', 'groups', 'into', 'else', 'over', 'collate', 'extract', 'following', 'struct', 'right', 'between', 'define', 'and', 'from', 'null', 'some', 'hash', 'proto'}
def timetostr_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TimeToStr) -> str: View Source

    749        def timetostr_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeToStr) -> str:
    750            if isinstance(expression.this, exp.TsOrDsToDate):
    751                this: exp.Expression = expression.this
    752            else:
    753                this = expression
    754
    755            return f"FORMAT_DATE({self.format_time(expression)}, {self.sql(this, 'this')})"

def struct_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Struct) -> str: View Source

    757        def struct_sql(self, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
    758            args = []
    759            for expr in expression.expressions:
    760                if isinstance(expr, self.KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS):
    761                    arg = f"{self.sql(expr, 'expression')} AS {expr.this.name}"
    762                else:
    763                    arg = self.sql(expr)
    764
    765                args.append(arg)
    766
    767            return self.func("STRUCT", *args)

def eq_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.EQ) -> str: View Source

    769        def eq_sql(self, expression: exp.EQ) -> str:
    770            # Operands of = cannot be NULL in BigQuery
    771            if isinstance(expression.left, exp.Null) or isinstance(expression.right, exp.Null):
    772                if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Update):
    773                    return "NULL"
    774
    775            return self.binary(expression, "=")

def attimezone_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.AtTimeZone) -> str: View Source

    777        def attimezone_sql(self, expression: exp.AtTimeZone) -> str:
    778            parent = expression.parent
    779
    780            # BigQuery allows CAST(.. AS {STRING|TIMESTAMP} [FORMAT <fmt> [AT TIME ZONE <tz>]]).
    781            # Only the TIMESTAMP one should use the below conversion, when AT TIME ZONE is included.
    782            if not isinstance(parent, exp.Cast) or not parent.to.is_type("text"):
    783                return self.func(
    784                    "TIMESTAMP", self.func("DATETIME", expression.this, expression.args.get("zone"))
    785                )
    786
    787            return super().attimezone_sql(expression)

def trycast_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.TryCast) -> str: View Source

    789        def trycast_sql(self, expression: exp.TryCast) -> str:
    790            return self.cast_sql(expression, safe_prefix="SAFE_")

def cte_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.CTE) -> str: View Source

    792        def cte_sql(self, expression: exp.CTE) -> str:
    793            if expression.alias_column_names:
    794                self.unsupported("Column names in CTE definition are not supported.")
    795            return super().cte_sql(expression)

def array_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Array) -> str: View Source

    797        def array_sql(self, expression: exp.Array) -> str:
    798            first_arg = seq_get(expression.expressions, 0)
    799            if isinstance(first_arg, exp.Subqueryable):
    800                return f"ARRAY{self.wrap(self.sql(first_arg))}"
    801
    802            return inline_array_sql(self, expression)

def bracket_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Bracket) -> str: View Source

    804        def bracket_sql(self, expression: exp.Bracket) -> str:
    805            this = self.sql(expression, "this")
    806            expressions = expression.expressions
    807
    808            if len(expressions) == 1:
    809                arg = expressions[0]
    810                if arg.type is None:
    811                    from sqlglot.optimizer.annotate_types import annotate_types
    812
    813                    arg = annotate_types(arg)
    814
    815                if arg.type and arg.type.this in exp.DataType.TEXT_TYPES:
    816                    # BQ doesn't support bracket syntax with string values
    817                    return f"{this}.{arg.name}"
    818
    819            expressions_sql = ", ".join(self.sql(e) for e in expressions)
    820            offset = expression.args.get("offset")
    821
    822            if offset == 0:
    823                expressions_sql = f"OFFSET({expressions_sql})"
    824            elif offset == 1:
    825                expressions_sql = f"ORDINAL({expressions_sql})"
    826            elif offset is not None:
    827                self.unsupported(f"Unsupported array offset: {offset}")
    828
    829            if expression.args.get("safe"):
    830                expressions_sql = f"SAFE_{expressions_sql}"
    831
    832            return f"{this}[{expressions_sql}]"

def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str: View Source

    834        def transaction_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    835            return "BEGIN TRANSACTION"

def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str: View Source

    837        def commit_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    838            return "COMMIT TRANSACTION"

def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str: View Source

    840        def rollback_sql(self, *_) -> str:
    841            return "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION"

def in_unnest_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Unnest) -> str: View Source

    843        def in_unnest_op(self, expression: exp.Unnest) -> str:
    844            return self.sql(expression)

def except_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Except) -> str: View Source

    846        def except_op(self, expression: exp.Except) -> str:
    847            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    848                self.unsupported("EXCEPT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    849            return f"EXCEPT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"

def intersect_op(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Intersect) -> str: View Source

    851        def intersect_op(self, expression: exp.Intersect) -> str:
    852            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    853                self.unsupported("INTERSECT without DISTINCT is not supported in BigQuery")
    854            return f"INTERSECT{' DISTINCT' if expression.args.get('distinct') else ' ALL'}"

def with_properties(self, properties: sqlglot.expressions.Properties) -> str: View Source

    856        def with_properties(self, properties: exp.Properties) -> str:
    857            return self.properties(properties, prefix=self.seg("OPTIONS"))

def version_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Version) -> str: View Source

    859        def version_sql(self, expression: exp.Version) -> str:
    860            if expression.name == "TIMESTAMP":
    861                expression.set("this", "SYSTEM_TIME")
    862            return super().version_sql(expression)

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  NULL_ORDERING_SUPPORTED
  LOCKING_READS_SUPPORTED
  WRAP_DERIVED_VALUES
  CREATE_FUNCTION_RETURN_AS
  MATCHED_BY_SOURCE
  SINGLE_STRING_INTERVAL
  GROUPINGS_SEP
  INDEX_ON
  QUERY_HINT_SEP
  IS_BOOL_ALLOWED
  DUPLICATE_KEY_UPDATE_WITH_SET
  LIMIT_IS_TOP
  RETURNING_END
  COLUMN_JOIN_MARKS_SUPPORTED
  EXTRACT_ALLOWS_QUOTES
  TZ_TO_WITH_TIME_ZONE
  SELECT_KINDS
  VALUES_AS_TABLE
  ALTER_TABLE_INCLUDE_COLUMN_KEYWORD
  AGGREGATE_FILTER_SUPPORTED
  SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE
  COMPUTED_COLUMN_WITH_TYPE
  SUPPORTS_TABLE_COPY
  TABLESAMPLE_REQUIRES_PARENS
  TABLESAMPLE_SIZE_IS_ROWS
  TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS
  TABLESAMPLE_WITH_METHOD
  TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD
  DATA_TYPE_SPECIFIERS_ALLOWED
  ENSURE_BOOLS
  CTE_RECURSIVE_KEYWORD_REQUIRED
  SUPPORTS_SINGLE_ARG_CONCAT
  LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART
  STAR_MAPPING
  TIME_PART_SINGULARS
  TOKEN_MAPPING
  STRUCT_DELIMITER
  PARAMETER_TOKEN
  WITH_SEPARATED_COMMENTS
  EXCLUDE_COMMENTS
  UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES
  EXPRESSIONS_WITHOUT_NESTED_CTES
  KEY_VALUE_DEFINITIONS
  SENTINEL_LINE_BREAK
  pretty
  identify
  normalize
  pad
  unsupported_level
  max_unsupported
  leading_comma
  max_text_width
  comments
  dialect
  normalize_functions
  unsupported_messages
  generate
  preprocess
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_sql
  columnposition_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  computedcolumnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
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