sqlglot.expressions API documentation

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## Expressions

Every AST node in SQLGlot is represented by a subclass of `Expression`.

This module contains the implementation of all supported `Expression` types. Additionally, it exposes a number of helper functions, which are mainly used to programmatically build SQL expressions, such as `select`.

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       1"""
       2## Expressions
       3
       4Every AST node in SQLGlot is represented by a subclass of `Expression`.
       5
       6This module contains the implementation of all supported `Expression` types. Additionally,
       7it exposes a number of helper functions, which are mainly used to programmatically build
       8SQL expressions, such as `sqlglot.expressions.select`.
       9
      10----
      11"""
      12
      13from __future__ import annotations
      14
      15import datetime
      16import math
      17import numbers
      18import re
      19import typing as t
      20from collections import deque
      21from copy import deepcopy
      22from enum import auto
      23from functools import reduce
      24
      25from sqlglot._typing import E
      26from sqlglot.errors import ErrorLevel, ParseError
      27from sqlglot.helper import (
      28    AutoName,
      29    camel_to_snake_case,
      30    ensure_collection,
      31    ensure_list,
      32    seq_get,
      33    subclasses,
      34)
      35from sqlglot.tokens import Token
      36
      37if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      38    from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import DialectType
      39
      40
      41class _Expression(type):
      42    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs):
      43        klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs)
      44
      45        # When an Expression class is created, its key is automatically set to be
      46        # the lowercase version of the class' name.
      47        klass.key = clsname.lower()
      48
      49        # This is so that docstrings are not inherited in pdoc
      50        klass.__doc__ = klass.__doc__ or ""
      51
      52        return klass
      53
      54
      55SQLGLOT_META = "sqlglot.meta"
      56
      57
      58class Expression(metaclass=_Expression):
      59    """
      60    The base class for all expressions in a syntax tree. Each Expression encapsulates any necessary
      61    context, such as its child expressions, their names (arg keys), and whether a given child expression
      62    is optional or not.
      63
      64    Attributes:
      65        key: a unique key for each class in the Expression hierarchy. This is useful for hashing
      66            and representing expressions as strings.
      67        arg_types: determines what arguments (child nodes) are supported by an expression. It
      68            maps arg keys to booleans that indicate whether the corresponding args are optional.
      69        parent: a reference to the parent expression (or None, in case of root expressions).
      70        arg_key: the arg key an expression is associated with, i.e. the name its parent expression
      71            uses to refer to it.
      72        comments: a list of comments that are associated with a given expression. This is used in
      73            order to preserve comments when transpiling SQL code.
      74        type: the `sqlglot.expressions.DataType` type of an expression. This is inferred by the
      75            optimizer, in order to enable some transformations that require type information.
      76        meta: a dictionary that can be used to store useful metadata for a given expression.
      77
      78    Example:
      79        >>> class Foo(Expression):
      80        ...     arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
      81
      82        The above definition informs us that Foo is an Expression that requires an argument called
      83        "this" and may also optionally receive an argument called "expression".
      84
      85    Args:
      86        args: a mapping used for retrieving the arguments of an expression, given their arg keys.
      87    """
      88
      89    key = "expression"
      90    arg_types = {"this": True}
      91    __slots__ = ("args", "parent", "arg_key", "comments", "_type", "_meta", "_hash")
      92
      93    def __init__(self, **args: t.Any):
      94        self.args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = args
      95        self.parent: t.Optional[Expression] = None
      96        self.arg_key: t.Optional[str] = None
      97        self.comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None
      98        self._type: t.Optional[DataType] = None
      99        self._meta: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None
     100        self._hash: t.Optional[int] = None
     101
     102        for arg_key, value in self.args.items():
     103            self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
     104
     105    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
     106        return type(self) is type(other) and hash(self) == hash(other)
     107
     108    @property
     109    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
     110        return frozenset(
     111            (k, tuple(_norm_arg(a) for a in v) if type(v) is list else _norm_arg(v))
     112            for k, v in self.args.items()
     113            if not (v is None or v is False or (type(v) is list and not v))
     114        )
     115
     116    def __hash__(self) -> int:
     117        if self._hash is not None:
     118            return self._hash
     119
     120        return hash((self.__class__, self.hashable_args))
     121
     122    @property
     123    def this(self) -> t.Any:
     124        """
     125        Retrieves the argument with key "this".
     126        """
     127        return self.args.get("this")
     128
     129    @property
     130    def expression(self) -> t.Any:
     131        """
     132        Retrieves the argument with key "expression".
     133        """
     134        return self.args.get("expression")
     135
     136    @property
     137    def expressions(self):
     138        """
     139        Retrieves the argument with key "expressions".
     140        """
     141        return self.args.get("expressions") or []
     142
     143    def text(self, key) -> str:
     144        """
     145        Returns a textual representation of the argument corresponding to "key". This can only be used
     146        for args that are strings or leaf Expression instances, such as identifiers and literals.
     147        """
     148        field = self.args.get(key)
     149        if isinstance(field, str):
     150            return field
     151        if isinstance(field, (Identifier, Literal, Var)):
     152            return field.this
     153        if isinstance(field, (Star, Null)):
     154            return field.name
     155        return ""
     156
     157    @property
     158    def is_string(self) -> bool:
     159        """
     160        Checks whether a Literal expression is a string.
     161        """
     162        return isinstance(self, Literal) and self.args["is_string"]
     163
     164    @property
     165    def is_number(self) -> bool:
     166        """
     167        Checks whether a Literal expression is a number.
     168        """
     169        return isinstance(self, Literal) and not self.args["is_string"]
     170
     171    @property
     172    def is_int(self) -> bool:
     173        """
     174        Checks whether a Literal expression is an integer.
     175        """
     176        if self.is_number:
     177            try:
     178                int(self.name)
     179                return True
     180            except ValueError:
     181                pass
     182        return False
     183
     184    @property
     185    def is_star(self) -> bool:
     186        """Checks whether an expression is a star."""
     187        return isinstance(self, Star) or (isinstance(self, Column) and isinstance(self.this, Star))
     188
     189    @property
     190    def alias(self) -> str:
     191        """
     192        Returns the alias of the expression, or an empty string if it's not aliased.
     193        """
     194        if isinstance(self.args.get("alias"), TableAlias):
     195            return self.args["alias"].name
     196        return self.text("alias")
     197
     198    @property
     199    def alias_column_names(self) -> t.List[str]:
     200        table_alias = self.args.get("alias")
     201        if not table_alias:
     202            return []
     203        return [c.name for c in table_alias.args.get("columns") or []]
     204
     205    @property
     206    def name(self) -> str:
     207        return self.text("this")
     208
     209    @property
     210    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
     211        return self.alias or self.name
     212
     213    @property
     214    def output_name(self) -> str:
     215        """
     216        Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.
     217
     218        If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.
     219
     220        Example:
     221            >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
     222            >>> parse_one("SELECT a").expressions[0].output_name
     223            'a'
     224            >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c").expressions[0].output_name
     225            'c'
     226            >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2").expressions[0].output_name
     227            ''
     228        """
     229        return ""
     230
     231    @property
     232    def type(self) -> t.Optional[DataType]:
     233        return self._type
     234
     235    @type.setter
     236    def type(self, dtype: t.Optional[DataType | DataType.Type | str]) -> None:
     237        if dtype and not isinstance(dtype, DataType):
     238            dtype = DataType.build(dtype)
     239        self._type = dtype  # type: ignore
     240
     241    @property
     242    def meta(self) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
     243        if self._meta is None:
     244            self._meta = {}
     245        return self._meta
     246
     247    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
     248        copy = self.__class__(**deepcopy(self.args))
     249        if self.comments is not None:
     250            copy.comments = deepcopy(self.comments)
     251
     252        if self._type is not None:
     253            copy._type = self._type.copy()
     254
     255        if self._meta is not None:
     256            copy._meta = deepcopy(self._meta)
     257
     258        return copy
     259
     260    def copy(self):
     261        """
     262        Returns a deep copy of the expression.
     263        """
     264        new = deepcopy(self)
     265        new.parent = self.parent
     266        return new
     267
     268    def add_comments(self, comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]]) -> None:
     269        if self.comments is None:
     270            self.comments = []
     271        if comments:
     272            for comment in comments:
     273                _, *meta = comment.split(SQLGLOT_META)
     274                if meta:
     275                    for kv in "".join(meta).split(","):
     276                        k, *v = kv.split("=")
     277                        value = v[0].strip() if v else True
     278                        self.meta[k.strip()] = value
     279                self.comments.append(comment)
     280
     281    def append(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
     282        """
     283        Appends value to arg_key if it's a list or sets it as a new list.
     284
     285        Args:
     286            arg_key (str): name of the list expression arg
     287            value (Any): value to append to the list
     288        """
     289        if not isinstance(self.args.get(arg_key), list):
     290            self.args[arg_key] = []
     291        self.args[arg_key].append(value)
     292        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
     293
     294    def set(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
     295        """
     296        Sets arg_key to value.
     297
     298        Args:
     299            arg_key: name of the expression arg.
     300            value: value to set the arg to.
     301        """
     302        if value is None:
     303            self.args.pop(arg_key, None)
     304            return
     305
     306        self.args[arg_key] = value
     307        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
     308
     309    def _set_parent(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
     310        if hasattr(value, "parent"):
     311            value.parent = self
     312            value.arg_key = arg_key
     313        elif type(value) is list:
     314            for v in value:
     315                if hasattr(v, "parent"):
     316                    v.parent = self
     317                    v.arg_key = arg_key
     318
     319    @property
     320    def depth(self) -> int:
     321        """
     322        Returns the depth of this tree.
     323        """
     324        if self.parent:
     325            return self.parent.depth + 1
     326        return 0
     327
     328    def iter_expressions(self) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[str, Expression]]:
     329        """Yields the key and expression for all arguments, exploding list args."""
     330        for k, vs in self.args.items():
     331            if type(vs) is list:
     332                for v in vs:
     333                    if hasattr(v, "parent"):
     334                        yield k, v
     335            else:
     336                if hasattr(vs, "parent"):
     337                    yield k, vs
     338
     339    def find(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Optional[E]:
     340        """
     341        Returns the first node in this tree which matches at least one of
     342        the specified types.
     343
     344        Args:
     345            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
     346            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
     347
     348        Returns:
     349            The node which matches the criteria or None if no such node was found.
     350        """
     351        return next(self.find_all(*expression_types, bfs=bfs), None)
     352
     353    def find_all(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Iterator[E]:
     354        """
     355        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree and only
     356        yields those that match at least one of the specified expression types.
     357
     358        Args:
     359            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
     360            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
     361
     362        Returns:
     363            The generator object.
     364        """
     365        for expression, *_ in self.walk(bfs=bfs):
     366            if isinstance(expression, expression_types):
     367                yield expression
     368
     369    def find_ancestor(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E]) -> t.Optional[E]:
     370        """
     371        Returns a nearest parent matching expression_types.
     372
     373        Args:
     374            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
     375
     376        Returns:
     377            The parent node.
     378        """
     379        ancestor = self.parent
     380        while ancestor and not isinstance(ancestor, expression_types):
     381            ancestor = ancestor.parent
     382        return t.cast(E, ancestor)
     383
     384    @property
     385    def parent_select(self) -> t.Optional[Select]:
     386        """
     387        Returns the parent select statement.
     388        """
     389        return self.find_ancestor(Select)
     390
     391    @property
     392    def same_parent(self) -> bool:
     393        """Returns if the parent is the same class as itself."""
     394        return type(self.parent) is self.__class__
     395
     396    def root(self) -> Expression:
     397        """
     398        Returns the root expression of this tree.
     399        """
     400        expression = self
     401        while expression.parent:
     402            expression = expression.parent
     403        return expression
     404
     405    def walk(self, bfs=True, prune=None):
     406        """
     407        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree.
     408
     409        Args:
     410            bfs (bool): if set to True the BFS traversal order will be applied,
     411                otherwise the DFS traversal will be used instead.
     412            prune ((node, parent, arg_key) -> bool): callable that returns True if
     413                the generator should stop traversing this branch of the tree.
     414
     415        Returns:
     416            the generator object.
     417        """
     418        if bfs:
     419            yield from self.bfs(prune=prune)
     420        else:
     421            yield from self.dfs(prune=prune)
     422
     423    def dfs(self, parent=None, key=None, prune=None):
     424        """
     425        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
     426        the DFS (Depth-first) order.
     427
     428        Returns:
     429            The generator object.
     430        """
     431        parent = parent or self.parent
     432        yield self, parent, key
     433        if prune and prune(self, parent, key):
     434            return
     435
     436        for k, v in self.iter_expressions():
     437            yield from v.dfs(self, k, prune)
     438
     439    def bfs(self, prune=None):
     440        """
     441        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
     442        the BFS (Breadth-first) order.
     443
     444        Returns:
     445            The generator object.
     446        """
     447        queue = deque([(self, self.parent, None)])
     448
     449        while queue:
     450            item, parent, key = queue.popleft()
     451
     452            yield item, parent, key
     453            if prune and prune(item, parent, key):
     454                continue
     455
     456            for k, v in item.iter_expressions():
     457                queue.append((v, item, k))
     458
     459    def unnest(self):
     460        """
     461        Returns the first non parenthesis child or self.
     462        """
     463        expression = self
     464        while type(expression) is Paren:
     465            expression = expression.this
     466        return expression
     467
     468    def unalias(self):
     469        """
     470        Returns the inner expression if this is an Alias.
     471        """
     472        if isinstance(self, Alias):
     473            return self.this
     474        return self
     475
     476    def unnest_operands(self):
     477        """
     478        Returns unnested operands as a tuple.
     479        """
     480        return tuple(arg.unnest() for _, arg in self.iter_expressions())
     481
     482    def flatten(self, unnest=True):
     483        """
     484        Returns a generator which yields child nodes who's parents are the same class.
     485
     486        A AND B AND C -> [A, B, C]
     487        """
     488        for node, _, _ in self.dfs(prune=lambda n, p, *_: p and not type(n) is self.__class__):
     489            if not type(node) is self.__class__:
     490                yield node.unnest() if unnest and not isinstance(node, Subquery) else node
     491
     492    def __str__(self) -> str:
     493        return self.sql()
     494
     495    def __repr__(self) -> str:
     496        return self._to_s()
     497
     498    def sql(self, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> str:
     499        """
     500        Returns SQL string representation of this tree.
     501
     502        Args:
     503            dialect: the dialect of the output SQL string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").
     504            opts: other `sqlglot.generator.Generator` options.
     505
     506        Returns:
     507            The SQL string.
     508        """
     509        from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect
     510
     511        return Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)().generate(self, **opts)
     512
     513    def _to_s(self, hide_missing: bool = True, level: int = 0) -> str:
     514        indent = "" if not level else "\n"
     515        indent += "".join(["  "] * level)
     516        left = f"({self.key.upper()} "
     517
     518        args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {
     519            k: ", ".join(
     520                v._to_s(hide_missing=hide_missing, level=level + 1)
     521                if hasattr(v, "_to_s")
     522                else str(v)
     523                for v in ensure_list(vs)
     524                if v is not None
     525            )
     526            for k, vs in self.args.items()
     527        }
     528        args["comments"] = self.comments
     529        args["type"] = self.type
     530        args = {k: v for k, v in args.items() if v or not hide_missing}
     531
     532        right = ", ".join(f"{k}: {v}" for k, v in args.items())
     533        right += ")"
     534
     535        return indent + left + right
     536
     537    def transform(self, fun, *args, copy=True, **kwargs):
     538        """
     539        Recursively visits all tree nodes (excluding already transformed ones)
     540        and applies the given transformation function to each node.
     541
     542        Args:
     543            fun (function): a function which takes a node as an argument and returns a
     544                new transformed node or the same node without modifications. If the function
     545                returns None, then the corresponding node will be removed from the syntax tree.
     546            copy (bool): if set to True a new tree instance is constructed, otherwise the tree is
     547                modified in place.
     548
     549        Returns:
     550            The transformed tree.
     551        """
     552        node = self.copy() if copy else self
     553        new_node = fun(node, *args, **kwargs)
     554
     555        if new_node is None or not isinstance(new_node, Expression):
     556            return new_node
     557        if new_node is not node:
     558            new_node.parent = node.parent
     559            return new_node
     560
     561        replace_children(new_node, lambda child: child.transform(fun, *args, copy=False, **kwargs))
     562        return new_node
     563
     564    @t.overload
     565    def replace(self, expression: E) -> E:
     566        ...
     567
     568    @t.overload
     569    def replace(self, expression: None) -> None:
     570        ...
     571
     572    def replace(self, expression):
     573        """
     574        Swap out this expression with a new expression.
     575
     576        For example::
     577
     578            >>> tree = Select().select("x").from_("tbl")
     579            >>> tree.find(Column).replace(Column(this="y"))
     580            (COLUMN this: y)
     581            >>> tree.sql()
     582            'SELECT y FROM tbl'
     583
     584        Args:
     585            expression: new node
     586
     587        Returns:
     588            The new expression or expressions.
     589        """
     590        if not self.parent:
     591            return expression
     592
     593        parent = self.parent
     594        self.parent = None
     595
     596        replace_children(parent, lambda child: expression if child is self else child)
     597        return expression
     598
     599    def pop(self: E) -> E:
     600        """
     601        Remove this expression from its AST.
     602
     603        Returns:
     604            The popped expression.
     605        """
     606        self.replace(None)
     607        return self
     608
     609    def assert_is(self, type_: t.Type[E]) -> E:
     610        """
     611        Assert that this `Expression` is an instance of `type_`.
     612
     613        If it is NOT an instance of `type_`, this raises an assertion error.
     614        Otherwise, this returns this expression.
     615
     616        Examples:
     617            This is useful for type security in chained expressions:
     618
     619            >>> import sqlglot
     620            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT x from y").assert_is(Select).select("z").sql()
     621            'SELECT x, z FROM y'
     622        """
     623        assert isinstance(self, type_)
     624        return self
     625
     626    def error_messages(self, args: t.Optional[t.Sequence] = None) -> t.List[str]:
     627        """
     628        Checks if this expression is valid (e.g. all mandatory args are set).
     629
     630        Args:
     631            args: a sequence of values that were used to instantiate a Func expression. This is used
     632                to check that the provided arguments don't exceed the function argument limit.
     633
     634        Returns:
     635            A list of error messages for all possible errors that were found.
     636        """
     637        errors: t.List[str] = []
     638
     639        for k in self.args:
     640            if k not in self.arg_types:
     641                errors.append(f"Unexpected keyword: '{k}' for {self.__class__}")
     642        for k, mandatory in self.arg_types.items():
     643            v = self.args.get(k)
     644            if mandatory and (v is None or (isinstance(v, list) and not v)):
     645                errors.append(f"Required keyword: '{k}' missing for {self.__class__}")
     646
     647        if (
     648            args
     649            and isinstance(self, Func)
     650            and len(args) > len(self.arg_types)
     651            and not self.is_var_len_args
     652        ):
     653            errors.append(
     654                f"The number of provided arguments ({len(args)}) is greater than "
     655                f"the maximum number of supported arguments ({len(self.arg_types)})"
     656            )
     657
     658        return errors
     659
     660    def dump(self):
     661        """
     662        Dump this Expression to a JSON-serializable dict.
     663        """
     664        from sqlglot.serde import dump
     665
     666        return dump(self)
     667
     668    @classmethod
     669    def load(cls, obj):
     670        """
     671        Load a dict (as returned by `Expression.dump`) into an Expression instance.
     672        """
     673        from sqlglot.serde import load
     674
     675        return load(obj)
     676
     677    def and_(
     678        self,
     679        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
     680        dialect: DialectType = None,
     681        copy: bool = True,
     682        **opts,
     683    ) -> Condition:
     684        """
     685        AND this condition with one or multiple expressions.
     686
     687        Example:
     688            >>> condition("x=1").and_("y=1").sql()
     689            'x = 1 AND y = 1'
     690
     691        Args:
     692            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
     693                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
     694            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
     695            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
     696            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
     697
     698        Returns:
     699            The new And condition.
     700        """
     701        return and_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
     702
     703    def or_(
     704        self,
     705        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
     706        dialect: DialectType = None,
     707        copy: bool = True,
     708        **opts,
     709    ) -> Condition:
     710        """
     711        OR this condition with one or multiple expressions.
     712
     713        Example:
     714            >>> condition("x=1").or_("y=1").sql()
     715            'x = 1 OR y = 1'
     716
     717        Args:
     718            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
     719                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
     720            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
     721            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
     722            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
     723
     724        Returns:
     725            The new Or condition.
     726        """
     727        return or_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
     728
     729    def not_(self, copy: bool = True):
     730        """
     731        Wrap this condition with NOT.
     732
     733        Example:
     734            >>> condition("x=1").not_().sql()
     735            'NOT x = 1'
     736
     737        Args:
     738            copy: whether or not to copy this object.
     739
     740        Returns:
     741            The new Not instance.
     742        """
     743        return not_(self, copy=copy)
     744
     745    def as_(
     746        self,
     747        alias: str | Identifier,
     748        quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
     749        dialect: DialectType = None,
     750        copy: bool = True,
     751        **opts,
     752    ) -> Alias:
     753        return alias_(self, alias, quoted=quoted, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
     754
     755    def _binop(self, klass: t.Type[E], other: t.Any, reverse: bool = False) -> E:
     756        this = self.copy()
     757        other = convert(other, copy=True)
     758        if not isinstance(this, klass) and not isinstance(other, klass):
     759            this = _wrap(this, Binary)
     760            other = _wrap(other, Binary)
     761        if reverse:
     762            return klass(this=other, expression=this)
     763        return klass(this=this, expression=other)
     764
     765    def __getitem__(self, other: ExpOrStr | t.Tuple[ExpOrStr]) -> Bracket:
     766        return Bracket(
     767            this=self.copy(), expressions=[convert(e, copy=True) for e in ensure_list(other)]
     768        )
     769
     770    def __iter__(self) -> t.Iterator:
     771        if "expressions" in self.arg_types:
     772            return iter(self.args.get("expressions") or [])
     773        # We define this because __getitem__ converts Expression into an iterable, which is
     774        # problematic because one can hit infinite loops if they do "for x in some_expr: ..."
     775        # See: https://peps.python.org/pep-0234/
     776        raise TypeError(f"'{self.__class__.__name__}' object is not iterable")
     777
     778    def isin(
     779        self,
     780        *expressions: t.Any,
     781        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
     782        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
     783        copy: bool = True,
     784        **opts,
     785    ) -> In:
     786        return In(
     787            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
     788            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
     789            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
     790            unnest=Unnest(
     791                expressions=[
     792                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
     793                ]
     794            )
     795            if unnest
     796            else None,
     797        )
     798
     799    def between(self, low: t.Any, high: t.Any, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Between:
     800        return Between(
     801            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
     802            low=convert(low, copy=copy, **opts),
     803            high=convert(high, copy=copy, **opts),
     804        )
     805
     806    def is_(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Is:
     807        return self._binop(Is, other)
     808
     809    def like(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Like:
     810        return self._binop(Like, other)
     811
     812    def ilike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> ILike:
     813        return self._binop(ILike, other)
     814
     815    def eq(self, other: t.Any) -> EQ:
     816        return self._binop(EQ, other)
     817
     818    def neq(self, other: t.Any) -> NEQ:
     819        return self._binop(NEQ, other)
     820
     821    def rlike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> RegexpLike:
     822        return self._binop(RegexpLike, other)
     823
     824    def __lt__(self, other: t.Any) -> LT:
     825        return self._binop(LT, other)
     826
     827    def __le__(self, other: t.Any) -> LTE:
     828        return self._binop(LTE, other)
     829
     830    def __gt__(self, other: t.Any) -> GT:
     831        return self._binop(GT, other)
     832
     833    def __ge__(self, other: t.Any) -> GTE:
     834        return self._binop(GTE, other)
     835
     836    def __add__(self, other: t.Any) -> Add:
     837        return self._binop(Add, other)
     838
     839    def __radd__(self, other: t.Any) -> Add:
     840        return self._binop(Add, other, reverse=True)
     841
     842    def __sub__(self, other: t.Any) -> Sub:
     843        return self._binop(Sub, other)
     844
     845    def __rsub__(self, other: t.Any) -> Sub:
     846        return self._binop(Sub, other, reverse=True)
     847
     848    def __mul__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mul:
     849        return self._binop(Mul, other)
     850
     851    def __rmul__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mul:
     852        return self._binop(Mul, other, reverse=True)
     853
     854    def __truediv__(self, other: t.Any) -> Div:
     855        return self._binop(Div, other)
     856
     857    def __rtruediv__(self, other: t.Any) -> Div:
     858        return self._binop(Div, other, reverse=True)
     859
     860    def __floordiv__(self, other: t.Any) -> IntDiv:
     861        return self._binop(IntDiv, other)
     862
     863    def __rfloordiv__(self, other: t.Any) -> IntDiv:
     864        return self._binop(IntDiv, other, reverse=True)
     865
     866    def __mod__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mod:
     867        return self._binop(Mod, other)
     868
     869    def __rmod__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mod:
     870        return self._binop(Mod, other, reverse=True)
     871
     872    def __pow__(self, other: t.Any) -> Pow:
     873        return self._binop(Pow, other)
     874
     875    def __rpow__(self, other: t.Any) -> Pow:
     876        return self._binop(Pow, other, reverse=True)
     877
     878    def __and__(self, other: t.Any) -> And:
     879        return self._binop(And, other)
     880
     881    def __rand__(self, other: t.Any) -> And:
     882        return self._binop(And, other, reverse=True)
     883
     884    def __or__(self, other: t.Any) -> Or:
     885        return self._binop(Or, other)
     886
     887    def __ror__(self, other: t.Any) -> Or:
     888        return self._binop(Or, other, reverse=True)
     889
     890    def __neg__(self) -> Neg:
     891        return Neg(this=_wrap(self.copy(), Binary))
     892
     893    def __invert__(self) -> Not:
     894        return not_(self.copy())
     895
     896
     897IntoType = t.Union[
     898    str,
     899    t.Type[Expression],
     900    t.Collection[t.Union[str, t.Type[Expression]]],
     901]
     902ExpOrStr = t.Union[str, Expression]
     903
     904
     905class Condition(Expression):
     906    """Logical conditions like x AND y, or simply x"""
     907
     908
     909class Predicate(Condition):
     910    """Relationships like x = y, x > 1, x >= y."""
     911
     912
     913class DerivedTable(Expression):
     914    @property
     915    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
     916        return self.this.selects if isinstance(self.this, Subqueryable) else []
     917
     918    @property
     919    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
     920        return [select.output_name for select in self.selects]
     921
     922
     923class Unionable(Expression):
     924    def union(
     925        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
     926    ) -> Unionable:
     927        """
     928        Builds a UNION expression.
     929
     930        Example:
     931            >>> import sqlglot
     932            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").union("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
     933            'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'
     934
     935        Args:
     936            expression: the SQL code string.
     937                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
     938            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
     939            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
     940            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
     941
     942        Returns:
     943            The new Union expression.
     944        """
     945        return union(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)
     946
     947    def intersect(
     948        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
     949    ) -> Unionable:
     950        """
     951        Builds an INTERSECT expression.
     952
     953        Example:
     954            >>> import sqlglot
     955            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").intersect("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
     956            'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'
     957
     958        Args:
     959            expression: the SQL code string.
     960                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
     961            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
     962            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
     963            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
     964
     965        Returns:
     966            The new Intersect expression.
     967        """
     968        return intersect(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)
     969
     970    def except_(
     971        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
     972    ) -> Unionable:
     973        """
     974        Builds an EXCEPT expression.
     975
     976        Example:
     977            >>> import sqlglot
     978            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").except_("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
     979            'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'
     980
     981        Args:
     982            expression: the SQL code string.
     983                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
     984            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
     985            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
     986            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
     987
     988        Returns:
     989            The new Except expression.
     990        """
     991        return except_(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)
     992
     993
     994class UDTF(DerivedTable, Unionable):
     995    @property
     996    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
     997        alias = self.args.get("alias")
     998        return alias.columns if alias else []
     999
    1000
    1001class Cache(Expression):
    1002    arg_types = {
    1003        "with": False,
    1004        "this": True,
    1005        "lazy": False,
    1006        "options": False,
    1007        "expression": False,
    1008    }
    1009
    1010
    1011class Uncache(Expression):
    1012    arg_types = {"this": True, "exists": False}
    1013
    1014
    1015class DDL(Expression):
    1016    @property
    1017    def ctes(self):
    1018        with_ = self.args.get("with")
    1019        if not with_:
    1020            return []
    1021        return with_.expressions
    1022
    1023    @property
    1024    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    1025        if isinstance(self.expression, Subqueryable):
    1026            return self.expression.named_selects
    1027        return []
    1028
    1029    @property
    1030    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    1031        if isinstance(self.expression, Subqueryable):
    1032            return self.expression.selects
    1033        return []
    1034
    1035
    1036class Create(DDL):
    1037    arg_types = {
    1038        "with": False,
    1039        "this": True,
    1040        "kind": True,
    1041        "expression": False,
    1042        "exists": False,
    1043        "properties": False,
    1044        "replace": False,
    1045        "unique": False,
    1046        "indexes": False,
    1047        "no_schema_binding": False,
    1048        "begin": False,
    1049        "end": False,
    1050        "clone": False,
    1051    }
    1052
    1053
    1054# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/create-clone
    1055# https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/data-definition-language#create_table_clone_statement
    1056# https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/data-definition-language#create_table_copy
    1057class Clone(Expression):
    1058    arg_types = {
    1059        "this": True,
    1060        "when": False,
    1061        "kind": False,
    1062        "shallow": False,
    1063        "expression": False,
    1064        "copy": False,
    1065    }
    1066
    1067
    1068class Describe(Expression):
    1069    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False, "expressions": False}
    1070
    1071
    1072class Kill(Expression):
    1073    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False}
    1074
    1075
    1076class Pragma(Expression):
    1077    pass
    1078
    1079
    1080class Set(Expression):
    1081    arg_types = {"expressions": False, "unset": False, "tag": False}
    1082
    1083
    1084class SetItem(Expression):
    1085    arg_types = {
    1086        "this": False,
    1087        "expressions": False,
    1088        "kind": False,
    1089        "collate": False,  # MySQL SET NAMES statement
    1090        "global": False,
    1091    }
    1092
    1093
    1094class Show(Expression):
    1095    arg_types = {
    1096        "this": True,
    1097        "target": False,
    1098        "offset": False,
    1099        "limit": False,
    1100        "like": False,
    1101        "where": False,
    1102        "db": False,
    1103        "scope": False,
    1104        "scope_kind": False,
    1105        "full": False,
    1106        "mutex": False,
    1107        "query": False,
    1108        "channel": False,
    1109        "global": False,
    1110        "log": False,
    1111        "position": False,
    1112        "types": False,
    1113    }
    1114
    1115
    1116class UserDefinedFunction(Expression):
    1117    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "wrapped": False}
    1118
    1119
    1120class CharacterSet(Expression):
    1121    arg_types = {"this": True, "default": False}
    1122
    1123
    1124class With(Expression):
    1125    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "recursive": False}
    1126
    1127    @property
    1128    def recursive(self) -> bool:
    1129        return bool(self.args.get("recursive"))
    1130
    1131
    1132class WithinGroup(Expression):
    1133    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    1134
    1135
    1136class CTE(DerivedTable):
    1137    arg_types = {"this": True, "alias": True}
    1138
    1139
    1140class TableAlias(Expression):
    1141    arg_types = {"this": False, "columns": False}
    1142
    1143    @property
    1144    def columns(self):
    1145        return self.args.get("columns") or []
    1146
    1147
    1148class BitString(Condition):
    1149    pass
    1150
    1151
    1152class HexString(Condition):
    1153    pass
    1154
    1155
    1156class ByteString(Condition):
    1157    pass
    1158
    1159
    1160class RawString(Condition):
    1161    pass
    1162
    1163
    1164class Column(Condition):
    1165    arg_types = {"this": True, "table": False, "db": False, "catalog": False, "join_mark": False}
    1166
    1167    @property
    1168    def table(self) -> str:
    1169        return self.text("table")
    1170
    1171    @property
    1172    def db(self) -> str:
    1173        return self.text("db")
    1174
    1175    @property
    1176    def catalog(self) -> str:
    1177        return self.text("catalog")
    1178
    1179    @property
    1180    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1181        return self.name
    1182
    1183    @property
    1184    def parts(self) -> t.List[Identifier]:
    1185        """Return the parts of a column in order catalog, db, table, name."""
    1186        return [
    1187            t.cast(Identifier, self.args[part])
    1188            for part in ("catalog", "db", "table", "this")
    1189            if self.args.get(part)
    1190        ]
    1191
    1192    def to_dot(self) -> Dot | Identifier:
    1193        """Converts the column into a dot expression."""
    1194        parts = self.parts
    1195        parent = self.parent
    1196
    1197        while parent:
    1198            if isinstance(parent, Dot):
    1199                parts.append(parent.expression)
    1200            parent = parent.parent
    1201
    1202        return Dot.build(deepcopy(parts)) if len(parts) > 1 else parts[0]
    1203
    1204
    1205class ColumnPosition(Expression):
    1206    arg_types = {"this": False, "position": True}
    1207
    1208
    1209class ColumnDef(Expression):
    1210    arg_types = {
    1211        "this": True,
    1212        "kind": False,
    1213        "constraints": False,
    1214        "exists": False,
    1215        "position": False,
    1216    }
    1217
    1218    @property
    1219    def constraints(self) -> t.List[ColumnConstraint]:
    1220        return self.args.get("constraints") or []
    1221
    1222
    1223class AlterColumn(Expression):
    1224    arg_types = {
    1225        "this": True,
    1226        "dtype": False,
    1227        "collate": False,
    1228        "using": False,
    1229        "default": False,
    1230        "drop": False,
    1231    }
    1232
    1233
    1234class RenameTable(Expression):
    1235    pass
    1236
    1237
    1238class SwapTable(Expression):
    1239    pass
    1240
    1241
    1242class Comment(Expression):
    1243    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "expression": True, "exists": False}
    1244
    1245
    1246class Comprehension(Expression):
    1247    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "iterator": True, "condition": False}
    1248
    1249
    1250# https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/engines/table-engines/mergetree-family/mergetree#mergetree-table-ttl
    1251class MergeTreeTTLAction(Expression):
    1252    arg_types = {
    1253        "this": True,
    1254        "delete": False,
    1255        "recompress": False,
    1256        "to_disk": False,
    1257        "to_volume": False,
    1258    }
    1259
    1260
    1261# https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/engines/table-engines/mergetree-family/mergetree#mergetree-table-ttl
    1262class MergeTreeTTL(Expression):
    1263    arg_types = {
    1264        "expressions": True,
    1265        "where": False,
    1266        "group": False,
    1267        "aggregates": False,
    1268    }
    1269
    1270
    1271# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-table.html
    1272class IndexConstraintOption(Expression):
    1273    arg_types = {
    1274        "key_block_size": False,
    1275        "using": False,
    1276        "parser": False,
    1277        "comment": False,
    1278        "visible": False,
    1279        "engine_attr": False,
    1280        "secondary_engine_attr": False,
    1281    }
    1282
    1283
    1284class ColumnConstraint(Expression):
    1285    arg_types = {"this": False, "kind": True}
    1286
    1287    @property
    1288    def kind(self) -> ColumnConstraintKind:
    1289        return self.args["kind"]
    1290
    1291
    1292class ColumnConstraintKind(Expression):
    1293    pass
    1294
    1295
    1296class AutoIncrementColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1297    pass
    1298
    1299
    1300class CaseSpecificColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1301    arg_types = {"not_": True}
    1302
    1303
    1304class CharacterSetColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1305    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1306
    1307
    1308class CheckColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1309    pass
    1310
    1311
    1312class ClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1313    pass
    1314
    1315
    1316class CollateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1317    pass
    1318
    1319
    1320class CommentColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1321    pass
    1322
    1323
    1324class CompressColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1325    pass
    1326
    1327
    1328class DateFormatColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1329    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1330
    1331
    1332class DefaultColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1333    pass
    1334
    1335
    1336class EncodeColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1337    pass
    1338
    1339
    1340class GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1341    # this: True -> ALWAYS, this: False -> BY DEFAULT
    1342    arg_types = {
    1343        "this": False,
    1344        "expression": False,
    1345        "on_null": False,
    1346        "start": False,
    1347        "increment": False,
    1348        "minvalue": False,
    1349        "maxvalue": False,
    1350        "cycle": False,
    1351    }
    1352
    1353
    1354# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-table.html
    1355class IndexColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1356    arg_types = {
    1357        "this": False,
    1358        "schema": True,
    1359        "kind": False,
    1360        "index_type": False,
    1361        "options": False,
    1362    }
    1363
    1364
    1365class InlineLengthColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1366    pass
    1367
    1368
    1369class NonClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1370    pass
    1371
    1372
    1373class NotForReplicationColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1374    arg_types = {}
    1375
    1376
    1377class NotNullColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1378    arg_types = {"allow_null": False}
    1379
    1380
    1381# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/timestamp-initialization.html
    1382class OnUpdateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1383    pass
    1384
    1385
    1386class PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1387    arg_types = {"desc": False}
    1388
    1389
    1390class TitleColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1391    pass
    1392
    1393
    1394class UniqueColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1395    arg_types = {"this": False, "index_type": False}
    1396
    1397
    1398class UppercaseColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1399    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
    1400
    1401
    1402class PathColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1403    pass
    1404
    1405
    1406# computed column expression
    1407# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/statements/create-table-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
    1408class ComputedColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1409    arg_types = {"this": True, "persisted": False, "not_null": False}
    1410
    1411
    1412class Constraint(Expression):
    1413    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    1414
    1415
    1416class Delete(Expression):
    1417    arg_types = {
    1418        "with": False,
    1419        "this": False,
    1420        "using": False,
    1421        "where": False,
    1422        "returning": False,
    1423        "limit": False,
    1424        "tables": False,  # Multiple-Table Syntax (MySQL)
    1425    }
    1426
    1427    def delete(
    1428        self,
    1429        table: ExpOrStr,
    1430        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1431        copy: bool = True,
    1432        **opts,
    1433    ) -> Delete:
    1434        """
    1435        Create a DELETE expression or replace the table on an existing DELETE expression.
    1436
    1437        Example:
    1438            >>> delete("tbl").sql()
    1439            'DELETE FROM tbl'
    1440
    1441        Args:
    1442            table: the table from which to delete.
    1443            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1444            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1445            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1446
    1447        Returns:
    1448            Delete: the modified expression.
    1449        """
    1450        return _apply_builder(
    1451            expression=table,
    1452            instance=self,
    1453            arg="this",
    1454            dialect=dialect,
    1455            into=Table,
    1456            copy=copy,
    1457            **opts,
    1458        )
    1459
    1460    def where(
    1461        self,
    1462        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1463        append: bool = True,
    1464        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1465        copy: bool = True,
    1466        **opts,
    1467    ) -> Delete:
    1468        """
    1469        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    1470
    1471        Example:
    1472            >>> delete("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    1473            "DELETE FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    1474
    1475        Args:
    1476            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1477                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1478                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1479            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1480                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1481            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1482            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1483            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1484
    1485        Returns:
    1486            Delete: the modified expression.
    1487        """
    1488        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1489            *expressions,
    1490            instance=self,
    1491            arg="where",
    1492            append=append,
    1493            into=Where,
    1494            dialect=dialect,
    1495            copy=copy,
    1496            **opts,
    1497        )
    1498
    1499    def returning(
    1500        self,
    1501        expression: ExpOrStr,
    1502        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1503        copy: bool = True,
    1504        **opts,
    1505    ) -> Delete:
    1506        """
    1507        Set the RETURNING expression. Not supported by all dialects.
    1508
    1509        Example:
    1510            >>> delete("tbl").returning("*", dialect="postgres").sql()
    1511            'DELETE FROM tbl RETURNING *'
    1512
    1513        Args:
    1514            expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1515                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1516            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1517            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1518            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1519
    1520        Returns:
    1521            Delete: the modified expression.
    1522        """
    1523        return _apply_builder(
    1524            expression=expression,
    1525            instance=self,
    1526            arg="returning",
    1527            prefix="RETURNING",
    1528            dialect=dialect,
    1529            copy=copy,
    1530            into=Returning,
    1531            **opts,
    1532        )
    1533
    1534
    1535class Drop(Expression):
    1536    arg_types = {
    1537        "this": False,
    1538        "kind": False,
    1539        "exists": False,
    1540        "temporary": False,
    1541        "materialized": False,
    1542        "cascade": False,
    1543        "constraints": False,
    1544        "purge": False,
    1545    }
    1546
    1547
    1548class Filter(Expression):
    1549    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    1550
    1551
    1552class Check(Expression):
    1553    pass
    1554
    1555
    1556# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/connect-by
    1557class Connect(Expression):
    1558    arg_types = {"start": False, "connect": True}
    1559
    1560
    1561class Prior(Expression):
    1562    pass
    1563
    1564
    1565class Directory(Expression):
    1566    # https://spark.apache.org/docs/3.0.0-preview/sql-ref-syntax-dml-insert-overwrite-directory-hive.html
    1567    arg_types = {"this": True, "local": False, "row_format": False}
    1568
    1569
    1570class ForeignKey(Expression):
    1571    arg_types = {
    1572        "expressions": True,
    1573        "reference": False,
    1574        "delete": False,
    1575        "update": False,
    1576    }
    1577
    1578
    1579class ColumnPrefix(Expression):
    1580    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    1581
    1582
    1583class PrimaryKey(Expression):
    1584    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "options": False}
    1585
    1586
    1587# https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/sql-selectinto.html
    1588# https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_SELECT_INTO.html#r_SELECT_INTO-examples
    1589class Into(Expression):
    1590    arg_types = {"this": True, "temporary": False, "unlogged": False}
    1591
    1592
    1593class From(Expression):
    1594    @property
    1595    def name(self) -> str:
    1596        return self.this.name
    1597
    1598    @property
    1599    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
    1600        return self.this.alias_or_name
    1601
    1602
    1603class Having(Expression):
    1604    pass
    1605
    1606
    1607class Hint(Expression):
    1608    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    1609
    1610
    1611class JoinHint(Expression):
    1612    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    1613
    1614
    1615class Identifier(Expression):
    1616    arg_types = {"this": True, "quoted": False, "global": False, "temporary": False}
    1617
    1618    @property
    1619    def quoted(self) -> bool:
    1620        return bool(self.args.get("quoted"))
    1621
    1622    @property
    1623    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
    1624        return (self.this, self.quoted)
    1625
    1626    @property
    1627    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1628        return self.name
    1629
    1630
    1631# https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-opclass.html
    1632class Opclass(Expression):
    1633    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    1634
    1635
    1636class Index(Expression):
    1637    arg_types = {
    1638        "this": False,
    1639        "table": False,
    1640        "using": False,
    1641        "where": False,
    1642        "columns": False,
    1643        "unique": False,
    1644        "primary": False,
    1645        "amp": False,  # teradata
    1646        "partition_by": False,  # teradata
    1647        "where": False,  # postgres partial indexes
    1648    }
    1649
    1650
    1651class Insert(DDL):
    1652    arg_types = {
    1653        "with": False,
    1654        "this": True,
    1655        "expression": False,
    1656        "conflict": False,
    1657        "returning": False,
    1658        "overwrite": False,
    1659        "exists": False,
    1660        "partition": False,
    1661        "alternative": False,
    1662        "where": False,
    1663        "ignore": False,
    1664        "by_name": False,
    1665    }
    1666
    1667    def with_(
    1668        self,
    1669        alias: ExpOrStr,
    1670        as_: ExpOrStr,
    1671        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    1672        append: bool = True,
    1673        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1674        copy: bool = True,
    1675        **opts,
    1676    ) -> Insert:
    1677        """
    1678        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    1679
    1680        Example:
    1681            >>> insert("SELECT x FROM cte", "t").with_("cte", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").sql()
    1682            'WITH cte AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) INSERT INTO t SELECT x FROM cte'
    1683
    1684        Args:
    1685            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    1686                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    1687            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    1688                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1689            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    1690            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    1691                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    1692            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1693            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1694            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1695
    1696        Returns:
    1697            The modified expression.
    1698        """
    1699        return _apply_cte_builder(
    1700            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    1701        )
    1702
    1703
    1704class OnConflict(Expression):
    1705    arg_types = {
    1706        "duplicate": False,
    1707        "expressions": False,
    1708        "nothing": False,
    1709        "key": False,
    1710        "constraint": False,
    1711    }
    1712
    1713
    1714class Returning(Expression):
    1715    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "into": False}
    1716
    1717
    1718# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/charset-introducer.html
    1719class Introducer(Expression):
    1720    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    1721
    1722
    1723# national char, like n'utf8'
    1724class National(Expression):
    1725    pass
    1726
    1727
    1728class LoadData(Expression):
    1729    arg_types = {
    1730        "this": True,
    1731        "local": False,
    1732        "overwrite": False,
    1733        "inpath": True,
    1734        "partition": False,
    1735        "input_format": False,
    1736        "serde": False,
    1737    }
    1738
    1739
    1740class Partition(Expression):
    1741    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    1742
    1743
    1744class Fetch(Expression):
    1745    arg_types = {
    1746        "direction": False,
    1747        "count": False,
    1748        "percent": False,
    1749        "with_ties": False,
    1750    }
    1751
    1752
    1753class Group(Expression):
    1754    arg_types = {
    1755        "expressions": False,
    1756        "grouping_sets": False,
    1757        "cube": False,
    1758        "rollup": False,
    1759        "totals": False,
    1760        "all": False,
    1761    }
    1762
    1763
    1764class Lambda(Expression):
    1765    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    1766
    1767
    1768class Limit(Expression):
    1769    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": True, "offset": False}
    1770
    1771
    1772class Literal(Condition):
    1773    arg_types = {"this": True, "is_string": True}
    1774
    1775    @property
    1776    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
    1777        return (self.this, self.args.get("is_string"))
    1778
    1779    @classmethod
    1780    def number(cls, number) -> Literal:
    1781        return cls(this=str(number), is_string=False)
    1782
    1783    @classmethod
    1784    def string(cls, string) -> Literal:
    1785        return cls(this=str(string), is_string=True)
    1786
    1787    @property
    1788    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1789        return self.name
    1790
    1791
    1792class Join(Expression):
    1793    arg_types = {
    1794        "this": True,
    1795        "on": False,
    1796        "side": False,
    1797        "kind": False,
    1798        "using": False,
    1799        "method": False,
    1800        "global": False,
    1801        "hint": False,
    1802    }
    1803
    1804    @property
    1805    def method(self) -> str:
    1806        return self.text("method").upper()
    1807
    1808    @property
    1809    def kind(self) -> str:
    1810        return self.text("kind").upper()
    1811
    1812    @property
    1813    def side(self) -> str:
    1814        return self.text("side").upper()
    1815
    1816    @property
    1817    def hint(self) -> str:
    1818        return self.text("hint").upper()
    1819
    1820    @property
    1821    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
    1822        return self.this.alias_or_name
    1823
    1824    def on(
    1825        self,
    1826        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1827        append: bool = True,
    1828        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1829        copy: bool = True,
    1830        **opts,
    1831    ) -> Join:
    1832        """
    1833        Append to or set the ON expressions.
    1834
    1835        Example:
    1836            >>> import sqlglot
    1837            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).on("y = 1").sql()
    1838            'JOIN x ON y = 1'
    1839
    1840        Args:
    1841            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1842                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1843                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1844            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1845                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1846            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1847            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1848            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1849
    1850        Returns:
    1851            The modified Join expression.
    1852        """
    1853        join = _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1854            *expressions,
    1855            instance=self,
    1856            arg="on",
    1857            append=append,
    1858            dialect=dialect,
    1859            copy=copy,
    1860            **opts,
    1861        )
    1862
    1863        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1864            join.set("kind", None)
    1865
    1866        return join
    1867
    1868    def using(
    1869        self,
    1870        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1871        append: bool = True,
    1872        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1873        copy: bool = True,
    1874        **opts,
    1875    ) -> Join:
    1876        """
    1877        Append to or set the USING expressions.
    1878
    1879        Example:
    1880            >>> import sqlglot
    1881            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).using("foo", "bla").sql()
    1882            'JOIN x USING (foo, bla)'
    1883
    1884        Args:
    1885            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1886                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1887            append: if `True`, concatenate the new expressions to the existing "using" list.
    1888                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1889            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1890            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1891            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1892
    1893        Returns:
    1894            The modified Join expression.
    1895        """
    1896        join = _apply_list_builder(
    1897            *expressions,
    1898            instance=self,
    1899            arg="using",
    1900            append=append,
    1901            dialect=dialect,
    1902            copy=copy,
    1903            **opts,
    1904        )
    1905
    1906        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1907            join.set("kind", None)
    1908
    1909        return join
    1910
    1911
    1912class Lateral(UDTF):
    1913    arg_types = {"this": True, "view": False, "outer": False, "alias": False}
    1914
    1915
    1916class MatchRecognize(Expression):
    1917    arg_types = {
    1918        "partition_by": False,
    1919        "order": False,
    1920        "measures": False,
    1921        "rows": False,
    1922        "after": False,
    1923        "pattern": False,
    1924        "define": False,
    1925        "alias": False,
    1926    }
    1927
    1928
    1929# Clickhouse FROM FINAL modifier
    1930# https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/sql-reference/statements/select/from/#final-modifier
    1931class Final(Expression):
    1932    pass
    1933
    1934
    1935class Offset(Expression):
    1936    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": True}
    1937
    1938
    1939class Order(Expression):
    1940    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": True}
    1941
    1942
    1943# hive specific sorts
    1944# https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual+SortBy
    1945class Cluster(Order):
    1946    pass
    1947
    1948
    1949class Distribute(Order):
    1950    pass
    1951
    1952
    1953class Sort(Order):
    1954    pass
    1955
    1956
    1957class Ordered(Expression):
    1958    arg_types = {"this": True, "desc": False, "nulls_first": True}
    1959
    1960
    1961class Property(Expression):
    1962    arg_types = {"this": True, "value": True}
    1963
    1964
    1965class AlgorithmProperty(Property):
    1966    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1967
    1968
    1969class AutoIncrementProperty(Property):
    1970    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1971
    1972
    1973class BlockCompressionProperty(Property):
    1974    arg_types = {"autotemp": False, "always": False, "default": True, "manual": True, "never": True}
    1975
    1976
    1977class CharacterSetProperty(Property):
    1978    arg_types = {"this": True, "default": True}
    1979
    1980
    1981class ChecksumProperty(Property):
    1982    arg_types = {"on": False, "default": False}
    1983
    1984
    1985class CollateProperty(Property):
    1986    arg_types = {"this": True, "default": False}
    1987
    1988
    1989class CopyGrantsProperty(Property):
    1990    arg_types = {}
    1991
    1992
    1993class DataBlocksizeProperty(Property):
    1994    arg_types = {
    1995        "size": False,
    1996        "units": False,
    1997        "minimum": False,
    1998        "maximum": False,
    1999        "default": False,
    2000    }
    2001
    2002
    2003class DefinerProperty(Property):
    2004    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2005
    2006
    2007class DistKeyProperty(Property):
    2008    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2009
    2010
    2011class DistStyleProperty(Property):
    2012    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2013
    2014
    2015class EngineProperty(Property):
    2016    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2017
    2018
    2019class HeapProperty(Property):
    2020    arg_types = {}
    2021
    2022
    2023class ToTableProperty(Property):
    2024    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2025
    2026
    2027class ExecuteAsProperty(Property):
    2028    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2029
    2030
    2031class ExternalProperty(Property):
    2032    arg_types = {"this": False}
    2033
    2034
    2035class FallbackProperty(Property):
    2036    arg_types = {"no": True, "protection": False}
    2037
    2038
    2039class FileFormatProperty(Property):
    2040    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2041
    2042
    2043class FreespaceProperty(Property):
    2044    arg_types = {"this": True, "percent": False}
    2045
    2046
    2047class InputModelProperty(Property):
    2048    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2049
    2050
    2051class OutputModelProperty(Property):
    2052    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2053
    2054
    2055class IsolatedLoadingProperty(Property):
    2056    arg_types = {
    2057        "no": True,
    2058        "concurrent": True,
    2059        "for_all": True,
    2060        "for_insert": True,
    2061        "for_none": True,
    2062    }
    2063
    2064
    2065class JournalProperty(Property):
    2066    arg_types = {
    2067        "no": False,
    2068        "dual": False,
    2069        "before": False,
    2070        "local": False,
    2071        "after": False,
    2072    }
    2073
    2074
    2075class LanguageProperty(Property):
    2076    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2077
    2078
    2079# spark ddl
    2080class ClusteredByProperty(Property):
    2081    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "sorted_by": False, "buckets": True}
    2082
    2083
    2084class DictProperty(Property):
    2085    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "settings": False}
    2086
    2087
    2088class DictSubProperty(Property):
    2089    pass
    2090
    2091
    2092class DictRange(Property):
    2093    arg_types = {"this": True, "min": True, "max": True}
    2094
    2095
    2096# Clickhouse CREATE ... ON CLUSTER modifier
    2097# https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/sql-reference/distributed-ddl
    2098class OnCluster(Property):
    2099    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2100
    2101
    2102class LikeProperty(Property):
    2103    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    2104
    2105
    2106class LocationProperty(Property):
    2107    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2108
    2109
    2110class LockingProperty(Property):
    2111    arg_types = {
    2112        "this": False,
    2113        "kind": True,
    2114        "for_or_in": False,
    2115        "lock_type": True,
    2116        "override": False,
    2117    }
    2118
    2119
    2120class LogProperty(Property):
    2121    arg_types = {"no": True}
    2122
    2123
    2124class MaterializedProperty(Property):
    2125    arg_types = {"this": False}
    2126
    2127
    2128class MergeBlockRatioProperty(Property):
    2129    arg_types = {"this": False, "no": False, "default": False, "percent": False}
    2130
    2131
    2132class NoPrimaryIndexProperty(Property):
    2133    arg_types = {}
    2134
    2135
    2136class OnProperty(Property):
    2137    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2138
    2139
    2140class OnCommitProperty(Property):
    2141    arg_types = {"delete": False}
    2142
    2143
    2144class PartitionedByProperty(Property):
    2145    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2146
    2147
    2148# https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createtable.html
    2149class PartitionBoundSpec(Expression):
    2150    # this -> IN / MODULUS, expression -> REMAINDER, from_expressions -> FROM (...), to_expressions -> TO (...)
    2151    arg_types = {
    2152        "this": False,
    2153        "expression": False,
    2154        "from_expressions": False,
    2155        "to_expressions": False,
    2156    }
    2157
    2158
    2159class PartitionedOfProperty(Property):
    2160    # this -> parent_table (schema), expression -> FOR VALUES ... / DEFAULT
    2161    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    2162
    2163
    2164class RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty(Property):
    2165    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2166
    2167
    2168class ReturnsProperty(Property):
    2169    arg_types = {"this": True, "is_table": False, "table": False}
    2170
    2171
    2172class RowFormatProperty(Property):
    2173    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2174
    2175
    2176class RowFormatDelimitedProperty(Property):
    2177    # https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/hive/languagemanual+dml
    2178    arg_types = {
    2179        "fields": False,
    2180        "escaped": False,
    2181        "collection_items": False,
    2182        "map_keys": False,
    2183        "lines": False,
    2184        "null": False,
    2185        "serde": False,
    2186    }
    2187
    2188
    2189class RowFormatSerdeProperty(Property):
    2190    arg_types = {"this": True, "serde_properties": False}
    2191
    2192
    2193# https://spark.apache.org/docs/3.1.2/sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-transform.html
    2194class QueryTransform(Expression):
    2195    arg_types = {
    2196        "expressions": True,
    2197        "command_script": True,
    2198        "schema": False,
    2199        "row_format_before": False,
    2200        "record_writer": False,
    2201        "row_format_after": False,
    2202        "record_reader": False,
    2203    }
    2204
    2205
    2206class SampleProperty(Property):
    2207    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2208
    2209
    2210class SchemaCommentProperty(Property):
    2211    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2212
    2213
    2214class SerdeProperties(Property):
    2215    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    2216
    2217
    2218class SetProperty(Property):
    2219    arg_types = {"multi": True}
    2220
    2221
    2222class SettingsProperty(Property):
    2223    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    2224
    2225
    2226class SortKeyProperty(Property):
    2227    arg_types = {"this": True, "compound": False}
    2228
    2229
    2230class SqlSecurityProperty(Property):
    2231    arg_types = {"definer": True}
    2232
    2233
    2234class StabilityProperty(Property):
    2235    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2236
    2237
    2238class TemporaryProperty(Property):
    2239    arg_types = {}
    2240
    2241
    2242class TransformModelProperty(Property):
    2243    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    2244
    2245
    2246class TransientProperty(Property):
    2247    arg_types = {"this": False}
    2248
    2249
    2250class VolatileProperty(Property):
    2251    arg_types = {"this": False}
    2252
    2253
    2254class WithDataProperty(Property):
    2255    arg_types = {"no": True, "statistics": False}
    2256
    2257
    2258class WithJournalTableProperty(Property):
    2259    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2260
    2261
    2262class Properties(Expression):
    2263    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    2264
    2265    NAME_TO_PROPERTY = {
    2266        "ALGORITHM": AlgorithmProperty,
    2267        "AUTO_INCREMENT": AutoIncrementProperty,
    2268        "CHARACTER SET": CharacterSetProperty,
    2269        "CLUSTERED_BY": ClusteredByProperty,
    2270        "COLLATE": CollateProperty,
    2271        "COMMENT": SchemaCommentProperty,
    2272        "DEFINER": DefinerProperty,
    2273        "DISTKEY": DistKeyProperty,
    2274        "DISTSTYLE": DistStyleProperty,
    2275        "ENGINE": EngineProperty,
    2276        "EXECUTE AS": ExecuteAsProperty,
    2277        "FORMAT": FileFormatProperty,
    2278        "LANGUAGE": LanguageProperty,
    2279        "LOCATION": LocationProperty,
    2280        "PARTITIONED_BY": PartitionedByProperty,
    2281        "RETURNS": ReturnsProperty,
    2282        "ROW_FORMAT": RowFormatProperty,
    2283        "SORTKEY": SortKeyProperty,
    2284    }
    2285
    2286    PROPERTY_TO_NAME = {v: k for k, v in NAME_TO_PROPERTY.items()}
    2287
    2288    # CREATE property locations
    2289    # Form: schema specified
    2290    #   create [POST_CREATE]
    2291    #     table a [POST_NAME]
    2292    #     (b int) [POST_SCHEMA]
    2293    #     with ([POST_WITH])
    2294    #     index (b) [POST_INDEX]
    2295    #
    2296    # Form: alias selection
    2297    #   create [POST_CREATE]
    2298    #     table a [POST_NAME]
    2299    #     as [POST_ALIAS] (select * from b) [POST_EXPRESSION]
    2300    #     index (c) [POST_INDEX]
    2301    class Location(AutoName):
    2302        POST_CREATE = auto()
    2303        POST_NAME = auto()
    2304        POST_SCHEMA = auto()
    2305        POST_WITH = auto()
    2306        POST_ALIAS = auto()
    2307        POST_EXPRESSION = auto()
    2308        POST_INDEX = auto()
    2309        UNSUPPORTED = auto()
    2310
    2311    @classmethod
    2312    def from_dict(cls, properties_dict: t.Dict) -> Properties:
    2313        expressions = []
    2314        for key, value in properties_dict.items():
    2315            property_cls = cls.NAME_TO_PROPERTY.get(key.upper())
    2316            if property_cls:
    2317                expressions.append(property_cls(this=convert(value)))
    2318            else:
    2319                expressions.append(Property(this=Literal.string(key), value=convert(value)))
    2320
    2321        return cls(expressions=expressions)
    2322
    2323
    2324class Qualify(Expression):
    2325    pass
    2326
    2327
    2328class InputOutputFormat(Expression):
    2329    arg_types = {"input_format": False, "output_format": False}
    2330
    2331
    2332# https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/ias?topic=procedures-return-statement-in-sql
    2333class Return(Expression):
    2334    pass
    2335
    2336
    2337class Reference(Expression):
    2338    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "options": False}
    2339
    2340
    2341class Tuple(Expression):
    2342    arg_types = {"expressions": False}
    2343
    2344    def isin(
    2345        self,
    2346        *expressions: t.Any,
    2347        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2348        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2349        copy: bool = True,
    2350        **opts,
    2351    ) -> In:
    2352        return In(
    2353            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    2354            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
    2355            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
    2356            unnest=Unnest(
    2357                expressions=[
    2358                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
    2359                ]
    2360            )
    2361            if unnest
    2362            else None,
    2363        )
    2364
    2365
    2366class Subqueryable(Unionable):
    2367    def subquery(self, alias: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None, copy: bool = True) -> Subquery:
    2368        """
    2369        Convert this expression to an aliased expression that can be used as a Subquery.
    2370
    2371        Example:
    2372            >>> subquery = Select().select("x").from_("tbl").subquery()
    2373            >>> Select().select("x").from_(subquery).sql()
    2374            'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl)'
    2375
    2376        Args:
    2377            alias (str | Identifier): an optional alias for the subquery
    2378            copy (bool): if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2379
    2380        Returns:
    2381            Alias: the subquery
    2382        """
    2383        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    2384        if not isinstance(alias, Expression):
    2385            alias = TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None
    2386
    2387        return Subquery(this=instance, alias=alias)
    2388
    2389    def limit(
    2390        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2391    ) -> Select:
    2392        raise NotImplementedError
    2393
    2394    @property
    2395    def ctes(self):
    2396        with_ = self.args.get("with")
    2397        if not with_:
    2398            return []
    2399        return with_.expressions
    2400
    2401    @property
    2402    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2403        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `selects`")
    2404
    2405    @property
    2406    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2407        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `named_selects`")
    2408
    2409    def select(
    2410        self,
    2411        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2412        append: bool = True,
    2413        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2414        copy: bool = True,
    2415        **opts,
    2416    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2417        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `select`")
    2418
    2419    def with_(
    2420        self,
    2421        alias: ExpOrStr,
    2422        as_: ExpOrStr,
    2423        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2424        append: bool = True,
    2425        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2426        copy: bool = True,
    2427        **opts,
    2428    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2429        """
    2430        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    2431
    2432        Example:
    2433            >>> Select().with_("tbl2", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").select("x").from_("tbl2").sql()
    2434            'WITH tbl2 AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) SELECT x FROM tbl2'
    2435
    2436        Args:
    2437            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    2438                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2439            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    2440                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2441            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    2442            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2443                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2444            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2445            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2446            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2447
    2448        Returns:
    2449            The modified expression.
    2450        """
    2451        return _apply_cte_builder(
    2452            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    2453        )
    2454
    2455
    2456QUERY_MODIFIERS = {
    2457    "match": False,
    2458    "laterals": False,
    2459    "joins": False,
    2460    "connect": False,
    2461    "pivots": False,
    2462    "where": False,
    2463    "group": False,
    2464    "having": False,
    2465    "qualify": False,
    2466    "windows": False,
    2467    "distribute": False,
    2468    "sort": False,
    2469    "cluster": False,
    2470    "order": False,
    2471    "limit": False,
    2472    "offset": False,
    2473    "locks": False,
    2474    "sample": False,
    2475    "settings": False,
    2476    "format": False,
    2477}
    2478
    2479
    2480# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/hints-transact-sql-table?view=sql-server-ver16
    2481class WithTableHint(Expression):
    2482    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    2483
    2484
    2485# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/index-hints.html
    2486class IndexTableHint(Expression):
    2487    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "target": False}
    2488
    2489
    2490class Table(Expression):
    2491    arg_types = {
    2492        "this": True,
    2493        "alias": False,
    2494        "db": False,
    2495        "catalog": False,
    2496        "laterals": False,
    2497        "joins": False,
    2498        "pivots": False,
    2499        "hints": False,
    2500        "system_time": False,
    2501        "version": False,
    2502        "format": False,
    2503        "pattern": False,
    2504        "index": False,
    2505        "ordinality": False,
    2506    }
    2507
    2508    @property
    2509    def name(self) -> str:
    2510        if isinstance(self.this, Func):
    2511            return ""
    2512        return self.this.name
    2513
    2514    @property
    2515    def db(self) -> str:
    2516        return self.text("db")
    2517
    2518    @property
    2519    def catalog(self) -> str:
    2520        return self.text("catalog")
    2521
    2522    @property
    2523    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2524        return []
    2525
    2526    @property
    2527    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2528        return []
    2529
    2530    @property
    2531    def parts(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2532        """Return the parts of a table in order catalog, db, table."""
    2533        parts: t.List[Expression] = []
    2534
    2535        for arg in ("catalog", "db", "this"):
    2536            part = self.args.get(arg)
    2537
    2538            if isinstance(part, Dot):
    2539                parts.extend(part.flatten())
    2540            elif isinstance(part, Expression):
    2541                parts.append(part)
    2542
    2543        return parts
    2544
    2545
    2546class Union(Subqueryable):
    2547    arg_types = {
    2548        "with": False,
    2549        "this": True,
    2550        "expression": True,
    2551        "distinct": False,
    2552        "by_name": False,
    2553        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    2554    }
    2555
    2556    def limit(
    2557        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2558    ) -> Select:
    2559        """
    2560        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2561
    2562        Example:
    2563            >>> select("1").union(select("1")).limit(1).sql()
    2564            'SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 1) AS _l_0 LIMIT 1'
    2565
    2566        Args:
    2567            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2568                This can also be an integer.
    2569                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2570                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2571            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2572            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2573            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2574
    2575        Returns:
    2576            The limited subqueryable.
    2577        """
    2578        return (
    2579            select("*")
    2580            .from_(self.subquery(alias="_l_0", copy=copy))
    2581            .limit(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2582        )
    2583
    2584    def select(
    2585        self,
    2586        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2587        append: bool = True,
    2588        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2589        copy: bool = True,
    2590        **opts,
    2591    ) -> Union:
    2592        """Append to or set the SELECT of the union recursively.
    2593
    2594        Example:
    2595            >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    2596            >>> parse_one("select a from x union select a from y union select a from z").select("b").sql()
    2597            'SELECT a, b FROM x UNION SELECT a, b FROM y UNION SELECT a, b FROM z'
    2598
    2599        Args:
    2600            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2601                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2602            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2603                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2604            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2605            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2606            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2607
    2608        Returns:
    2609            Union: the modified expression.
    2610        """
    2611        this = self.copy() if copy else self
    2612        this.this.unnest().select(*expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2613        this.expression.unnest().select(
    2614            *expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts
    2615        )
    2616        return this
    2617
    2618    @property
    2619    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2620        return self.this.unnest().named_selects
    2621
    2622    @property
    2623    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    2624        return self.this.is_star or self.expression.is_star
    2625
    2626    @property
    2627    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2628        return self.this.unnest().selects
    2629
    2630    @property
    2631    def left(self) -> Expression:
    2632        return self.this
    2633
    2634    @property
    2635    def right(self) -> Expression:
    2636        return self.expression
    2637
    2638
    2639class Except(Union):
    2640    pass
    2641
    2642
    2643class Intersect(Union):
    2644    pass
    2645
    2646
    2647class Unnest(UDTF):
    2648    arg_types = {
    2649        "expressions": True,
    2650        "alias": False,
    2651        "offset": False,
    2652    }
    2653
    2654
    2655class Update(Expression):
    2656    arg_types = {
    2657        "with": False,
    2658        "this": False,
    2659        "expressions": True,
    2660        "from": False,
    2661        "where": False,
    2662        "returning": False,
    2663        "order": False,
    2664        "limit": False,
    2665    }
    2666
    2667
    2668class Values(UDTF):
    2669    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "alias": False}
    2670
    2671
    2672class Var(Expression):
    2673    pass
    2674
    2675
    2676class Version(Expression):
    2677    """
    2678    Time travel, iceberg, bigquery etc
    2679    https://trino.io/docs/current/connector/iceberg.html?highlight=snapshot#using-snapshots
    2680    https://www.databricks.com/blog/2019/02/04/introducing-delta-time-travel-for-large-scale-data-lakes.html
    2681    https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax#for_system_time_as_of
    2682    https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/tables/querying-data-in-a-system-versioned-temporal-table?view=sql-server-ver16
    2683    this is either TIMESTAMP or VERSION
    2684    kind is ("AS OF", "BETWEEN")
    2685    """
    2686
    2687    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "expression": False}
    2688
    2689
    2690class Schema(Expression):
    2691    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": False}
    2692
    2693
    2694# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/select.html
    2695# https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/SELECT.html
    2696class Lock(Expression):
    2697    arg_types = {"update": True, "expressions": False, "wait": False}
    2698
    2699
    2700class Select(Subqueryable):
    2701    arg_types = {
    2702        "with": False,
    2703        "kind": False,
    2704        "expressions": False,
    2705        "hint": False,
    2706        "distinct": False,
    2707        "into": False,
    2708        "from": False,
    2709        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    2710    }
    2711
    2712    def from_(
    2713        self, expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2714    ) -> Select:
    2715        """
    2716        Set the FROM expression.
    2717
    2718        Example:
    2719            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sql()
    2720            'SELECT x FROM tbl'
    2721
    2722        Args:
    2723            expression : the SQL code strings to parse.
    2724                If a `From` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2725                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `From`.
    2726            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2727            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2728            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2729
    2730        Returns:
    2731            The modified Select expression.
    2732        """
    2733        return _apply_builder(
    2734            expression=expression,
    2735            instance=self,
    2736            arg="from",
    2737            into=From,
    2738            prefix="FROM",
    2739            dialect=dialect,
    2740            copy=copy,
    2741            **opts,
    2742        )
    2743
    2744    def group_by(
    2745        self,
    2746        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2747        append: bool = True,
    2748        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2749        copy: bool = True,
    2750        **opts,
    2751    ) -> Select:
    2752        """
    2753        Set the GROUP BY expression.
    2754
    2755        Example:
    2756            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x", "COUNT(1)").group_by("x").sql()
    2757            'SELECT x, COUNT(1) FROM tbl GROUP BY x'
    2758
    2759        Args:
    2760            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2761                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2762                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Group`.
    2763                If nothing is passed in then a group by is not applied to the expression
    2764            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2765                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Group` expression into a single expression.
    2766            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2767            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2768            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2769
    2770        Returns:
    2771            The modified Select expression.
    2772        """
    2773        if not expressions:
    2774            return self if not copy else self.copy()
    2775
    2776        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2777            *expressions,
    2778            instance=self,
    2779            arg="group",
    2780            append=append,
    2781            copy=copy,
    2782            prefix="GROUP BY",
    2783            into=Group,
    2784            dialect=dialect,
    2785            **opts,
    2786        )
    2787
    2788    def order_by(
    2789        self,
    2790        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2791        append: bool = True,
    2792        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2793        copy: bool = True,
    2794        **opts,
    2795    ) -> Select:
    2796        """
    2797        Set the ORDER BY expression.
    2798
    2799        Example:
    2800            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").order_by("x DESC").sql()
    2801            'SELECT x FROM tbl ORDER BY x DESC'
    2802
    2803        Args:
    2804            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2805                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2806                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Order`.
    2807            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2808                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2809            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2810            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2811            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2812
    2813        Returns:
    2814            The modified Select expression.
    2815        """
    2816        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2817            *expressions,
    2818            instance=self,
    2819            arg="order",
    2820            append=append,
    2821            copy=copy,
    2822            prefix="ORDER BY",
    2823            into=Order,
    2824            dialect=dialect,
    2825            **opts,
    2826        )
    2827
    2828    def sort_by(
    2829        self,
    2830        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2831        append: bool = True,
    2832        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2833        copy: bool = True,
    2834        **opts,
    2835    ) -> Select:
    2836        """
    2837        Set the SORT BY expression.
    2838
    2839        Example:
    2840            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sort_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2841            'SELECT x FROM tbl SORT BY x DESC'
    2842
    2843        Args:
    2844            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2845                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2846                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `SORT`.
    2847            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2848                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2849            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2850            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2851            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2852
    2853        Returns:
    2854            The modified Select expression.
    2855        """
    2856        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2857            *expressions,
    2858            instance=self,
    2859            arg="sort",
    2860            append=append,
    2861            copy=copy,
    2862            prefix="SORT BY",
    2863            into=Sort,
    2864            dialect=dialect,
    2865            **opts,
    2866        )
    2867
    2868    def cluster_by(
    2869        self,
    2870        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2871        append: bool = True,
    2872        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2873        copy: bool = True,
    2874        **opts,
    2875    ) -> Select:
    2876        """
    2877        Set the CLUSTER BY expression.
    2878
    2879        Example:
    2880            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").cluster_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2881            'SELECT x FROM tbl CLUSTER BY x DESC'
    2882
    2883        Args:
    2884            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2885                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2886                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Cluster`.
    2887            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2888                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2889            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2890            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2891            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2892
    2893        Returns:
    2894            The modified Select expression.
    2895        """
    2896        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2897            *expressions,
    2898            instance=self,
    2899            arg="cluster",
    2900            append=append,
    2901            copy=copy,
    2902            prefix="CLUSTER BY",
    2903            into=Cluster,
    2904            dialect=dialect,
    2905            **opts,
    2906        )
    2907
    2908    def limit(
    2909        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2910    ) -> Select:
    2911        """
    2912        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2913
    2914        Example:
    2915            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").limit(10).sql()
    2916            'SELECT x FROM tbl LIMIT 10'
    2917
    2918        Args:
    2919            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2920                This can also be an integer.
    2921                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2922                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2923            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2924            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2925            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2926
    2927        Returns:
    2928            Select: the modified expression.
    2929        """
    2930        return _apply_builder(
    2931            expression=expression,
    2932            instance=self,
    2933            arg="limit",
    2934            into=Limit,
    2935            prefix="LIMIT",
    2936            dialect=dialect,
    2937            copy=copy,
    2938            into_arg="expression",
    2939            **opts,
    2940        )
    2941
    2942    def offset(
    2943        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2944    ) -> Select:
    2945        """
    2946        Set the OFFSET expression.
    2947
    2948        Example:
    2949            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").offset(10).sql()
    2950            'SELECT x FROM tbl OFFSET 10'
    2951
    2952        Args:
    2953            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2954                This can also be an integer.
    2955                If a `Offset` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2956                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Offset`.
    2957            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2958            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2959            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2960
    2961        Returns:
    2962            The modified Select expression.
    2963        """
    2964        return _apply_builder(
    2965            expression=expression,
    2966            instance=self,
    2967            arg="offset",
    2968            into=Offset,
    2969            prefix="OFFSET",
    2970            dialect=dialect,
    2971            copy=copy,
    2972            into_arg="expression",
    2973            **opts,
    2974        )
    2975
    2976    def select(
    2977        self,
    2978        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2979        append: bool = True,
    2980        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2981        copy: bool = True,
    2982        **opts,
    2983    ) -> Select:
    2984        """
    2985        Append to or set the SELECT expressions.
    2986
    2987        Example:
    2988            >>> Select().select("x", "y").sql()
    2989            'SELECT x, y'
    2990
    2991        Args:
    2992            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2993                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2994            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2995                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2996            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2997            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2998            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2999
    3000        Returns:
    3001            The modified Select expression.
    3002        """
    3003        return _apply_list_builder(
    3004            *expressions,
    3005            instance=self,
    3006            arg="expressions",
    3007            append=append,
    3008            dialect=dialect,
    3009            copy=copy,
    3010            **opts,
    3011        )
    3012
    3013    def lateral(
    3014        self,
    3015        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3016        append: bool = True,
    3017        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3018        copy: bool = True,
    3019        **opts,
    3020    ) -> Select:
    3021        """
    3022        Append to or set the LATERAL expressions.
    3023
    3024        Example:
    3025            >>> Select().select("x").lateral("OUTER explode(y) tbl2 AS z").from_("tbl").sql()
    3026            'SELECT x FROM tbl LATERAL VIEW OUTER EXPLODE(y) tbl2 AS z'
    3027
    3028        Args:
    3029            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3030                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3031            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    3032                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    3033            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3034            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3035            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3036
    3037        Returns:
    3038            The modified Select expression.
    3039        """
    3040        return _apply_list_builder(
    3041            *expressions,
    3042            instance=self,
    3043            arg="laterals",
    3044            append=append,
    3045            into=Lateral,
    3046            prefix="LATERAL VIEW",
    3047            dialect=dialect,
    3048            copy=copy,
    3049            **opts,
    3050        )
    3051
    3052    def join(
    3053        self,
    3054        expression: ExpOrStr,
    3055        on: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    3056        using: t.Optional[ExpOrStr | t.Collection[ExpOrStr]] = None,
    3057        append: bool = True,
    3058        join_type: t.Optional[str] = None,
    3059        join_alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    3060        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3061        copy: bool = True,
    3062        **opts,
    3063    ) -> Select:
    3064        """
    3065        Append to or set the JOIN expressions.
    3066
    3067        Example:
    3068            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y").sql()
    3069            'SELECT * FROM tbl JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    3070
    3071            >>> Select().select("1").from_("a").join("b", using=["x", "y", "z"]).sql()
    3072            'SELECT 1 FROM a JOIN b USING (x, y, z)'
    3073
    3074            Use `join_type` to change the type of join:
    3075
    3076            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y", join_type="left outer").sql()
    3077            'SELECT * FROM tbl LEFT OUTER JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    3078
    3079        Args:
    3080            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    3081                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3082            on: optionally specify the join "on" criteria as a SQL string.
    3083                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3084            using: optionally specify the join "using" criteria as a SQL string.
    3085                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3086            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    3087                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    3088            join_type: if set, alter the parsed join type.
    3089            join_alias: an optional alias for the joined source.
    3090            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3091            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3092            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3093
    3094        Returns:
    3095            Select: the modified expression.
    3096        """
    3097        parse_args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {"dialect": dialect, **opts}
    3098
    3099        try:
    3100            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=Join, prefix="JOIN", **parse_args)
    3101        except ParseError:
    3102            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=(Join, Expression), **parse_args)
    3103
    3104        join = expression if isinstance(expression, Join) else Join(this=expression)
    3105
    3106        if isinstance(join.this, Select):
    3107            join.this.replace(join.this.subquery())
    3108
    3109        if join_type:
    3110            method: t.Optional[Token]
    3111            side: t.Optional[Token]
    3112            kind: t.Optional[Token]
    3113
    3114            method, side, kind = maybe_parse(join_type, into="JOIN_TYPE", **parse_args)  # type: ignore
    3115
    3116            if method:
    3117                join.set("method", method.text)
    3118            if side:
    3119                join.set("side", side.text)
    3120            if kind:
    3121                join.set("kind", kind.text)
    3122
    3123        if on:
    3124            on = and_(*ensure_list(on), dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    3125            join.set("on", on)
    3126
    3127        if using:
    3128            join = _apply_list_builder(
    3129                *ensure_list(using),
    3130                instance=join,
    3131                arg="using",
    3132                append=append,
    3133                copy=copy,
    3134                into=Identifier,
    3135                **opts,
    3136            )
    3137
    3138        if join_alias:
    3139            join.set("this", alias_(join.this, join_alias, table=True))
    3140
    3141        return _apply_list_builder(
    3142            join,
    3143            instance=self,
    3144            arg="joins",
    3145            append=append,
    3146            copy=copy,
    3147            **opts,
    3148        )
    3149
    3150    def where(
    3151        self,
    3152        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3153        append: bool = True,
    3154        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3155        copy: bool = True,
    3156        **opts,
    3157    ) -> Select:
    3158        """
    3159        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    3160
    3161        Example:
    3162            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    3163            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    3164
    3165        Args:
    3166            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3167                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3168                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3169            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3170                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3171            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3172            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3173            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3174
    3175        Returns:
    3176            Select: the modified expression.
    3177        """
    3178        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3179            *expressions,
    3180            instance=self,
    3181            arg="where",
    3182            append=append,
    3183            into=Where,
    3184            dialect=dialect,
    3185            copy=copy,
    3186            **opts,
    3187        )
    3188
    3189    def having(
    3190        self,
    3191        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3192        append: bool = True,
    3193        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3194        copy: bool = True,
    3195        **opts,
    3196    ) -> Select:
    3197        """
    3198        Append to or set the HAVING expressions.
    3199
    3200        Example:
    3201            >>> Select().select("x", "COUNT(y)").from_("tbl").group_by("x").having("COUNT(y) > 3").sql()
    3202            'SELECT x, COUNT(y) FROM tbl GROUP BY x HAVING COUNT(y) > 3'
    3203
    3204        Args:
    3205            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3206                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3207                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3208            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3209                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3210            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3211            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3212            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3213
    3214        Returns:
    3215            The modified Select expression.
    3216        """
    3217        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3218            *expressions,
    3219            instance=self,
    3220            arg="having",
    3221            append=append,
    3222            into=Having,
    3223            dialect=dialect,
    3224            copy=copy,
    3225            **opts,
    3226        )
    3227
    3228    def window(
    3229        self,
    3230        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3231        append: bool = True,
    3232        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3233        copy: bool = True,
    3234        **opts,
    3235    ) -> Select:
    3236        return _apply_list_builder(
    3237            *expressions,
    3238            instance=self,
    3239            arg="windows",
    3240            append=append,
    3241            into=Window,
    3242            dialect=dialect,
    3243            copy=copy,
    3244            **opts,
    3245        )
    3246
    3247    def qualify(
    3248        self,
    3249        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3250        append: bool = True,
    3251        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3252        copy: bool = True,
    3253        **opts,
    3254    ) -> Select:
    3255        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3256            *expressions,
    3257            instance=self,
    3258            arg="qualify",
    3259            append=append,
    3260            into=Qualify,
    3261            dialect=dialect,
    3262            copy=copy,
    3263            **opts,
    3264        )
    3265
    3266    def distinct(
    3267        self, *ons: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], distinct: bool = True, copy: bool = True
    3268    ) -> Select:
    3269        """
    3270        Set the OFFSET expression.
    3271
    3272        Example:
    3273            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").distinct().sql()
    3274            'SELECT DISTINCT x FROM tbl'
    3275
    3276        Args:
    3277            ons: the expressions to distinct on
    3278            distinct: whether the Select should be distinct
    3279            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3280
    3281        Returns:
    3282            Select: the modified expression.
    3283        """
    3284        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3285        on = Tuple(expressions=[maybe_parse(on, copy=copy) for on in ons if on]) if ons else None
    3286        instance.set("distinct", Distinct(on=on) if distinct else None)
    3287        return instance
    3288
    3289    def ctas(
    3290        self,
    3291        table: ExpOrStr,
    3292        properties: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None,
    3293        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3294        copy: bool = True,
    3295        **opts,
    3296    ) -> Create:
    3297        """
    3298        Convert this expression to a CREATE TABLE AS statement.
    3299
    3300        Example:
    3301            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").ctas("x").sql()
    3302            'CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT * FROM tbl'
    3303
    3304        Args:
    3305            table: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    3306                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3307            properties: an optional mapping of table properties
    3308            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input table.
    3309            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3310            opts: other options to use to parse the input table.
    3311
    3312        Returns:
    3313            The new Create expression.
    3314        """
    3315        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3316        table_expression = maybe_parse(
    3317            table,
    3318            into=Table,
    3319            dialect=dialect,
    3320            **opts,
    3321        )
    3322        properties_expression = None
    3323        if properties:
    3324            properties_expression = Properties.from_dict(properties)
    3325
    3326        return Create(
    3327            this=table_expression,
    3328            kind="table",
    3329            expression=instance,
    3330            properties=properties_expression,
    3331        )
    3332
    3333    def lock(self, update: bool = True, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3334        """
    3335        Set the locking read mode for this expression.
    3336
    3337        Examples:
    3338            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock().sql("mysql")
    3339            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR UPDATE"
    3340
    3341            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock(update=False).sql("mysql")
    3342            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR SHARE"
    3343
    3344        Args:
    3345            update: if `True`, the locking type will be `FOR UPDATE`, else it will be `FOR SHARE`.
    3346            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3347
    3348        Returns:
    3349            The modified expression.
    3350        """
    3351        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3352        inst.set("locks", [Lock(update=update)])
    3353
    3354        return inst
    3355
    3356    def hint(self, *hints: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3357        """
    3358        Set hints for this expression.
    3359
    3360        Examples:
    3361            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").hint("BROADCAST(y)").sql(dialect="spark")
    3362            'SELECT /*+ BROADCAST(y) */ x FROM tbl'
    3363
    3364        Args:
    3365            hints: The SQL code strings to parse as the hints.
    3366                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3367            dialect: The dialect used to parse the hints.
    3368            copy: If `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3369
    3370        Returns:
    3371            The modified expression.
    3372        """
    3373        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3374        inst.set(
    3375            "hint", Hint(expressions=[maybe_parse(h, copy=copy, dialect=dialect) for h in hints])
    3376        )
    3377
    3378        return inst
    3379
    3380    @property
    3381    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    3382        return [e.output_name for e in self.expressions if e.alias_or_name]
    3383
    3384    @property
    3385    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    3386        return any(expression.is_star for expression in self.expressions)
    3387
    3388    @property
    3389    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    3390        return self.expressions
    3391
    3392
    3393class Subquery(DerivedTable, Unionable):
    3394    arg_types = {
    3395        "this": True,
    3396        "alias": False,
    3397        "with": False,
    3398        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    3399    }
    3400
    3401    def unnest(self):
    3402        """
    3403        Returns the first non subquery.
    3404        """
    3405        expression = self
    3406        while isinstance(expression, Subquery):
    3407            expression = expression.this
    3408        return expression
    3409
    3410    def unwrap(self) -> Subquery:
    3411        expression = self
    3412        while expression.same_parent and expression.is_wrapper:
    3413            expression = t.cast(Subquery, expression.parent)
    3414        return expression
    3415
    3416    @property
    3417    def is_wrapper(self) -> bool:
    3418        """
    3419        Whether this Subquery acts as a simple wrapper around another expression.
    3420
    3421        SELECT * FROM (((SELECT * FROM t)))
    3422                      ^
    3423                      This corresponds to a "wrapper" Subquery node
    3424        """
    3425        return all(v is None for k, v in self.args.items() if k != "this")
    3426
    3427    @property
    3428    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    3429        return self.this.is_star
    3430
    3431    @property
    3432    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3433        return self.alias
    3434
    3435
    3436class TableSample(Expression):
    3437    arg_types = {
    3438        "this": False,
    3439        "expressions": False,
    3440        "method": False,
    3441        "bucket_numerator": False,
    3442        "bucket_denominator": False,
    3443        "bucket_field": False,
    3444        "percent": False,
    3445        "rows": False,
    3446        "size": False,
    3447        "seed": False,
    3448        "kind": False,
    3449    }
    3450
    3451
    3452class Tag(Expression):
    3453    """Tags are used for generating arbitrary sql like SELECT <span>x</span>."""
    3454
    3455    arg_types = {
    3456        "this": False,
    3457        "prefix": False,
    3458        "postfix": False,
    3459    }
    3460
    3461
    3462# Represents both the standard SQL PIVOT operator and DuckDB's "simplified" PIVOT syntax
    3463# https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/pivot
    3464class Pivot(Expression):
    3465    arg_types = {
    3466        "this": False,
    3467        "alias": False,
    3468        "expressions": False,
    3469        "field": False,
    3470        "unpivot": False,
    3471        "using": False,
    3472        "group": False,
    3473        "columns": False,
    3474        "include_nulls": False,
    3475    }
    3476
    3477
    3478class Window(Condition):
    3479    arg_types = {
    3480        "this": True,
    3481        "partition_by": False,
    3482        "order": False,
    3483        "spec": False,
    3484        "alias": False,
    3485        "over": False,
    3486        "first": False,
    3487    }
    3488
    3489
    3490class WindowSpec(Expression):
    3491    arg_types = {
    3492        "kind": False,
    3493        "start": False,
    3494        "start_side": False,
    3495        "end": False,
    3496        "end_side": False,
    3497    }
    3498
    3499
    3500class Where(Expression):
    3501    pass
    3502
    3503
    3504class Star(Expression):
    3505    arg_types = {"except": False, "replace": False}
    3506
    3507    @property
    3508    def name(self) -> str:
    3509        return "*"
    3510
    3511    @property
    3512    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3513        return self.name
    3514
    3515
    3516class Parameter(Condition):
    3517    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    3518
    3519
    3520class SessionParameter(Condition):
    3521    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False}
    3522
    3523
    3524class Placeholder(Condition):
    3525    arg_types = {"this": False, "kind": False}
    3526
    3527
    3528class Null(Condition):
    3529    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
    3530
    3531    @property
    3532    def name(self) -> str:
    3533        return "NULL"
    3534
    3535
    3536class Boolean(Condition):
    3537    pass
    3538
    3539
    3540class DataTypeParam(Expression):
    3541    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    3542
    3543
    3544class DataType(Expression):
    3545    arg_types = {
    3546        "this": True,
    3547        "expressions": False,
    3548        "nested": False,
    3549        "values": False,
    3550        "prefix": False,
    3551        "kind": False,
    3552    }
    3553
    3554    class Type(AutoName):
    3555        ARRAY = auto()
    3556        BIGDECIMAL = auto()
    3557        BIGINT = auto()
    3558        BIGSERIAL = auto()
    3559        BINARY = auto()
    3560        BIT = auto()
    3561        BOOLEAN = auto()
    3562        CHAR = auto()
    3563        DATE = auto()
    3564        DATEMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3565        DATERANGE = auto()
    3566        DATETIME = auto()
    3567        DATETIME64 = auto()
    3568        DECIMAL = auto()
    3569        DOUBLE = auto()
    3570        ENUM = auto()
    3571        ENUM8 = auto()
    3572        ENUM16 = auto()
    3573        FIXEDSTRING = auto()
    3574        FLOAT = auto()
    3575        GEOGRAPHY = auto()
    3576        GEOMETRY = auto()
    3577        HLLSKETCH = auto()
    3578        HSTORE = auto()
    3579        IMAGE = auto()
    3580        INET = auto()
    3581        INT = auto()
    3582        INT128 = auto()
    3583        INT256 = auto()
    3584        INT4MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3585        INT4RANGE = auto()
    3586        INT8MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3587        INT8RANGE = auto()
    3588        INTERVAL = auto()
    3589        IPADDRESS = auto()
    3590        IPPREFIX = auto()
    3591        JSON = auto()
    3592        JSONB = auto()
    3593        LONGBLOB = auto()
    3594        LONGTEXT = auto()
    3595        LOWCARDINALITY = auto()
    3596        MAP = auto()
    3597        MEDIUMBLOB = auto()
    3598        MEDIUMINT = auto()
    3599        MEDIUMTEXT = auto()
    3600        MONEY = auto()
    3601        NCHAR = auto()
    3602        NESTED = auto()
    3603        NULL = auto()
    3604        NULLABLE = auto()
    3605        NUMMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3606        NUMRANGE = auto()
    3607        NVARCHAR = auto()
    3608        OBJECT = auto()
    3609        ROWVERSION = auto()
    3610        SERIAL = auto()
    3611        SET = auto()
    3612        SMALLINT = auto()
    3613        SMALLMONEY = auto()
    3614        SMALLSERIAL = auto()
    3615        STRUCT = auto()
    3616        SUPER = auto()
    3617        TEXT = auto()
    3618        TINYBLOB = auto()
    3619        TINYTEXT = auto()
    3620        TIME = auto()
    3621        TIMETZ = auto()
    3622        TIMESTAMP = auto()
    3623        TIMESTAMPLTZ = auto()
    3624        TIMESTAMPTZ = auto()
    3625        TIMESTAMP_S = auto()
    3626        TIMESTAMP_MS = auto()
    3627        TIMESTAMP_NS = auto()
    3628        TINYINT = auto()
    3629        TSMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3630        TSRANGE = auto()
    3631        TSTZMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3632        TSTZRANGE = auto()
    3633        UBIGINT = auto()
    3634        UINT = auto()
    3635        UINT128 = auto()
    3636        UINT256 = auto()
    3637        UMEDIUMINT = auto()
    3638        UDECIMAL = auto()
    3639        UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = auto()
    3640        UNKNOWN = auto()  # Sentinel value, useful for type annotation
    3641        USERDEFINED = "USER-DEFINED"
    3642        USMALLINT = auto()
    3643        UTINYINT = auto()
    3644        UUID = auto()
    3645        VARBINARY = auto()
    3646        VARCHAR = auto()
    3647        VARIANT = auto()
    3648        XML = auto()
    3649        YEAR = auto()
    3650
    3651    TEXT_TYPES = {
    3652        Type.CHAR,
    3653        Type.NCHAR,
    3654        Type.VARCHAR,
    3655        Type.NVARCHAR,
    3656        Type.TEXT,
    3657    }
    3658
    3659    INTEGER_TYPES = {
    3660        Type.INT,
    3661        Type.TINYINT,
    3662        Type.SMALLINT,
    3663        Type.BIGINT,
    3664        Type.INT128,
    3665        Type.INT256,
    3666    }
    3667
    3668    FLOAT_TYPES = {
    3669        Type.FLOAT,
    3670        Type.DOUBLE,
    3671    }
    3672
    3673    NUMERIC_TYPES = {
    3674        *INTEGER_TYPES,
    3675        *FLOAT_TYPES,
    3676    }
    3677
    3678    TEMPORAL_TYPES = {
    3679        Type.TIME,
    3680        Type.TIMETZ,
    3681        Type.TIMESTAMP,
    3682        Type.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    3683        Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    3684        Type.TIMESTAMP_S,
    3685        Type.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    3686        Type.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    3687        Type.DATE,
    3688        Type.DATETIME,
    3689        Type.DATETIME64,
    3690    }
    3691
    3692    @classmethod
    3693    def build(
    3694        cls,
    3695        dtype: str | DataType | DataType.Type,
    3696        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3697        udt: bool = False,
    3698        **kwargs,
    3699    ) -> DataType:
    3700        """
    3701        Constructs a DataType object.
    3702
    3703        Args:
    3704            dtype: the data type of interest.
    3705            dialect: the dialect to use for parsing `dtype`, in case it's a string.
    3706            udt: when set to True, `dtype` will be used as-is if it can't be parsed into a
    3707                DataType, thus creating a user-defined type.
    3708            kawrgs: additional arguments to pass in the constructor of DataType.
    3709
    3710        Returns:
    3711            The constructed DataType object.
    3712        """
    3713        from sqlglot import parse_one
    3714
    3715        if isinstance(dtype, str):
    3716            if dtype.upper() == "UNKNOWN":
    3717                return DataType(this=DataType.Type.UNKNOWN, **kwargs)
    3718
    3719            try:
    3720                data_type_exp = parse_one(
    3721                    dtype, read=dialect, into=DataType, error_level=ErrorLevel.IGNORE
    3722                )
    3723            except ParseError:
    3724                if udt:
    3725                    return DataType(this=DataType.Type.USERDEFINED, kind=dtype, **kwargs)
    3726                raise
    3727        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType.Type):
    3728            data_type_exp = DataType(this=dtype)
    3729        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType):
    3730            return dtype
    3731        else:
    3732            raise ValueError(f"Invalid data type: {type(dtype)}. Expected str or DataType.Type")
    3733
    3734        return DataType(**{**data_type_exp.args, **kwargs})
    3735
    3736    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    3737        """
    3738        Checks whether this DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types or precision
    3739        will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g. array<int> != array<float>.
    3740
    3741        Args:
    3742            dtypes: the data types to compare this DataType to.
    3743
    3744        Returns:
    3745            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this DataType.
    3746        """
    3747        for dtype in dtypes:
    3748            other = DataType.build(dtype, udt=True)
    3749
    3750            if (
    3751                other.expressions
    3752                or self.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3753                or other.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3754            ):
    3755                matches = self == other
    3756            else:
    3757                matches = self.this == other.this
    3758
    3759            if matches:
    3760                return True
    3761        return False
    3762
    3763
    3764# https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/datatype-pseudo.html
    3765class PseudoType(DataType):
    3766    arg_types = {"this": True}
    3767
    3768
    3769# https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/datatype-oid.html
    3770class ObjectIdentifier(DataType):
    3771    arg_types = {"this": True}
    3772
    3773
    3774# WHERE x <OP> EXISTS|ALL|ANY|SOME(SELECT ...)
    3775class SubqueryPredicate(Predicate):
    3776    pass
    3777
    3778
    3779class All(SubqueryPredicate):
    3780    pass
    3781
    3782
    3783class Any(SubqueryPredicate):
    3784    pass
    3785
    3786
    3787class Exists(SubqueryPredicate):
    3788    pass
    3789
    3790
    3791# Commands to interact with the databases or engines. For most of the command
    3792# expressions we parse whatever comes after the command's name as a string.
    3793class Command(Expression):
    3794    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    3795
    3796
    3797class Transaction(Expression):
    3798    arg_types = {"this": False, "modes": False, "mark": False}
    3799
    3800
    3801class Commit(Expression):
    3802    arg_types = {"chain": False, "this": False, "durability": False}
    3803
    3804
    3805class Rollback(Expression):
    3806    arg_types = {"savepoint": False, "this": False}
    3807
    3808
    3809class AlterTable(Expression):
    3810    arg_types = {"this": True, "actions": True, "exists": False, "only": False}
    3811
    3812
    3813class AddConstraint(Expression):
    3814    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False, "enforced": False}
    3815
    3816
    3817class DropPartition(Expression):
    3818    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "exists": False}
    3819
    3820
    3821# Binary expressions like (ADD a b)
    3822class Binary(Condition):
    3823    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    3824
    3825    @property
    3826    def left(self) -> Expression:
    3827        return self.this
    3828
    3829    @property
    3830    def right(self) -> Expression:
    3831        return self.expression
    3832
    3833
    3834class Add(Binary):
    3835    pass
    3836
    3837
    3838class Connector(Binary):
    3839    pass
    3840
    3841
    3842class And(Connector):
    3843    pass
    3844
    3845
    3846class Or(Connector):
    3847    pass
    3848
    3849
    3850class BitwiseAnd(Binary):
    3851    pass
    3852
    3853
    3854class BitwiseLeftShift(Binary):
    3855    pass
    3856
    3857
    3858class BitwiseOr(Binary):
    3859    pass
    3860
    3861
    3862class BitwiseRightShift(Binary):
    3863    pass
    3864
    3865
    3866class BitwiseXor(Binary):
    3867    pass
    3868
    3869
    3870class Div(Binary):
    3871    pass
    3872
    3873
    3874class Overlaps(Binary):
    3875    pass
    3876
    3877
    3878class Dot(Binary):
    3879    @property
    3880    def name(self) -> str:
    3881        return self.expression.name
    3882
    3883    @property
    3884    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3885        return self.name
    3886
    3887    @classmethod
    3888    def build(self, expressions: t.Sequence[Expression]) -> Dot:
    3889        """Build a Dot object with a sequence of expressions."""
    3890        if len(expressions) < 2:
    3891            raise ValueError(f"Dot requires >= 2 expressions.")
    3892
    3893        return t.cast(Dot, reduce(lambda x, y: Dot(this=x, expression=y), expressions))
    3894
    3895
    3896class DPipe(Binary):
    3897    pass
    3898
    3899
    3900class SafeDPipe(DPipe):
    3901    pass
    3902
    3903
    3904class EQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3905    pass
    3906
    3907
    3908class NullSafeEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3909    pass
    3910
    3911
    3912class NullSafeNEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3913    pass
    3914
    3915
    3916class Distance(Binary):
    3917    pass
    3918
    3919
    3920class Escape(Binary):
    3921    pass
    3922
    3923
    3924class Glob(Binary, Predicate):
    3925    pass
    3926
    3927
    3928class GT(Binary, Predicate):
    3929    pass
    3930
    3931
    3932class GTE(Binary, Predicate):
    3933    pass
    3934
    3935
    3936class ILike(Binary, Predicate):
    3937    pass
    3938
    3939
    3940class ILikeAny(Binary, Predicate):
    3941    pass
    3942
    3943
    3944class IntDiv(Binary):
    3945    pass
    3946
    3947
    3948class Is(Binary, Predicate):
    3949    pass
    3950
    3951
    3952class Kwarg(Binary):
    3953    """Kwarg in special functions like func(kwarg => y)."""
    3954
    3955
    3956class Like(Binary, Predicate):
    3957    pass
    3958
    3959
    3960class LikeAny(Binary, Predicate):
    3961    pass
    3962
    3963
    3964class LT(Binary, Predicate):
    3965    pass
    3966
    3967
    3968class LTE(Binary, Predicate):
    3969    pass
    3970
    3971
    3972class Mod(Binary):
    3973    pass
    3974
    3975
    3976class Mul(Binary):
    3977    pass
    3978
    3979
    3980class NEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3981    pass
    3982
    3983
    3984class SimilarTo(Binary, Predicate):
    3985    pass
    3986
    3987
    3988class Slice(Binary):
    3989    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False}
    3990
    3991
    3992class Sub(Binary):
    3993    pass
    3994
    3995
    3996class ArrayOverlaps(Binary):
    3997    pass
    3998
    3999
    4000# Unary Expressions
    4001# (NOT a)
    4002class Unary(Condition):
    4003    pass
    4004
    4005
    4006class BitwiseNot(Unary):
    4007    pass
    4008
    4009
    4010class Not(Unary):
    4011    pass
    4012
    4013
    4014class Paren(Unary):
    4015    arg_types = {"this": True, "with": False}
    4016
    4017    @property
    4018    def output_name(self) -> str:
    4019        return self.this.name
    4020
    4021
    4022class Neg(Unary):
    4023    pass
    4024
    4025
    4026class Alias(Expression):
    4027    arg_types = {"this": True, "alias": False}
    4028
    4029    @property
    4030    def output_name(self) -> str:
    4031        return self.alias
    4032
    4033
    4034class Aliases(Expression):
    4035    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    4036
    4037    @property
    4038    def aliases(self):
    4039        return self.expressions
    4040
    4041
    4042class AtTimeZone(Expression):
    4043    arg_types = {"this": True, "zone": True}
    4044
    4045
    4046class Between(Predicate):
    4047    arg_types = {"this": True, "low": True, "high": True}
    4048
    4049
    4050class Bracket(Condition):
    4051    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    4052
    4053    @property
    4054    def output_name(self) -> str:
    4055        if len(self.expressions) == 1:
    4056            return self.expressions[0].output_name
    4057
    4058        return super().output_name
    4059
    4060
    4061class SafeBracket(Bracket):
    4062    """Represents array lookup where OOB index yields NULL instead of causing a failure."""
    4063
    4064
    4065class Distinct(Expression):
    4066    arg_types = {"expressions": False, "on": False}
    4067
    4068
    4069class In(Predicate):
    4070    arg_types = {
    4071        "this": True,
    4072        "expressions": False,
    4073        "query": False,
    4074        "unnest": False,
    4075        "field": False,
    4076        "is_global": False,
    4077    }
    4078
    4079
    4080class TimeUnit(Expression):
    4081    """Automatically converts unit arg into a var."""
    4082
    4083    arg_types = {"unit": False}
    4084
    4085    UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME = {
    4086        "d": "day",
    4087        "h": "hour",
    4088        "m": "minute",
    4089        "ms": "millisecond",
    4090        "ns": "nanosecond",
    4091        "q": "quarter",
    4092        "s": "second",
    4093        "us": "microsecond",
    4094        "w": "week",
    4095        "y": "year",
    4096    }
    4097
    4098    VAR_LIKE = (Column, Literal, Var)
    4099
    4100    def __init__(self, **args):
    4101        unit = args.get("unit")
    4102        if isinstance(unit, self.VAR_LIKE):
    4103            args["unit"] = Var(this=self.UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME.get(unit.name) or unit.name)
    4104        elif isinstance(unit, Week):
    4105            unit.set("this", Var(this=unit.this.name))
    4106
    4107        super().__init__(**args)
    4108
    4109    @property
    4110    def unit(self) -> t.Optional[Var]:
    4111        return self.args.get("unit")
    4112
    4113
    4114class IntervalOp(TimeUnit):
    4115    arg_types = {"unit": True, "expression": True}
    4116
    4117    def interval(self):
    4118        return Interval(
    4119            this=self.expression.copy(),
    4120            unit=self.unit.copy(),
    4121        )
    4122
    4123
    4124# https://www.oracletutorial.com/oracle-basics/oracle-interval/
    4125# https://trino.io/docs/current/language/types.html#interval-day-to-second
    4126# https://docs.databricks.com/en/sql/language-manual/data-types/interval-type.html
    4127class IntervalSpan(DataType):
    4128    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4129
    4130
    4131class Interval(TimeUnit):
    4132    arg_types = {"this": False, "unit": False}
    4133
    4134
    4135class IgnoreNulls(Expression):
    4136    pass
    4137
    4138
    4139class RespectNulls(Expression):
    4140    pass
    4141
    4142
    4143# Functions
    4144class Func(Condition):
    4145    """
    4146    The base class for all function expressions.
    4147
    4148    Attributes:
    4149        is_var_len_args (bool): if set to True the last argument defined in arg_types will be
    4150            treated as a variable length argument and the argument's value will be stored as a list.
    4151        _sql_names (list): determines the SQL name (1st item in the list) and aliases (subsequent items)
    4152            for this function expression. These values are used to map this node to a name during parsing
    4153            as well as to provide the function's name during SQL string generation. By default the SQL
    4154            name is set to the expression's class name transformed to snake case.
    4155    """
    4156
    4157    is_var_len_args = False
    4158
    4159    @classmethod
    4160    def from_arg_list(cls, args):
    4161        if cls.is_var_len_args:
    4162            all_arg_keys = list(cls.arg_types)
    4163            # If this function supports variable length argument treat the last argument as such.
    4164            non_var_len_arg_keys = all_arg_keys[:-1] if cls.is_var_len_args else all_arg_keys
    4165            num_non_var = len(non_var_len_arg_keys)
    4166
    4167            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, non_var_len_arg_keys)}
    4168            args_dict[all_arg_keys[-1]] = args[num_non_var:]
    4169        else:
    4170            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, cls.arg_types)}
    4171
    4172        return cls(**args_dict)
    4173
    4174    @classmethod
    4175    def sql_names(cls):
    4176        if cls is Func:
    4177            raise NotImplementedError(
    4178                "SQL name is only supported by concrete function implementations"
    4179            )
    4180        if "_sql_names" not in cls.__dict__:
    4181            cls._sql_names = [camel_to_snake_case(cls.__name__)]
    4182        return cls._sql_names
    4183
    4184    @classmethod
    4185    def sql_name(cls):
    4186        return cls.sql_names()[0]
    4187
    4188    @classmethod
    4189    def default_parser_mappings(cls):
    4190        return {name: cls.from_arg_list for name in cls.sql_names()}
    4191
    4192
    4193class AggFunc(Func):
    4194    pass
    4195
    4196
    4197class ParameterizedAgg(AggFunc):
    4198    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "params": True}
    4199
    4200
    4201class Abs(Func):
    4202    pass
    4203
    4204
    4205class ArgMax(AggFunc):
    4206    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "count": False}
    4207    _sql_names = ["ARG_MAX", "ARGMAX", "MAX_BY"]
    4208
    4209
    4210class ArgMin(AggFunc):
    4211    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "count": False}
    4212    _sql_names = ["ARG_MIN", "ARGMIN", "MIN_BY"]
    4213
    4214
    4215class ApproxTopK(AggFunc):
    4216    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False, "counters": False}
    4217
    4218
    4219class Flatten(Func):
    4220    pass
    4221
    4222
    4223# https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/sql/index.html#transform
    4224class Transform(Func):
    4225    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4226
    4227
    4228class Anonymous(Func):
    4229    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4230    is_var_len_args = True
    4231
    4232
    4233# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/hll
    4234# https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_HLL_function.html
    4235class Hll(AggFunc):
    4236    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4237    is_var_len_args = True
    4238
    4239
    4240class ApproxDistinct(AggFunc):
    4241    arg_types = {"this": True, "accuracy": False}
    4242    _sql_names = ["APPROX_DISTINCT", "APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"]
    4243
    4244
    4245class Array(Func):
    4246    arg_types = {"expressions": False}
    4247    is_var_len_args = True
    4248
    4249
    4250# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_char
    4251class ToChar(Func):
    4252    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}
    4253
    4254
    4255class GenerateSeries(Func):
    4256    arg_types = {"start": True, "end": True, "step": False}
    4257
    4258
    4259class ArrayAgg(AggFunc):
    4260    pass
    4261
    4262
    4263class ArrayAll(Func):
    4264    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4265
    4266
    4267class ArrayAny(Func):
    4268    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4269
    4270
    4271class ArrayConcat(Func):
    4272    _sql_names = ["ARRAY_CONCAT", "ARRAY_CAT"]
    4273    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4274    is_var_len_args = True
    4275
    4276
    4277class ArrayContains(Binary, Func):
    4278    pass
    4279
    4280
    4281class ArrayContained(Binary):
    4282    pass
    4283
    4284
    4285class ArrayFilter(Func):
    4286    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4287    _sql_names = ["FILTER", "ARRAY_FILTER"]
    4288
    4289
    4290class ArrayJoin(Func):
    4291    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "null": False}
    4292
    4293
    4294class ArraySize(Func):
    4295    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4296
    4297
    4298class ArraySort(Func):
    4299    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4300
    4301
    4302class ArraySum(Func):
    4303    pass
    4304
    4305
    4306class ArrayUnionAgg(AggFunc):
    4307    pass
    4308
    4309
    4310class Avg(AggFunc):
    4311    pass
    4312
    4313
    4314class AnyValue(AggFunc):
    4315    arg_types = {"this": True, "having": False, "max": False, "ignore_nulls": False}
    4316
    4317
    4318class First(Func):
    4319    arg_types = {"this": True, "ignore_nulls": False}
    4320
    4321
    4322class Last(Func):
    4323    arg_types = {"this": True, "ignore_nulls": False}
    4324
    4325
    4326class Case(Func):
    4327    arg_types = {"this": False, "ifs": True, "default": False}
    4328
    4329    def when(self, condition: ExpOrStr, then: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4330        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4331        instance.append(
    4332            "ifs",
    4333            If(
    4334                this=maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts),
    4335                true=maybe_parse(then, copy=copy, **opts),
    4336            ),
    4337        )
    4338        return instance
    4339
    4340    def else_(self, condition: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4341        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4342        instance.set("default", maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts))
    4343        return instance
    4344
    4345
    4346class Cast(Func):
    4347    arg_types = {"this": True, "to": True, "format": False, "safe": False}
    4348
    4349    @property
    4350    def name(self) -> str:
    4351        return self.this.name
    4352
    4353    @property
    4354    def to(self) -> DataType:
    4355        return self.args["to"]
    4356
    4357    @property
    4358    def output_name(self) -> str:
    4359        return self.name
    4360
    4361    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    4362        """
    4363        Checks whether this Cast's DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types
    4364        like arrays or structs will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g.
    4365        array<int> != array<float>.
    4366
    4367        Args:
    4368            dtypes: the data types to compare this Cast's DataType to.
    4369
    4370        Returns:
    4371            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this Cast's DataType.
    4372        """
    4373        return self.to.is_type(*dtypes)
    4374
    4375
    4376class TryCast(Cast):
    4377    pass
    4378
    4379
    4380class CastToStrType(Func):
    4381    arg_types = {"this": True, "to": True}
    4382
    4383
    4384class Collate(Binary, Func):
    4385    pass
    4386
    4387
    4388class Ceil(Func):
    4389    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}
    4390    _sql_names = ["CEIL", "CEILING"]
    4391
    4392
    4393class Coalesce(Func):
    4394    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4395    is_var_len_args = True
    4396    _sql_names = ["COALESCE", "IFNULL", "NVL"]
    4397
    4398
    4399class Chr(Func):
    4400    arg_types = {"this": True, "charset": False, "expressions": False}
    4401    is_var_len_args = True
    4402    _sql_names = ["CHR", "CHAR"]
    4403
    4404
    4405class Concat(Func):
    4406    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    4407    is_var_len_args = True
    4408
    4409
    4410class SafeConcat(Concat):
    4411    pass
    4412
    4413
    4414class ConcatWs(Concat):
    4415    _sql_names = ["CONCAT_WS"]
    4416
    4417
    4418class Count(AggFunc):
    4419    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": False}
    4420    is_var_len_args = True
    4421
    4422
    4423class CountIf(AggFunc):
    4424    pass
    4425
    4426
    4427class CurrentDate(Func):
    4428    arg_types = {"this": False}
    4429
    4430
    4431class CurrentDatetime(Func):
    4432    arg_types = {"this": False}
    4433
    4434
    4435class CurrentTime(Func):
    4436    arg_types = {"this": False}
    4437
    4438
    4439class CurrentTimestamp(Func):
    4440    arg_types = {"this": False}
    4441
    4442
    4443class CurrentUser(Func):
    4444    arg_types = {"this": False}
    4445
    4446
    4447class DateAdd(Func, IntervalOp):
    4448    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4449
    4450
    4451class DateSub(Func, IntervalOp):
    4452    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4453
    4454
    4455class DateDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4456    _sql_names = ["DATEDIFF", "DATE_DIFF"]
    4457    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4458
    4459
    4460class DateTrunc(Func):
    4461    arg_types = {"unit": True, "this": True, "zone": False}
    4462
    4463    @property
    4464    def unit(self) -> Expression:
    4465        return self.args["unit"]
    4466
    4467
    4468class DatetimeAdd(Func, IntervalOp):
    4469    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4470
    4471
    4472class DatetimeSub(Func, IntervalOp):
    4473    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4474
    4475
    4476class DatetimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4477    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4478
    4479
    4480class DatetimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4481    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}
    4482
    4483
    4484class DayOfWeek(Func):
    4485    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_WEEK", "DAYOFWEEK"]
    4486
    4487
    4488class DayOfMonth(Func):
    4489    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_MONTH", "DAYOFMONTH"]
    4490
    4491
    4492class DayOfYear(Func):
    4493    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_YEAR", "DAYOFYEAR"]
    4494
    4495
    4496class ToDays(Func):
    4497    pass
    4498
    4499
    4500class WeekOfYear(Func):
    4501    _sql_names = ["WEEK_OF_YEAR", "WEEKOFYEAR"]
    4502
    4503
    4504class MonthsBetween(Func):
    4505    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "roundoff": False}
    4506
    4507
    4508class LastDateOfMonth(Func):
    4509    pass
    4510
    4511
    4512class Extract(Func):
    4513    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4514
    4515
    4516class Timestamp(Func):
    4517    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False}
    4518
    4519
    4520class TimestampAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4521    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4522
    4523
    4524class TimestampSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4525    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4526
    4527
    4528class TimestampDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4529    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4530
    4531
    4532class TimestampTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4533    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}
    4534
    4535
    4536class TimeAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4537    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4538
    4539
    4540class TimeSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4541    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4542
    4543
    4544class TimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4545    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4546
    4547
    4548class TimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4549    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}
    4550
    4551
    4552class DateFromParts(Func):
    4553    _sql_names = ["DATEFROMPARTS"]
    4554    arg_types = {"year": True, "month": True, "day": True}
    4555
    4556
    4557class DateStrToDate(Func):
    4558    pass
    4559
    4560
    4561class DateToDateStr(Func):
    4562    pass
    4563
    4564
    4565class DateToDi(Func):
    4566    pass
    4567
    4568
    4569# https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/date_functions#date
    4570class Date(Func):
    4571    arg_types = {"this": False, "zone": False, "expressions": False}
    4572    is_var_len_args = True
    4573
    4574
    4575class Day(Func):
    4576    pass
    4577
    4578
    4579class Decode(Func):
    4580    arg_types = {"this": True, "charset": True, "replace": False}
    4581
    4582
    4583class DiToDate(Func):
    4584    pass
    4585
    4586
    4587class Encode(Func):
    4588    arg_types = {"this": True, "charset": True}
    4589
    4590
    4591class Exp(Func):
    4592    pass
    4593
    4594
    4595# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/flatten
    4596class Explode(Func):
    4597    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4598    is_var_len_args = True
    4599
    4600
    4601class ExplodeOuter(Explode):
    4602    pass
    4603
    4604
    4605class Posexplode(Explode):
    4606    pass
    4607
    4608
    4609class PosexplodeOuter(Posexplode):
    4610    pass
    4611
    4612
    4613class Floor(Func):
    4614    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}
    4615
    4616
    4617class FromBase64(Func):
    4618    pass
    4619
    4620
    4621class ToBase64(Func):
    4622    pass
    4623
    4624
    4625class Greatest(Func):
    4626    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4627    is_var_len_args = True
    4628
    4629
    4630class GroupConcat(AggFunc):
    4631    arg_types = {"this": True, "separator": False}
    4632
    4633
    4634class Hex(Func):
    4635    pass
    4636
    4637
    4638class Xor(Connector, Func):
    4639    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False, "expressions": False}
    4640
    4641
    4642class If(Func):
    4643    arg_types = {"this": True, "true": True, "false": False}
    4644
    4645
    4646class Initcap(Func):
    4647    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4648
    4649
    4650class IsNan(Func):
    4651    _sql_names = ["IS_NAN", "ISNAN"]
    4652
    4653
    4654class FormatJson(Expression):
    4655    pass
    4656
    4657
    4658class JSONKeyValue(Expression):
    4659    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4660
    4661
    4662class JSONObject(Func):
    4663    arg_types = {
    4664        "expressions": False,
    4665        "null_handling": False,
    4666        "unique_keys": False,
    4667        "return_type": False,
    4668        "encoding": False,
    4669    }
    4670
    4671
    4672# https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/JSON_ARRAY.html
    4673class JSONArray(Func):
    4674    arg_types = {
    4675        "expressions": True,
    4676        "null_handling": False,
    4677        "return_type": False,
    4678        "strict": False,
    4679    }
    4680
    4681
    4682# https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/JSON_ARRAYAGG.html
    4683class JSONArrayAgg(Func):
    4684    arg_types = {
    4685        "this": True,
    4686        "order": False,
    4687        "null_handling": False,
    4688        "return_type": False,
    4689        "strict": False,
    4690    }
    4691
    4692
    4693# https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/JSON_TABLE.html
    4694# Note: parsing of JSON column definitions is currently incomplete.
    4695class JSONColumnDef(Expression):
    4696    arg_types = {"this": False, "kind": False, "path": False, "nested_schema": False}
    4697
    4698
    4699class JSONSchema(Expression):
    4700    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    4701
    4702
    4703# # https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/JSON_TABLE.html
    4704class JSONTable(Func):
    4705    arg_types = {
    4706        "this": True,
    4707        "schema": True,
    4708        "path": False,
    4709        "error_handling": False,
    4710        "empty_handling": False,
    4711    }
    4712
    4713
    4714class OpenJSONColumnDef(Expression):
    4715    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "path": False, "as_json": False}
    4716
    4717
    4718class OpenJSON(Func):
    4719    arg_types = {"this": True, "path": False, "expressions": False}
    4720
    4721
    4722class JSONBContains(Binary):
    4723    _sql_names = ["JSONB_CONTAINS"]
    4724
    4725
    4726class JSONExtract(Binary, Func):
    4727    _sql_names = ["JSON_EXTRACT"]
    4728
    4729
    4730class JSONExtractScalar(JSONExtract):
    4731    _sql_names = ["JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR"]
    4732
    4733
    4734class JSONBExtract(JSONExtract):
    4735    _sql_names = ["JSONB_EXTRACT"]
    4736
    4737
    4738class JSONBExtractScalar(JSONExtract):
    4739    _sql_names = ["JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR"]
    4740
    4741
    4742class JSONFormat(Func):
    4743    arg_types = {"this": False, "options": False}
    4744    _sql_names = ["JSON_FORMAT"]
    4745
    4746
    4747# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/json-search-functions.html#operator_member-of
    4748class JSONArrayContains(Binary, Predicate, Func):
    4749    _sql_names = ["JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS"]
    4750
    4751
    4752class ParseJSON(Func):
    4753    # BigQuery, Snowflake have PARSE_JSON, Presto has JSON_PARSE
    4754    _sql_names = ["PARSE_JSON", "JSON_PARSE"]
    4755    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4756    is_var_len_args = True
    4757
    4758
    4759class Least(Func):
    4760    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4761    is_var_len_args = True
    4762
    4763
    4764class Left(Func):
    4765    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4766
    4767
    4768class Right(Func):
    4769    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4770
    4771
    4772class Length(Func):
    4773    _sql_names = ["LENGTH", "LEN"]
    4774
    4775
    4776class Levenshtein(Func):
    4777    arg_types = {
    4778        "this": True,
    4779        "expression": False,
    4780        "ins_cost": False,
    4781        "del_cost": False,
    4782        "sub_cost": False,
    4783    }
    4784
    4785
    4786class Ln(Func):
    4787    pass
    4788
    4789
    4790class Log(Func):
    4791    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4792
    4793
    4794class Log2(Func):
    4795    pass
    4796
    4797
    4798class Log10(Func):
    4799    pass
    4800
    4801
    4802class LogicalOr(AggFunc):
    4803    _sql_names = ["LOGICAL_OR", "BOOL_OR", "BOOLOR_AGG"]
    4804
    4805
    4806class LogicalAnd(AggFunc):
    4807    _sql_names = ["LOGICAL_AND", "BOOL_AND", "BOOLAND_AGG"]
    4808
    4809
    4810class Lower(Func):
    4811    _sql_names = ["LOWER", "LCASE"]
    4812
    4813
    4814class Map(Func):
    4815    arg_types = {"keys": False, "values": False}
    4816
    4817    @property
    4818    def keys(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4819        keys = self.args.get("keys")
    4820        return keys.expressions if keys else []
    4821
    4822    @property
    4823    def values(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4824        values = self.args.get("values")
    4825        return values.expressions if values else []
    4826
    4827
    4828class MapFromEntries(Func):
    4829    pass
    4830
    4831
    4832class StarMap(Func):
    4833    pass
    4834
    4835
    4836class VarMap(Func):
    4837    arg_types = {"keys": True, "values": True}
    4838    is_var_len_args = True
    4839
    4840    @property
    4841    def keys(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4842        return self.args["keys"].expressions
    4843
    4844    @property
    4845    def values(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4846        return self.args["values"].expressions
    4847
    4848
    4849# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/fulltext-search.html
    4850class MatchAgainst(Func):
    4851    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "modifier": False}
    4852
    4853
    4854class Max(AggFunc):
    4855    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4856    is_var_len_args = True
    4857
    4858
    4859class MD5(Func):
    4860    _sql_names = ["MD5"]
    4861
    4862
    4863# Represents the variant of the MD5 function that returns a binary value
    4864class MD5Digest(Func):
    4865    _sql_names = ["MD5_DIGEST"]
    4866
    4867
    4868class Min(AggFunc):
    4869    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4870    is_var_len_args = True
    4871
    4872
    4873class Month(Func):
    4874    pass
    4875
    4876
    4877class Nvl2(Func):
    4878    arg_types = {"this": True, "true": True, "false": False}
    4879
    4880
    4881# https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/bigqueryml-syntax-predict#mlpredict_function
    4882class Predict(Func):
    4883    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "params_struct": False}
    4884
    4885
    4886class Pow(Binary, Func):
    4887    _sql_names = ["POWER", "POW"]
    4888
    4889
    4890class PercentileCont(AggFunc):
    4891    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4892
    4893
    4894class PercentileDisc(AggFunc):
    4895    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4896
    4897
    4898class Quantile(AggFunc):
    4899    arg_types = {"this": True, "quantile": True}
    4900
    4901
    4902class ApproxQuantile(Quantile):
    4903    arg_types = {"this": True, "quantile": True, "accuracy": False, "weight": False}
    4904
    4905
    4906class RangeN(Func):
    4907    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "each": False}
    4908
    4909
    4910class ReadCSV(Func):
    4911    _sql_names = ["READ_CSV"]
    4912    is_var_len_args = True
    4913    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4914
    4915
    4916class Reduce(Func):
    4917    arg_types = {"this": True, "initial": True, "merge": True, "finish": False}
    4918
    4919
    4920class RegexpExtract(Func):
    4921    arg_types = {
    4922        "this": True,
    4923        "expression": True,
    4924        "position": False,
    4925        "occurrence": False,
    4926        "parameters": False,
    4927        "group": False,
    4928    }
    4929
    4930
    4931class RegexpReplace(Func):
    4932    arg_types = {
    4933        "this": True,
    4934        "expression": True,
    4935        "replacement": True,
    4936        "position": False,
    4937        "occurrence": False,
    4938        "parameters": False,
    4939        "modifiers": False,
    4940    }
    4941
    4942
    4943class RegexpLike(Binary, Func):
    4944    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "flag": False}
    4945
    4946
    4947class RegexpILike(Binary, Func):
    4948    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "flag": False}
    4949
    4950
    4951# https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/python/reference/pyspark.sql/api/pyspark.sql.functions.split.html
    4952# limit is the number of times a pattern is applied
    4953class RegexpSplit(Func):
    4954    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "limit": False}
    4955
    4956
    4957class Repeat(Func):
    4958    arg_types = {"this": True, "times": True}
    4959
    4960
    4961class Round(Func):
    4962    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}
    4963
    4964
    4965class RowNumber(Func):
    4966    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
    4967
    4968
    4969class SafeDivide(Func):
    4970    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4971
    4972
    4973class SetAgg(AggFunc):
    4974    pass
    4975
    4976
    4977class SHA(Func):
    4978    _sql_names = ["SHA", "SHA1"]
    4979
    4980
    4981class SHA2(Func):
    4982    _sql_names = ["SHA2"]
    4983    arg_types = {"this": True, "length": False}
    4984
    4985
    4986class SortArray(Func):
    4987    arg_types = {"this": True, "asc": False}
    4988
    4989
    4990class Split(Func):
    4991    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "limit": False}
    4992
    4993
    4994# Start may be omitted in the case of postgres
    4995# https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/functions-string.html @ Table 9-6
    4996class Substring(Func):
    4997    arg_types = {"this": True, "start": False, "length": False}
    4998
    4999
    5000class StandardHash(Func):
    5001    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    5002
    5003
    5004class StartsWith(Func):
    5005    _sql_names = ["STARTS_WITH", "STARTSWITH"]
    5006    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    5007
    5008
    5009class StrPosition(Func):
    5010    arg_types = {
    5011        "this": True,
    5012        "substr": True,
    5013        "position": False,
    5014        "instance": False,
    5015    }
    5016
    5017
    5018class StrToDate(Func):
    5019    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True}
    5020
    5021
    5022class StrToTime(Func):
    5023    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "zone": False}
    5024
    5025
    5026# Spark allows unix_timestamp()
    5027# https://spark.apache.org/docs/3.1.3/api/python/reference/api/pyspark.sql.functions.unix_timestamp.html
    5028class StrToUnix(Func):
    5029    arg_types = {"this": False, "format": False}
    5030
    5031
    5032# https://prestodb.io/docs/current/functions/string.html
    5033# https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/sql/index.html#str_to_map
    5034class StrToMap(Func):
    5035    arg_types = {
    5036        "this": True,
    5037        "pair_delim": False,
    5038        "key_value_delim": False,
    5039        "duplicate_resolution_callback": False,
    5040    }
    5041
    5042
    5043class NumberToStr(Func):
    5044    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "culture": False}
    5045
    5046
    5047class FromBase(Func):
    5048    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    5049
    5050
    5051class Struct(Func):
    5052    arg_types = {"expressions": False}
    5053    is_var_len_args = True
    5054
    5055
    5056class StructExtract(Func):
    5057    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    5058
    5059
    5060# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/stuff-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
    5061# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/insert
    5062class Stuff(Func):
    5063    _sql_names = ["STUFF", "INSERT"]
    5064    arg_types = {"this": True, "start": True, "length": True, "expression": True}
    5065
    5066
    5067class Sum(AggFunc):
    5068    pass
    5069
    5070
    5071class Sqrt(Func):
    5072    pass
    5073
    5074
    5075class Stddev(AggFunc):
    5076    pass
    5077
    5078
    5079class StddevPop(AggFunc):
    5080    pass
    5081
    5082
    5083class StddevSamp(AggFunc):
    5084    pass
    5085
    5086
    5087class TimeToStr(Func):
    5088    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "culture": False}
    5089
    5090
    5091class TimeToTimeStr(Func):
    5092    pass
    5093
    5094
    5095class TimeToUnix(Func):
    5096    pass
    5097
    5098
    5099class TimeStrToDate(Func):
    5100    pass
    5101
    5102
    5103class TimeStrToTime(Func):
    5104    pass
    5105
    5106
    5107class TimeStrToUnix(Func):
    5108    pass
    5109
    5110
    5111class Trim(Func):
    5112    arg_types = {
    5113        "this": True,
    5114        "expression": False,
    5115        "position": False,
    5116        "collation": False,
    5117    }
    5118
    5119
    5120class TsOrDsAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    5121    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    5122
    5123
    5124class TsOrDsToDateStr(Func):
    5125    pass
    5126
    5127
    5128class TsOrDsToDate(Func):
    5129    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}
    5130
    5131
    5132class TsOrDiToDi(Func):
    5133    pass
    5134
    5135
    5136class Unhex(Func):
    5137    pass
    5138
    5139
    5140class UnixToStr(Func):
    5141    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}
    5142
    5143
    5144# https://prestodb.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html
    5145# presto has weird zone/hours/minutes
    5146class UnixToTime(Func):
    5147    arg_types = {"this": True, "scale": False, "zone": False, "hours": False, "minutes": False}
    5148
    5149    SECONDS = Literal.string("seconds")
    5150    MILLIS = Literal.string("millis")
    5151    MICROS = Literal.string("micros")
    5152
    5153
    5154class UnixToTimeStr(Func):
    5155    pass
    5156
    5157
    5158class Upper(Func):
    5159    _sql_names = ["UPPER", "UCASE"]
    5160
    5161
    5162class Variance(AggFunc):
    5163    _sql_names = ["VARIANCE", "VARIANCE_SAMP", "VAR_SAMP"]
    5164
    5165
    5166class VariancePop(AggFunc):
    5167    _sql_names = ["VARIANCE_POP", "VAR_POP"]
    5168
    5169
    5170class Week(Func):
    5171    arg_types = {"this": True, "mode": False}
    5172
    5173
    5174class XMLTable(Func):
    5175    arg_types = {"this": True, "passing": False, "columns": False, "by_ref": False}
    5176
    5177
    5178class Year(Func):
    5179    pass
    5180
    5181
    5182class Use(Expression):
    5183    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False}
    5184
    5185
    5186class Merge(Expression):
    5187    arg_types = {"this": True, "using": True, "on": True, "expressions": True, "with": False}
    5188
    5189
    5190class When(Func):
    5191    arg_types = {"matched": True, "source": False, "condition": False, "then": True}
    5192
    5193
    5194# https://docs.oracle.com/javadb/10.8.3.0/ref/rrefsqljnextvaluefor.html
    5195# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/next-value-for-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
    5196class NextValueFor(Func):
    5197    arg_types = {"this": True, "order": False}
    5198
    5199
    5200def _norm_arg(arg):
    5201    return arg.lower() if type(arg) is str else arg
    5202
    5203
    5204ALL_FUNCTIONS = subclasses(__name__, Func, (AggFunc, Anonymous, Func))
    5205
    5206
    5207# Helpers
    5208@t.overload
    5209def maybe_parse(
    5210    sql_or_expression: ExpOrStr,
    5211    *,
    5212    into: t.Type[E],
    5213    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5214    prefix: t.Optional[str] = None,
    5215    copy: bool = False,
    5216    **opts,
    5217) -> E:
    5218    ...
    5219
    5220
    5221@t.overload
    5222def maybe_parse(
    5223    sql_or_expression: str | E,
    5224    *,
    5225    into: t.Optional[IntoType] = None,
    5226    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5227    prefix: t.Optional[str] = None,
    5228    copy: bool = False,
    5229    **opts,
    5230) -> E:
    5231    ...
    5232
    5233
    5234def maybe_parse(
    5235    sql_or_expression: ExpOrStr,
    5236    *,
    5237    into: t.Optional[IntoType] = None,
    5238    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5239    prefix: t.Optional[str] = None,
    5240    copy: bool = False,
    5241    **opts,
    5242) -> Expression:
    5243    """Gracefully handle a possible string or expression.
    5244
    5245    Example:
    5246        >>> maybe_parse("1")
    5247        (LITERAL this: 1, is_string: False)
    5248        >>> maybe_parse(to_identifier("x"))
    5249        (IDENTIFIER this: x, quoted: False)
    5250
    5251    Args:
    5252        sql_or_expression: the SQL code string or an expression
    5253        into: the SQLGlot Expression to parse into
    5254        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an
    5255            input expression is a SQL string).
    5256        prefix: a string to prefix the sql with before it gets parsed
    5257            (automatically includes a space)
    5258        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5259        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5260            that an input expression is a SQL string).
    5261
    5262    Returns:
    5263        Expression: the parsed or given expression.
    5264    """
    5265    if isinstance(sql_or_expression, Expression):
    5266        if copy:
    5267            return sql_or_expression.copy()
    5268        return sql_or_expression
    5269
    5270    if sql_or_expression is None:
    5271        raise ParseError(f"SQL cannot be None")
    5272
    5273    import sqlglot
    5274
    5275    sql = str(sql_or_expression)
    5276    if prefix:
    5277        sql = f"{prefix} {sql}"
    5278
    5279    return sqlglot.parse_one(sql, read=dialect, into=into, **opts)
    5280
    5281
    5282@t.overload
    5283def maybe_copy(instance: None, copy: bool = True) -> None:
    5284    ...
    5285
    5286
    5287@t.overload
    5288def maybe_copy(instance: E, copy: bool = True) -> E:
    5289    ...
    5290
    5291
    5292def maybe_copy(instance, copy=True):
    5293    return instance.copy() if copy and instance else instance
    5294
    5295
    5296def _is_wrong_expression(expression, into):
    5297    return isinstance(expression, Expression) and not isinstance(expression, into)
    5298
    5299
    5300def _apply_builder(
    5301    expression,
    5302    instance,
    5303    arg,
    5304    copy=True,
    5305    prefix=None,
    5306    into=None,
    5307    dialect=None,
    5308    into_arg="this",
    5309    **opts,
    5310):
    5311    if _is_wrong_expression(expression, into):
    5312        expression = into(**{into_arg: expression})
    5313    instance = maybe_copy(instance, copy)
    5314    expression = maybe_parse(
    5315        sql_or_expression=expression,
    5316        prefix=prefix,
    5317        into=into,
    5318        dialect=dialect,
    5319        **opts,
    5320    )
    5321    instance.set(arg, expression)
    5322    return instance
    5323
    5324
    5325def _apply_child_list_builder(
    5326    *expressions,
    5327    instance,
    5328    arg,
    5329    append=True,
    5330    copy=True,
    5331    prefix=None,
    5332    into=None,
    5333    dialect=None,
    5334    properties=None,
    5335    **opts,
    5336):
    5337    instance = maybe_copy(instance, copy)
    5338    parsed = []
    5339    for expression in expressions:
    5340        if expression is not None:
    5341            if _is_wrong_expression(expression, into):
    5342                expression = into(expressions=[expression])
    5343
    5344            expression = maybe_parse(
    5345                expression,
    5346                into=into,
    5347                dialect=dialect,
    5348                prefix=prefix,
    5349                **opts,
    5350            )
    5351            parsed.extend(expression.expressions)
    5352
    5353    existing = instance.args.get(arg)
    5354    if append and existing:
    5355        parsed = existing.expressions + parsed
    5356
    5357    child = into(expressions=parsed)
    5358    for k, v in (properties or {}).items():
    5359        child.set(k, v)
    5360    instance.set(arg, child)
    5361
    5362    return instance
    5363
    5364
    5365def _apply_list_builder(
    5366    *expressions,
    5367    instance,
    5368    arg,
    5369    append=True,
    5370    copy=True,
    5371    prefix=None,
    5372    into=None,
    5373    dialect=None,
    5374    **opts,
    5375):
    5376    inst = maybe_copy(instance, copy)
    5377
    5378    expressions = [
    5379        maybe_parse(
    5380            sql_or_expression=expression,
    5381            into=into,
    5382            prefix=prefix,
    5383            dialect=dialect,
    5384            **opts,
    5385        )
    5386        for expression in expressions
    5387        if expression is not None
    5388    ]
    5389
    5390    existing_expressions = inst.args.get(arg)
    5391    if append and existing_expressions:
    5392        expressions = existing_expressions + expressions
    5393
    5394    inst.set(arg, expressions)
    5395    return inst
    5396
    5397
    5398def _apply_conjunction_builder(
    5399    *expressions,
    5400    instance,
    5401    arg,
    5402    into=None,
    5403    append=True,
    5404    copy=True,
    5405    dialect=None,
    5406    **opts,
    5407):
    5408    expressions = [exp for exp in expressions if exp is not None and exp != ""]
    5409    if not expressions:
    5410        return instance
    5411
    5412    inst = maybe_copy(instance, copy)
    5413
    5414    existing = inst.args.get(arg)
    5415    if append and existing is not None:
    5416        expressions = [existing.this if into else existing] + list(expressions)
    5417
    5418    node = and_(*expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5419
    5420    inst.set(arg, into(this=node) if into else node)
    5421    return inst
    5422
    5423
    5424def _apply_cte_builder(
    5425    instance: E,
    5426    alias: ExpOrStr,
    5427    as_: ExpOrStr,
    5428    recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5429    append: bool = True,
    5430    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5431    copy: bool = True,
    5432    **opts,
    5433) -> E:
    5434    alias_expression = maybe_parse(alias, dialect=dialect, into=TableAlias, **opts)
    5435    as_expression = maybe_parse(as_, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5436    cte = CTE(this=as_expression, alias=alias_expression)
    5437    return _apply_child_list_builder(
    5438        cte,
    5439        instance=instance,
    5440        arg="with",
    5441        append=append,
    5442        copy=copy,
    5443        into=With,
    5444        properties={"recursive": recursive or False},
    5445    )
    5446
    5447
    5448def _combine(
    5449    expressions: t.Sequence[t.Optional[ExpOrStr]],
    5450    operator: t.Type[Connector],
    5451    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5452    copy: bool = True,
    5453    **opts,
    5454) -> Expression:
    5455    conditions = [
    5456        condition(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5457        for expression in expressions
    5458        if expression is not None
    5459    ]
    5460
    5461    this, *rest = conditions
    5462    if rest:
    5463        this = _wrap(this, Connector)
    5464    for expression in rest:
    5465        this = operator(this=this, expression=_wrap(expression, Connector))
    5466
    5467    return this
    5468
    5469
    5470def _wrap(expression: E, kind: t.Type[Expression]) -> E | Paren:
    5471    return Paren(this=expression) if isinstance(expression, kind) else expression
    5472
    5473
    5474def union(
    5475    left: ExpOrStr,
    5476    right: ExpOrStr,
    5477    distinct: bool = True,
    5478    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5479    copy: bool = True,
    5480    **opts,
    5481) -> Union:
    5482    """
    5483    Initializes a syntax tree from one UNION expression.
    5484
    5485    Example:
    5486        >>> union("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5487        'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'
    5488
    5489    Args:
    5490        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5491            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5492        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5493            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5494        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5495        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5496        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5497        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5498
    5499    Returns:
    5500        The new Union instance.
    5501    """
    5502    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5503    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5504
    5505    return Union(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)
    5506
    5507
    5508def intersect(
    5509    left: ExpOrStr,
    5510    right: ExpOrStr,
    5511    distinct: bool = True,
    5512    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5513    copy: bool = True,
    5514    **opts,
    5515) -> Intersect:
    5516    """
    5517    Initializes a syntax tree from one INTERSECT expression.
    5518
    5519    Example:
    5520        >>> intersect("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5521        'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'
    5522
    5523    Args:
    5524        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5525            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5526        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5527            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5528        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5529        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5530        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5531        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5532
    5533    Returns:
    5534        The new Intersect instance.
    5535    """
    5536    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5537    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5538
    5539    return Intersect(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)
    5540
    5541
    5542def except_(
    5543    left: ExpOrStr,
    5544    right: ExpOrStr,
    5545    distinct: bool = True,
    5546    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5547    copy: bool = True,
    5548    **opts,
    5549) -> Except:
    5550    """
    5551    Initializes a syntax tree from one EXCEPT expression.
    5552
    5553    Example:
    5554        >>> except_("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5555        'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'
    5556
    5557    Args:
    5558        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5559            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5560        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5561            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5562        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5563        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5564        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5565        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5566
    5567    Returns:
    5568        The new Except instance.
    5569    """
    5570    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5571    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5572
    5573    return Except(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)
    5574
    5575
    5576def select(*expressions: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> Select:
    5577    """
    5578    Initializes a syntax tree from one or multiple SELECT expressions.
    5579
    5580    Example:
    5581        >>> select("col1", "col2").from_("tbl").sql()
    5582        'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'
    5583
    5584    Args:
    5585        *expressions: the SQL code string to parse as the expressions of a
    5586            SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5587        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an
    5588            input expression is a SQL string).
    5589        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5590            that an input expression is a SQL string).
    5591
    5592    Returns:
    5593        Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.
    5594    """
    5595    return Select().select(*expressions, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5596
    5597
    5598def from_(expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> Select:
    5599    """
    5600    Initializes a syntax tree from a FROM expression.
    5601
    5602    Example:
    5603        >>> from_("tbl").select("col1", "col2").sql()
    5604        'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'
    5605
    5606    Args:
    5607        *expression: the SQL code string to parse as the FROM expressions of a
    5608            SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5609        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the
    5610            input expression is a SQL string).
    5611        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5612            that the input expression is a SQL string).
    5613
    5614    Returns:
    5615        Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.
    5616    """
    5617    return Select().from_(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5618
    5619
    5620def update(
    5621    table: str | Table,
    5622    properties: dict,
    5623    where: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5624    from_: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5625    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5626    **opts,
    5627) -> Update:
    5628    """
    5629    Creates an update statement.
    5630
    5631    Example:
    5632        >>> update("my_table", {"x": 1, "y": "2", "z": None}, from_="baz", where="id > 1").sql()
    5633        "UPDATE my_table SET x = 1, y = '2', z = NULL FROM baz WHERE id > 1"
    5634
    5635    Args:
    5636        *properties: dictionary of properties to set which are
    5637            auto converted to sql objects eg None -> NULL
    5638        where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
    5639        from_: sql statement parsed into a FROM statement
    5640        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5641        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5642
    5643    Returns:
    5644        Update: the syntax tree for the UPDATE statement.
    5645    """
    5646    update_expr = Update(this=maybe_parse(table, into=Table, dialect=dialect))
    5647    update_expr.set(
    5648        "expressions",
    5649        [
    5650            EQ(this=maybe_parse(k, dialect=dialect, **opts), expression=convert(v))
    5651            for k, v in properties.items()
    5652        ],
    5653    )
    5654    if from_:
    5655        update_expr.set(
    5656            "from",
    5657            maybe_parse(from_, into=From, dialect=dialect, prefix="FROM", **opts),
    5658        )
    5659    if isinstance(where, Condition):
    5660        where = Where(this=where)
    5661    if where:
    5662        update_expr.set(
    5663            "where",
    5664            maybe_parse(where, into=Where, dialect=dialect, prefix="WHERE", **opts),
    5665        )
    5666    return update_expr
    5667
    5668
    5669def delete(
    5670    table: ExpOrStr,
    5671    where: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5672    returning: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5673    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5674    **opts,
    5675) -> Delete:
    5676    """
    5677    Builds a delete statement.
    5678
    5679    Example:
    5680        >>> delete("my_table", where="id > 1").sql()
    5681        'DELETE FROM my_table WHERE id > 1'
    5682
    5683    Args:
    5684        where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
    5685        returning: sql conditional parsed into a RETURNING statement
    5686        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5687        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5688
    5689    Returns:
    5690        Delete: the syntax tree for the DELETE statement.
    5691    """
    5692    delete_expr = Delete().delete(table, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5693    if where:
    5694        delete_expr = delete_expr.where(where, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5695    if returning:
    5696        delete_expr = delete_expr.returning(returning, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5697    return delete_expr
    5698
    5699
    5700def insert(
    5701    expression: ExpOrStr,
    5702    into: ExpOrStr,
    5703    columns: t.Optional[t.Sequence[ExpOrStr]] = None,
    5704    overwrite: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5705    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5706    copy: bool = True,
    5707    **opts,
    5708) -> Insert:
    5709    """
    5710    Builds an INSERT statement.
    5711
    5712    Example:
    5713        >>> insert("VALUES (1, 2, 3)", "tbl").sql()
    5714        'INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (1, 2, 3)'
    5715
    5716    Args:
    5717        expression: the sql string or expression of the INSERT statement
    5718        into: the tbl to insert data to.
    5719        columns: optionally the table's column names.
    5720        overwrite: whether to INSERT OVERWRITE or not.
    5721        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5722        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5723        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5724
    5725    Returns:
    5726        Insert: the syntax tree for the INSERT statement.
    5727    """
    5728    expr = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5729    this: Table | Schema = maybe_parse(into, into=Table, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5730
    5731    if columns:
    5732        this = _apply_list_builder(
    5733            *columns,
    5734            instance=Schema(this=this),
    5735            arg="expressions",
    5736            into=Identifier,
    5737            copy=False,
    5738            dialect=dialect,
    5739            **opts,
    5740        )
    5741
    5742    return Insert(this=this, expression=expr, overwrite=overwrite)
    5743
    5744
    5745def condition(
    5746    expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5747) -> Condition:
    5748    """
    5749    Initialize a logical condition expression.
    5750
    5751    Example:
    5752        >>> condition("x=1").sql()
    5753        'x = 1'
    5754
    5755        This is helpful for composing larger logical syntax trees:
    5756        >>> where = condition("x=1")
    5757        >>> where = where.and_("y=1")
    5758        >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("*").where(where).sql()
    5759        'SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE x = 1 AND y = 1'
    5760
    5761    Args:
    5762        *expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5763            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5764        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the
    5765            input expression is a SQL string).
    5766        copy: Whether or not to copy `expression` (only applies to expressions).
    5767        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5768            that the input expression is a SQL string).
    5769
    5770    Returns:
    5771        The new Condition instance
    5772    """
    5773    return maybe_parse(
    5774        expression,
    5775        into=Condition,
    5776        dialect=dialect,
    5777        copy=copy,
    5778        **opts,
    5779    )
    5780
    5781
    5782def and_(
    5783    *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5784) -> Condition:
    5785    """
    5786    Combine multiple conditions with an AND logical operator.
    5787
    5788    Example:
    5789        >>> and_("x=1", and_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
    5790        'x = 1 AND (y = 1 AND z = 1)'
    5791
    5792    Args:
    5793        *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5794            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5795        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5796        copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
    5797        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5798
    5799    Returns:
    5800        And: the new condition
    5801    """
    5802    return t.cast(Condition, _combine(expressions, And, dialect, copy=copy, **opts))
    5803
    5804
    5805def or_(
    5806    *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5807) -> Condition:
    5808    """
    5809    Combine multiple conditions with an OR logical operator.
    5810
    5811    Example:
    5812        >>> or_("x=1", or_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
    5813        'x = 1 OR (y = 1 OR z = 1)'
    5814
    5815    Args:
    5816        *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5817            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5818        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5819        copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
    5820        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5821
    5822    Returns:
    5823        Or: the new condition
    5824    """
    5825    return t.cast(Condition, _combine(expressions, Or, dialect, copy=copy, **opts))
    5826
    5827
    5828def not_(expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Not:
    5829    """
    5830    Wrap a condition with a NOT operator.
    5831
    5832    Example:
    5833        >>> not_("this_suit='black'").sql()
    5834        "NOT this_suit = 'black'"
    5835
    5836    Args:
    5837        expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5838            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5839        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5840        copy: whether to copy the expression or not.
    5841        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5842
    5843    Returns:
    5844        The new condition.
    5845    """
    5846    this = condition(
    5847        expression,
    5848        dialect=dialect,
    5849        copy=copy,
    5850        **opts,
    5851    )
    5852    return Not(this=_wrap(this, Connector))
    5853
    5854
    5855def paren(expression: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True) -> Paren:
    5856    """
    5857    Wrap an expression in parentheses.
    5858
    5859    Example:
    5860        >>> paren("5 + 3").sql()
    5861        '(5 + 3)'
    5862
    5863    Args:
    5864        expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5865            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5866        copy: whether to copy the expression or not.
    5867
    5868    Returns:
    5869        The wrapped expression.
    5870    """
    5871    return Paren(this=maybe_parse(expression, copy=copy))
    5872
    5873
    5874SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE = re.compile(r"^[_a-zA-Z][\w]*$")
    5875
    5876
    5877@t.overload
    5878def to_identifier(name: None, quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None, copy: bool = True) -> None:
    5879    ...
    5880
    5881
    5882@t.overload
    5883def to_identifier(
    5884    name: str | Identifier, quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None, copy: bool = True
    5885) -> Identifier:
    5886    ...
    5887
    5888
    5889def to_identifier(name, quoted=None, copy=True):
    5890    """Builds an identifier.
    5891
    5892    Args:
    5893        name: The name to turn into an identifier.
    5894        quoted: Whether or not force quote the identifier.
    5895        copy: Whether or not to copy a passed in Identefier node.
    5896
    5897    Returns:
    5898        The identifier ast node.
    5899    """
    5900
    5901    if name is None:
    5902        return None
    5903
    5904    if isinstance(name, Identifier):
    5905        identifier = maybe_copy(name, copy)
    5906    elif isinstance(name, str):
    5907        identifier = Identifier(
    5908            this=name,
    5909            quoted=not SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name) if quoted is None else quoted,
    5910        )
    5911    else:
    5912        raise ValueError(f"Name needs to be a string or an Identifier, got: {name.__class__}")
    5913    return identifier
    5914
    5915
    5916INTERVAL_STRING_RE = re.compile(r"\s*([0-9]+)\s*([a-zA-Z]+)\s*")
    5917
    5918
    5919def to_interval(interval: str | Literal) -> Interval:
    5920    """Builds an interval expression from a string like '1 day' or '5 months'."""
    5921    if isinstance(interval, Literal):
    5922        if not interval.is_string:
    5923            raise ValueError("Invalid interval string.")
    5924
    5925        interval = interval.this
    5926
    5927    interval_parts = INTERVAL_STRING_RE.match(interval)  # type: ignore
    5928
    5929    if not interval_parts:
    5930        raise ValueError("Invalid interval string.")
    5931
    5932    return Interval(
    5933        this=Literal.string(interval_parts.group(1)),
    5934        unit=Var(this=interval_parts.group(2)),
    5935    )
    5936
    5937
    5938@t.overload
    5939def to_table(sql_path: str | Table, **kwargs) -> Table:
    5940    ...
    5941
    5942
    5943@t.overload
    5944def to_table(sql_path: None, **kwargs) -> None:
    5945    ...
    5946
    5947
    5948def to_table(
    5949    sql_path: t.Optional[str | Table], dialect: DialectType = None, **kwargs
    5950) -> t.Optional[Table]:
    5951    """
    5952    Create a table expression from a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` sql path. Catalog and schema are optional.
    5953    If a table is passed in then that table is returned.
    5954
    5955    Args:
    5956        sql_path: a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` string.
    5957        dialect: the source dialect according to which the table name will be parsed.
    5958        kwargs: the kwargs to instantiate the resulting `Table` expression with.
    5959
    5960    Returns:
    5961        A table expression.
    5962    """
    5963    if sql_path is None or isinstance(sql_path, Table):
    5964        return sql_path
    5965    if not isinstance(sql_path, str):
    5966        raise ValueError(f"Invalid type provided for a table: {type(sql_path)}")
    5967
    5968    table = maybe_parse(sql_path, into=Table, dialect=dialect)
    5969    if table:
    5970        for k, v in kwargs.items():
    5971            table.set(k, v)
    5972
    5973    return table
    5974
    5975
    5976def to_column(sql_path: str | Column, **kwargs) -> Column:
    5977    """
    5978    Create a column from a `[table].[column]` sql path. Schema is optional.
    5979
    5980    If a column is passed in then that column is returned.
    5981
    5982    Args:
    5983        sql_path: `[table].[column]` string
    5984    Returns:
    5985        Table: A column expression
    5986    """
    5987    if sql_path is None or isinstance(sql_path, Column):
    5988        return sql_path
    5989    if not isinstance(sql_path, str):
    5990        raise ValueError(f"Invalid type provided for column: {type(sql_path)}")
    5991    return column(*reversed(sql_path.split(".")), **kwargs)  # type: ignore
    5992
    5993
    5994def alias_(
    5995    expression: ExpOrStr,
    5996    alias: str | Identifier,
    5997    table: bool | t.Sequence[str | Identifier] = False,
    5998    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5999    dialect: DialectType = None,
    6000    copy: bool = True,
    6001    **opts,
    6002):
    6003    """Create an Alias expression.
    6004
    6005    Example:
    6006        >>> alias_('foo', 'bar').sql()
    6007        'foo AS bar'
    6008
    6009        >>> alias_('(select 1, 2)', 'bar', table=['a', 'b']).sql()
    6010        '(SELECT 1, 2) AS bar(a, b)'
    6011
    6012    Args:
    6013        expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    6014            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    6015        alias: the alias name to use. If the name has
    6016            special characters it is quoted.
    6017        table: Whether or not to create a table alias, can also be a list of columns.
    6018        quoted: whether or not to quote the alias
    6019        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    6020        copy: Whether or not to copy the expression.
    6021        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    6022
    6023    Returns:
    6024        Alias: the aliased expression
    6025    """
    6026    exp = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    6027    alias = to_identifier(alias, quoted=quoted)
    6028
    6029    if table:
    6030        table_alias = TableAlias(this=alias)
    6031        exp.set("alias", table_alias)
    6032
    6033        if not isinstance(table, bool):
    6034            for column in table:
    6035                table_alias.append("columns", to_identifier(column, quoted=quoted))
    6036
    6037        return exp
    6038
    6039    # We don't set the "alias" arg for Window expressions, because that would add an IDENTIFIER node in
    6040    # the AST, representing a "named_window" [1] construct (eg. bigquery). What we want is an ALIAS node
    6041    # for the complete Window expression.
    6042    #
    6043    # [1]: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/window-function-calls
    6044
    6045    if "alias" in exp.arg_types and not isinstance(exp, Window):
    6046        exp.set("alias", alias)
    6047        return exp
    6048    return Alias(this=exp, alias=alias)
    6049
    6050
    6051def subquery(
    6052    expression: ExpOrStr,
    6053    alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    6054    dialect: DialectType = None,
    6055    **opts,
    6056) -> Select:
    6057    """
    6058    Build a subquery expression.
    6059
    6060    Example:
    6061        >>> subquery('select x from tbl', 'bar').select('x').sql()
    6062        'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl) AS bar'
    6063
    6064    Args:
    6065        expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    6066            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    6067        alias: the alias name to use.
    6068        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    6069        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    6070
    6071    Returns:
    6072        A new Select instance with the subquery expression included.
    6073    """
    6074
    6075    expression = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts).subquery(alias)
    6076    return Select().from_(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    6077
    6078
    6079def column(
    6080    col: str | Identifier,
    6081    table: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    6082    db: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    6083    catalog: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    6084    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    6085) -> Column:
    6086    """
    6087    Build a Column.
    6088
    6089    Args:
    6090        col: Column name.
    6091        table: Table name.
    6092        db: Database name.
    6093        catalog: Catalog name.
    6094        quoted: Whether to force quotes on the column's identifiers.
    6095
    6096    Returns:
    6097        The new Column instance.
    6098    """
    6099    return Column(
    6100        this=to_identifier(col, quoted=quoted),
    6101        table=to_identifier(table, quoted=quoted),
    6102        db=to_identifier(db, quoted=quoted),
    6103        catalog=to_identifier(catalog, quoted=quoted),
    6104    )
    6105
    6106
    6107def cast(expression: ExpOrStr, to: str | DataType | DataType.Type, **opts) -> Cast:
    6108    """Cast an expression to a data type.
    6109
    6110    Example:
    6111        >>> cast('x + 1', 'int').sql()
    6112        'CAST(x + 1 AS INT)'
    6113
    6114    Args:
    6115        expression: The expression to cast.
    6116        to: The datatype to cast to.
    6117
    6118    Returns:
    6119        The new Cast instance.
    6120    """
    6121    expression = maybe_parse(expression, **opts)
    6122    data_type = DataType.build(to, **opts)
    6123    expression = Cast(this=expression, to=data_type)
    6124    expression.type = data_type
    6125    return expression
    6126
    6127
    6128def table_(
    6129    table: Identifier | str,
    6130    db: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    6131    catalog: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    6132    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    6133    alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    6134) -> Table:
    6135    """Build a Table.
    6136
    6137    Args:
    6138        table: Table name.
    6139        db: Database name.
    6140        catalog: Catalog name.
    6141        quote: Whether to force quotes on the table's identifiers.
    6142        alias: Table's alias.
    6143
    6144    Returns:
    6145        The new Table instance.
    6146    """
    6147    return Table(
    6148        this=to_identifier(table, quoted=quoted) if table else None,
    6149        db=to_identifier(db, quoted=quoted) if db else None,
    6150        catalog=to_identifier(catalog, quoted=quoted) if catalog else None,
    6151        alias=TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None,
    6152    )
    6153
    6154
    6155def values(
    6156    values: t.Iterable[t.Tuple[t.Any, ...]],
    6157    alias: t.Optional[str] = None,
    6158    columns: t.Optional[t.Iterable[str] | t.Dict[str, DataType]] = None,
    6159) -> Values:
    6160    """Build VALUES statement.
    6161
    6162    Example:
    6163        >>> values([(1, '2')]).sql()
    6164        "VALUES (1, '2')"
    6165
    6166    Args:
    6167        values: values statements that will be converted to SQL
    6168        alias: optional alias
    6169        columns: Optional list of ordered column names or ordered dictionary of column names to types.
    6170         If either are provided then an alias is also required.
    6171
    6172    Returns:
    6173        Values: the Values expression object
    6174    """
    6175    if columns and not alias:
    6176        raise ValueError("Alias is required when providing columns")
    6177
    6178    return Values(
    6179        expressions=[convert(tup) for tup in values],
    6180        alias=(
    6181            TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias), columns=[to_identifier(x) for x in columns])
    6182            if columns
    6183            else (TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None)
    6184        ),
    6185    )
    6186
    6187
    6188def var(name: t.Optional[ExpOrStr]) -> Var:
    6189    """Build a SQL variable.
    6190
    6191    Example:
    6192        >>> repr(var('x'))
    6193        '(VAR this: x)'
    6194
    6195        >>> repr(var(column('x', table='y')))
    6196        '(VAR this: x)'
    6197
    6198    Args:
    6199        name: The name of the var or an expression who's name will become the var.
    6200
    6201    Returns:
    6202        The new variable node.
    6203    """
    6204    if not name:
    6205        raise ValueError("Cannot convert empty name into var.")
    6206
    6207    if isinstance(name, Expression):
    6208        name = name.name
    6209    return Var(this=name)
    6210
    6211
    6212def rename_table(old_name: str | Table, new_name: str | Table) -> AlterTable:
    6213    """Build ALTER TABLE... RENAME... expression
    6214
    6215    Args:
    6216        old_name: The old name of the table
    6217        new_name: The new name of the table
    6218
    6219    Returns:
    6220        Alter table expression
    6221    """
    6222    old_table = to_table(old_name)
    6223    new_table = to_table(new_name)
    6224    return AlterTable(
    6225        this=old_table,
    6226        actions=[
    6227            RenameTable(this=new_table),
    6228        ],
    6229    )
    6230
    6231
    6232def convert(value: t.Any, copy: bool = False) -> Expression:
    6233    """Convert a python value into an expression object.
    6234
    6235    Raises an error if a conversion is not possible.
    6236
    6237    Args:
    6238        value: A python object.
    6239        copy: Whether or not to copy `value` (only applies to Expressions and collections).
    6240
    6241    Returns:
    6242        Expression: the equivalent expression object.
    6243    """
    6244    if isinstance(value, Expression):
    6245        return maybe_copy(value, copy)
    6246    if isinstance(value, str):
    6247        return Literal.string(value)
    6248    if isinstance(value, bool):
    6249        return Boolean(this=value)
    6250    if value is None or (isinstance(value, float) and math.isnan(value)):
    6251        return NULL
    6252    if isinstance(value, numbers.Number):
    6253        return Literal.number(value)
    6254    if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
    6255        datetime_literal = Literal.string(
    6256            (value if value.tzinfo else value.replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)).isoformat()
    6257        )
    6258        return TimeStrToTime(this=datetime_literal)
    6259    if isinstance(value, datetime.date):
    6260        date_literal = Literal.string(value.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
    6261        return DateStrToDate(this=date_literal)
    6262    if isinstance(value, tuple):
    6263        return Tuple(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value])
    6264    if isinstance(value, list):
    6265        return Array(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value])
    6266    if isinstance(value, dict):
    6267        return Map(
    6268            keys=Array(expressions=[convert(k, copy=copy) for k in value]),
    6269            values=Array(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value.values()]),
    6270        )
    6271    raise ValueError(f"Cannot convert {value}")
    6272
    6273
    6274def replace_children(expression: Expression, fun: t.Callable, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
    6275    """
    6276    Replace children of an expression with the result of a lambda fun(child) -> exp.
    6277    """
    6278    for k, v in expression.args.items():
    6279        is_list_arg = type(v) is list
    6280
    6281        child_nodes = v if is_list_arg else [v]
    6282        new_child_nodes = []
    6283
    6284        for cn in child_nodes:
    6285            if isinstance(cn, Expression):
    6286                for child_node in ensure_collection(fun(cn, *args, **kwargs)):
    6287                    new_child_nodes.append(child_node)
    6288                    child_node.parent = expression
    6289                    child_node.arg_key = k
    6290            else:
    6291                new_child_nodes.append(cn)
    6292
    6293        expression.args[k] = new_child_nodes if is_list_arg else seq_get(new_child_nodes, 0)
    6294
    6295
    6296def column_table_names(expression: Expression, exclude: str = "") -> t.Set[str]:
    6297    """
    6298    Return all table names referenced through columns in an expression.
    6299
    6300    Example:
    6301        >>> import sqlglot
    6302        >>> sorted(column_table_names(sqlglot.parse_one("a.b AND c.d AND c.e")))
    6303        ['a', 'c']
    6304
    6305    Args:
    6306        expression: expression to find table names.
    6307        exclude: a table name to exclude
    6308
    6309    Returns:
    6310        A list of unique names.
    6311    """
    6312    return {
    6313        table
    6314        for table in (column.table for column in expression.find_all(Column))
    6315        if table and table != exclude
    6316    }
    6317
    6318
    6319def table_name(table: Table | str, dialect: DialectType = None) -> str:
    6320    """Get the full name of a table as a string.
    6321
    6322    Args:
    6323        table: Table expression node or string.
    6324        dialect: The dialect to generate the table name for.
    6325
    6326    Examples:
    6327        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6328        >>> table_name(parse_one("select * from a.b.c").find(exp.Table))
    6329        'a.b.c'
    6330
    6331    Returns:
    6332        The table name.
    6333    """
    6334
    6335    table = maybe_parse(table, into=Table, dialect=dialect)
    6336
    6337    if not table:
    6338        raise ValueError(f"Cannot parse {table}")
    6339
    6340    return ".".join(
    6341        part.sql(dialect=dialect, identify=True)
    6342        if not SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(part.name)
    6343        else part.name
    6344        for part in table.parts
    6345    )
    6346
    6347
    6348def replace_tables(expression: E, mapping: t.Dict[str, str], copy: bool = True) -> E:
    6349    """Replace all tables in expression according to the mapping.
    6350
    6351    Args:
    6352        expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
    6353        mapping: mapping of table names.
    6354        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    6355
    6356    Examples:
    6357        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6358        >>> replace_tables(parse_one("select * from a.b"), {"a.b": "c"}).sql()
    6359        'SELECT * FROM c'
    6360
    6361    Returns:
    6362        The mapped expression.
    6363    """
    6364
    6365    def _replace_tables(node: Expression) -> Expression:
    6366        if isinstance(node, Table):
    6367            new_name = mapping.get(table_name(node))
    6368            if new_name:
    6369                return to_table(
    6370                    new_name,
    6371                    **{k: v for k, v in node.args.items() if k not in ("this", "db", "catalog")},
    6372                )
    6373        return node
    6374
    6375    return expression.transform(_replace_tables, copy=copy)
    6376
    6377
    6378def replace_placeholders(expression: Expression, *args, **kwargs) -> Expression:
    6379    """Replace placeholders in an expression.
    6380
    6381    Args:
    6382        expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
    6383        args: positional names that will substitute unnamed placeholders in the given order.
    6384        kwargs: keyword arguments that will substitute named placeholders.
    6385
    6386    Examples:
    6387        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6388        >>> replace_placeholders(
    6389        ...     parse_one("select * from :tbl where ? = ?"),
    6390        ...     exp.to_identifier("str_col"), "b", tbl=exp.to_identifier("foo")
    6391        ... ).sql()
    6392        "SELECT * FROM foo WHERE str_col = 'b'"
    6393
    6394    Returns:
    6395        The mapped expression.
    6396    """
    6397
    6398    def _replace_placeholders(node: Expression, args, **kwargs) -> Expression:
    6399        if isinstance(node, Placeholder):
    6400            if node.name:
    6401                new_name = kwargs.get(node.name)
    6402                if new_name:
    6403                    return convert(new_name)
    6404            else:
    6405                try:
    6406                    return convert(next(args))
    6407                except StopIteration:
    6408                    pass
    6409        return node
    6410
    6411    return expression.transform(_replace_placeholders, iter(args), **kwargs)
    6412
    6413
    6414def expand(
    6415    expression: Expression, sources: t.Dict[str, Subqueryable], copy: bool = True
    6416) -> Expression:
    6417    """Transforms an expression by expanding all referenced sources into subqueries.
    6418
    6419    Examples:
    6420        >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    6421        >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y")}).sql()
    6422        'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM y) AS z /* source: x */'
    6423
    6424        >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y"), "y": parse_one("select * from z")}).sql()
    6425        'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM z) AS y /* source: y */) AS z /* source: x */'
    6426
    6427    Args:
    6428        expression: The expression to expand.
    6429        sources: A dictionary of name to Subqueryables.
    6430        copy: Whether or not to copy the expression during transformation. Defaults to True.
    6431
    6432    Returns:
    6433        The transformed expression.
    6434    """
    6435
    6436    def _expand(node: Expression):
    6437        if isinstance(node, Table):
    6438            name = table_name(node)
    6439            source = sources.get(name)
    6440            if source:
    6441                subquery = source.subquery(node.alias or name)
    6442                subquery.comments = [f"source: {name}"]
    6443                return subquery.transform(_expand, copy=False)
    6444        return node
    6445
    6446    return expression.transform(_expand, copy=copy)
    6447
    6448
    6449def func(name: str, *args, dialect: DialectType = None, **kwargs) -> Func:
    6450    """
    6451    Returns a Func expression.
    6452
    6453    Examples:
    6454        >>> func("abs", 5).sql()
    6455        'ABS(5)'
    6456
    6457        >>> func("cast", this=5, to=DataType.build("DOUBLE")).sql()
    6458        'CAST(5 AS DOUBLE)'
    6459
    6460    Args:
    6461        name: the name of the function to build.
    6462        args: the args used to instantiate the function of interest.
    6463        dialect: the source dialect.
    6464        kwargs: the kwargs used to instantiate the function of interest.
    6465
    6466    Note:
    6467        The arguments `args` and `kwargs` are mutually exclusive.
    6468
    6469    Returns:
    6470        An instance of the function of interest, or an anonymous function, if `name` doesn't
    6471        correspond to an existing `sqlglot.expressions.Func` class.
    6472    """
    6473    if args and kwargs:
    6474        raise ValueError("Can't use both args and kwargs to instantiate a function.")
    6475
    6476    from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import Dialect
    6477
    6478    converted: t.List[Expression] = [maybe_parse(arg, dialect=dialect) for arg in args]
    6479    kwargs = {key: maybe_parse(value, dialect=dialect) for key, value in kwargs.items()}
    6480
    6481    parser = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)().parser()
    6482    from_args_list = parser.FUNCTIONS.get(name.upper())
    6483
    6484    if from_args_list:
    6485        function = from_args_list(converted) if converted else from_args_list.__self__(**kwargs)  # type: ignore
    6486    else:
    6487        kwargs = kwargs or {"expressions": converted}
    6488        function = Anonymous(this=name, **kwargs)
    6489
    6490    for error_message in function.error_messages(converted):
    6491        raise ValueError(error_message)
    6492
    6493    return function
    6494
    6495
    6496def true() -> Boolean:
    6497    """
    6498    Returns a true Boolean expression.
    6499    """
    6500    return Boolean(this=True)
    6501
    6502
    6503def false() -> Boolean:
    6504    """
    6505    Returns a false Boolean expression.
    6506    """
    6507    return Boolean(this=False)
    6508
    6509
    6510def null() -> Null:
    6511    """
    6512    Returns a Null expression.
    6513    """
    6514    return Null()
    6515
    6516
    6517# TODO: deprecate this
    6518TRUE = Boolean(this=True)
    6519FALSE = Boolean(this=False)
    6520NULL = Null()

SQLGLOT_META = 'sqlglot.meta'
class Expression: View Source

     59class Expression(metaclass=_Expression):
     60    """
     61    The base class for all expressions in a syntax tree. Each Expression encapsulates any necessary
     62    context, such as its child expressions, their names (arg keys), and whether a given child expression
     63    is optional or not.
     64
     65    Attributes:
     66        key: a unique key for each class in the Expression hierarchy. This is useful for hashing
     67            and representing expressions as strings.
     68        arg_types: determines what arguments (child nodes) are supported by an expression. It
     69            maps arg keys to booleans that indicate whether the corresponding args are optional.
     70        parent: a reference to the parent expression (or None, in case of root expressions).
     71        arg_key: the arg key an expression is associated with, i.e. the name its parent expression
     72            uses to refer to it.
     73        comments: a list of comments that are associated with a given expression. This is used in
     74            order to preserve comments when transpiling SQL code.
     75        type: the `sqlglot.expressions.DataType` type of an expression. This is inferred by the
     76            optimizer, in order to enable some transformations that require type information.
     77        meta: a dictionary that can be used to store useful metadata for a given expression.
     78
     79    Example:
     80        >>> class Foo(Expression):
     81        ...     arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
     82
     83        The above definition informs us that Foo is an Expression that requires an argument called
     84        "this" and may also optionally receive an argument called "expression".
     85
     86    Args:
     87        args: a mapping used for retrieving the arguments of an expression, given their arg keys.
     88    """
     89
     90    key = "expression"
     91    arg_types = {"this": True}
     92    __slots__ = ("args", "parent", "arg_key", "comments", "_type", "_meta", "_hash")
     93
     94    def __init__(self, **args: t.Any):
     95        self.args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = args
     96        self.parent: t.Optional[Expression] = None
     97        self.arg_key: t.Optional[str] = None
     98        self.comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None
     99        self._type: t.Optional[DataType] = None
    100        self._meta: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None
    101        self._hash: t.Optional[int] = None
    102
    103        for arg_key, value in self.args.items():
    104            self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
    105
    106    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
    107        return type(self) is type(other) and hash(self) == hash(other)
    108
    109    @property
    110    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
    111        return frozenset(
    112            (k, tuple(_norm_arg(a) for a in v) if type(v) is list else _norm_arg(v))
    113            for k, v in self.args.items()
    114            if not (v is None or v is False or (type(v) is list and not v))
    115        )
    116
    117    def __hash__(self) -> int:
    118        if self._hash is not None:
    119            return self._hash
    120
    121        return hash((self.__class__, self.hashable_args))
    122
    123    @property
    124    def this(self) -> t.Any:
    125        """
    126        Retrieves the argument with key "this".
    127        """
    128        return self.args.get("this")
    129
    130    @property
    131    def expression(self) -> t.Any:
    132        """
    133        Retrieves the argument with key "expression".
    134        """
    135        return self.args.get("expression")
    136
    137    @property
    138    def expressions(self):
    139        """
    140        Retrieves the argument with key "expressions".
    141        """
    142        return self.args.get("expressions") or []
    143
    144    def text(self, key) -> str:
    145        """
    146        Returns a textual representation of the argument corresponding to "key". This can only be used
    147        for args that are strings or leaf Expression instances, such as identifiers and literals.
    148        """
    149        field = self.args.get(key)
    150        if isinstance(field, str):
    151            return field
    152        if isinstance(field, (Identifier, Literal, Var)):
    153            return field.this
    154        if isinstance(field, (Star, Null)):
    155            return field.name
    156        return ""
    157
    158    @property
    159    def is_string(self) -> bool:
    160        """
    161        Checks whether a Literal expression is a string.
    162        """
    163        return isinstance(self, Literal) and self.args["is_string"]
    164
    165    @property
    166    def is_number(self) -> bool:
    167        """
    168        Checks whether a Literal expression is a number.
    169        """
    170        return isinstance(self, Literal) and not self.args["is_string"]
    171
    172    @property
    173    def is_int(self) -> bool:
    174        """
    175        Checks whether a Literal expression is an integer.
    176        """
    177        if self.is_number:
    178            try:
    179                int(self.name)
    180                return True
    181            except ValueError:
    182                pass
    183        return False
    184
    185    @property
    186    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    187        """Checks whether an expression is a star."""
    188        return isinstance(self, Star) or (isinstance(self, Column) and isinstance(self.this, Star))
    189
    190    @property
    191    def alias(self) -> str:
    192        """
    193        Returns the alias of the expression, or an empty string if it's not aliased.
    194        """
    195        if isinstance(self.args.get("alias"), TableAlias):
    196            return self.args["alias"].name
    197        return self.text("alias")
    198
    199    @property
    200    def alias_column_names(self) -> t.List[str]:
    201        table_alias = self.args.get("alias")
    202        if not table_alias:
    203            return []
    204        return [c.name for c in table_alias.args.get("columns") or []]
    205
    206    @property
    207    def name(self) -> str:
    208        return self.text("this")
    209
    210    @property
    211    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
    212        return self.alias or self.name
    213
    214    @property
    215    def output_name(self) -> str:
    216        """
    217        Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.
    218
    219        If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.
    220
    221        Example:
    222            >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    223            >>> parse_one("SELECT a").expressions[0].output_name
    224            'a'
    225            >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c").expressions[0].output_name
    226            'c'
    227            >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2").expressions[0].output_name
    228            ''
    229        """
    230        return ""
    231
    232    @property
    233    def type(self) -> t.Optional[DataType]:
    234        return self._type
    235
    236    @type.setter
    237    def type(self, dtype: t.Optional[DataType | DataType.Type | str]) -> None:
    238        if dtype and not isinstance(dtype, DataType):
    239            dtype = DataType.build(dtype)
    240        self._type = dtype  # type: ignore
    241
    242    @property
    243    def meta(self) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
    244        if self._meta is None:
    245            self._meta = {}
    246        return self._meta
    247
    248    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
    249        copy = self.__class__(**deepcopy(self.args))
    250        if self.comments is not None:
    251            copy.comments = deepcopy(self.comments)
    252
    253        if self._type is not None:
    254            copy._type = self._type.copy()
    255
    256        if self._meta is not None:
    257            copy._meta = deepcopy(self._meta)
    258
    259        return copy
    260
    261    def copy(self):
    262        """
    263        Returns a deep copy of the expression.
    264        """
    265        new = deepcopy(self)
    266        new.parent = self.parent
    267        return new
    268
    269    def add_comments(self, comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]]) -> None:
    270        if self.comments is None:
    271            self.comments = []
    272        if comments:
    273            for comment in comments:
    274                _, *meta = comment.split(SQLGLOT_META)
    275                if meta:
    276                    for kv in "".join(meta).split(","):
    277                        k, *v = kv.split("=")
    278                        value = v[0].strip() if v else True
    279                        self.meta[k.strip()] = value
    280                self.comments.append(comment)
    281
    282    def append(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
    283        """
    284        Appends value to arg_key if it's a list or sets it as a new list.
    285
    286        Args:
    287            arg_key (str): name of the list expression arg
    288            value (Any): value to append to the list
    289        """
    290        if not isinstance(self.args.get(arg_key), list):
    291            self.args[arg_key] = []
    292        self.args[arg_key].append(value)
    293        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
    294
    295    def set(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
    296        """
    297        Sets arg_key to value.
    298
    299        Args:
    300            arg_key: name of the expression arg.
    301            value: value to set the arg to.
    302        """
    303        if value is None:
    304            self.args.pop(arg_key, None)
    305            return
    306
    307        self.args[arg_key] = value
    308        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
    309
    310    def _set_parent(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
    311        if hasattr(value, "parent"):
    312            value.parent = self
    313            value.arg_key = arg_key
    314        elif type(value) is list:
    315            for v in value:
    316                if hasattr(v, "parent"):
    317                    v.parent = self
    318                    v.arg_key = arg_key
    319
    320    @property
    321    def depth(self) -> int:
    322        """
    323        Returns the depth of this tree.
    324        """
    325        if self.parent:
    326            return self.parent.depth + 1
    327        return 0
    328
    329    def iter_expressions(self) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[str, Expression]]:
    330        """Yields the key and expression for all arguments, exploding list args."""
    331        for k, vs in self.args.items():
    332            if type(vs) is list:
    333                for v in vs:
    334                    if hasattr(v, "parent"):
    335                        yield k, v
    336            else:
    337                if hasattr(vs, "parent"):
    338                    yield k, vs
    339
    340    def find(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Optional[E]:
    341        """
    342        Returns the first node in this tree which matches at least one of
    343        the specified types.
    344
    345        Args:
    346            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    347            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
    348
    349        Returns:
    350            The node which matches the criteria or None if no such node was found.
    351        """
    352        return next(self.find_all(*expression_types, bfs=bfs), None)
    353
    354    def find_all(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Iterator[E]:
    355        """
    356        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree and only
    357        yields those that match at least one of the specified expression types.
    358
    359        Args:
    360            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    361            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
    362
    363        Returns:
    364            The generator object.
    365        """
    366        for expression, *_ in self.walk(bfs=bfs):
    367            if isinstance(expression, expression_types):
    368                yield expression
    369
    370    def find_ancestor(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E]) -> t.Optional[E]:
    371        """
    372        Returns a nearest parent matching expression_types.
    373
    374        Args:
    375            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    376
    377        Returns:
    378            The parent node.
    379        """
    380        ancestor = self.parent
    381        while ancestor and not isinstance(ancestor, expression_types):
    382            ancestor = ancestor.parent
    383        return t.cast(E, ancestor)
    384
    385    @property
    386    def parent_select(self) -> t.Optional[Select]:
    387        """
    388        Returns the parent select statement.
    389        """
    390        return self.find_ancestor(Select)
    391
    392    @property
    393    def same_parent(self) -> bool:
    394        """Returns if the parent is the same class as itself."""
    395        return type(self.parent) is self.__class__
    396
    397    def root(self) -> Expression:
    398        """
    399        Returns the root expression of this tree.
    400        """
    401        expression = self
    402        while expression.parent:
    403            expression = expression.parent
    404        return expression
    405
    406    def walk(self, bfs=True, prune=None):
    407        """
    408        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree.
    409
    410        Args:
    411            bfs (bool): if set to True the BFS traversal order will be applied,
    412                otherwise the DFS traversal will be used instead.
    413            prune ((node, parent, arg_key) -> bool): callable that returns True if
    414                the generator should stop traversing this branch of the tree.
    415
    416        Returns:
    417            the generator object.
    418        """
    419        if bfs:
    420            yield from self.bfs(prune=prune)
    421        else:
    422            yield from self.dfs(prune=prune)
    423
    424    def dfs(self, parent=None, key=None, prune=None):
    425        """
    426        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
    427        the DFS (Depth-first) order.
    428
    429        Returns:
    430            The generator object.
    431        """
    432        parent = parent or self.parent
    433        yield self, parent, key
    434        if prune and prune(self, parent, key):
    435            return
    436
    437        for k, v in self.iter_expressions():
    438            yield from v.dfs(self, k, prune)
    439
    440    def bfs(self, prune=None):
    441        """
    442        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
    443        the BFS (Breadth-first) order.
    444
    445        Returns:
    446            The generator object.
    447        """
    448        queue = deque([(self, self.parent, None)])
    449
    450        while queue:
    451            item, parent, key = queue.popleft()
    452
    453            yield item, parent, key
    454            if prune and prune(item, parent, key):
    455                continue
    456
    457            for k, v in item.iter_expressions():
    458                queue.append((v, item, k))
    459
    460    def unnest(self):
    461        """
    462        Returns the first non parenthesis child or self.
    463        """
    464        expression = self
    465        while type(expression) is Paren:
    466            expression = expression.this
    467        return expression
    468
    469    def unalias(self):
    470        """
    471        Returns the inner expression if this is an Alias.
    472        """
    473        if isinstance(self, Alias):
    474            return self.this
    475        return self
    476
    477    def unnest_operands(self):
    478        """
    479        Returns unnested operands as a tuple.
    480        """
    481        return tuple(arg.unnest() for _, arg in self.iter_expressions())
    482
    483    def flatten(self, unnest=True):
    484        """
    485        Returns a generator which yields child nodes who's parents are the same class.
    486
    487        A AND B AND C -> [A, B, C]
    488        """
    489        for node, _, _ in self.dfs(prune=lambda n, p, *_: p and not type(n) is self.__class__):
    490            if not type(node) is self.__class__:
    491                yield node.unnest() if unnest and not isinstance(node, Subquery) else node
    492
    493    def __str__(self) -> str:
    494        return self.sql()
    495
    496    def __repr__(self) -> str:
    497        return self._to_s()
    498
    499    def sql(self, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> str:
    500        """
    501        Returns SQL string representation of this tree.
    502
    503        Args:
    504            dialect: the dialect of the output SQL string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").
    505            opts: other `sqlglot.generator.Generator` options.
    506
    507        Returns:
    508            The SQL string.
    509        """
    510        from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect
    511
    512        return Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)().generate(self, **opts)
    513
    514    def _to_s(self, hide_missing: bool = True, level: int = 0) -> str:
    515        indent = "" if not level else "\n"
    516        indent += "".join(["  "] * level)
    517        left = f"({self.key.upper()} "
    518
    519        args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {
    520            k: ", ".join(
    521                v._to_s(hide_missing=hide_missing, level=level + 1)
    522                if hasattr(v, "_to_s")
    523                else str(v)
    524                for v in ensure_list(vs)
    525                if v is not None
    526            )
    527            for k, vs in self.args.items()
    528        }
    529        args["comments"] = self.comments
    530        args["type"] = self.type
    531        args = {k: v for k, v in args.items() if v or not hide_missing}
    532
    533        right = ", ".join(f"{k}: {v}" for k, v in args.items())
    534        right += ")"
    535
    536        return indent + left + right
    537
    538    def transform(self, fun, *args, copy=True, **kwargs):
    539        """
    540        Recursively visits all tree nodes (excluding already transformed ones)
    541        and applies the given transformation function to each node.
    542
    543        Args:
    544            fun (function): a function which takes a node as an argument and returns a
    545                new transformed node or the same node without modifications. If the function
    546                returns None, then the corresponding node will be removed from the syntax tree.
    547            copy (bool): if set to True a new tree instance is constructed, otherwise the tree is
    548                modified in place.
    549
    550        Returns:
    551            The transformed tree.
    552        """
    553        node = self.copy() if copy else self
    554        new_node = fun(node, *args, **kwargs)
    555
    556        if new_node is None or not isinstance(new_node, Expression):
    557            return new_node
    558        if new_node is not node:
    559            new_node.parent = node.parent
    560            return new_node
    561
    562        replace_children(new_node, lambda child: child.transform(fun, *args, copy=False, **kwargs))
    563        return new_node
    564
    565    @t.overload
    566    def replace(self, expression: E) -> E:
    567        ...
    568
    569    @t.overload
    570    def replace(self, expression: None) -> None:
    571        ...
    572
    573    def replace(self, expression):
    574        """
    575        Swap out this expression with a new expression.
    576
    577        For example::
    578
    579            >>> tree = Select().select("x").from_("tbl")
    580            >>> tree.find(Column).replace(Column(this="y"))
    581            (COLUMN this: y)
    582            >>> tree.sql()
    583            'SELECT y FROM tbl'
    584
    585        Args:
    586            expression: new node
    587
    588        Returns:
    589            The new expression or expressions.
    590        """
    591        if not self.parent:
    592            return expression
    593
    594        parent = self.parent
    595        self.parent = None
    596
    597        replace_children(parent, lambda child: expression if child is self else child)
    598        return expression
    599
    600    def pop(self: E) -> E:
    601        """
    602        Remove this expression from its AST.
    603
    604        Returns:
    605            The popped expression.
    606        """
    607        self.replace(None)
    608        return self
    609
    610    def assert_is(self, type_: t.Type[E]) -> E:
    611        """
    612        Assert that this `Expression` is an instance of `type_`.
    613
    614        If it is NOT an instance of `type_`, this raises an assertion error.
    615        Otherwise, this returns this expression.
    616
    617        Examples:
    618            This is useful for type security in chained expressions:
    619
    620            >>> import sqlglot
    621            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT x from y").assert_is(Select).select("z").sql()
    622            'SELECT x, z FROM y'
    623        """
    624        assert isinstance(self, type_)
    625        return self
    626
    627    def error_messages(self, args: t.Optional[t.Sequence] = None) -> t.List[str]:
    628        """
    629        Checks if this expression is valid (e.g. all mandatory args are set).
    630
    631        Args:
    632            args: a sequence of values that were used to instantiate a Func expression. This is used
    633                to check that the provided arguments don't exceed the function argument limit.
    634
    635        Returns:
    636            A list of error messages for all possible errors that were found.
    637        """
    638        errors: t.List[str] = []
    639
    640        for k in self.args:
    641            if k not in self.arg_types:
    642                errors.append(f"Unexpected keyword: '{k}' for {self.__class__}")
    643        for k, mandatory in self.arg_types.items():
    644            v = self.args.get(k)
    645            if mandatory and (v is None or (isinstance(v, list) and not v)):
    646                errors.append(f"Required keyword: '{k}' missing for {self.__class__}")
    647
    648        if (
    649            args
    650            and isinstance(self, Func)
    651            and len(args) > len(self.arg_types)
    652            and not self.is_var_len_args
    653        ):
    654            errors.append(
    655                f"The number of provided arguments ({len(args)}) is greater than "
    656                f"the maximum number of supported arguments ({len(self.arg_types)})"
    657            )
    658
    659        return errors
    660
    661    def dump(self):
    662        """
    663        Dump this Expression to a JSON-serializable dict.
    664        """
    665        from sqlglot.serde import dump
    666
    667        return dump(self)
    668
    669    @classmethod
    670    def load(cls, obj):
    671        """
    672        Load a dict (as returned by `Expression.dump`) into an Expression instance.
    673        """
    674        from sqlglot.serde import load
    675
    676        return load(obj)
    677
    678    def and_(
    679        self,
    680        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    681        dialect: DialectType = None,
    682        copy: bool = True,
    683        **opts,
    684    ) -> Condition:
    685        """
    686        AND this condition with one or multiple expressions.
    687
    688        Example:
    689            >>> condition("x=1").and_("y=1").sql()
    690            'x = 1 AND y = 1'
    691
    692        Args:
    693            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    694                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    695            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    696            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
    697            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    698
    699        Returns:
    700            The new And condition.
    701        """
    702        return and_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    703
    704    def or_(
    705        self,
    706        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    707        dialect: DialectType = None,
    708        copy: bool = True,
    709        **opts,
    710    ) -> Condition:
    711        """
    712        OR this condition with one or multiple expressions.
    713
    714        Example:
    715            >>> condition("x=1").or_("y=1").sql()
    716            'x = 1 OR y = 1'
    717
    718        Args:
    719            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    720                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    721            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    722            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
    723            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    724
    725        Returns:
    726            The new Or condition.
    727        """
    728        return or_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    729
    730    def not_(self, copy: bool = True):
    731        """
    732        Wrap this condition with NOT.
    733
    734        Example:
    735            >>> condition("x=1").not_().sql()
    736            'NOT x = 1'
    737
    738        Args:
    739            copy: whether or not to copy this object.
    740
    741        Returns:
    742            The new Not instance.
    743        """
    744        return not_(self, copy=copy)
    745
    746    def as_(
    747        self,
    748        alias: str | Identifier,
    749        quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    750        dialect: DialectType = None,
    751        copy: bool = True,
    752        **opts,
    753    ) -> Alias:
    754        return alias_(self, alias, quoted=quoted, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    755
    756    def _binop(self, klass: t.Type[E], other: t.Any, reverse: bool = False) -> E:
    757        this = self.copy()
    758        other = convert(other, copy=True)
    759        if not isinstance(this, klass) and not isinstance(other, klass):
    760            this = _wrap(this, Binary)
    761            other = _wrap(other, Binary)
    762        if reverse:
    763            return klass(this=other, expression=this)
    764        return klass(this=this, expression=other)
    765
    766    def __getitem__(self, other: ExpOrStr | t.Tuple[ExpOrStr]) -> Bracket:
    767        return Bracket(
    768            this=self.copy(), expressions=[convert(e, copy=True) for e in ensure_list(other)]
    769        )
    770
    771    def __iter__(self) -> t.Iterator:
    772        if "expressions" in self.arg_types:
    773            return iter(self.args.get("expressions") or [])
    774        # We define this because __getitem__ converts Expression into an iterable, which is
    775        # problematic because one can hit infinite loops if they do "for x in some_expr: ..."
    776        # See: https://peps.python.org/pep-0234/
    777        raise TypeError(f"'{self.__class__.__name__}' object is not iterable")
    778
    779    def isin(
    780        self,
    781        *expressions: t.Any,
    782        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    783        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
    784        copy: bool = True,
    785        **opts,
    786    ) -> In:
    787        return In(
    788            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    789            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
    790            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
    791            unnest=Unnest(
    792                expressions=[
    793                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
    794                ]
    795            )
    796            if unnest
    797            else None,
    798        )
    799
    800    def between(self, low: t.Any, high: t.Any, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Between:
    801        return Between(
    802            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    803            low=convert(low, copy=copy, **opts),
    804            high=convert(high, copy=copy, **opts),
    805        )
    806
    807    def is_(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Is:
    808        return self._binop(Is, other)
    809
    810    def like(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Like:
    811        return self._binop(Like, other)
    812
    813    def ilike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> ILike:
    814        return self._binop(ILike, other)
    815
    816    def eq(self, other: t.Any) -> EQ:
    817        return self._binop(EQ, other)
    818
    819    def neq(self, other: t.Any) -> NEQ:
    820        return self._binop(NEQ, other)
    821
    822    def rlike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> RegexpLike:
    823        return self._binop(RegexpLike, other)
    824
    825    def __lt__(self, other: t.Any) -> LT:
    826        return self._binop(LT, other)
    827
    828    def __le__(self, other: t.Any) -> LTE:
    829        return self._binop(LTE, other)
    830
    831    def __gt__(self, other: t.Any) -> GT:
    832        return self._binop(GT, other)
    833
    834    def __ge__(self, other: t.Any) -> GTE:
    835        return self._binop(GTE, other)
    836
    837    def __add__(self, other: t.Any) -> Add:
    838        return self._binop(Add, other)
    839
    840    def __radd__(self, other: t.Any) -> Add:
    841        return self._binop(Add, other, reverse=True)
    842
    843    def __sub__(self, other: t.Any) -> Sub:
    844        return self._binop(Sub, other)
    845
    846    def __rsub__(self, other: t.Any) -> Sub:
    847        return self._binop(Sub, other, reverse=True)
    848
    849    def __mul__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mul:
    850        return self._binop(Mul, other)
    851
    852    def __rmul__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mul:
    853        return self._binop(Mul, other, reverse=True)
    854
    855    def __truediv__(self, other: t.Any) -> Div:
    856        return self._binop(Div, other)
    857
    858    def __rtruediv__(self, other: t.Any) -> Div:
    859        return self._binop(Div, other, reverse=True)
    860
    861    def __floordiv__(self, other: t.Any) -> IntDiv:
    862        return self._binop(IntDiv, other)
    863
    864    def __rfloordiv__(self, other: t.Any) -> IntDiv:
    865        return self._binop(IntDiv, other, reverse=True)
    866
    867    def __mod__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mod:
    868        return self._binop(Mod, other)
    869
    870    def __rmod__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mod:
    871        return self._binop(Mod, other, reverse=True)
    872
    873    def __pow__(self, other: t.Any) -> Pow:
    874        return self._binop(Pow, other)
    875
    876    def __rpow__(self, other: t.Any) -> Pow:
    877        return self._binop(Pow, other, reverse=True)
    878
    879    def __and__(self, other: t.Any) -> And:
    880        return self._binop(And, other)
    881
    882    def __rand__(self, other: t.Any) -> And:
    883        return self._binop(And, other, reverse=True)
    884
    885    def __or__(self, other: t.Any) -> Or:
    886        return self._binop(Or, other)
    887
    888    def __ror__(self, other: t.Any) -> Or:
    889        return self._binop(Or, other, reverse=True)
    890
    891    def __neg__(self) -> Neg:
    892        return Neg(this=_wrap(self.copy(), Binary))
    893
    894    def __invert__(self) -> Not:
    895        return not_(self.copy())

The base class for all expressions in a syntax tree. Each Expression encapsulates any necessary context, such as its child expressions, their names (arg keys), and whether a given child expression is optional or not.

###### Attributes:

- key: a unique key for each class in the Expression hierarchy. This is useful for hashing and representing expressions as strings.
- arg_types: determines what arguments (child nodes) are supported by an expression. It maps arg keys to booleans that indicate whether the corresponding args are optional.
- parent: a reference to the parent expression (or None, in case of root expressions).
- arg_key: the arg key an expression is associated with, i.e. the name its parent expression uses to refer to it.
- comments: a list of comments that are associated with a given expression. This is used in order to preserve comments when transpiling SQL code.
- type: the `DataType` type of an expression. This is inferred by the optimizer, in order to enable some transformations that require type information.
- meta: a dictionary that can be used to store useful metadata for a given expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> class Foo(Expression):
>     ...     arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

> The above definition informs us that Foo is an Expression that requires an argument called "this" and may also optionally receive an argument called "expression".

###### Arguments:

- args: a mapping used for retrieving the arguments of an expression, given their arg keys.

Expression(**args: Any) View Source

     94    def __init__(self, **args: t.Any):
     95        self.args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = args
     96        self.parent: t.Optional[Expression] = None
     97        self.arg_key: t.Optional[str] = None
     98        self.comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None
     99        self._type: t.Optional[DataType] = None
    100        self._meta: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None
    101        self._hash: t.Optional[int] = None
    102
    103        for arg_key, value in self.args.items():
    104            self._set_parent(arg_key, value)

key = 'expression'
arg_types = {'this': True}
args: Dict[str, Any]
parent: Optional[Expression]
arg_key: Optional[str]
comments: Optional[List[str]]
hashable_args: Any
this: Any

Retrieves the argument with key "this".

expression: Any

Retrieves the argument with key "expression".

expressions

Retrieves the argument with key "expressions".

def text(self, key) -> str: View Source

    144    def text(self, key) -> str:
    145        """
    146        Returns a textual representation of the argument corresponding to "key". This can only be used
    147        for args that are strings or leaf Expression instances, such as identifiers and literals.
    148        """
    149        field = self.args.get(key)
    150        if isinstance(field, str):
    151            return field
    152        if isinstance(field, (Identifier, Literal, Var)):
    153            return field.this
    154        if isinstance(field, (Star, Null)):
    155            return field.name
    156        return ""

Returns a textual representation of the argument corresponding to "key". This can only be used for args that are strings or leaf Expression instances, such as identifiers and literals.

is_string: bool

Checks whether a Literal expression is a string.

is_number: bool

Checks whether a Literal expression is a number.

is_int: bool

Checks whether a Literal expression is an integer.

is_star: bool

Checks whether an expression is a star.

alias: str

Returns the alias of the expression, or an empty string if it's not aliased.

alias_column_names: List[str]
name: str
alias_or_name: str
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

type: Optional[DataType]
meta: Dict[str, Any]
def copy(self): View Source

    261    def copy(self):
    262        """
    263        Returns a deep copy of the expression.
    264        """
    265        new = deepcopy(self)
    266        new.parent = self.parent
    267        return new

Returns a deep copy of the expression.

def add_comments(self, comments: Optional[List[str]]) -> None: View Source

    269    def add_comments(self, comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]]) -> None:
    270        if self.comments is None:
    271            self.comments = []
    272        if comments:
    273            for comment in comments:
    274                _, *meta = comment.split(SQLGLOT_META)
    275                if meta:
    276                    for kv in "".join(meta).split(","):
    277                        k, *v = kv.split("=")
    278                        value = v[0].strip() if v else True
    279                        self.meta[k.strip()] = value
    280                self.comments.append(comment)

def append(self, arg_key: str, value: Any) -> None: View Source

    282    def append(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
    283        """
    284        Appends value to arg_key if it's a list or sets it as a new list.
    285
    286        Args:
    287            arg_key (str): name of the list expression arg
    288            value (Any): value to append to the list
    289        """
    290        if not isinstance(self.args.get(arg_key), list):
    291            self.args[arg_key] = []
    292        self.args[arg_key].append(value)
    293        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)

Appends value to arg_key if it's a list or sets it as a new list.

###### Arguments:

- arg_key (str): name of the list expression arg
- value (Any): value to append to the list

def set(self, arg_key: str, value: Any) -> None: View Source

    295    def set(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
    296        """
    297        Sets arg_key to value.
    298
    299        Args:
    300            arg_key: name of the expression arg.
    301            value: value to set the arg to.
    302        """
    303        if value is None:
    304            self.args.pop(arg_key, None)
    305            return
    306
    307        self.args[arg_key] = value
    308        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)

Sets arg_key to value.

###### Arguments:

- arg_key: name of the expression arg.
- value: value to set the arg to.

depth: int

Returns the depth of this tree.

def iter_expressions(self) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, Expression]]: View Source

    329    def iter_expressions(self) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[str, Expression]]:
    330        """Yields the key and expression for all arguments, exploding list args."""
    331        for k, vs in self.args.items():
    332            if type(vs) is list:
    333                for v in vs:
    334                    if hasattr(v, "parent"):
    335                        yield k, v
    336            else:
    337                if hasattr(vs, "parent"):
    338                    yield k, vs

Yields the key and expression for all arguments, exploding list args.

def find(self, *expression_types: Type[~E], bfs: bool = True) -> Optional[~E]: View Source

    340    def find(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Optional[E]:
    341        """
    342        Returns the first node in this tree which matches at least one of
    343        the specified types.
    344
    345        Args:
    346            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    347            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
    348
    349        Returns:
    350            The node which matches the criteria or None if no such node was found.
    351        """
    352        return next(self.find_all(*expression_types, bfs=bfs), None)

Returns the first node in this tree which matches at least one of the specified types.

###### Arguments:

- expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
- bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).

###### Returns:

> The node which matches the criteria or None if no such node was found.

def find_all(self, *expression_types: Type[~E], bfs: bool = True) -> Iterator[~E]: View Source

    354    def find_all(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Iterator[E]:
    355        """
    356        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree and only
    357        yields those that match at least one of the specified expression types.
    358
    359        Args:
    360            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    361            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
    362
    363        Returns:
    364            The generator object.
    365        """
    366        for expression, *_ in self.walk(bfs=bfs):
    367            if isinstance(expression, expression_types):
    368                yield expression

Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree and only yields those that match at least one of the specified expression types.

###### Arguments:

- expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
- bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).

###### Returns:

> The generator object.

def find_ancestor(self, *expression_types: Type[~E]) -> Optional[~E]: View Source

    370    def find_ancestor(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E]) -> t.Optional[E]:
    371        """
    372        Returns a nearest parent matching expression_types.
    373
    374        Args:
    375            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    376
    377        Returns:
    378            The parent node.
    379        """
    380        ancestor = self.parent
    381        while ancestor and not isinstance(ancestor, expression_types):
    382            ancestor = ancestor.parent
    383        return t.cast(E, ancestor)

Returns a nearest parent matching expression_types.

###### Arguments:

- expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.

###### Returns:

> The parent node.

parent_select: Optional[Select]

Returns the parent select statement.

same_parent: bool

Returns if the parent is the same class as itself.

def root(self) -> Expression: View Source

    397    def root(self) -> Expression:
    398        """
    399        Returns the root expression of this tree.
    400        """
    401        expression = self
    402        while expression.parent:
    403            expression = expression.parent
    404        return expression

Returns the root expression of this tree.

def walk(self, bfs=True, prune=None): View Source

    406    def walk(self, bfs=True, prune=None):
    407        """
    408        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree.
    409
    410        Args:
    411            bfs (bool): if set to True the BFS traversal order will be applied,
    412                otherwise the DFS traversal will be used instead.
    413            prune ((node, parent, arg_key) -> bool): callable that returns True if
    414                the generator should stop traversing this branch of the tree.
    415
    416        Returns:
    417            the generator object.
    418        """
    419        if bfs:
    420            yield from self.bfs(prune=prune)
    421        else:
    422            yield from self.dfs(prune=prune)

Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree.

###### Arguments:

- bfs (bool): if set to True the BFS traversal order will be applied, otherwise the DFS traversal will be used instead.
- prune ((node, parent, arg_key) -> bool): callable that returns True if the generator should stop traversing this branch of the tree.

###### Returns:

> the generator object.

def dfs(self, parent=None, key=None, prune=None): View Source

    424    def dfs(self, parent=None, key=None, prune=None):
    425        """
    426        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
    427        the DFS (Depth-first) order.
    428
    429        Returns:
    430            The generator object.
    431        """
    432        parent = parent or self.parent
    433        yield self, parent, key
    434        if prune and prune(self, parent, key):
    435            return
    436
    437        for k, v in self.iter_expressions():
    438            yield from v.dfs(self, k, prune)

Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in the DFS (Depth-first) order.

###### Returns:

> The generator object.

def bfs(self, prune=None): View Source

    440    def bfs(self, prune=None):
    441        """
    442        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
    443        the BFS (Breadth-first) order.
    444
    445        Returns:
    446            The generator object.
    447        """
    448        queue = deque([(self, self.parent, None)])
    449
    450        while queue:
    451            item, parent, key = queue.popleft()
    452
    453            yield item, parent, key
    454            if prune and prune(item, parent, key):
    455                continue
    456
    457            for k, v in item.iter_expressions():
    458                queue.append((v, item, k))

Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in the BFS (Breadth-first) order.

###### Returns:

> The generator object.

def unnest(self): View Source

    460    def unnest(self):
    461        """
    462        Returns the first non parenthesis child or self.
    463        """
    464        expression = self
    465        while type(expression) is Paren:
    466            expression = expression.this
    467        return expression

Returns the first non parenthesis child or self.

def unalias(self): View Source

    469    def unalias(self):
    470        """
    471        Returns the inner expression if this is an Alias.
    472        """
    473        if isinstance(self, Alias):
    474            return self.this
    475        return self

Returns the inner expression if this is an Alias.

def unnest_operands(self): View Source

    477    def unnest_operands(self):
    478        """
    479        Returns unnested operands as a tuple.
    480        """
    481        return tuple(arg.unnest() for _, arg in self.iter_expressions())

Returns unnested operands as a tuple.

def flatten(self, unnest=True): View Source

    483    def flatten(self, unnest=True):
    484        """
    485        Returns a generator which yields child nodes who's parents are the same class.
    486
    487        A AND B AND C -> [A, B, C]
    488        """
    489        for node, _, _ in self.dfs(prune=lambda n, p, *_: p and not type(n) is self.__class__):
    490            if not type(node) is self.__class__:
    491                yield node.unnest() if unnest and not isinstance(node, Subquery) else node

Returns a generator which yields child nodes who's parents are the same class.

A AND B AND C -> [A, B, C]

def sql( self, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> str: View Source

    499    def sql(self, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> str:
    500        """
    501        Returns SQL string representation of this tree.
    502
    503        Args:
    504            dialect: the dialect of the output SQL string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").
    505            opts: other `sqlglot.generator.Generator` options.
    506
    507        Returns:
    508            The SQL string.
    509        """
    510        from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect
    511
    512        return Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)().generate(self, **opts)

Returns SQL string representation of this tree.

###### Arguments:

- dialect: the dialect of the output SQL string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").
- opts: other `sqlglot.generator.Generator` options.

###### Returns:

> The SQL string.

def transform(self, fun, *args, copy=True, **kwargs): View Source

    538    def transform(self, fun, *args, copy=True, **kwargs):
    539        """
    540        Recursively visits all tree nodes (excluding already transformed ones)
    541        and applies the given transformation function to each node.
    542
    543        Args:
    544            fun (function): a function which takes a node as an argument and returns a
    545                new transformed node or the same node without modifications. If the function
    546                returns None, then the corresponding node will be removed from the syntax tree.
    547            copy (bool): if set to True a new tree instance is constructed, otherwise the tree is
    548                modified in place.
    549
    550        Returns:
    551            The transformed tree.
    552        """
    553        node = self.copy() if copy else self
    554        new_node = fun(node, *args, **kwargs)
    555
    556        if new_node is None or not isinstance(new_node, Expression):
    557            return new_node
    558        if new_node is not node:
    559            new_node.parent = node.parent
    560            return new_node
    561
    562        replace_children(new_node, lambda child: child.transform(fun, *args, copy=False, **kwargs))
    563        return new_node

Recursively visits all tree nodes (excluding already transformed ones) and applies the given transformation function to each node.

###### Arguments:

- fun (function): a function which takes a node as an argument and returns a new transformed node or the same node without modifications. If the function returns None, then the corresponding node will be removed from the syntax tree.
- copy (bool): if set to True a new tree instance is constructed, otherwise the tree is modified in place.

###### Returns:

> The transformed tree.

def replace(self, expression): View Source

    573    def replace(self, expression):
    574        """
    575        Swap out this expression with a new expression.
    576
    577        For example::
    578
    579            >>> tree = Select().select("x").from_("tbl")
    580            >>> tree.find(Column).replace(Column(this="y"))
    581            (COLUMN this: y)
    582            >>> tree.sql()
    583            'SELECT y FROM tbl'
    584
    585        Args:
    586            expression: new node
    587
    588        Returns:
    589            The new expression or expressions.
    590        """
    591        if not self.parent:
    592            return expression
    593
    594        parent = self.parent
    595        self.parent = None
    596
    597        replace_children(parent, lambda child: expression if child is self else child)
    598        return expression

Swap out this expression with a new expression.

For example::

    >>> tree = Select().select("x").from_("tbl")
    >>> tree.find(Column).replace(Column(this="y"))
    (COLUMN this: y)
    >>> tree.sql()
    'SELECT y FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- expression: new node

###### Returns:

> The new expression or expressions.

def pop(self: ~E) -> ~E: View Source

    600    def pop(self: E) -> E:
    601        """
    602        Remove this expression from its AST.
    603
    604        Returns:
    605            The popped expression.
    606        """
    607        self.replace(None)
    608        return self

Remove this expression from its AST.

###### Returns:

> The popped expression.

def assert_is(self, type_: Type[~E]) -> ~E: View Source

    610    def assert_is(self, type_: t.Type[E]) -> E:
    611        """
    612        Assert that this `Expression` is an instance of `type_`.
    613
    614        If it is NOT an instance of `type_`, this raises an assertion error.
    615        Otherwise, this returns this expression.
    616
    617        Examples:
    618            This is useful for type security in chained expressions:
    619
    620            >>> import sqlglot
    621            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT x from y").assert_is(Select).select("z").sql()
    622            'SELECT x, z FROM y'
    623        """
    624        assert isinstance(self, type_)
    625        return self

Assert that this `Expression` is an instance of `type_`.

If it is NOT an instance of `type_`, this raises an assertion error. Otherwise, this returns this expression.

###### Examples:

> This is useful for type security in chained expressions:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT x from y").assert_is(Select).select("z").sql()
>     'SELECT x, z FROM y'

def error_messages(self, args: Optional[Sequence] = None) -> List[str]: View Source

    627    def error_messages(self, args: t.Optional[t.Sequence] = None) -> t.List[str]:
    628        """
    629        Checks if this expression is valid (e.g. all mandatory args are set).
    630
    631        Args:
    632            args: a sequence of values that were used to instantiate a Func expression. This is used
    633                to check that the provided arguments don't exceed the function argument limit.
    634
    635        Returns:
    636            A list of error messages for all possible errors that were found.
    637        """
    638        errors: t.List[str] = []
    639
    640        for k in self.args:
    641            if k not in self.arg_types:
    642                errors.append(f"Unexpected keyword: '{k}' for {self.__class__}")
    643        for k, mandatory in self.arg_types.items():
    644            v = self.args.get(k)
    645            if mandatory and (v is None or (isinstance(v, list) and not v)):
    646                errors.append(f"Required keyword: '{k}' missing for {self.__class__}")
    647
    648        if (
    649            args
    650            and isinstance(self, Func)
    651            and len(args) > len(self.arg_types)
    652            and not self.is_var_len_args
    653        ):
    654            errors.append(
    655                f"The number of provided arguments ({len(args)}) is greater than "
    656                f"the maximum number of supported arguments ({len(self.arg_types)})"
    657            )
    658
    659        return errors

Checks if this expression is valid (e.g. all mandatory args are set).

###### Arguments:

- args: a sequence of values that were used to instantiate a Func expression. This is used to check that the provided arguments don't exceed the function argument limit.

###### Returns:

> A list of error messages for all possible errors that were found.

def dump(self): View Source

    661    def dump(self):
    662        """
    663        Dump this Expression to a JSON-serializable dict.
    664        """
    665        from sqlglot.serde import dump
    666
    667        return dump(self)

Dump this Expression to a JSON-serializable dict.

@classmethod
def load(cls, obj): View Source

    669    @classmethod
    670    def load(cls, obj):
    671        """
    672        Load a dict (as returned by `Expression.dump`) into an Expression instance.
    673        """
    674        from sqlglot.serde import load
    675
    676        return load(obj)

Load a dict (as returned by `Expression.dump`) into an Expression instance.

def and_( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Condition: View Source

    678    def and_(
    679        self,
    680        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    681        dialect: DialectType = None,
    682        copy: bool = True,
    683        **opts,
    684    ) -> Condition:
    685        """
    686        AND this condition with one or multiple expressions.
    687
    688        Example:
    689            >>> condition("x=1").and_("y=1").sql()
    690            'x = 1 AND y = 1'
    691
    692        Args:
    693            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    694                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    695            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    696            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
    697            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    698
    699        Returns:
    700            The new And condition.
    701        """
    702        return and_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)

AND this condition with one or multiple expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> condition("x=1").and_("y=1").sql()
>     'x = 1 AND y = 1'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new And condition.

def or_( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Condition: View Source

    704    def or_(
    705        self,
    706        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    707        dialect: DialectType = None,
    708        copy: bool = True,
    709        **opts,
    710    ) -> Condition:
    711        """
    712        OR this condition with one or multiple expressions.
    713
    714        Example:
    715            >>> condition("x=1").or_("y=1").sql()
    716            'x = 1 OR y = 1'
    717
    718        Args:
    719            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    720                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    721            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    722            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
    723            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    724
    725        Returns:
    726            The new Or condition.
    727        """
    728        return or_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)

OR this condition with one or multiple expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> condition("x=1").or_("y=1").sql()
>     'x = 1 OR y = 1'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Or condition.

def not_(self, copy: bool = True): View Source

    730    def not_(self, copy: bool = True):
    731        """
    732        Wrap this condition with NOT.
    733
    734        Example:
    735            >>> condition("x=1").not_().sql()
    736            'NOT x = 1'
    737
    738        Args:
    739            copy: whether or not to copy this object.
    740
    741        Returns:
    742            The new Not instance.
    743        """
    744        return not_(self, copy=copy)

Wrap this condition with NOT.

###### Example:

>     >>> condition("x=1").not_().sql()
>     'NOT x = 1'

###### Arguments:

- copy: whether or not to copy this object.

###### Returns:

> The new Not instance.

def as_( self, alias: str | Identifier, quoted: Optional[bool] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Alias: View Source

    746    def as_(
    747        self,
    748        alias: str | Identifier,
    749        quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    750        dialect: DialectType = None,
    751        copy: bool = True,
    752        **opts,
    753    ) -> Alias:
    754        return alias_(self, alias, quoted=quoted, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)

def isin( self, *expressions: Any, query: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, unnest: Union[str, Expression, NoneType, Collection[Union[str, Expression]]] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> In: View Source

    779    def isin(
    780        self,
    781        *expressions: t.Any,
    782        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    783        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
    784        copy: bool = True,
    785        **opts,
    786    ) -> In:
    787        return In(
    788            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    789            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
    790            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
    791            unnest=Unnest(
    792                expressions=[
    793                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
    794                ]
    795            )
    796            if unnest
    797            else None,
    798        )

def between( self, low: Any, high: Any, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Between: View Source

    800    def between(self, low: t.Any, high: t.Any, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Between:
    801        return Between(
    802            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    803            low=convert(low, copy=copy, **opts),
    804            high=convert(high, copy=copy, **opts),
    805        )

def is_( self, other: Union[str, Expression]) -> Is: View Source

    807    def is_(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Is:
    808        return self._binop(Is, other)

def like( self, other: Union[str, Expression]) -> Like: View Source

    810    def like(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Like:
    811        return self._binop(Like, other)

def ilike( self, other: Union[str, Expression]) -> ILike: View Source

    813    def ilike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> ILike:
    814        return self._binop(ILike, other)

def eq(self, other: Any) -> EQ: View Source

    816    def eq(self, other: t.Any) -> EQ:
    817        return self._binop(EQ, other)

def neq(self, other: Any) -> NEQ: View Source

    819    def neq(self, other: t.Any) -> NEQ:
    820        return self._binop(NEQ, other)

def rlike( self, other: Union[str, Expression]) -> RegexpLike: View Source

    822    def rlike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> RegexpLike:
    823        return self._binop(RegexpLike, other)

IntoType = typing.Union[str, typing.Type[Expression], typing.Collection[typing.Union[str, typing.Type[Expression]]]]
ExpOrStr = typing.Union[str, Expression]
class Condition(Expression): View Source

    906class Condition(Expression):
    907    """Logical conditions like x AND y, or simply x"""

Logical conditions like x AND y, or simply x

key = 'condition'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Predicate(Condition): View Source

    910class Predicate(Condition):
    911    """Relationships like x = y, x > 1, x >= y."""

Relationships like x = y, x > 1, x >= y.

key = 'predicate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DerivedTable(Expression): View Source

    914class DerivedTable(Expression):
    915    @property
    916    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    917        return self.this.selects if isinstance(self.this, Subqueryable) else []
    918
    919    @property
    920    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    921        return [select.output_name for select in self.selects]

selects: List[Expression]
named_selects: List[str]
key = 'derivedtable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Unionable(Expression): View Source

    924class Unionable(Expression):
    925    def union(
    926        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    927    ) -> Unionable:
    928        """
    929        Builds a UNION expression.
    930
    931        Example:
    932            >>> import sqlglot
    933            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").union("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    934            'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'
    935
    936        Args:
    937            expression: the SQL code string.
    938                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    939            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    940            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    941            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    942
    943        Returns:
    944            The new Union expression.
    945        """
    946        return union(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    947
    948    def intersect(
    949        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    950    ) -> Unionable:
    951        """
    952        Builds an INTERSECT expression.
    953
    954        Example:
    955            >>> import sqlglot
    956            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").intersect("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    957            'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'
    958
    959        Args:
    960            expression: the SQL code string.
    961                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    962            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    963            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    964            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    965
    966        Returns:
    967            The new Intersect expression.
    968        """
    969        return intersect(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    970
    971    def except_(
    972        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    973    ) -> Unionable:
    974        """
    975        Builds an EXCEPT expression.
    976
    977        Example:
    978            >>> import sqlglot
    979            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").except_("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    980            'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'
    981
    982        Args:
    983            expression: the SQL code string.
    984                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    985            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    986            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    987            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    988
    989        Returns:
    990            The new Except expression.
    991        """
    992        return except_(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)

def union( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Unionable: View Source

    925    def union(
    926        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    927    ) -> Unionable:
    928        """
    929        Builds a UNION expression.
    930
    931        Example:
    932            >>> import sqlglot
    933            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").union("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    934            'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'
    935
    936        Args:
    937            expression: the SQL code string.
    938                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    939            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    940            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    941            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    942
    943        Returns:
    944            The new Union expression.
    945        """
    946        return union(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Builds a UNION expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").union("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Union expression.

def intersect( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Unionable: View Source

    948    def intersect(
    949        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    950    ) -> Unionable:
    951        """
    952        Builds an INTERSECT expression.
    953
    954        Example:
    955            >>> import sqlglot
    956            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").intersect("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    957            'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'
    958
    959        Args:
    960            expression: the SQL code string.
    961                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    962            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    963            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    964            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    965
    966        Returns:
    967            The new Intersect expression.
    968        """
    969        return intersect(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Builds an INTERSECT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").intersect("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Intersect expression.

def except_( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Unionable: View Source

    971    def except_(
    972        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    973    ) -> Unionable:
    974        """
    975        Builds an EXCEPT expression.
    976
    977        Example:
    978            >>> import sqlglot
    979            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").except_("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    980            'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'
    981
    982        Args:
    983            expression: the SQL code string.
    984                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    985            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    986            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    987            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    988
    989        Returns:
    990            The new Except expression.
    991        """
    992        return except_(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Builds an EXCEPT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").except_("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Except expression.

key = 'unionable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class UDTF(DerivedTable, Unionable): View Source

    995class UDTF(DerivedTable, Unionable):
    996    @property
    997    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    998        alias = self.args.get("alias")
    999        return alias.columns if alias else []

selects: List[Expression]
key = 'udtf'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
DerivedTable
  named_selects
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Cache(Expression): View Source

    1002class Cache(Expression):
    1003    arg_types = {
    1004        "with": False,
    1005        "this": True,
    1006        "lazy": False,
    1007        "options": False,
    1008        "expression": False,
    1009    }

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': True, 'lazy': False, 'options': False, 'expression': False}
key = 'cache'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Uncache(Expression): View Source

    1012class Uncache(Expression):
    1013    arg_types = {"this": True, "exists": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'exists': False}
key = 'uncache'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DDL(Expression): View Source

    1016class DDL(Expression):
    1017    @property
    1018    def ctes(self):
    1019        with_ = self.args.get("with")
    1020        if not with_:
    1021            return []
    1022        return with_.expressions
    1023
    1024    @property
    1025    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    1026        if isinstance(self.expression, Subqueryable):
    1027            return self.expression.named_selects
    1028        return []
    1029
    1030    @property
    1031    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    1032        if isinstance(self.expression, Subqueryable):
    1033            return self.expression.selects
    1034        return []

ctes
named_selects: List[str]
selects: List[Expression]
key = 'ddl'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Create(DDL): View Source

    1037class Create(DDL):
    1038    arg_types = {
    1039        "with": False,
    1040        "this": True,
    1041        "kind": True,
    1042        "expression": False,
    1043        "exists": False,
    1044        "properties": False,
    1045        "replace": False,
    1046        "unique": False,
    1047        "indexes": False,
    1048        "no_schema_binding": False,
    1049        "begin": False,
    1050        "end": False,
    1051        "clone": False,
    1052    }

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': True, 'kind': True, 'expression': False, 'exists': False, 'properties': False, 'replace': False, 'unique': False, 'indexes': False, 'no_schema_binding': False, 'begin': False, 'end': False, 'clone': False}
key = 'create'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
DDL
  ctes
  named_selects
  selects

class Clone(Expression): View Source

    1058class Clone(Expression):
    1059    arg_types = {
    1060        "this": True,
    1061        "when": False,
    1062        "kind": False,
    1063        "shallow": False,
    1064        "expression": False,
    1065        "copy": False,
    1066    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'when': False, 'kind': False, 'shallow': False, 'expression': False, 'copy': False}
key = 'clone'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Describe(Expression): View Source

    1069class Describe(Expression):
    1070    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False, "expressions": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': False, 'expressions': False}
key = 'describe'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Kill(Expression): View Source

    1073class Kill(Expression):
    1074    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': False}
key = 'kill'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Pragma(Expression): View Source

    1077class Pragma(Expression):
    1078    pass

key = 'pragma'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Set(Expression): View Source

    1081class Set(Expression):
    1082    arg_types = {"expressions": False, "unset": False, "tag": False}

arg_types = {'expressions': False, 'unset': False, 'tag': False}
key = 'set'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SetItem(Expression): View Source

    1085class SetItem(Expression):
    1086    arg_types = {
    1087        "this": False,
    1088        "expressions": False,
    1089        "kind": False,
    1090        "collate": False,  # MySQL SET NAMES statement
    1091        "global": False,
    1092    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expressions': False, 'kind': False, 'collate': False, 'global': False}
key = 'setitem'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Show(Expression): View Source

    1095class Show(Expression):
    1096    arg_types = {
    1097        "this": True,
    1098        "target": False,
    1099        "offset": False,
    1100        "limit": False,
    1101        "like": False,
    1102        "where": False,
    1103        "db": False,
    1104        "scope": False,
    1105        "scope_kind": False,
    1106        "full": False,
    1107        "mutex": False,
    1108        "query": False,
    1109        "channel": False,
    1110        "global": False,
    1111        "log": False,
    1112        "position": False,
    1113        "types": False,
    1114    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'target': False, 'offset': False, 'limit': False, 'like': False, 'where': False, 'db': False, 'scope': False, 'scope_kind': False, 'full': False, 'mutex': False, 'query': False, 'channel': False, 'global': False, 'log': False, 'position': False, 'types': False}
key = 'show'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class UserDefinedFunction(Expression): View Source

    1117class UserDefinedFunction(Expression):
    1118    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "wrapped": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False, 'wrapped': False}
key = 'userdefinedfunction'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class CharacterSet(Expression): View Source

    1121class CharacterSet(Expression):
    1122    arg_types = {"this": True, "default": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'default': False}
key = 'characterset'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class With(Expression): View Source

    1125class With(Expression):
    1126    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "recursive": False}
    1127
    1128    @property
    1129    def recursive(self) -> bool:
    1130        return bool(self.args.get("recursive"))

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'recursive': False}
recursive: bool
key = 'with'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class WithinGroup(Expression): View Source

    1133class WithinGroup(Expression):
    1134    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'withingroup'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class CTE(DerivedTable): View Source

    1137class CTE(DerivedTable):
    1138    arg_types = {"this": True, "alias": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'alias': True}
key = 'cte'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
DerivedTable
  selects
  named_selects

class TableAlias(Expression): View Source

    1141class TableAlias(Expression):
    1142    arg_types = {"this": False, "columns": False}
    1143
    1144    @property
    1145    def columns(self):
    1146        return self.args.get("columns") or []

arg_types = {'this': False, 'columns': False}
columns
key = 'tablealias'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class BitString(Condition): View Source

    1149class BitString(Condition):
    1150    pass

key = 'bitstring'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class HexString(Condition): View Source

    1153class HexString(Condition):
    1154    pass

key = 'hexstring'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ByteString(Condition): View Source

    1157class ByteString(Condition):
    1158    pass

key = 'bytestring'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class RawString(Condition): View Source

    1161class RawString(Condition):
    1162    pass

key = 'rawstring'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Column(Condition): View Source

    1165class Column(Condition):
    1166    arg_types = {"this": True, "table": False, "db": False, "catalog": False, "join_mark": False}
    1167
    1168    @property
    1169    def table(self) -> str:
    1170        return self.text("table")
    1171
    1172    @property
    1173    def db(self) -> str:
    1174        return self.text("db")
    1175
    1176    @property
    1177    def catalog(self) -> str:
    1178        return self.text("catalog")
    1179
    1180    @property
    1181    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1182        return self.name
    1183
    1184    @property
    1185    def parts(self) -> t.List[Identifier]:
    1186        """Return the parts of a column in order catalog, db, table, name."""
    1187        return [
    1188            t.cast(Identifier, self.args[part])
    1189            for part in ("catalog", "db", "table", "this")
    1190            if self.args.get(part)
    1191        ]
    1192
    1193    def to_dot(self) -> Dot | Identifier:
    1194        """Converts the column into a dot expression."""
    1195        parts = self.parts
    1196        parent = self.parent
    1197
    1198        while parent:
    1199            if isinstance(parent, Dot):
    1200                parts.append(parent.expression)
    1201            parent = parent.parent
    1202
    1203        return Dot.build(deepcopy(parts)) if len(parts) > 1 else parts[0]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'table': False, 'db': False, 'catalog': False, 'join_mark': False}
table: str
db: str
catalog: str
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

parts: List[Identifier]

Return the parts of a column in order catalog, db, table, name.

def to_dot(self) -> Dot | Identifier: View Source

    1193    def to_dot(self) -> Dot | Identifier:
    1194        """Converts the column into a dot expression."""
    1195        parts = self.parts
    1196        parent = self.parent
    1197
    1198        while parent:
    1199            if isinstance(parent, Dot):
    1200                parts.append(parent.expression)
    1201            parent = parent.parent
    1202
    1203        return Dot.build(deepcopy(parts)) if len(parts) > 1 else parts[0]

Converts the column into a dot expression.

key = 'column'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ColumnPosition(Expression): View Source

    1206class ColumnPosition(Expression):
    1207    arg_types = {"this": False, "position": True}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'position': True}
key = 'columnposition'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ColumnDef(Expression): View Source

    1210class ColumnDef(Expression):
    1211    arg_types = {
    1212        "this": True,
    1213        "kind": False,
    1214        "constraints": False,
    1215        "exists": False,
    1216        "position": False,
    1217    }
    1218
    1219    @property
    1220    def constraints(self) -> t.List[ColumnConstraint]:
    1221        return self.args.get("constraints") or []

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': False, 'constraints': False, 'exists': False, 'position': False}
constraints: List[ColumnConstraint]
key = 'columndef'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class AlterColumn(Expression): View Source

    1224class AlterColumn(Expression):
    1225    arg_types = {
    1226        "this": True,
    1227        "dtype": False,
    1228        "collate": False,
    1229        "using": False,
    1230        "default": False,
    1231        "drop": False,
    1232    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'dtype': False, 'collate': False, 'using': False, 'default': False, 'drop': False}
key = 'altercolumn'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class RenameTable(Expression): View Source

    1235class RenameTable(Expression):
    1236    pass

key = 'renametable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SwapTable(Expression): View Source

    1239class SwapTable(Expression):
    1240    pass

key = 'swaptable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Comment(Expression): View Source

    1243class Comment(Expression):
    1244    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "expression": True, "exists": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': True, 'expression': True, 'exists': False}
key = 'comment'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Comprehension(Expression): View Source

    1247class Comprehension(Expression):
    1248    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "iterator": True, "condition": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'iterator': True, 'condition': False}
key = 'comprehension'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class MergeTreeTTLAction(Expression): View Source

    1252class MergeTreeTTLAction(Expression):
    1253    arg_types = {
    1254        "this": True,
    1255        "delete": False,
    1256        "recompress": False,
    1257        "to_disk": False,
    1258        "to_volume": False,
    1259    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'delete': False, 'recompress': False, 'to_disk': False, 'to_volume': False}
key = 'mergetreettlaction'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class MergeTreeTTL(Expression): View Source

    1263class MergeTreeTTL(Expression):
    1264    arg_types = {
    1265        "expressions": True,
    1266        "where": False,
    1267        "group": False,
    1268        "aggregates": False,
    1269    }

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'where': False, 'group': False, 'aggregates': False}
key = 'mergetreettl'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
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class IndexConstraintOption(Expression): View Source

    1273class IndexConstraintOption(Expression):
    1274    arg_types = {
    1275        "key_block_size": False,
    1276        "using": False,
    1277        "parser": False,
    1278        "comment": False,
    1279        "visible": False,
    1280        "engine_attr": False,
    1281        "secondary_engine_attr": False,
    1282    }

arg_types = {'key_block_size': False, 'using': False, 'parser': False, 'comment': False, 'visible': False, 'engine_attr': False, 'secondary_engine_attr': False}
key = 'indexconstraintoption'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
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class ColumnConstraint(Expression): View Source

    1285class ColumnConstraint(Expression):
    1286    arg_types = {"this": False, "kind": True}
    1287
    1288    @property
    1289    def kind(self) -> ColumnConstraintKind:
    1290        return self.args["kind"]

arg_types = {'this': False, 'kind': True}
kind: ColumnConstraintKind
key = 'columnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
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class ColumnConstraintKind(Expression): View Source

    1293class ColumnConstraintKind(Expression):
    1294    pass

key = 'columnconstraintkind'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  transform
  replace
  pop
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  dump
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class AutoIncrementColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1297class AutoIncrementColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1298    pass

key = 'autoincrementcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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class CaseSpecificColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1301class CaseSpecificColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1302    arg_types = {"not_": True}

arg_types = {'not_': True}
key = 'casespecificcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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class CharacterSetColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1305class CharacterSetColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1306    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'charactersetcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  transform
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class CheckColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1309class CheckColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1310    pass

key = 'checkcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  transform
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  pop
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class ClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1313class ClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1314    pass

key = 'clusteredcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
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  pop
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  load
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class CollateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1317class CollateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1318    pass

key = 'collatecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  transform
  replace
  pop
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  load
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class CommentColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1321class CommentColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1322    pass

key = 'commentcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
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class CompressColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1325class CompressColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1326    pass

key = 'compresscolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
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class DateFormatColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1329class DateFormatColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1330    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'dateformatcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
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class DefaultColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1333class DefaultColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1334    pass

key = 'defaultcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
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class EncodeColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1337class EncodeColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1338    pass

key = 'encodecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
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  dfs
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class GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1341class GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1342    # this: True -> ALWAYS, this: False -> BY DEFAULT
    1343    arg_types = {
    1344        "this": False,
    1345        "expression": False,
    1346        "on_null": False,
    1347        "start": False,
    1348        "increment": False,
    1349        "minvalue": False,
    1350        "maxvalue": False,
    1351        "cycle": False,
    1352    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': False, 'on_null': False, 'start': False, 'increment': False, 'minvalue': False, 'maxvalue': False, 'cycle': False}
key = 'generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
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class IndexColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1356class IndexColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1357    arg_types = {
    1358        "this": False,
    1359        "schema": True,
    1360        "kind": False,
    1361        "index_type": False,
    1362        "options": False,
    1363    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'schema': True, 'kind': False, 'index_type': False, 'options': False}
key = 'indexcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
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class InlineLengthColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1366class InlineLengthColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1367    pass

key = 'inlinelengthcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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class NonClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1370class NonClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1371    pass

key = 'nonclusteredcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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class NotForReplicationColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1374class NotForReplicationColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1375    arg_types = {}

arg_types = {}
key = 'notforreplicationcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
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class NotNullColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1378class NotNullColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1379    arg_types = {"allow_null": False}

arg_types = {'allow_null': False}
key = 'notnullcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
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class OnUpdateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1383class OnUpdateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1384    pass

key = 'onupdatecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
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class PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1387class PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1388    arg_types = {"desc": False}

arg_types = {'desc': False}
key = 'primarykeycolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TitleColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1391class TitleColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1392    pass

key = 'titlecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class UniqueColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1395class UniqueColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1396    arg_types = {"this": False, "index_type": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'index_type': False}
key = 'uniquecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class UppercaseColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1399class UppercaseColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1400    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}

arg_types: Dict[str, Any] = {}
key = 'uppercasecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class PathColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1403class PathColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1404    pass

key = 'pathcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ComputedColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1409class ComputedColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1410    arg_types = {"this": True, "persisted": False, "not_null": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'persisted': False, 'not_null': False}
key = 'computedcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Constraint(Expression): View Source

    1413class Constraint(Expression):
    1414    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True}
key = 'constraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Delete(Expression): View Source

    1417class Delete(Expression):
    1418    arg_types = {
    1419        "with": False,
    1420        "this": False,
    1421        "using": False,
    1422        "where": False,
    1423        "returning": False,
    1424        "limit": False,
    1425        "tables": False,  # Multiple-Table Syntax (MySQL)
    1426    }
    1427
    1428    def delete(
    1429        self,
    1430        table: ExpOrStr,
    1431        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1432        copy: bool = True,
    1433        **opts,
    1434    ) -> Delete:
    1435        """
    1436        Create a DELETE expression or replace the table on an existing DELETE expression.
    1437
    1438        Example:
    1439            >>> delete("tbl").sql()
    1440            'DELETE FROM tbl'
    1441
    1442        Args:
    1443            table: the table from which to delete.
    1444            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1445            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1446            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1447
    1448        Returns:
    1449            Delete: the modified expression.
    1450        """
    1451        return _apply_builder(
    1452            expression=table,
    1453            instance=self,
    1454            arg="this",
    1455            dialect=dialect,
    1456            into=Table,
    1457            copy=copy,
    1458            **opts,
    1459        )
    1460
    1461    def where(
    1462        self,
    1463        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1464        append: bool = True,
    1465        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1466        copy: bool = True,
    1467        **opts,
    1468    ) -> Delete:
    1469        """
    1470        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    1471
    1472        Example:
    1473            >>> delete("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    1474            "DELETE FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    1475
    1476        Args:
    1477            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1478                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1479                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1480            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1481                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1482            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1483            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1484            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1485
    1486        Returns:
    1487            Delete: the modified expression.
    1488        """
    1489        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1490            *expressions,
    1491            instance=self,
    1492            arg="where",
    1493            append=append,
    1494            into=Where,
    1495            dialect=dialect,
    1496            copy=copy,
    1497            **opts,
    1498        )
    1499
    1500    def returning(
    1501        self,
    1502        expression: ExpOrStr,
    1503        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1504        copy: bool = True,
    1505        **opts,
    1506    ) -> Delete:
    1507        """
    1508        Set the RETURNING expression. Not supported by all dialects.
    1509
    1510        Example:
    1511            >>> delete("tbl").returning("*", dialect="postgres").sql()
    1512            'DELETE FROM tbl RETURNING *'
    1513
    1514        Args:
    1515            expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1516                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1517            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1518            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1519            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1520
    1521        Returns:
    1522            Delete: the modified expression.
    1523        """
    1524        return _apply_builder(
    1525            expression=expression,
    1526            instance=self,
    1527            arg="returning",
    1528            prefix="RETURNING",
    1529            dialect=dialect,
    1530            copy=copy,
    1531            into=Returning,
    1532            **opts,
    1533        )

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': False, 'using': False, 'where': False, 'returning': False, 'limit': False, 'tables': False}
def delete( self, table: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Delete: View Source

    1428    def delete(
    1429        self,
    1430        table: ExpOrStr,
    1431        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1432        copy: bool = True,
    1433        **opts,
    1434    ) -> Delete:
    1435        """
    1436        Create a DELETE expression or replace the table on an existing DELETE expression.
    1437
    1438        Example:
    1439            >>> delete("tbl").sql()
    1440            'DELETE FROM tbl'
    1441
    1442        Args:
    1443            table: the table from which to delete.
    1444            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1445            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1446            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1447
    1448        Returns:
    1449            Delete: the modified expression.
    1450        """
    1451        return _apply_builder(
    1452            expression=table,
    1453            instance=self,
    1454            arg="this",
    1455            dialect=dialect,
    1456            into=Table,
    1457            copy=copy,
    1458            **opts,
    1459        )

Create a DELETE expression or replace the table on an existing DELETE expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> delete("tbl").sql()
>     'DELETE FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- table: the table from which to delete.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Delete: the modified expression.

def where( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Delete: View Source

    1461    def where(
    1462        self,
    1463        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1464        append: bool = True,
    1465        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1466        copy: bool = True,
    1467        **opts,
    1468    ) -> Delete:
    1469        """
    1470        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    1471
    1472        Example:
    1473            >>> delete("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    1474            "DELETE FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    1475
    1476        Args:
    1477            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1478                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1479                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1480            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1481                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1482            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1483            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1484            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1485
    1486        Returns:
    1487            Delete: the modified expression.
    1488        """
    1489        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1490            *expressions,
    1491            instance=self,
    1492            arg="where",
    1493            append=append,
    1494            into=Where,
    1495            dialect=dialect,
    1496            copy=copy,
    1497            **opts,
    1498        )

Append to or set the WHERE expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> delete("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
>     "DELETE FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is. Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
- append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression. Otherwise, this resets the expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Delete: the modified expression.

def returning( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Delete: View Source

    1500    def returning(
    1501        self,
    1502        expression: ExpOrStr,
    1503        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1504        copy: bool = True,
    1505        **opts,
    1506    ) -> Delete:
    1507        """
    1508        Set the RETURNING expression. Not supported by all dialects.
    1509
    1510        Example:
    1511            >>> delete("tbl").returning("*", dialect="postgres").sql()
    1512            'DELETE FROM tbl RETURNING *'
    1513
    1514        Args:
    1515            expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1516                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1517            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1518            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1519            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1520
    1521        Returns:
    1522            Delete: the modified expression.
    1523        """
    1524        return _apply_builder(
    1525            expression=expression,
    1526            instance=self,
    1527            arg="returning",
    1528            prefix="RETURNING",
    1529            dialect=dialect,
    1530            copy=copy,
    1531            into=Returning,
    1532            **opts,
    1533        )

Set the RETURNING expression. Not supported by all dialects.

###### Example:

>     >>> delete("tbl").returning("*", dialect="postgres").sql()
>     'DELETE FROM tbl RETURNING *'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Delete: the modified expression.

key = 'delete'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Drop(Expression): View Source

    1536class Drop(Expression):
    1537    arg_types = {
    1538        "this": False,
    1539        "kind": False,
    1540        "exists": False,
    1541        "temporary": False,
    1542        "materialized": False,
    1543        "cascade": False,
    1544        "constraints": False,
    1545        "purge": False,
    1546    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'kind': False, 'exists': False, 'temporary': False, 'materialized': False, 'cascade': False, 'constraints': False, 'purge': False}
key = 'drop'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Filter(Expression): View Source

    1549class Filter(Expression):
    1550    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'filter'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Check(Expression): View Source

    1553class Check(Expression):
    1554    pass

key = 'check'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Connect(Expression): View Source

    1558class Connect(Expression):
    1559    arg_types = {"start": False, "connect": True}

arg_types = {'start': False, 'connect': True}
key = 'connect'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Prior(Expression): View Source

    1562class Prior(Expression):
    1563    pass

key = 'prior'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Directory(Expression): View Source

    1566class Directory(Expression):
    1567    # https://spark.apache.org/docs/3.0.0-preview/sql-ref-syntax-dml-insert-overwrite-directory-hive.html
    1568    arg_types = {"this": True, "local": False, "row_format": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'local': False, 'row_format': False}
key = 'directory'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load
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  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
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  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ForeignKey(Expression): View Source

    1571class ForeignKey(Expression):
    1572    arg_types = {
    1573        "expressions": True,
    1574        "reference": False,
    1575        "delete": False,
    1576        "update": False,
    1577    }

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'reference': False, 'delete': False, 'update': False}
key = 'foreignkey'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load
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  neq
  rlike

class ColumnPrefix(Expression): View Source

    1580class ColumnPrefix(Expression):
    1581    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'columnprefix'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class PrimaryKey(Expression): View Source

    1584class PrimaryKey(Expression):
    1585    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "options": False}

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'options': False}
key = 'primarykey'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  neq
  rlike

class Into(Expression): View Source

    1590class Into(Expression):
    1591    arg_types = {"this": True, "temporary": False, "unlogged": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'temporary': False, 'unlogged': False}
key = 'into'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  isin
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  neq
  rlike

class From(Expression): View Source

    1594class From(Expression):
    1595    @property
    1596    def name(self) -> str:
    1597        return self.this.name
    1598
    1599    @property
    1600    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
    1601        return self.this.alias_or_name

name: str
alias_or_name: str
key = 'from'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  isin
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  is_
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  neq
  rlike

class Having(Expression): View Source

    1604class Having(Expression):
    1605    pass

key = 'having'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
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  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Hint(Expression): View Source

    1608class Hint(Expression):
    1609    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'hint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  as_
  isin
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  is_
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  neq
  rlike

class JoinHint(Expression): View Source

    1612class JoinHint(Expression):
    1613    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True}
key = 'joinhint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
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  neq
  rlike

class Identifier(Expression): View Source

    1616class Identifier(Expression):
    1617    arg_types = {"this": True, "quoted": False, "global": False, "temporary": False}
    1618
    1619    @property
    1620    def quoted(self) -> bool:
    1621        return bool(self.args.get("quoted"))
    1622
    1623    @property
    1624    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
    1625        return (self.this, self.quoted)
    1626
    1627    @property
    1628    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1629        return self.name

arg_types = {'this': True, 'quoted': False, 'global': False, 'temporary': False}
quoted: bool
hashable_args: Any
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'identifier'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Opclass(Expression): View Source

    1633class Opclass(Expression):
    1634    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'opclass'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Index(Expression): View Source

    1637class Index(Expression):
    1638    arg_types = {
    1639        "this": False,
    1640        "table": False,
    1641        "using": False,
    1642        "where": False,
    1643        "columns": False,
    1644        "unique": False,
    1645        "primary": False,
    1646        "amp": False,  # teradata
    1647        "partition_by": False,  # teradata
    1648        "where": False,  # postgres partial indexes
    1649    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'table': False, 'using': False, 'where': False, 'columns': False, 'unique': False, 'primary': False, 'amp': False, 'partition_by': False}
key = 'index'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
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  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Insert(DDL): View Source

    1652class Insert(DDL):
    1653    arg_types = {
    1654        "with": False,
    1655        "this": True,
    1656        "expression": False,
    1657        "conflict": False,
    1658        "returning": False,
    1659        "overwrite": False,
    1660        "exists": False,
    1661        "partition": False,
    1662        "alternative": False,
    1663        "where": False,
    1664        "ignore": False,
    1665        "by_name": False,
    1666    }
    1667
    1668    def with_(
    1669        self,
    1670        alias: ExpOrStr,
    1671        as_: ExpOrStr,
    1672        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    1673        append: bool = True,
    1674        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1675        copy: bool = True,
    1676        **opts,
    1677    ) -> Insert:
    1678        """
    1679        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    1680
    1681        Example:
    1682            >>> insert("SELECT x FROM cte", "t").with_("cte", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").sql()
    1683            'WITH cte AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) INSERT INTO t SELECT x FROM cte'
    1684
    1685        Args:
    1686            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    1687                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    1688            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    1689                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1690            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    1691            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    1692                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    1693            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1694            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1695            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1696
    1697        Returns:
    1698            The modified expression.
    1699        """
    1700        return _apply_cte_builder(
    1701            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    1702        )

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': True, 'expression': False, 'conflict': False, 'returning': False, 'overwrite': False, 'exists': False, 'partition': False, 'alternative': False, 'where': False, 'ignore': False, 'by_name': False}
def with_( self, alias: Union[str, Expression], as_: Union[str, Expression], recursive: Optional[bool] = None, append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Insert: View Source

    1668    def with_(
    1669        self,
    1670        alias: ExpOrStr,
    1671        as_: ExpOrStr,
    1672        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    1673        append: bool = True,
    1674        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1675        copy: bool = True,
    1676        **opts,
    1677    ) -> Insert:
    1678        """
    1679        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    1680
    1681        Example:
    1682            >>> insert("SELECT x FROM cte", "t").with_("cte", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").sql()
    1683            'WITH cte AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) INSERT INTO t SELECT x FROM cte'
    1684
    1685        Args:
    1686            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    1687                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    1688            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    1689                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1690            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    1691            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    1692                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    1693            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1694            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1695            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1696
    1697        Returns:
    1698            The modified expression.
    1699        """
    1700        return _apply_cte_builder(
    1701            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    1702        )

Append to or set the common table expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> insert("SELECT x FROM cte", "t").with_("cte", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").sql()
>     'WITH cte AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) INSERT INTO t SELECT x FROM cte'

###### Arguments:

- alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name. If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified expression.

key = 'insert'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
DDL
  ctes
  named_selects
  selects

class OnConflict(Expression): View Source

    1705class OnConflict(Expression):
    1706    arg_types = {
    1707        "duplicate": False,
    1708        "expressions": False,
    1709        "nothing": False,
    1710        "key": False,
    1711        "constraint": False,
    1712    }

arg_types = {'duplicate': False, 'expressions': False, 'nothing': False, 'key': False, 'constraint': False}
key = 'onconflict'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  rlike

class Returning(Expression): View Source

    1715class Returning(Expression):
    1716    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "into": False}

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'into': False}
key = 'returning'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  neq
  rlike

class Introducer(Expression): View Source

    1720class Introducer(Expression):
    1721    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'introducer'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
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  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class National(Expression): View Source

    1725class National(Expression):
    1726    pass

key = 'national'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LoadData(Expression): View Source

    1729class LoadData(Expression):
    1730    arg_types = {
    1731        "this": True,
    1732        "local": False,
    1733        "overwrite": False,
    1734        "inpath": True,
    1735        "partition": False,
    1736        "input_format": False,
    1737        "serde": False,
    1738    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'local': False, 'overwrite': False, 'inpath': True, 'partition': False, 'input_format': False, 'serde': False}
key = 'loaddata'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Partition(Expression): View Source

    1741class Partition(Expression):
    1742    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'partition'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Fetch(Expression): View Source

    1745class Fetch(Expression):
    1746    arg_types = {
    1747        "direction": False,
    1748        "count": False,
    1749        "percent": False,
    1750        "with_ties": False,
    1751    }

arg_types = {'direction': False, 'count': False, 'percent': False, 'with_ties': False}
key = 'fetch'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Group(Expression): View Source

    1754class Group(Expression):
    1755    arg_types = {
    1756        "expressions": False,
    1757        "grouping_sets": False,
    1758        "cube": False,
    1759        "rollup": False,
    1760        "totals": False,
    1761        "all": False,
    1762    }

arg_types = {'expressions': False, 'grouping_sets': False, 'cube': False, 'rollup': False, 'totals': False, 'all': False}
key = 'group'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Lambda(Expression): View Source

    1765class Lambda(Expression):
    1766    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True}
key = 'lambda'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Limit(Expression): View Source

    1769class Limit(Expression):
    1770    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": True, "offset": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': True, 'offset': False}
key = 'limit'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Literal(Condition): View Source

    1773class Literal(Condition):
    1774    arg_types = {"this": True, "is_string": True}
    1775
    1776    @property
    1777    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
    1778        return (self.this, self.args.get("is_string"))
    1779
    1780    @classmethod
    1781    def number(cls, number) -> Literal:
    1782        return cls(this=str(number), is_string=False)
    1783
    1784    @classmethod
    1785    def string(cls, string) -> Literal:
    1786        return cls(this=str(string), is_string=True)
    1787
    1788    @property
    1789    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1790        return self.name

arg_types = {'this': True, 'is_string': True}
hashable_args: Any
@classmethod
def number(cls, number) -> Literal: View Source

    1780    @classmethod
    1781    def number(cls, number) -> Literal:
    1782        return cls(this=str(number), is_string=False)

@classmethod
def string(cls, string) -> Literal: View Source

    1784    @classmethod
    1785    def string(cls, string) -> Literal:
    1786        return cls(this=str(string), is_string=True)

output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'literal'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Join(Expression): View Source

    1793class Join(Expression):
    1794    arg_types = {
    1795        "this": True,
    1796        "on": False,
    1797        "side": False,
    1798        "kind": False,
    1799        "using": False,
    1800        "method": False,
    1801        "global": False,
    1802        "hint": False,
    1803    }
    1804
    1805    @property
    1806    def method(self) -> str:
    1807        return self.text("method").upper()
    1808
    1809    @property
    1810    def kind(self) -> str:
    1811        return self.text("kind").upper()
    1812
    1813    @property
    1814    def side(self) -> str:
    1815        return self.text("side").upper()
    1816
    1817    @property
    1818    def hint(self) -> str:
    1819        return self.text("hint").upper()
    1820
    1821    @property
    1822    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
    1823        return self.this.alias_or_name
    1824
    1825    def on(
    1826        self,
    1827        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1828        append: bool = True,
    1829        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1830        copy: bool = True,
    1831        **opts,
    1832    ) -> Join:
    1833        """
    1834        Append to or set the ON expressions.
    1835
    1836        Example:
    1837            >>> import sqlglot
    1838            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).on("y = 1").sql()
    1839            'JOIN x ON y = 1'
    1840
    1841        Args:
    1842            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1843                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1844                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1845            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1846                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1847            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1848            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1849            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1850
    1851        Returns:
    1852            The modified Join expression.
    1853        """
    1854        join = _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1855            *expressions,
    1856            instance=self,
    1857            arg="on",
    1858            append=append,
    1859            dialect=dialect,
    1860            copy=copy,
    1861            **opts,
    1862        )
    1863
    1864        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1865            join.set("kind", None)
    1866
    1867        return join
    1868
    1869    def using(
    1870        self,
    1871        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1872        append: bool = True,
    1873        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1874        copy: bool = True,
    1875        **opts,
    1876    ) -> Join:
    1877        """
    1878        Append to or set the USING expressions.
    1879
    1880        Example:
    1881            >>> import sqlglot
    1882            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).using("foo", "bla").sql()
    1883            'JOIN x USING (foo, bla)'
    1884
    1885        Args:
    1886            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1887                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1888            append: if `True`, concatenate the new expressions to the existing "using" list.
    1889                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1890            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1891            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1892            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1893
    1894        Returns:
    1895            The modified Join expression.
    1896        """
    1897        join = _apply_list_builder(
    1898            *expressions,
    1899            instance=self,
    1900            arg="using",
    1901            append=append,
    1902            dialect=dialect,
    1903            copy=copy,
    1904            **opts,
    1905        )
    1906
    1907        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1908            join.set("kind", None)
    1909
    1910        return join

arg_types = {'this': True, 'on': False, 'side': False, 'kind': False, 'using': False, 'method': False, 'global': False, 'hint': False}
method: str
kind: str
side: str
hint: str
alias_or_name: str
def on( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Join: View Source

    1825    def on(
    1826        self,
    1827        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1828        append: bool = True,
    1829        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1830        copy: bool = True,
    1831        **opts,
    1832    ) -> Join:
    1833        """
    1834        Append to or set the ON expressions.
    1835
    1836        Example:
    1837            >>> import sqlglot
    1838            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).on("y = 1").sql()
    1839            'JOIN x ON y = 1'
    1840
    1841        Args:
    1842            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1843                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1844                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1845            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1846                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1847            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1848            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1849            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1850
    1851        Returns:
    1852            The modified Join expression.
    1853        """
    1854        join = _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1855            *expressions,
    1856            instance=self,
    1857            arg="on",
    1858            append=append,
    1859            dialect=dialect,
    1860            copy=copy,
    1861            **opts,
    1862        )
    1863
    1864        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1865            join.set("kind", None)
    1866
    1867        return join

Append to or set the ON expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).on("y = 1").sql()
>     'JOIN x ON y = 1'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is. Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
- append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression. Otherwise, this resets the expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Join expression.

def using( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Join: View Source

    1869    def using(
    1870        self,
    1871        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1872        append: bool = True,
    1873        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1874        copy: bool = True,
    1875        **opts,
    1876    ) -> Join:
    1877        """
    1878        Append to or set the USING expressions.
    1879
    1880        Example:
    1881            >>> import sqlglot
    1882            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).using("foo", "bla").sql()
    1883            'JOIN x USING (foo, bla)'
    1884
    1885        Args:
    1886            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1887                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1888            append: if `True`, concatenate the new expressions to the existing "using" list.
    1889                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1890            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1891            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1892            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1893
    1894        Returns:
    1895            The modified Join expression.
    1896        """
    1897        join = _apply_list_builder(
    1898            *expressions,
    1899            instance=self,
    1900            arg="using",
    1901            append=append,
    1902            dialect=dialect,
    1903            copy=copy,
    1904            **opts,
    1905        )
    1906
    1907        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1908            join.set("kind", None)
    1909
    1910        return join

Append to or set the USING expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).using("foo", "bla").sql()
>     'JOIN x USING (foo, bla)'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- append: if `True`, concatenate the new expressions to the existing "using" list. Otherwise, this resets the expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Join expression.

key = 'join'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Lateral(UDTF): View Source

    1913class Lateral(UDTF):
    1914    arg_types = {"this": True, "view": False, "outer": False, "alias": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'view': False, 'outer': False, 'alias': False}
key = 'lateral'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
UDTF
  selects
DerivedTable
  named_selects
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class MatchRecognize(Expression): View Source

    1917class MatchRecognize(Expression):
    1918    arg_types = {
    1919        "partition_by": False,
    1920        "order": False,
    1921        "measures": False,
    1922        "rows": False,
    1923        "after": False,
    1924        "pattern": False,
    1925        "define": False,
    1926        "alias": False,
    1927    }

arg_types = {'partition_by': False, 'order': False, 'measures': False, 'rows': False, 'after': False, 'pattern': False, 'define': False, 'alias': False}
key = 'matchrecognize'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Final(Expression): View Source

    1932class Final(Expression):
    1933    pass

key = 'final'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
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  dump
  load
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  rlike

class Offset(Expression): View Source

    1936class Offset(Expression):
    1937    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': True}
key = 'offset'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Order(Expression): View Source

    1940class Order(Expression):
    1941    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": True}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expressions': True}
key = 'order'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Cluster(Order): View Source

    1946class Cluster(Order):
    1947    pass

key = 'cluster'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
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  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Order
  arg_types

class Distribute(Order): View Source

    1950class Distribute(Order):
    1951    pass

key = 'distribute'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Order
  arg_types

class Sort(Order): View Source

    1954class Sort(Order):
    1955    pass

key = 'sort'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Order
  arg_types

class Ordered(Expression): View Source

    1958class Ordered(Expression):
    1959    arg_types = {"this": True, "desc": False, "nulls_first": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'desc': False, 'nulls_first': True}
key = 'ordered'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Property(Expression): View Source

    1962class Property(Expression):
    1963    arg_types = {"this": True, "value": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'value': True}
key = 'property'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  or_
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  isin
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  neq
  rlike

class AlgorithmProperty(Property): View Source

    1966class AlgorithmProperty(Property):
    1967    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'algorithmproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  isin
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  neq
  rlike

class AutoIncrementProperty(Property): View Source

    1970class AutoIncrementProperty(Property):
    1971    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'autoincrementproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
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  as_
  isin
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  is_
  like
  ilike
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  neq
  rlike

class BlockCompressionProperty(Property): View Source

    1974class BlockCompressionProperty(Property):
    1975    arg_types = {"autotemp": False, "always": False, "default": True, "manual": True, "never": True}

arg_types = {'autotemp': False, 'always': False, 'default': True, 'manual': True, 'never': True}
key = 'blockcompressionproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  isin
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  ilike
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  neq
  rlike

class CharacterSetProperty(Property): View Source

    1978class CharacterSetProperty(Property):
    1979    arg_types = {"this": True, "default": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'default': True}
key = 'charactersetproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
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  as_
  isin
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  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ChecksumProperty(Property): View Source

    1982class ChecksumProperty(Property):
    1983    arg_types = {"on": False, "default": False}

arg_types = {'on': False, 'default': False}
key = 'checksumproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class CollateProperty(Property): View Source

    1986class CollateProperty(Property):
    1987    arg_types = {"this": True, "default": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'default': False}
key = 'collateproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
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  as_
  isin
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  is_
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  ilike
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  neq
  rlike

class CopyGrantsProperty(Property): View Source

    1990class CopyGrantsProperty(Property):
    1991    arg_types = {}

arg_types = {}
key = 'copygrantsproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
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  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
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  ilike
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  neq
  rlike

class DataBlocksizeProperty(Property): View Source

    1994class DataBlocksizeProperty(Property):
    1995    arg_types = {
    1996        "size": False,
    1997        "units": False,
    1998        "minimum": False,
    1999        "maximum": False,
    2000        "default": False,
    2001    }

arg_types = {'size': False, 'units': False, 'minimum': False, 'maximum': False, 'default': False}
key = 'datablocksizeproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
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  isin
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  neq
  rlike

class DefinerProperty(Property): View Source

    2004class DefinerProperty(Property):
    2005    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'definerproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
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  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DistKeyProperty(Property): View Source

    2008class DistKeyProperty(Property):
    2009    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'distkeyproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
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  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DistStyleProperty(Property): View Source

    2012class DistStyleProperty(Property):
    2013    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'diststyleproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class EngineProperty(Property): View Source

    2016class EngineProperty(Property):
    2017    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'engineproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class HeapProperty(Property): View Source

    2020class HeapProperty(Property):
    2021    arg_types = {}

arg_types = {}
key = 'heapproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
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  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ToTableProperty(Property): View Source

    2024class ToTableProperty(Property):
    2025    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'totableproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  neq
  rlike

class ExecuteAsProperty(Property): View Source

    2028class ExecuteAsProperty(Property):
    2029    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'executeasproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
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  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ExternalProperty(Property): View Source

    2032class ExternalProperty(Property):
    2033    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'externalproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class FallbackProperty(Property): View Source

    2036class FallbackProperty(Property):
    2037    arg_types = {"no": True, "protection": False}

arg_types = {'no': True, 'protection': False}
key = 'fallbackproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class FileFormatProperty(Property): View Source

    2040class FileFormatProperty(Property):
    2041    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'fileformatproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class FreespaceProperty(Property): View Source

    2044class FreespaceProperty(Property):
    2045    arg_types = {"this": True, "percent": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'percent': False}
key = 'freespaceproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class InputModelProperty(Property): View Source

    2048class InputModelProperty(Property):
    2049    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'inputmodelproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class OutputModelProperty(Property): View Source

    2052class OutputModelProperty(Property):
    2053    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'outputmodelproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class IsolatedLoadingProperty(Property): View Source

    2056class IsolatedLoadingProperty(Property):
    2057    arg_types = {
    2058        "no": True,
    2059        "concurrent": True,
    2060        "for_all": True,
    2061        "for_insert": True,
    2062        "for_none": True,
    2063    }

arg_types = {'no': True, 'concurrent': True, 'for_all': True, 'for_insert': True, 'for_none': True}
key = 'isolatedloadingproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JournalProperty(Property): View Source

    2066class JournalProperty(Property):
    2067    arg_types = {
    2068        "no": False,
    2069        "dual": False,
    2070        "before": False,
    2071        "local": False,
    2072        "after": False,
    2073    }

arg_types = {'no': False, 'dual': False, 'before': False, 'local': False, 'after': False}
key = 'journalproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LanguageProperty(Property): View Source

    2076class LanguageProperty(Property):
    2077    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'languageproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ClusteredByProperty(Property): View Source

    2081class ClusteredByProperty(Property):
    2082    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "sorted_by": False, "buckets": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'sorted_by': False, 'buckets': True}
key = 'clusteredbyproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DictProperty(Property): View Source

    2085class DictProperty(Property):
    2086    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "settings": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': True, 'settings': False}
key = 'dictproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DictSubProperty(Property): View Source

    2089class DictSubProperty(Property):
    2090    pass

key = 'dictsubproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Property
  arg_types

class DictRange(Property): View Source

    2093class DictRange(Property):
    2094    arg_types = {"this": True, "min": True, "max": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'min': True, 'max': True}
key = 'dictrange'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class OnCluster(Property): View Source

    2099class OnCluster(Property):
    2100    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'oncluster'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LikeProperty(Property): View Source

    2103class LikeProperty(Property):
    2104    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
key = 'likeproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LocationProperty(Property): View Source

    2107class LocationProperty(Property):
    2108    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'locationproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LockingProperty(Property): View Source

    2111class LockingProperty(Property):
    2112    arg_types = {
    2113        "this": False,
    2114        "kind": True,
    2115        "for_or_in": False,
    2116        "lock_type": True,
    2117        "override": False,
    2118    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'kind': True, 'for_or_in': False, 'lock_type': True, 'override': False}
key = 'lockingproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LogProperty(Property): View Source

    2121class LogProperty(Property):
    2122    arg_types = {"no": True}

arg_types = {'no': True}
key = 'logproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class MaterializedProperty(Property): View Source

    2125class MaterializedProperty(Property):
    2126    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'materializedproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class MergeBlockRatioProperty(Property): View Source

    2129class MergeBlockRatioProperty(Property):
    2130    arg_types = {"this": False, "no": False, "default": False, "percent": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'no': False, 'default': False, 'percent': False}
key = 'mergeblockratioproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class NoPrimaryIndexProperty(Property): View Source

    2133class NoPrimaryIndexProperty(Property):
    2134    arg_types = {}

arg_types = {}
key = 'noprimaryindexproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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class OnProperty(Property): View Source

    2137class OnProperty(Property):
    2138    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'onproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  as_
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  neq
  rlike

class OnCommitProperty(Property): View Source

    2141class OnCommitProperty(Property):
    2142    arg_types = {"delete": False}

arg_types = {'delete': False}
key = 'oncommitproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class PartitionedByProperty(Property): View Source

    2145class PartitionedByProperty(Property):
    2146    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'partitionedbyproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  isin
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  neq
  rlike

class PartitionBoundSpec(Expression): View Source

    2150class PartitionBoundSpec(Expression):
    2151    # this -> IN / MODULUS, expression -> REMAINDER, from_expressions -> FROM (...), to_expressions -> TO (...)
    2152    arg_types = {
    2153        "this": False,
    2154        "expression": False,
    2155        "from_expressions": False,
    2156        "to_expressions": False,
    2157    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': False, 'from_expressions': False, 'to_expressions': False}
key = 'partitionboundspec'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class PartitionedOfProperty(Property): View Source

    2160class PartitionedOfProperty(Property):
    2161    # this -> parent_table (schema), expression -> FOR VALUES ... / DEFAULT
    2162    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'partitionedofproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
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  like
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  neq
  rlike

class RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty(Property): View Source

    2165class RemoteWithConnectionModelProperty(Property):
    2166    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'remotewithconnectionmodelproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  isin
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  neq
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class ReturnsProperty(Property): View Source

    2169class ReturnsProperty(Property):
    2170    arg_types = {"this": True, "is_table": False, "table": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'is_table': False, 'table': False}
key = 'returnsproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  or_
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  rlike

class RowFormatProperty(Property): View Source

    2173class RowFormatProperty(Property):
    2174    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'rowformatproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load
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  isin
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class RowFormatDelimitedProperty(Property): View Source

    2177class RowFormatDelimitedProperty(Property):
    2178    # https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/hive/languagemanual+dml
    2179    arg_types = {
    2180        "fields": False,
    2181        "escaped": False,
    2182        "collection_items": False,
    2183        "map_keys": False,
    2184        "lines": False,
    2185        "null": False,
    2186        "serde": False,
    2187    }

arg_types = {'fields': False, 'escaped': False, 'collection_items': False, 'map_keys': False, 'lines': False, 'null': False, 'serde': False}
key = 'rowformatdelimitedproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  not_
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  isin
  between
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  neq
  rlike

class RowFormatSerdeProperty(Property): View Source

    2190class RowFormatSerdeProperty(Property):
    2191    arg_types = {"this": True, "serde_properties": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'serde_properties': False}
key = 'rowformatserdeproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  isin
  between
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  neq
  rlike

class QueryTransform(Expression): View Source

    2195class QueryTransform(Expression):
    2196    arg_types = {
    2197        "expressions": True,
    2198        "command_script": True,
    2199        "schema": False,
    2200        "row_format_before": False,
    2201        "record_writer": False,
    2202        "row_format_after": False,
    2203        "record_reader": False,
    2204    }

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'command_script': True, 'schema': False, 'row_format_before': False, 'record_writer': False, 'row_format_after': False, 'record_reader': False}
key = 'querytransform'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
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  isin
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  rlike

class SampleProperty(Property): View Source

    2207class SampleProperty(Property):
    2208    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'sampleproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  or_
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  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
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  rlike

class SchemaCommentProperty(Property): View Source

    2211class SchemaCommentProperty(Property):
    2212    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'schemacommentproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  isin
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  rlike

class SerdeProperties(Property): View Source

    2215class SerdeProperties(Property):
    2216    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'serdeproperties'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  not_
  as_
  isin
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  rlike

class SetProperty(Property): View Source

    2219class SetProperty(Property):
    2220    arg_types = {"multi": True}

arg_types = {'multi': True}
key = 'setproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  or_
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  isin
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  rlike

class SettingsProperty(Property): View Source

    2223class SettingsProperty(Property):
    2224    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'settingsproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
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  isin
  between
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  neq
  rlike

class SortKeyProperty(Property): View Source

    2227class SortKeyProperty(Property):
    2228    arg_types = {"this": True, "compound": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'compound': False}
key = 'sortkeyproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  rlike

class SqlSecurityProperty(Property): View Source

    2231class SqlSecurityProperty(Property):
    2232    arg_types = {"definer": True}

arg_types = {'definer': True}
key = 'sqlsecurityproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
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  or_
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  isin
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  rlike

class StabilityProperty(Property): View Source

    2235class StabilityProperty(Property):
    2236    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'stabilityproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
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  neq
  rlike

class TemporaryProperty(Property): View Source

    2239class TemporaryProperty(Property):
    2240    arg_types = {}

arg_types = {}
key = 'temporaryproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TransformModelProperty(Property): View Source

    2243class TransformModelProperty(Property):
    2244    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'transformmodelproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
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  transform
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  pop
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class TransientProperty(Property): View Source

    2247class TransientProperty(Property):
    2248    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'transientproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  transform
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class VolatileProperty(Property): View Source

    2251class VolatileProperty(Property):
    2252    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'volatileproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  transform
  replace
  pop
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class WithDataProperty(Property): View Source

    2255class WithDataProperty(Property):
    2256    arg_types = {"no": True, "statistics": False}

arg_types = {'no': True, 'statistics': False}
key = 'withdataproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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class WithJournalTableProperty(Property): View Source

    2259class WithJournalTableProperty(Property):
    2260    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'withjournaltableproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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  rlike

class Properties(Expression): View Source

    2263class Properties(Expression):
    2264    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    2265
    2266    NAME_TO_PROPERTY = {
    2267        "ALGORITHM": AlgorithmProperty,
    2268        "AUTO_INCREMENT": AutoIncrementProperty,
    2269        "CHARACTER SET": CharacterSetProperty,
    2270        "CLUSTERED_BY": ClusteredByProperty,
    2271        "COLLATE": CollateProperty,
    2272        "COMMENT": SchemaCommentProperty,
    2273        "DEFINER": DefinerProperty,
    2274        "DISTKEY": DistKeyProperty,
    2275        "DISTSTYLE": DistStyleProperty,
    2276        "ENGINE": EngineProperty,
    2277        "EXECUTE AS": ExecuteAsProperty,
    2278        "FORMAT": FileFormatProperty,
    2279        "LANGUAGE": LanguageProperty,
    2280        "LOCATION": LocationProperty,
    2281        "PARTITIONED_BY": PartitionedByProperty,
    2282        "RETURNS": ReturnsProperty,
    2283        "ROW_FORMAT": RowFormatProperty,
    2284        "SORTKEY": SortKeyProperty,
    2285    }
    2286
    2287    PROPERTY_TO_NAME = {v: k for k, v in NAME_TO_PROPERTY.items()}
    2288
    2289    # CREATE property locations
    2290    # Form: schema specified
    2291    #   create [POST_CREATE]
    2292    #     table a [POST_NAME]
    2293    #     (b int) [POST_SCHEMA]
    2294    #     with ([POST_WITH])
    2295    #     index (b) [POST_INDEX]
    2296    #
    2297    # Form: alias selection
    2298    #   create [POST_CREATE]
    2299    #     table a [POST_NAME]
    2300    #     as [POST_ALIAS] (select * from b) [POST_EXPRESSION]
    2301    #     index (c) [POST_INDEX]
    2302    class Location(AutoName):
    2303        POST_CREATE = auto()
    2304        POST_NAME = auto()
    2305        POST_SCHEMA = auto()
    2306        POST_WITH = auto()
    2307        POST_ALIAS = auto()
    2308        POST_EXPRESSION = auto()
    2309        POST_INDEX = auto()
    2310        UNSUPPORTED = auto()
    2311
    2312    @classmethod
    2313    def from_dict(cls, properties_dict: t.Dict) -> Properties:
    2314        expressions = []
    2315        for key, value in properties_dict.items():
    2316            property_cls = cls.NAME_TO_PROPERTY.get(key.upper())
    2317            if property_cls:
    2318                expressions.append(property_cls(this=convert(value)))
    2319            else:
    2320                expressions.append(Property(this=Literal.string(key), value=convert(value)))
    2321
    2322        return cls(expressions=expressions)

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
NAME_TO_PROPERTY = {'ALGORITHM': <class 'AlgorithmProperty'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <class 'AutoIncrementProperty'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <class 'CharacterSetProperty'>, 'CLUSTERED_BY': <class 'ClusteredByProperty'>, 'COLLATE': <class 'CollateProperty'>, 'COMMENT': <class 'SchemaCommentProperty'>, 'DEFINER': <class 'DefinerProperty'>, 'DISTKEY': <class 'DistKeyProperty'>, 'DISTSTYLE': <class 'DistStyleProperty'>, 'ENGINE': <class 'EngineProperty'>, 'EXECUTE AS': <class 'ExecuteAsProperty'>, 'FORMAT': <class 'FileFormatProperty'>, 'LANGUAGE': <class 'LanguageProperty'>, 'LOCATION': <class 'LocationProperty'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <class 'PartitionedByProperty'>, 'RETURNS': <class 'ReturnsProperty'>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <class 'RowFormatProperty'>, 'SORTKEY': <class 'SortKeyProperty'>}
PROPERTY_TO_NAME = {<class 'AlgorithmProperty'>: 'ALGORITHM', <class 'AutoIncrementProperty'>: 'AUTO_INCREMENT', <class 'CharacterSetProperty'>: 'CHARACTER SET', <class 'ClusteredByProperty'>: 'CLUSTERED_BY', <class 'CollateProperty'>: 'COLLATE', <class 'SchemaCommentProperty'>: 'COMMENT', <class 'DefinerProperty'>: 'DEFINER', <class 'DistKeyProperty'>: 'DISTKEY', <class 'DistStyleProperty'>: 'DISTSTYLE', <class 'EngineProperty'>: 'ENGINE', <class 'ExecuteAsProperty'>: 'EXECUTE AS', <class 'FileFormatProperty'>: 'FORMAT', <class 'LanguageProperty'>: 'LANGUAGE', <class 'LocationProperty'>: 'LOCATION', <class 'PartitionedByProperty'>: 'PARTITIONED_BY', <class 'ReturnsProperty'>: 'RETURNS', <class 'RowFormatProperty'>: 'ROW_FORMAT', <class 'SortKeyProperty'>: 'SORTKEY'}
@classmethod
def from_dict(cls, properties_dict: Dict) -> Properties: View Source

    2312    @classmethod
    2313    def from_dict(cls, properties_dict: t.Dict) -> Properties:
    2314        expressions = []
    2315        for key, value in properties_dict.items():
    2316            property_cls = cls.NAME_TO_PROPERTY.get(key.upper())
    2317            if property_cls:
    2318                expressions.append(property_cls(this=convert(value)))
    2319            else:
    2320                expressions.append(Property(this=Literal.string(key), value=convert(value)))
    2321
    2322        return cls(expressions=expressions)

key = 'properties'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
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class Properties.Location(sqlglot.helper.AutoName): View Source

    2302    class Location(AutoName):
    2303        POST_CREATE = auto()
    2304        POST_NAME = auto()
    2305        POST_SCHEMA = auto()
    2306        POST_WITH = auto()
    2307        POST_ALIAS = auto()
    2308        POST_EXPRESSION = auto()
    2309        POST_INDEX = auto()
    2310        UNSUPPORTED = auto()

An enumeration.

POST_CREATE = <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>
POST_NAME = <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>
POST_SCHEMA = <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>
POST_WITH = <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>
POST_ALIAS = <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>
POST_EXPRESSION = <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>
POST_INDEX = <Location.POST_INDEX: 'POST_INDEX'>
UNSUPPORTED = <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>

##### Inherited Members

enum.Enum
  name
  value

class Qualify(Expression): View Source

    2325class Qualify(Expression):
    2326    pass

key = 'qualify'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  transform
  replace
  pop
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class InputOutputFormat(Expression): View Source

    2329class InputOutputFormat(Expression):
    2330    arg_types = {"input_format": False, "output_format": False}

arg_types = {'input_format': False, 'output_format': False}
key = 'inputoutputformat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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  load
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  rlike

class Return(Expression): View Source

    2334class Return(Expression):
    2335    pass

key = 'return'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load
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  rlike

class Reference(Expression): View Source

    2338class Reference(Expression):
    2339    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "options": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False, 'options': False}
key = 'reference'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  rlike

class Tuple(Expression): View Source

    2342class Tuple(Expression):
    2343    arg_types = {"expressions": False}
    2344
    2345    def isin(
    2346        self,
    2347        *expressions: t.Any,
    2348        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2349        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2350        copy: bool = True,
    2351        **opts,
    2352    ) -> In:
    2353        return In(
    2354            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    2355            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
    2356            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
    2357            unnest=Unnest(
    2358                expressions=[
    2359                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
    2360                ]
    2361            )
    2362            if unnest
    2363            else None,
    2364        )

arg_types = {'expressions': False}
def isin( self, *expressions: Any, query: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, unnest: Union[str, Expression, NoneType, Collection[Union[str, Expression]]] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> In: View Source

    2345    def isin(
    2346        self,
    2347        *expressions: t.Any,
    2348        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2349        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2350        copy: bool = True,
    2351        **opts,
    2352    ) -> In:
    2353        return In(
    2354            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    2355            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
    2356            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
    2357            unnest=Unnest(
    2358                expressions=[
    2359                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
    2360                ]
    2361            )
    2362            if unnest
    2363            else None,
    2364        )

key = 'tuple'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
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  not_
  as_
  between
  is_
  like
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  rlike

class Subqueryable(Unionable): View Source

    2367class Subqueryable(Unionable):
    2368    def subquery(self, alias: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None, copy: bool = True) -> Subquery:
    2369        """
    2370        Convert this expression to an aliased expression that can be used as a Subquery.
    2371
    2372        Example:
    2373            >>> subquery = Select().select("x").from_("tbl").subquery()
    2374            >>> Select().select("x").from_(subquery).sql()
    2375            'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl)'
    2376
    2377        Args:
    2378            alias (str | Identifier): an optional alias for the subquery
    2379            copy (bool): if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2380
    2381        Returns:
    2382            Alias: the subquery
    2383        """
    2384        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    2385        if not isinstance(alias, Expression):
    2386            alias = TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None
    2387
    2388        return Subquery(this=instance, alias=alias)
    2389
    2390    def limit(
    2391        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2392    ) -> Select:
    2393        raise NotImplementedError
    2394
    2395    @property
    2396    def ctes(self):
    2397        with_ = self.args.get("with")
    2398        if not with_:
    2399            return []
    2400        return with_.expressions
    2401
    2402    @property
    2403    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2404        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `selects`")
    2405
    2406    @property
    2407    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2408        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `named_selects`")
    2409
    2410    def select(
    2411        self,
    2412        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2413        append: bool = True,
    2414        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2415        copy: bool = True,
    2416        **opts,
    2417    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2418        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `select`")
    2419
    2420    def with_(
    2421        self,
    2422        alias: ExpOrStr,
    2423        as_: ExpOrStr,
    2424        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2425        append: bool = True,
    2426        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2427        copy: bool = True,
    2428        **opts,
    2429    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2430        """
    2431        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    2432
    2433        Example:
    2434            >>> Select().with_("tbl2", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").select("x").from_("tbl2").sql()
    2435            'WITH tbl2 AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) SELECT x FROM tbl2'
    2436
    2437        Args:
    2438            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    2439                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2440            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    2441                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2442            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    2443            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2444                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2445            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2446            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2447            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2448
    2449        Returns:
    2450            The modified expression.
    2451        """
    2452        return _apply_cte_builder(
    2453            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    2454        )

def subquery( self, alias: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True) -> Subquery: View Source

    2368    def subquery(self, alias: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None, copy: bool = True) -> Subquery:
    2369        """
    2370        Convert this expression to an aliased expression that can be used as a Subquery.
    2371
    2372        Example:
    2373            >>> subquery = Select().select("x").from_("tbl").subquery()
    2374            >>> Select().select("x").from_(subquery).sql()
    2375            'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl)'
    2376
    2377        Args:
    2378            alias (str | Identifier): an optional alias for the subquery
    2379            copy (bool): if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2380
    2381        Returns:
    2382            Alias: the subquery
    2383        """
    2384        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    2385        if not isinstance(alias, Expression):
    2386            alias = TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None
    2387
    2388        return Subquery(this=instance, alias=alias)

Convert this expression to an aliased expression that can be used as a Subquery.

###### Example:

>     >>> subquery = Select().select("x").from_("tbl").subquery()
>     >>> Select().select("x").from_(subquery).sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl)'

###### Arguments:

- alias (str | Identifier): an optional alias for the subquery
- copy (bool): if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.

###### Returns:

> Alias: the subquery

def limit( self, expression: Union[str, Expression, int], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2390    def limit(
    2391        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2392    ) -> Select:
    2393        raise NotImplementedError

ctes
selects: List[Expression]
named_selects: List[str]
def select( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Subqueryable: View Source

    2410    def select(
    2411        self,
    2412        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2413        append: bool = True,
    2414        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2415        copy: bool = True,
    2416        **opts,
    2417    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2418        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `select`")

def with_( self, alias: Union[str, Expression], as_: Union[str, Expression], recursive: Optional[bool] = None, append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Subqueryable: View Source

    2420    def with_(
    2421        self,
    2422        alias: ExpOrStr,
    2423        as_: ExpOrStr,
    2424        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2425        append: bool = True,
    2426        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2427        copy: bool = True,
    2428        **opts,
    2429    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2430        """
    2431        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    2432
    2433        Example:
    2434            >>> Select().with_("tbl2", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").select("x").from_("tbl2").sql()
    2435            'WITH tbl2 AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) SELECT x FROM tbl2'
    2436
    2437        Args:
    2438            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    2439                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2440            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    2441                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2442            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    2443            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2444                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2445            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2446            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2447            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2448
    2449        Returns:
    2450            The modified expression.
    2451        """
    2452        return _apply_cte_builder(
    2453            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    2454        )

Append to or set the common table expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().with_("tbl2", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").select("x").from_("tbl2").sql()
>     'WITH tbl2 AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) SELECT x FROM tbl2'

###### Arguments:

- alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name. If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified expression.

key = 'subqueryable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

QUERY_MODIFIERS = {'match': False, 'laterals': False, 'joins': False, 'connect': False, 'pivots': False, 'where': False, 'group': False, 'having': False, 'qualify': False, 'windows': False, 'distribute': False, 'sort': False, 'cluster': False, 'order': False, 'limit': False, 'offset': False, 'locks': False, 'sample': False, 'settings': False, 'format': False}
class WithTableHint(Expression): View Source

    2482class WithTableHint(Expression):
    2483    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'withtablehint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class IndexTableHint(Expression): View Source

    2487class IndexTableHint(Expression):
    2488    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "target": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False, 'target': False}
key = 'indextablehint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Table(Expression): View Source

    2491class Table(Expression):
    2492    arg_types = {
    2493        "this": True,
    2494        "alias": False,
    2495        "db": False,
    2496        "catalog": False,
    2497        "laterals": False,
    2498        "joins": False,
    2499        "pivots": False,
    2500        "hints": False,
    2501        "system_time": False,
    2502        "version": False,
    2503        "format": False,
    2504        "pattern": False,
    2505        "index": False,
    2506        "ordinality": False,
    2507    }
    2508
    2509    @property
    2510    def name(self) -> str:
    2511        if isinstance(self.this, Func):
    2512            return ""
    2513        return self.this.name
    2514
    2515    @property
    2516    def db(self) -> str:
    2517        return self.text("db")
    2518
    2519    @property
    2520    def catalog(self) -> str:
    2521        return self.text("catalog")
    2522
    2523    @property
    2524    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2525        return []
    2526
    2527    @property
    2528    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2529        return []
    2530
    2531    @property
    2532    def parts(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2533        """Return the parts of a table in order catalog, db, table."""
    2534        parts: t.List[Expression] = []
    2535
    2536        for arg in ("catalog", "db", "this"):
    2537            part = self.args.get(arg)
    2538
    2539            if isinstance(part, Dot):
    2540                parts.extend(part.flatten())
    2541            elif isinstance(part, Expression):
    2542                parts.append(part)
    2543
    2544        return parts

arg_types = {'this': True, 'alias': False, 'db': False, 'catalog': False, 'laterals': False, 'joins': False, 'pivots': False, 'hints': False, 'system_time': False, 'version': False, 'format': False, 'pattern': False, 'index': False, 'ordinality': False}
name: str
db: str
catalog: str
selects: List[Expression]
named_selects: List[str]
parts: List[Expression]

Return the parts of a table in order catalog, db, table.

key = 'table'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Union(Subqueryable): View Source

    2547class Union(Subqueryable):
    2548    arg_types = {
    2549        "with": False,
    2550        "this": True,
    2551        "expression": True,
    2552        "distinct": False,
    2553        "by_name": False,
    2554        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    2555    }
    2556
    2557    def limit(
    2558        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2559    ) -> Select:
    2560        """
    2561        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2562
    2563        Example:
    2564            >>> select("1").union(select("1")).limit(1).sql()
    2565            'SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 1) AS _l_0 LIMIT 1'
    2566
    2567        Args:
    2568            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2569                This can also be an integer.
    2570                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2571                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2572            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2573            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2574            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2575
    2576        Returns:
    2577            The limited subqueryable.
    2578        """
    2579        return (
    2580            select("*")
    2581            .from_(self.subquery(alias="_l_0", copy=copy))
    2582            .limit(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2583        )
    2584
    2585    def select(
    2586        self,
    2587        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2588        append: bool = True,
    2589        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2590        copy: bool = True,
    2591        **opts,
    2592    ) -> Union:
    2593        """Append to or set the SELECT of the union recursively.
    2594
    2595        Example:
    2596            >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    2597            >>> parse_one("select a from x union select a from y union select a from z").select("b").sql()
    2598            'SELECT a, b FROM x UNION SELECT a, b FROM y UNION SELECT a, b FROM z'
    2599
    2600        Args:
    2601            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2602                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2603            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2604                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2605            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2606            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2607            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2608
    2609        Returns:
    2610            Union: the modified expression.
    2611        """
    2612        this = self.copy() if copy else self
    2613        this.this.unnest().select(*expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2614        this.expression.unnest().select(
    2615            *expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts
    2616        )
    2617        return this
    2618
    2619    @property
    2620    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2621        return self.this.unnest().named_selects
    2622
    2623    @property
    2624    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    2625        return self.this.is_star or self.expression.is_star
    2626
    2627    @property
    2628    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2629        return self.this.unnest().selects
    2630
    2631    @property
    2632    def left(self) -> Expression:
    2633        return self.this
    2634
    2635    @property
    2636    def right(self) -> Expression:
    2637        return self.expression

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': True, 'expression': True, 'distinct': False, 'by_name': False, 'match': False, 'laterals': False, 'joins': False, 'connect': False, 'pivots': False, 'where': False, 'group': False, 'having': False, 'qualify': False, 'windows': False, 'distribute': False, 'sort': False, 'cluster': False, 'order': False, 'limit': False, 'offset': False, 'locks': False, 'sample': False, 'settings': False, 'format': False}
def limit( self, expression: Union[str, Expression, int], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2557    def limit(
    2558        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2559    ) -> Select:
    2560        """
    2561        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2562
    2563        Example:
    2564            >>> select("1").union(select("1")).limit(1).sql()
    2565            'SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 1) AS _l_0 LIMIT 1'
    2566
    2567        Args:
    2568            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2569                This can also be an integer.
    2570                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2571                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2572            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2573            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2574            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2575
    2576        Returns:
    2577            The limited subqueryable.
    2578        """
    2579        return (
    2580            select("*")
    2581            .from_(self.subquery(alias="_l_0", copy=copy))
    2582            .limit(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2583        )

Set the LIMIT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> select("1").union(select("1")).limit(1).sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 1) AS _l_0 LIMIT 1'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. This can also be an integer. If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The limited subqueryable.

def select( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Union: View Source

    2585    def select(
    2586        self,
    2587        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2588        append: bool = True,
    2589        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2590        copy: bool = True,
    2591        **opts,
    2592    ) -> Union:
    2593        """Append to or set the SELECT of the union recursively.
    2594
    2595        Example:
    2596            >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    2597            >>> parse_one("select a from x union select a from y union select a from z").select("b").sql()
    2598            'SELECT a, b FROM x UNION SELECT a, b FROM y UNION SELECT a, b FROM z'
    2599
    2600        Args:
    2601            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2602                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2603            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2604                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2605            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2606            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2607            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2608
    2609        Returns:
    2610            Union: the modified expression.
    2611        """
    2612        this = self.copy() if copy else self
    2613        this.this.unnest().select(*expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2614        this.expression.unnest().select(
    2615            *expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts
    2616        )
    2617        return this

Append to or set the SELECT of the union recursively.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("select a from x union select a from y union select a from z").select("b").sql()
>     'SELECT a, b FROM x UNION SELECT a, b FROM y UNION SELECT a, b FROM z'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Union: the modified expression.

named_selects: List[str]
is_star: bool

Checks whether an expression is a star.

selects: List[Expression]
left: Expression
right: Expression
key = 'union'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Subqueryable
  subquery
  ctes
  with_
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Except(Union): View Source

    2640class Except(Union):
    2641    pass

key = 'except'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Union
  arg_types
  limit
  select
  named_selects
  is_star
  selects
  left
  right
Subqueryable
  subquery
  ctes
  with_
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Intersect(Union): View Source

    2644class Intersect(Union):
    2645    pass

key = 'intersect'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Union
  arg_types
  limit
  select
  named_selects
  is_star
  selects
  left
  right
Subqueryable
  subquery
  ctes
  with_
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Unnest(UDTF): View Source

    2648class Unnest(UDTF):
    2649    arg_types = {
    2650        "expressions": True,
    2651        "alias": False,
    2652        "offset": False,
    2653    }

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'alias': False, 'offset': False}
key = 'unnest'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
UDTF
  selects
DerivedTable
  named_selects
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Update(Expression): View Source

    2656class Update(Expression):
    2657    arg_types = {
    2658        "with": False,
    2659        "this": False,
    2660        "expressions": True,
    2661        "from": False,
    2662        "where": False,
    2663        "returning": False,
    2664        "order": False,
    2665        "limit": False,
    2666    }

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': False, 'expressions': True, 'from': False, 'where': False, 'returning': False, 'order': False, 'limit': False}
key = 'update'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Values(UDTF): View Source

    2669class Values(UDTF):
    2670    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "alias": False}

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'alias': False}
key = 'values'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
UDTF
  selects
DerivedTable
  named_selects
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Var(Expression): View Source

    2673class Var(Expression):
    2674    pass

key = 'var'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Version(Expression): View Source

    2677class Version(Expression):
    2678    """
    2679    Time travel, iceberg, bigquery etc
    2680    https://trino.io/docs/current/connector/iceberg.html?highlight=snapshot#using-snapshots
    2681    https://www.databricks.com/blog/2019/02/04/introducing-delta-time-travel-for-large-scale-data-lakes.html
    2682    https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax#for_system_time_as_of
    2683    https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/tables/querying-data-in-a-system-versioned-temporal-table?view=sql-server-ver16
    2684    this is either TIMESTAMP or VERSION
    2685    kind is ("AS OF", "BETWEEN")
    2686    """
    2687
    2688    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "expression": False}

Time travel, iceberg, bigquery etc https://trino.io/docs/current/connector/iceberg.html?highlight=snapshot#using-snapshots https://www.databricks.com/blog/2019/02/04/introducing-delta-time-travel-for-large-scale-data-lakes.html https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax#for_system_time_as_of https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/tables/querying-data-in-a-system-versioned-temporal-table?view=sql-server-ver16 this is either TIMESTAMP or VERSION kind is ("AS OF", "BETWEEN")

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'version'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Schema(Expression): View Source

    2691class Schema(Expression):
    2692    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expressions': False}
key = 'schema'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Lock(Expression): View Source

    2697class Lock(Expression):
    2698    arg_types = {"update": True, "expressions": False, "wait": False}

arg_types = {'update': True, 'expressions': False, 'wait': False}
key = 'lock'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Select(Subqueryable): View Source

    2701class Select(Subqueryable):
    2702    arg_types = {
    2703        "with": False,
    2704        "kind": False,
    2705        "expressions": False,
    2706        "hint": False,
    2707        "distinct": False,
    2708        "into": False,
    2709        "from": False,
    2710        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    2711    }
    2712
    2713    def from_(
    2714        self, expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2715    ) -> Select:
    2716        """
    2717        Set the FROM expression.
    2718
    2719        Example:
    2720            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sql()
    2721            'SELECT x FROM tbl'
    2722
    2723        Args:
    2724            expression : the SQL code strings to parse.
    2725                If a `From` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2726                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `From`.
    2727            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2728            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2729            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2730
    2731        Returns:
    2732            The modified Select expression.
    2733        """
    2734        return _apply_builder(
    2735            expression=expression,
    2736            instance=self,
    2737            arg="from",
    2738            into=From,
    2739            prefix="FROM",
    2740            dialect=dialect,
    2741            copy=copy,
    2742            **opts,
    2743        )
    2744
    2745    def group_by(
    2746        self,
    2747        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2748        append: bool = True,
    2749        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2750        copy: bool = True,
    2751        **opts,
    2752    ) -> Select:
    2753        """
    2754        Set the GROUP BY expression.
    2755
    2756        Example:
    2757            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x", "COUNT(1)").group_by("x").sql()
    2758            'SELECT x, COUNT(1) FROM tbl GROUP BY x'
    2759
    2760        Args:
    2761            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2762                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2763                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Group`.
    2764                If nothing is passed in then a group by is not applied to the expression
    2765            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2766                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Group` expression into a single expression.
    2767            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2768            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2769            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2770
    2771        Returns:
    2772            The modified Select expression.
    2773        """
    2774        if not expressions:
    2775            return self if not copy else self.copy()
    2776
    2777        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2778            *expressions,
    2779            instance=self,
    2780            arg="group",
    2781            append=append,
    2782            copy=copy,
    2783            prefix="GROUP BY",
    2784            into=Group,
    2785            dialect=dialect,
    2786            **opts,
    2787        )
    2788
    2789    def order_by(
    2790        self,
    2791        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2792        append: bool = True,
    2793        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2794        copy: bool = True,
    2795        **opts,
    2796    ) -> Select:
    2797        """
    2798        Set the ORDER BY expression.
    2799
    2800        Example:
    2801            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").order_by("x DESC").sql()
    2802            'SELECT x FROM tbl ORDER BY x DESC'
    2803
    2804        Args:
    2805            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2806                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2807                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Order`.
    2808            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2809                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2810            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2811            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2812            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2813
    2814        Returns:
    2815            The modified Select expression.
    2816        """
    2817        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2818            *expressions,
    2819            instance=self,
    2820            arg="order",
    2821            append=append,
    2822            copy=copy,
    2823            prefix="ORDER BY",
    2824            into=Order,
    2825            dialect=dialect,
    2826            **opts,
    2827        )
    2828
    2829    def sort_by(
    2830        self,
    2831        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2832        append: bool = True,
    2833        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2834        copy: bool = True,
    2835        **opts,
    2836    ) -> Select:
    2837        """
    2838        Set the SORT BY expression.
    2839
    2840        Example:
    2841            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sort_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2842            'SELECT x FROM tbl SORT BY x DESC'
    2843
    2844        Args:
    2845            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2846                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2847                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `SORT`.
    2848            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2849                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2850            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2851            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2852            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2853
    2854        Returns:
    2855            The modified Select expression.
    2856        """
    2857        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2858            *expressions,
    2859            instance=self,
    2860            arg="sort",
    2861            append=append,
    2862            copy=copy,
    2863            prefix="SORT BY",
    2864            into=Sort,
    2865            dialect=dialect,
    2866            **opts,
    2867        )
    2868
    2869    def cluster_by(
    2870        self,
    2871        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2872        append: bool = True,
    2873        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2874        copy: bool = True,
    2875        **opts,
    2876    ) -> Select:
    2877        """
    2878        Set the CLUSTER BY expression.
    2879
    2880        Example:
    2881            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").cluster_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2882            'SELECT x FROM tbl CLUSTER BY x DESC'
    2883
    2884        Args:
    2885            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2886                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2887                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Cluster`.
    2888            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2889                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2890            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2891            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2892            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2893
    2894        Returns:
    2895            The modified Select expression.
    2896        """
    2897        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2898            *expressions,
    2899            instance=self,
    2900            arg="cluster",
    2901            append=append,
    2902            copy=copy,
    2903            prefix="CLUSTER BY",
    2904            into=Cluster,
    2905            dialect=dialect,
    2906            **opts,
    2907        )
    2908
    2909    def limit(
    2910        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2911    ) -> Select:
    2912        """
    2913        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2914
    2915        Example:
    2916            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").limit(10).sql()
    2917            'SELECT x FROM tbl LIMIT 10'
    2918
    2919        Args:
    2920            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2921                This can also be an integer.
    2922                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2923                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2924            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2925            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2926            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2927
    2928        Returns:
    2929            Select: the modified expression.
    2930        """
    2931        return _apply_builder(
    2932            expression=expression,
    2933            instance=self,
    2934            arg="limit",
    2935            into=Limit,
    2936            prefix="LIMIT",
    2937            dialect=dialect,
    2938            copy=copy,
    2939            into_arg="expression",
    2940            **opts,
    2941        )
    2942
    2943    def offset(
    2944        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2945    ) -> Select:
    2946        """
    2947        Set the OFFSET expression.
    2948
    2949        Example:
    2950            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").offset(10).sql()
    2951            'SELECT x FROM tbl OFFSET 10'
    2952
    2953        Args:
    2954            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2955                This can also be an integer.
    2956                If a `Offset` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2957                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Offset`.
    2958            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2959            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2960            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2961
    2962        Returns:
    2963            The modified Select expression.
    2964        """
    2965        return _apply_builder(
    2966            expression=expression,
    2967            instance=self,
    2968            arg="offset",
    2969            into=Offset,
    2970            prefix="OFFSET",
    2971            dialect=dialect,
    2972            copy=copy,
    2973            into_arg="expression",
    2974            **opts,
    2975        )
    2976
    2977    def select(
    2978        self,
    2979        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2980        append: bool = True,
    2981        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2982        copy: bool = True,
    2983        **opts,
    2984    ) -> Select:
    2985        """
    2986        Append to or set the SELECT expressions.
    2987
    2988        Example:
    2989            >>> Select().select("x", "y").sql()
    2990            'SELECT x, y'
    2991
    2992        Args:
    2993            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2994                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2995            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2996                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2997            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2998            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2999            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3000
    3001        Returns:
    3002            The modified Select expression.
    3003        """
    3004        return _apply_list_builder(
    3005            *expressions,
    3006            instance=self,
    3007            arg="expressions",
    3008            append=append,
    3009            dialect=dialect,
    3010            copy=copy,
    3011            **opts,
    3012        )
    3013
    3014    def lateral(
    3015        self,
    3016        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3017        append: bool = True,
    3018        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3019        copy: bool = True,
    3020        **opts,
    3021    ) -> Select:
    3022        """
    3023        Append to or set the LATERAL expressions.
    3024
    3025        Example:
    3026            >>> Select().select("x").lateral("OUTER explode(y) tbl2 AS z").from_("tbl").sql()
    3027            'SELECT x FROM tbl LATERAL VIEW OUTER EXPLODE(y) tbl2 AS z'
    3028
    3029        Args:
    3030            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3031                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3032            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    3033                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    3034            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3035            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3036            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3037
    3038        Returns:
    3039            The modified Select expression.
    3040        """
    3041        return _apply_list_builder(
    3042            *expressions,
    3043            instance=self,
    3044            arg="laterals",
    3045            append=append,
    3046            into=Lateral,
    3047            prefix="LATERAL VIEW",
    3048            dialect=dialect,
    3049            copy=copy,
    3050            **opts,
    3051        )
    3052
    3053    def join(
    3054        self,
    3055        expression: ExpOrStr,
    3056        on: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    3057        using: t.Optional[ExpOrStr | t.Collection[ExpOrStr]] = None,
    3058        append: bool = True,
    3059        join_type: t.Optional[str] = None,
    3060        join_alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    3061        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3062        copy: bool = True,
    3063        **opts,
    3064    ) -> Select:
    3065        """
    3066        Append to or set the JOIN expressions.
    3067
    3068        Example:
    3069            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y").sql()
    3070            'SELECT * FROM tbl JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    3071
    3072            >>> Select().select("1").from_("a").join("b", using=["x", "y", "z"]).sql()
    3073            'SELECT 1 FROM a JOIN b USING (x, y, z)'
    3074
    3075            Use `join_type` to change the type of join:
    3076
    3077            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y", join_type="left outer").sql()
    3078            'SELECT * FROM tbl LEFT OUTER JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    3079
    3080        Args:
    3081            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    3082                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3083            on: optionally specify the join "on" criteria as a SQL string.
    3084                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3085            using: optionally specify the join "using" criteria as a SQL string.
    3086                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3087            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    3088                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    3089            join_type: if set, alter the parsed join type.
    3090            join_alias: an optional alias for the joined source.
    3091            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3092            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3093            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3094
    3095        Returns:
    3096            Select: the modified expression.
    3097        """
    3098        parse_args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {"dialect": dialect, **opts}
    3099
    3100        try:
    3101            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=Join, prefix="JOIN", **parse_args)
    3102        except ParseError:
    3103            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=(Join, Expression), **parse_args)
    3104
    3105        join = expression if isinstance(expression, Join) else Join(this=expression)
    3106
    3107        if isinstance(join.this, Select):
    3108            join.this.replace(join.this.subquery())
    3109
    3110        if join_type:
    3111            method: t.Optional[Token]
    3112            side: t.Optional[Token]
    3113            kind: t.Optional[Token]
    3114
    3115            method, side, kind = maybe_parse(join_type, into="JOIN_TYPE", **parse_args)  # type: ignore
    3116
    3117            if method:
    3118                join.set("method", method.text)
    3119            if side:
    3120                join.set("side", side.text)
    3121            if kind:
    3122                join.set("kind", kind.text)
    3123
    3124        if on:
    3125            on = and_(*ensure_list(on), dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    3126            join.set("on", on)
    3127
    3128        if using:
    3129            join = _apply_list_builder(
    3130                *ensure_list(using),
    3131                instance=join,
    3132                arg="using",
    3133                append=append,
    3134                copy=copy,
    3135                into=Identifier,
    3136                **opts,
    3137            )
    3138
    3139        if join_alias:
    3140            join.set("this", alias_(join.this, join_alias, table=True))
    3141
    3142        return _apply_list_builder(
    3143            join,
    3144            instance=self,
    3145            arg="joins",
    3146            append=append,
    3147            copy=copy,
    3148            **opts,
    3149        )
    3150
    3151    def where(
    3152        self,
    3153        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3154        append: bool = True,
    3155        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3156        copy: bool = True,
    3157        **opts,
    3158    ) -> Select:
    3159        """
    3160        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    3161
    3162        Example:
    3163            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    3164            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    3165
    3166        Args:
    3167            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3168                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3169                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3170            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3171                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3172            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3173            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3174            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3175
    3176        Returns:
    3177            Select: the modified expression.
    3178        """
    3179        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3180            *expressions,
    3181            instance=self,
    3182            arg="where",
    3183            append=append,
    3184            into=Where,
    3185            dialect=dialect,
    3186            copy=copy,
    3187            **opts,
    3188        )
    3189
    3190    def having(
    3191        self,
    3192        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3193        append: bool = True,
    3194        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3195        copy: bool = True,
    3196        **opts,
    3197    ) -> Select:
    3198        """
    3199        Append to or set the HAVING expressions.
    3200
    3201        Example:
    3202            >>> Select().select("x", "COUNT(y)").from_("tbl").group_by("x").having("COUNT(y) > 3").sql()
    3203            'SELECT x, COUNT(y) FROM tbl GROUP BY x HAVING COUNT(y) > 3'
    3204
    3205        Args:
    3206            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3207                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3208                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3209            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3210                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3211            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3212            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3213            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3214
    3215        Returns:
    3216            The modified Select expression.
    3217        """
    3218        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3219            *expressions,
    3220            instance=self,
    3221            arg="having",
    3222            append=append,
    3223            into=Having,
    3224            dialect=dialect,
    3225            copy=copy,
    3226            **opts,
    3227        )
    3228
    3229    def window(
    3230        self,
    3231        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3232        append: bool = True,
    3233        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3234        copy: bool = True,
    3235        **opts,
    3236    ) -> Select:
    3237        return _apply_list_builder(
    3238            *expressions,
    3239            instance=self,
    3240            arg="windows",
    3241            append=append,
    3242            into=Window,
    3243            dialect=dialect,
    3244            copy=copy,
    3245            **opts,
    3246        )
    3247
    3248    def qualify(
    3249        self,
    3250        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3251        append: bool = True,
    3252        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3253        copy: bool = True,
    3254        **opts,
    3255    ) -> Select:
    3256        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3257            *expressions,
    3258            instance=self,
    3259            arg="qualify",
    3260            append=append,
    3261            into=Qualify,
    3262            dialect=dialect,
    3263            copy=copy,
    3264            **opts,
    3265        )
    3266
    3267    def distinct(
    3268        self, *ons: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], distinct: bool = True, copy: bool = True
    3269    ) -> Select:
    3270        """
    3271        Set the OFFSET expression.
    3272
    3273        Example:
    3274            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").distinct().sql()
    3275            'SELECT DISTINCT x FROM tbl'
    3276
    3277        Args:
    3278            ons: the expressions to distinct on
    3279            distinct: whether the Select should be distinct
    3280            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3281
    3282        Returns:
    3283            Select: the modified expression.
    3284        """
    3285        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3286        on = Tuple(expressions=[maybe_parse(on, copy=copy) for on in ons if on]) if ons else None
    3287        instance.set("distinct", Distinct(on=on) if distinct else None)
    3288        return instance
    3289
    3290    def ctas(
    3291        self,
    3292        table: ExpOrStr,
    3293        properties: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None,
    3294        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3295        copy: bool = True,
    3296        **opts,
    3297    ) -> Create:
    3298        """
    3299        Convert this expression to a CREATE TABLE AS statement.
    3300
    3301        Example:
    3302            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").ctas("x").sql()
    3303            'CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT * FROM tbl'
    3304
    3305        Args:
    3306            table: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    3307                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3308            properties: an optional mapping of table properties
    3309            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input table.
    3310            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3311            opts: other options to use to parse the input table.
    3312
    3313        Returns:
    3314            The new Create expression.
    3315        """
    3316        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3317        table_expression = maybe_parse(
    3318            table,
    3319            into=Table,
    3320            dialect=dialect,
    3321            **opts,
    3322        )
    3323        properties_expression = None
    3324        if properties:
    3325            properties_expression = Properties.from_dict(properties)
    3326
    3327        return Create(
    3328            this=table_expression,
    3329            kind="table",
    3330            expression=instance,
    3331            properties=properties_expression,
    3332        )
    3333
    3334    def lock(self, update: bool = True, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3335        """
    3336        Set the locking read mode for this expression.
    3337
    3338        Examples:
    3339            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock().sql("mysql")
    3340            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR UPDATE"
    3341
    3342            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock(update=False).sql("mysql")
    3343            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR SHARE"
    3344
    3345        Args:
    3346            update: if `True`, the locking type will be `FOR UPDATE`, else it will be `FOR SHARE`.
    3347            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3348
    3349        Returns:
    3350            The modified expression.
    3351        """
    3352        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3353        inst.set("locks", [Lock(update=update)])
    3354
    3355        return inst
    3356
    3357    def hint(self, *hints: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3358        """
    3359        Set hints for this expression.
    3360
    3361        Examples:
    3362            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").hint("BROADCAST(y)").sql(dialect="spark")
    3363            'SELECT /*+ BROADCAST(y) */ x FROM tbl'
    3364
    3365        Args:
    3366            hints: The SQL code strings to parse as the hints.
    3367                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3368            dialect: The dialect used to parse the hints.
    3369            copy: If `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3370
    3371        Returns:
    3372            The modified expression.
    3373        """
    3374        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3375        inst.set(
    3376            "hint", Hint(expressions=[maybe_parse(h, copy=copy, dialect=dialect) for h in hints])
    3377        )
    3378
    3379        return inst
    3380
    3381    @property
    3382    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    3383        return [e.output_name for e in self.expressions if e.alias_or_name]
    3384
    3385    @property
    3386    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    3387        return any(expression.is_star for expression in self.expressions)
    3388
    3389    @property
    3390    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    3391        return self.expressions

arg_types = {'with': False, 'kind': False, 'expressions': False, 'hint': False, 'distinct': False, 'into': False, 'from': False, 'match': False, 'laterals': False, 'joins': False, 'connect': False, 'pivots': False, 'where': False, 'group': False, 'having': False, 'qualify': False, 'windows': False, 'distribute': False, 'sort': False, 'cluster': False, 'order': False, 'limit': False, 'offset': False, 'locks': False, 'sample': False, 'settings': False, 'format': False}
def from_( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2713    def from_(
    2714        self, expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2715    ) -> Select:
    2716        """
    2717        Set the FROM expression.
    2718
    2719        Example:
    2720            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sql()
    2721            'SELECT x FROM tbl'
    2722
    2723        Args:
    2724            expression : the SQL code strings to parse.
    2725                If a `From` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2726                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `From`.
    2727            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2728            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2729            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2730
    2731        Returns:
    2732            The modified Select expression.
    2733        """
    2734        return _apply_builder(
    2735            expression=expression,
    2736            instance=self,
    2737            arg="from",
    2738            into=From,
    2739            prefix="FROM",
    2740            dialect=dialect,
    2741            copy=copy,
    2742            **opts,
    2743        )

Set the FROM expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- expression : the SQL code strings to parse. If a `From` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `From`.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def group_by( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2745    def group_by(
    2746        self,
    2747        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2748        append: bool = True,
    2749        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2750        copy: bool = True,
    2751        **opts,
    2752    ) -> Select:
    2753        """
    2754        Set the GROUP BY expression.
    2755
    2756        Example:
    2757            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x", "COUNT(1)").group_by("x").sql()
    2758            'SELECT x, COUNT(1) FROM tbl GROUP BY x'
    2759
    2760        Args:
    2761            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2762                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2763                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Group`.
    2764                If nothing is passed in then a group by is not applied to the expression
    2765            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2766                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Group` expression into a single expression.
    2767            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2768            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2769            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2770
    2771        Returns:
    2772            The modified Select expression.
    2773        """
    2774        if not expressions:
    2775            return self if not copy else self.copy()
    2776
    2777        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2778            *expressions,
    2779            instance=self,
    2780            arg="group",
    2781            append=append,
    2782            copy=copy,
    2783            prefix="GROUP BY",
    2784            into=Group,
    2785            dialect=dialect,
    2786            **opts,
    2787        )

Set the GROUP BY expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x", "COUNT(1)").group_by("x").sql()
>     'SELECT x, COUNT(1) FROM tbl GROUP BY x'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Group`. If nothing is passed in then a group by is not applied to the expression
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this flattens all the `Group` expression into a single expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def order_by( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2789    def order_by(
    2790        self,
    2791        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2792        append: bool = True,
    2793        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2794        copy: bool = True,
    2795        **opts,
    2796    ) -> Select:
    2797        """
    2798        Set the ORDER BY expression.
    2799
    2800        Example:
    2801            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").order_by("x DESC").sql()
    2802            'SELECT x FROM tbl ORDER BY x DESC'
    2803
    2804        Args:
    2805            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2806                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2807                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Order`.
    2808            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2809                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2810            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2811            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2812            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2813
    2814        Returns:
    2815            The modified Select expression.
    2816        """
    2817        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2818            *expressions,
    2819            instance=self,
    2820            arg="order",
    2821            append=append,
    2822            copy=copy,
    2823            prefix="ORDER BY",
    2824            into=Order,
    2825            dialect=dialect,
    2826            **opts,
    2827        )

Set the ORDER BY expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").order_by("x DESC").sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl ORDER BY x DESC'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Order`.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def sort_by( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2829    def sort_by(
    2830        self,
    2831        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2832        append: bool = True,
    2833        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2834        copy: bool = True,
    2835        **opts,
    2836    ) -> Select:
    2837        """
    2838        Set the SORT BY expression.
    2839
    2840        Example:
    2841            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sort_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2842            'SELECT x FROM tbl SORT BY x DESC'
    2843
    2844        Args:
    2845            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2846                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2847                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `SORT`.
    2848            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2849                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2850            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2851            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2852            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2853
    2854        Returns:
    2855            The modified Select expression.
    2856        """
    2857        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2858            *expressions,
    2859            instance=self,
    2860            arg="sort",
    2861            append=append,
    2862            copy=copy,
    2863            prefix="SORT BY",
    2864            into=Sort,
    2865            dialect=dialect,
    2866            **opts,
    2867        )

Set the SORT BY expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sort_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl SORT BY x DESC'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `SORT`.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def cluster_by( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2869    def cluster_by(
    2870        self,
    2871        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2872        append: bool = True,
    2873        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2874        copy: bool = True,
    2875        **opts,
    2876    ) -> Select:
    2877        """
    2878        Set the CLUSTER BY expression.
    2879
    2880        Example:
    2881            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").cluster_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2882            'SELECT x FROM tbl CLUSTER BY x DESC'
    2883
    2884        Args:
    2885            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2886                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2887                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Cluster`.
    2888            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2889                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2890            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2891            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2892            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2893
    2894        Returns:
    2895            The modified Select expression.
    2896        """
    2897        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2898            *expressions,
    2899            instance=self,
    2900            arg="cluster",
    2901            append=append,
    2902            copy=copy,
    2903            prefix="CLUSTER BY",
    2904            into=Cluster,
    2905            dialect=dialect,
    2906            **opts,
    2907        )

Set the CLUSTER BY expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").cluster_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl CLUSTER BY x DESC'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Cluster`.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def limit( self, expression: Union[str, Expression, int], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2909    def limit(
    2910        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2911    ) -> Select:
    2912        """
    2913        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2914
    2915        Example:
    2916            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").limit(10).sql()
    2917            'SELECT x FROM tbl LIMIT 10'
    2918
    2919        Args:
    2920            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2921                This can also be an integer.
    2922                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2923                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2924            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2925            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2926            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2927
    2928        Returns:
    2929            Select: the modified expression.
    2930        """
    2931        return _apply_builder(
    2932            expression=expression,
    2933            instance=self,
    2934            arg="limit",
    2935            into=Limit,
    2936            prefix="LIMIT",
    2937            dialect=dialect,
    2938            copy=copy,
    2939            into_arg="expression",
    2940            **opts,
    2941        )

Set the LIMIT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").limit(10).sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl LIMIT 10'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. This can also be an integer. If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Select: the modified expression.

def offset( self, expression: Union[str, Expression, int], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2943    def offset(
    2944        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2945    ) -> Select:
    2946        """
    2947        Set the OFFSET expression.
    2948
    2949        Example:
    2950            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").offset(10).sql()
    2951            'SELECT x FROM tbl OFFSET 10'
    2952
    2953        Args:
    2954            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2955                This can also be an integer.
    2956                If a `Offset` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2957                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Offset`.
    2958            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2959            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2960            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2961
    2962        Returns:
    2963            The modified Select expression.
    2964        """
    2965        return _apply_builder(
    2966            expression=expression,
    2967            instance=self,
    2968            arg="offset",
    2969            into=Offset,
    2970            prefix="OFFSET",
    2971            dialect=dialect,
    2972            copy=copy,
    2973            into_arg="expression",
    2974            **opts,
    2975        )

Set the OFFSET expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").offset(10).sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl OFFSET 10'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. This can also be an integer. If a `Offset` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Offset`.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def select( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2977    def select(
    2978        self,
    2979        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2980        append: bool = True,
    2981        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2982        copy: bool = True,
    2983        **opts,
    2984    ) -> Select:
    2985        """
    2986        Append to or set the SELECT expressions.
    2987
    2988        Example:
    2989            >>> Select().select("x", "y").sql()
    2990            'SELECT x, y'
    2991
    2992        Args:
    2993            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2994                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2995            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2996                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2997            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2998            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2999            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3000
    3001        Returns:
    3002            The modified Select expression.
    3003        """
    3004        return _apply_list_builder(
    3005            *expressions,
    3006            instance=self,
    3007            arg="expressions",
    3008            append=append,
    3009            dialect=dialect,
    3010            copy=copy,
    3011            **opts,
    3012        )

Append to or set the SELECT expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("x", "y").sql()
>     'SELECT x, y'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def lateral( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    3014    def lateral(
    3015        self,
    3016        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3017        append: bool = True,
    3018        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3019        copy: bool = True,
    3020        **opts,
    3021    ) -> Select:
    3022        """
    3023        Append to or set the LATERAL expressions.
    3024
    3025        Example:
    3026            >>> Select().select("x").lateral("OUTER explode(y) tbl2 AS z").from_("tbl").sql()
    3027            'SELECT x FROM tbl LATERAL VIEW OUTER EXPLODE(y) tbl2 AS z'
    3028
    3029        Args:
    3030            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3031                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3032            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    3033                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    3034            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3035            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3036            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3037
    3038        Returns:
    3039            The modified Select expression.
    3040        """
    3041        return _apply_list_builder(
    3042            *expressions,
    3043            instance=self,
    3044            arg="laterals",
    3045            append=append,
    3046            into=Lateral,
    3047            prefix="LATERAL VIEW",
    3048            dialect=dialect,
    3049            copy=copy,
    3050            **opts,
    3051        )

Append to or set the LATERAL expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("x").lateral("OUTER explode(y) tbl2 AS z").from_("tbl").sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl LATERAL VIEW OUTER EXPLODE(y) tbl2 AS z'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def join( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], on: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, using: Union[str, Expression, Collection[Union[str, Expression]], NoneType] = None, append: bool = True, join_type: Optional[str] = None, join_alias: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    3053    def join(
    3054        self,
    3055        expression: ExpOrStr,
    3056        on: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    3057        using: t.Optional[ExpOrStr | t.Collection[ExpOrStr]] = None,
    3058        append: bool = True,
    3059        join_type: t.Optional[str] = None,
    3060        join_alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    3061        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3062        copy: bool = True,
    3063        **opts,
    3064    ) -> Select:
    3065        """
    3066        Append to or set the JOIN expressions.
    3067
    3068        Example:
    3069            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y").sql()
    3070            'SELECT * FROM tbl JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    3071
    3072            >>> Select().select("1").from_("a").join("b", using=["x", "y", "z"]).sql()
    3073            'SELECT 1 FROM a JOIN b USING (x, y, z)'
    3074
    3075            Use `join_type` to change the type of join:
    3076
    3077            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y", join_type="left outer").sql()
    3078            'SELECT * FROM tbl LEFT OUTER JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    3079
    3080        Args:
    3081            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    3082                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3083            on: optionally specify the join "on" criteria as a SQL string.
    3084                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3085            using: optionally specify the join "using" criteria as a SQL string.
    3086                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3087            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    3088                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    3089            join_type: if set, alter the parsed join type.
    3090            join_alias: an optional alias for the joined source.
    3091            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3092            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3093            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3094
    3095        Returns:
    3096            Select: the modified expression.
    3097        """
    3098        parse_args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {"dialect": dialect, **opts}
    3099
    3100        try:
    3101            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=Join, prefix="JOIN", **parse_args)
    3102        except ParseError:
    3103            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=(Join, Expression), **parse_args)
    3104
    3105        join = expression if isinstance(expression, Join) else Join(this=expression)
    3106
    3107        if isinstance(join.this, Select):
    3108            join.this.replace(join.this.subquery())
    3109
    3110        if join_type:
    3111            method: t.Optional[Token]
    3112            side: t.Optional[Token]
    3113            kind: t.Optional[Token]
    3114
    3115            method, side, kind = maybe_parse(join_type, into="JOIN_TYPE", **parse_args)  # type: ignore
    3116
    3117            if method:
    3118                join.set("method", method.text)
    3119            if side:
    3120                join.set("side", side.text)
    3121            if kind:
    3122                join.set("kind", kind.text)
    3123
    3124        if on:
    3125            on = and_(*ensure_list(on), dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    3126            join.set("on", on)
    3127
    3128        if using:
    3129            join = _apply_list_builder(
    3130                *ensure_list(using),
    3131                instance=join,
    3132                arg="using",
    3133                append=append,
    3134                copy=copy,
    3135                into=Identifier,
    3136                **opts,
    3137            )
    3138
    3139        if join_alias:
    3140            join.set("this", alias_(join.this, join_alias, table=True))
    3141
    3142        return _apply_list_builder(
    3143            join,
    3144            instance=self,
    3145            arg="joins",
    3146            append=append,
    3147            copy=copy,
    3148            **opts,
    3149        )

Append to or set the JOIN expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM tbl JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'

>     >>> Select().select("1").from_("a").join("b", using=["x", "y", "z"]).sql()
>     'SELECT 1 FROM a JOIN b USING (x, y, z)'

> Use `join_type` to change the type of join:

>     >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y", join_type="left outer").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM tbl LEFT OUTER JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- on: optionally specify the join "on" criteria as a SQL string. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- using: optionally specify the join "using" criteria as a SQL string. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- join_type: if set, alter the parsed join type.
- join_alias: an optional alias for the joined source.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Select: the modified expression.

def where( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    3151    def where(
    3152        self,
    3153        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3154        append: bool = True,
    3155        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3156        copy: bool = True,
    3157        **opts,
    3158    ) -> Select:
    3159        """
    3160        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    3161
    3162        Example:
    3163            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    3164            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    3165
    3166        Args:
    3167            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3168                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3169                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3170            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3171                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3172            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3173            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3174            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3175
    3176        Returns:
    3177            Select: the modified expression.
    3178        """
    3179        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3180            *expressions,
    3181            instance=self,
    3182            arg="where",
    3183            append=append,
    3184            into=Where,
    3185            dialect=dialect,
    3186            copy=copy,
    3187            **opts,
    3188        )

Append to or set the WHERE expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
>     "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is. Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
- append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression. Otherwise, this resets the expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Select: the modified expression.

def having( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    3190    def having(
    3191        self,
    3192        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3193        append: bool = True,
    3194        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3195        copy: bool = True,
    3196        **opts,
    3197    ) -> Select:
    3198        """
    3199        Append to or set the HAVING expressions.
    3200
    3201        Example:
    3202            >>> Select().select("x", "COUNT(y)").from_("tbl").group_by("x").having("COUNT(y) > 3").sql()
    3203            'SELECT x, COUNT(y) FROM tbl GROUP BY x HAVING COUNT(y) > 3'
    3204
    3205        Args:
    3206            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3207                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3208                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3209            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3210                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3211            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3212            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3213            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3214
    3215        Returns:
    3216            The modified Select expression.
    3217        """
    3218        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3219            *expressions,
    3220            instance=self,
    3221            arg="having",
    3222            append=append,
    3223            into=Having,
    3224            dialect=dialect,
    3225            copy=copy,
    3226            **opts,
    3227        )

Append to or set the HAVING expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("x", "COUNT(y)").from_("tbl").group_by("x").having("COUNT(y) > 3").sql()
>     'SELECT x, COUNT(y) FROM tbl GROUP BY x HAVING COUNT(y) > 3'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is. Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
- append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression. Otherwise, this resets the expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def window( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    3229    def window(
    3230        self,
    3231        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3232        append: bool = True,
    3233        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3234        copy: bool = True,
    3235        **opts,
    3236    ) -> Select:
    3237        return _apply_list_builder(
    3238            *expressions,
    3239            instance=self,
    3240            arg="windows",
    3241            append=append,
    3242            into=Window,
    3243            dialect=dialect,
    3244            copy=copy,
    3245            **opts,
    3246        )

def qualify( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    3248    def qualify(
    3249        self,
    3250        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3251        append: bool = True,
    3252        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3253        copy: bool = True,
    3254        **opts,
    3255    ) -> Select:
    3256        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3257            *expressions,
    3258            instance=self,
    3259            arg="qualify",
    3260            append=append,
    3261            into=Qualify,
    3262            dialect=dialect,
    3263            copy=copy,
    3264            **opts,
    3265        )

def distinct( self, *ons: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], distinct: bool = True, copy: bool = True) -> Select: View Source

    3267    def distinct(
    3268        self, *ons: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], distinct: bool = True, copy: bool = True
    3269    ) -> Select:
    3270        """
    3271        Set the OFFSET expression.
    3272
    3273        Example:
    3274            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").distinct().sql()
    3275            'SELECT DISTINCT x FROM tbl'
    3276
    3277        Args:
    3278            ons: the expressions to distinct on
    3279            distinct: whether the Select should be distinct
    3280            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3281
    3282        Returns:
    3283            Select: the modified expression.
    3284        """
    3285        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3286        on = Tuple(expressions=[maybe_parse(on, copy=copy) for on in ons if on]) if ons else None
    3287        instance.set("distinct", Distinct(on=on) if distinct else None)
    3288        return instance

Set the OFFSET expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").distinct().sql()
>     'SELECT DISTINCT x FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- ons: the expressions to distinct on
- distinct: whether the Select should be distinct
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.

###### Returns:

> Select: the modified expression.

def ctas( self, table: Union[str, Expression], properties: Optional[Dict] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Create: View Source

    3290    def ctas(
    3291        self,
    3292        table: ExpOrStr,
    3293        properties: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None,
    3294        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3295        copy: bool = True,
    3296        **opts,
    3297    ) -> Create:
    3298        """
    3299        Convert this expression to a CREATE TABLE AS statement.
    3300
    3301        Example:
    3302            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").ctas("x").sql()
    3303            'CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT * FROM tbl'
    3304
    3305        Args:
    3306            table: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    3307                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3308            properties: an optional mapping of table properties
    3309            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input table.
    3310            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3311            opts: other options to use to parse the input table.
    3312
    3313        Returns:
    3314            The new Create expression.
    3315        """
    3316        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3317        table_expression = maybe_parse(
    3318            table,
    3319            into=Table,
    3320            dialect=dialect,
    3321            **opts,
    3322        )
    3323        properties_expression = None
    3324        if properties:
    3325            properties_expression = Properties.from_dict(properties)
    3326
    3327        return Create(
    3328            this=table_expression,
    3329            kind="table",
    3330            expression=instance,
    3331            properties=properties_expression,
    3332        )

Convert this expression to a CREATE TABLE AS statement.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").ctas("x").sql()
>     'CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT * FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- table: the SQL code string to parse as the table name. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- properties: an optional mapping of table properties
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input table.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input table.

###### Returns:

> The new Create expression.

def lock( self, update: bool = True, copy: bool = True) -> Select: View Source

    3334    def lock(self, update: bool = True, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3335        """
    3336        Set the locking read mode for this expression.
    3337
    3338        Examples:
    3339            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock().sql("mysql")
    3340            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR UPDATE"
    3341
    3342            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock(update=False).sql("mysql")
    3343            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR SHARE"
    3344
    3345        Args:
    3346            update: if `True`, the locking type will be `FOR UPDATE`, else it will be `FOR SHARE`.
    3347            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3348
    3349        Returns:
    3350            The modified expression.
    3351        """
    3352        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3353        inst.set("locks", [Lock(update=update)])
    3354
    3355        return inst

Set the locking read mode for this expression.

###### Examples:

>     >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock().sql("mysql")
>     "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR UPDATE"

>     >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock(update=False).sql("mysql")
>     "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR SHARE"

###### Arguments:

- update: if `True`, the locking type will be `FOR UPDATE`, else it will be `FOR SHARE`.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.

###### Returns:

> The modified expression.

def hint( self, *hints: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True) -> Select: View Source

    3357    def hint(self, *hints: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3358        """
    3359        Set hints for this expression.
    3360
    3361        Examples:
    3362            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").hint("BROADCAST(y)").sql(dialect="spark")
    3363            'SELECT /*+ BROADCAST(y) */ x FROM tbl'
    3364
    3365        Args:
    3366            hints: The SQL code strings to parse as the hints.
    3367                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3368            dialect: The dialect used to parse the hints.
    3369            copy: If `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3370
    3371        Returns:
    3372            The modified expression.
    3373        """
    3374        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3375        inst.set(
    3376            "hint", Hint(expressions=[maybe_parse(h, copy=copy, dialect=dialect) for h in hints])
    3377        )
    3378
    3379        return inst

Set hints for this expression.

###### Examples:

>     >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").hint("BROADCAST(y)").sql(dialect="spark")
>     'SELECT /*+ BROADCAST(y) */ x FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- hints: The SQL code strings to parse as the hints. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- dialect: The dialect used to parse the hints.
- copy: If `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.

###### Returns:

> The modified expression.

named_selects: List[str]
is_star: bool

Checks whether an expression is a star.

selects: List[Expression]
key = 'select'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Subqueryable
  subquery
  ctes
  with_
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Subquery(DerivedTable, Unionable): View Source

    3394class Subquery(DerivedTable, Unionable):
    3395    arg_types = {
    3396        "this": True,
    3397        "alias": False,
    3398        "with": False,
    3399        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    3400    }
    3401
    3402    def unnest(self):
    3403        """
    3404        Returns the first non subquery.
    3405        """
    3406        expression = self
    3407        while isinstance(expression, Subquery):
    3408            expression = expression.this
    3409        return expression
    3410
    3411    def unwrap(self) -> Subquery:
    3412        expression = self
    3413        while expression.same_parent and expression.is_wrapper:
    3414            expression = t.cast(Subquery, expression.parent)
    3415        return expression
    3416
    3417    @property
    3418    def is_wrapper(self) -> bool:
    3419        """
    3420        Whether this Subquery acts as a simple wrapper around another expression.
    3421
    3422        SELECT * FROM (((SELECT * FROM t)))
    3423                      ^
    3424                      This corresponds to a "wrapper" Subquery node
    3425        """
    3426        return all(v is None for k, v in self.args.items() if k != "this")
    3427
    3428    @property
    3429    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    3430        return self.this.is_star
    3431
    3432    @property
    3433    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3434        return self.alias

arg_types = {'this': True, 'alias': False, 'with': False, 'match': False, 'laterals': False, 'joins': False, 'connect': False, 'pivots': False, 'where': False, 'group': False, 'having': False, 'qualify': False, 'windows': False, 'distribute': False, 'sort': False, 'cluster': False, 'order': False, 'limit': False, 'offset': False, 'locks': False, 'sample': False, 'settings': False, 'format': False}
def unnest(self): View Source

    3402    def unnest(self):
    3403        """
    3404        Returns the first non subquery.
    3405        """
    3406        expression = self
    3407        while isinstance(expression, Subquery):
    3408            expression = expression.this
    3409        return expression

Returns the first non subquery.

def unwrap(self) -> Subquery: View Source

    3411    def unwrap(self) -> Subquery:
    3412        expression = self
    3413        while expression.same_parent and expression.is_wrapper:
    3414            expression = t.cast(Subquery, expression.parent)
    3415        return expression

is_wrapper: bool

Whether this Subquery acts as a simple wrapper around another expression.

SELECT * FROM (((SELECT * FROM t))) ^ This corresponds to a "wrapper" Subquery node

is_star: bool

Checks whether an expression is a star.

output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'subquery'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
DerivedTable
  selects
  named_selects
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class TableSample(Expression): View Source

    3437class TableSample(Expression):
    3438    arg_types = {
    3439        "this": False,
    3440        "expressions": False,
    3441        "method": False,
    3442        "bucket_numerator": False,
    3443        "bucket_denominator": False,
    3444        "bucket_field": False,
    3445        "percent": False,
    3446        "rows": False,
    3447        "size": False,
    3448        "seed": False,
    3449        "kind": False,
    3450    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expressions': False, 'method': False, 'bucket_numerator': False, 'bucket_denominator': False, 'bucket_field': False, 'percent': False, 'rows': False, 'size': False, 'seed': False, 'kind': False}
key = 'tablesample'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Tag(Expression): View Source

    3453class Tag(Expression):
    3454    """Tags are used for generating arbitrary sql like SELECT <span>x</span>."""
    3455
    3456    arg_types = {
    3457        "this": False,
    3458        "prefix": False,
    3459        "postfix": False,
    3460    }

Tags are used for generating arbitrary sql like SELECT x.

arg_types = {'this': False, 'prefix': False, 'postfix': False}
key = 'tag'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Pivot(Expression): View Source

    3465class Pivot(Expression):
    3466    arg_types = {
    3467        "this": False,
    3468        "alias": False,
    3469        "expressions": False,
    3470        "field": False,
    3471        "unpivot": False,
    3472        "using": False,
    3473        "group": False,
    3474        "columns": False,
    3475        "include_nulls": False,
    3476    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'alias': False, 'expressions': False, 'field': False, 'unpivot': False, 'using': False, 'group': False, 'columns': False, 'include_nulls': False}
key = 'pivot'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Window(Condition): View Source

    3479class Window(Condition):
    3480    arg_types = {
    3481        "this": True,
    3482        "partition_by": False,
    3483        "order": False,
    3484        "spec": False,
    3485        "alias": False,
    3486        "over": False,
    3487        "first": False,
    3488    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'partition_by': False, 'order': False, 'spec': False, 'alias': False, 'over': False, 'first': False}
key = 'window'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class WindowSpec(Expression): View Source

    3491class WindowSpec(Expression):
    3492    arg_types = {
    3493        "kind": False,
    3494        "start": False,
    3495        "start_side": False,
    3496        "end": False,
    3497        "end_side": False,
    3498    }

arg_types = {'kind': False, 'start': False, 'start_side': False, 'end': False, 'end_side': False}
key = 'windowspec'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Where(Expression): View Source

    3501class Where(Expression):
    3502    pass

key = 'where'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Star(Expression): View Source

    3505class Star(Expression):
    3506    arg_types = {"except": False, "replace": False}
    3507
    3508    @property
    3509    def name(self) -> str:
    3510        return "*"
    3511
    3512    @property
    3513    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3514        return self.name

arg_types = {'except': False, 'replace': False}
name: str
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'star'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Parameter(Condition): View Source

    3517class Parameter(Condition):
    3518    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'parameter'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SessionParameter(Condition): View Source

    3521class SessionParameter(Condition):
    3522    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': False}
key = 'sessionparameter'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Placeholder(Condition): View Source

    3525class Placeholder(Condition):
    3526    arg_types = {"this": False, "kind": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'kind': False}
key = 'placeholder'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Null(Condition): View Source

    3529class Null(Condition):
    3530    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
    3531
    3532    @property
    3533    def name(self) -> str:
    3534        return "NULL"

arg_types: Dict[str, Any] = {}
name: str
key = 'null'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Boolean(Condition): View Source

    3537class Boolean(Condition):
    3538    pass

key = 'boolean'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DataTypeParam(Expression): View Source

    3541class DataTypeParam(Expression):
    3542    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'datatypeparam'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DataType(Expression): View Source

    3545class DataType(Expression):
    3546    arg_types = {
    3547        "this": True,
    3548        "expressions": False,
    3549        "nested": False,
    3550        "values": False,
    3551        "prefix": False,
    3552        "kind": False,
    3553    }
    3554
    3555    class Type(AutoName):
    3556        ARRAY = auto()
    3557        BIGDECIMAL = auto()
    3558        BIGINT = auto()
    3559        BIGSERIAL = auto()
    3560        BINARY = auto()
    3561        BIT = auto()
    3562        BOOLEAN = auto()
    3563        CHAR = auto()
    3564        DATE = auto()
    3565        DATEMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3566        DATERANGE = auto()
    3567        DATETIME = auto()
    3568        DATETIME64 = auto()
    3569        DECIMAL = auto()
    3570        DOUBLE = auto()
    3571        ENUM = auto()
    3572        ENUM8 = auto()
    3573        ENUM16 = auto()
    3574        FIXEDSTRING = auto()
    3575        FLOAT = auto()
    3576        GEOGRAPHY = auto()
    3577        GEOMETRY = auto()
    3578        HLLSKETCH = auto()
    3579        HSTORE = auto()
    3580        IMAGE = auto()
    3581        INET = auto()
    3582        INT = auto()
    3583        INT128 = auto()
    3584        INT256 = auto()
    3585        INT4MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3586        INT4RANGE = auto()
    3587        INT8MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3588        INT8RANGE = auto()
    3589        INTERVAL = auto()
    3590        IPADDRESS = auto()
    3591        IPPREFIX = auto()
    3592        JSON = auto()
    3593        JSONB = auto()
    3594        LONGBLOB = auto()
    3595        LONGTEXT = auto()
    3596        LOWCARDINALITY = auto()
    3597        MAP = auto()
    3598        MEDIUMBLOB = auto()
    3599        MEDIUMINT = auto()
    3600        MEDIUMTEXT = auto()
    3601        MONEY = auto()
    3602        NCHAR = auto()
    3603        NESTED = auto()
    3604        NULL = auto()
    3605        NULLABLE = auto()
    3606        NUMMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3607        NUMRANGE = auto()
    3608        NVARCHAR = auto()
    3609        OBJECT = auto()
    3610        ROWVERSION = auto()
    3611        SERIAL = auto()
    3612        SET = auto()
    3613        SMALLINT = auto()
    3614        SMALLMONEY = auto()
    3615        SMALLSERIAL = auto()
    3616        STRUCT = auto()
    3617        SUPER = auto()
    3618        TEXT = auto()
    3619        TINYBLOB = auto()
    3620        TINYTEXT = auto()
    3621        TIME = auto()
    3622        TIMETZ = auto()
    3623        TIMESTAMP = auto()
    3624        TIMESTAMPLTZ = auto()
    3625        TIMESTAMPTZ = auto()
    3626        TIMESTAMP_S = auto()
    3627        TIMESTAMP_MS = auto()
    3628        TIMESTAMP_NS = auto()
    3629        TINYINT = auto()
    3630        TSMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3631        TSRANGE = auto()
    3632        TSTZMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3633        TSTZRANGE = auto()
    3634        UBIGINT = auto()
    3635        UINT = auto()
    3636        UINT128 = auto()
    3637        UINT256 = auto()
    3638        UMEDIUMINT = auto()
    3639        UDECIMAL = auto()
    3640        UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = auto()
    3641        UNKNOWN = auto()  # Sentinel value, useful for type annotation
    3642        USERDEFINED = "USER-DEFINED"
    3643        USMALLINT = auto()
    3644        UTINYINT = auto()
    3645        UUID = auto()
    3646        VARBINARY = auto()
    3647        VARCHAR = auto()
    3648        VARIANT = auto()
    3649        XML = auto()
    3650        YEAR = auto()
    3651
    3652    TEXT_TYPES = {
    3653        Type.CHAR,
    3654        Type.NCHAR,
    3655        Type.VARCHAR,
    3656        Type.NVARCHAR,
    3657        Type.TEXT,
    3658    }
    3659
    3660    INTEGER_TYPES = {
    3661        Type.INT,
    3662        Type.TINYINT,
    3663        Type.SMALLINT,
    3664        Type.BIGINT,
    3665        Type.INT128,
    3666        Type.INT256,
    3667    }
    3668
    3669    FLOAT_TYPES = {
    3670        Type.FLOAT,
    3671        Type.DOUBLE,
    3672    }
    3673
    3674    NUMERIC_TYPES = {
    3675        *INTEGER_TYPES,
    3676        *FLOAT_TYPES,
    3677    }
    3678
    3679    TEMPORAL_TYPES = {
    3680        Type.TIME,
    3681        Type.TIMETZ,
    3682        Type.TIMESTAMP,
    3683        Type.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    3684        Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    3685        Type.TIMESTAMP_S,
    3686        Type.TIMESTAMP_MS,
    3687        Type.TIMESTAMP_NS,
    3688        Type.DATE,
    3689        Type.DATETIME,
    3690        Type.DATETIME64,
    3691    }
    3692
    3693    @classmethod
    3694    def build(
    3695        cls,
    3696        dtype: str | DataType | DataType.Type,
    3697        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3698        udt: bool = False,
    3699        **kwargs,
    3700    ) -> DataType:
    3701        """
    3702        Constructs a DataType object.
    3703
    3704        Args:
    3705            dtype: the data type of interest.
    3706            dialect: the dialect to use for parsing `dtype`, in case it's a string.
    3707            udt: when set to True, `dtype` will be used as-is if it can't be parsed into a
    3708                DataType, thus creating a user-defined type.
    3709            kawrgs: additional arguments to pass in the constructor of DataType.
    3710
    3711        Returns:
    3712            The constructed DataType object.
    3713        """
    3714        from sqlglot import parse_one
    3715
    3716        if isinstance(dtype, str):
    3717            if dtype.upper() == "UNKNOWN":
    3718                return DataType(this=DataType.Type.UNKNOWN, **kwargs)
    3719
    3720            try:
    3721                data_type_exp = parse_one(
    3722                    dtype, read=dialect, into=DataType, error_level=ErrorLevel.IGNORE
    3723                )
    3724            except ParseError:
    3725                if udt:
    3726                    return DataType(this=DataType.Type.USERDEFINED, kind=dtype, **kwargs)
    3727                raise
    3728        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType.Type):
    3729            data_type_exp = DataType(this=dtype)
    3730        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType):
    3731            return dtype
    3732        else:
    3733            raise ValueError(f"Invalid data type: {type(dtype)}. Expected str or DataType.Type")
    3734
    3735        return DataType(**{**data_type_exp.args, **kwargs})
    3736
    3737    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    3738        """
    3739        Checks whether this DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types or precision
    3740        will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g. array<int> != array<float>.
    3741
    3742        Args:
    3743            dtypes: the data types to compare this DataType to.
    3744
    3745        Returns:
    3746            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this DataType.
    3747        """
    3748        for dtype in dtypes:
    3749            other = DataType.build(dtype, udt=True)
    3750
    3751            if (
    3752                other.expressions
    3753                or self.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3754                or other.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3755            ):
    3756                matches = self == other
    3757            else:
    3758                matches = self.this == other.this
    3759
    3760            if matches:
    3761                return True
    3762        return False

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False, 'nested': False, 'values': False, 'prefix': False, 'kind': False}
TEXT_TYPES = {<Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>, <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>}
INTEGER_TYPES = {<Type.INT256: 'INT256'>, <Type.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <Type.INT128: 'INT128'>, <Type.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <Type.INT: 'INT'>}
FLOAT_TYPES = {<Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>}
NUMERIC_TYPES = {<Type.INT256: 'INT256'>, <Type.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>, <Type.INT: 'INT'>, <Type.INT128: 'INT128'>, <Type.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>}
TEMPORAL_TYPES = {<Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>, <Type.DATE: 'DATE'>, <Type.TIME: 'TIME'>, <Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>, <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <Type.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>, <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <Type.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>}
@classmethod
def build( cls, dtype: str | DataType | DataType.Type, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, udt: bool = False, **kwargs) -> DataType: View Source

    3693    @classmethod
    3694    def build(
    3695        cls,
    3696        dtype: str | DataType | DataType.Type,
    3697        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3698        udt: bool = False,
    3699        **kwargs,
    3700    ) -> DataType:
    3701        """
    3702        Constructs a DataType object.
    3703
    3704        Args:
    3705            dtype: the data type of interest.
    3706            dialect: the dialect to use for parsing `dtype`, in case it's a string.
    3707            udt: when set to True, `dtype` will be used as-is if it can't be parsed into a
    3708                DataType, thus creating a user-defined type.
    3709            kawrgs: additional arguments to pass in the constructor of DataType.
    3710
    3711        Returns:
    3712            The constructed DataType object.
    3713        """
    3714        from sqlglot import parse_one
    3715
    3716        if isinstance(dtype, str):
    3717            if dtype.upper() == "UNKNOWN":
    3718                return DataType(this=DataType.Type.UNKNOWN, **kwargs)
    3719
    3720            try:
    3721                data_type_exp = parse_one(
    3722                    dtype, read=dialect, into=DataType, error_level=ErrorLevel.IGNORE
    3723                )
    3724            except ParseError:
    3725                if udt:
    3726                    return DataType(this=DataType.Type.USERDEFINED, kind=dtype, **kwargs)
    3727                raise
    3728        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType.Type):
    3729            data_type_exp = DataType(this=dtype)
    3730        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType):
    3731            return dtype
    3732        else:
    3733            raise ValueError(f"Invalid data type: {type(dtype)}. Expected str or DataType.Type")
    3734
    3735        return DataType(**{**data_type_exp.args, **kwargs})

Constructs a DataType object.

###### Arguments:

- dtype: the data type of interest.
- dialect: the dialect to use for parsing `dtype`, in case it's a string.
- udt: when set to True, `dtype` will be used as-is if it can't be parsed into a DataType, thus creating a user-defined type.
- kawrgs: additional arguments to pass in the constructor of DataType.

###### Returns:

> The constructed DataType object.

def is_type( self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool: View Source

    3737    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    3738        """
    3739        Checks whether this DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types or precision
    3740        will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g. array<int> != array<float>.
    3741
    3742        Args:
    3743            dtypes: the data types to compare this DataType to.
    3744
    3745        Returns:
    3746            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this DataType.
    3747        """
    3748        for dtype in dtypes:
    3749            other = DataType.build(dtype, udt=True)
    3750
    3751            if (
    3752                other.expressions
    3753                or self.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3754                or other.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3755            ):
    3756                matches = self == other
    3757            else:
    3758                matches = self.this == other.this
    3759
    3760            if matches:
    3761                return True
    3762        return False

Checks whether this DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types or precision will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g. array != array.

###### Arguments:

- dtypes: the data types to compare this DataType to.

###### Returns:

> True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this DataType.

key = 'datatype'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DataType.Type(sqlglot.helper.AutoName): View Source

    3555    class Type(AutoName):
    3556        ARRAY = auto()
    3557        BIGDECIMAL = auto()
    3558        BIGINT = auto()
    3559        BIGSERIAL = auto()
    3560        BINARY = auto()
    3561        BIT = auto()
    3562        BOOLEAN = auto()
    3563        CHAR = auto()
    3564        DATE = auto()
    3565        DATEMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3566        DATERANGE = auto()
    3567        DATETIME = auto()
    3568        DATETIME64 = auto()
    3569        DECIMAL = auto()
    3570        DOUBLE = auto()
    3571        ENUM = auto()
    3572        ENUM8 = auto()
    3573        ENUM16 = auto()
    3574        FIXEDSTRING = auto()
    3575        FLOAT = auto()
    3576        GEOGRAPHY = auto()
    3577        GEOMETRY = auto()
    3578        HLLSKETCH = auto()
    3579        HSTORE = auto()
    3580        IMAGE = auto()
    3581        INET = auto()
    3582        INT = auto()
    3583        INT128 = auto()
    3584        INT256 = auto()
    3585        INT4MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3586        INT4RANGE = auto()
    3587        INT8MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3588        INT8RANGE = auto()
    3589        INTERVAL = auto()
    3590        IPADDRESS = auto()
    3591        IPPREFIX = auto()
    3592        JSON = auto()
    3593        JSONB = auto()
    3594        LONGBLOB = auto()
    3595        LONGTEXT = auto()
    3596        LOWCARDINALITY = auto()
    3597        MAP = auto()
    3598        MEDIUMBLOB = auto()
    3599        MEDIUMINT = auto()
    3600        MEDIUMTEXT = auto()
    3601        MONEY = auto()
    3602        NCHAR = auto()
    3603        NESTED = auto()
    3604        NULL = auto()
    3605        NULLABLE = auto()
    3606        NUMMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3607        NUMRANGE = auto()
    3608        NVARCHAR = auto()
    3609        OBJECT = auto()
    3610        ROWVERSION = auto()
    3611        SERIAL = auto()
    3612        SET = auto()
    3613        SMALLINT = auto()
    3614        SMALLMONEY = auto()
    3615        SMALLSERIAL = auto()
    3616        STRUCT = auto()
    3617        SUPER = auto()
    3618        TEXT = auto()
    3619        TINYBLOB = auto()
    3620        TINYTEXT = auto()
    3621        TIME = auto()
    3622        TIMETZ = auto()
    3623        TIMESTAMP = auto()
    3624        TIMESTAMPLTZ = auto()
    3625        TIMESTAMPTZ = auto()
    3626        TIMESTAMP_S = auto()
    3627        TIMESTAMP_MS = auto()
    3628        TIMESTAMP_NS = auto()
    3629        TINYINT = auto()
    3630        TSMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3631        TSRANGE = auto()
    3632        TSTZMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3633        TSTZRANGE = auto()
    3634        UBIGINT = auto()
    3635        UINT = auto()
    3636        UINT128 = auto()
    3637        UINT256 = auto()
    3638        UMEDIUMINT = auto()
    3639        UDECIMAL = auto()
    3640        UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = auto()
    3641        UNKNOWN = auto()  # Sentinel value, useful for type annotation
    3642        USERDEFINED = "USER-DEFINED"
    3643        USMALLINT = auto()
    3644        UTINYINT = auto()
    3645        UUID = auto()
    3646        VARBINARY = auto()
    3647        VARCHAR = auto()
    3648        VARIANT = auto()
    3649        XML = auto()
    3650        YEAR = auto()

An enumeration.

ARRAY = <Type.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>
BIGDECIMAL = <Type.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>
BIGINT = <Type.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>
BIGSERIAL = <Type.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>
BINARY = <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>
BIT = <Type.BIT: 'BIT'>
BOOLEAN = <Type.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>
CHAR = <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>
DATE = <Type.DATE: 'DATE'>
DATEMULTIRANGE = <Type.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>
DATERANGE = <Type.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>
DATETIME = <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>
DATETIME64 = <Type.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>
DECIMAL = <Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>
DOUBLE = <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>
ENUM = <Type.ENUM: 'ENUM'>
ENUM8 = <Type.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>
ENUM16 = <Type.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>
FIXEDSTRING = <Type.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>
FLOAT = <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>
GEOGRAPHY = <Type.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>
GEOMETRY = <Type.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>
HLLSKETCH = <Type.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>
HSTORE = <Type.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>
IMAGE = <Type.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>
INET = <Type.INET: 'INET'>
INT = <Type.INT: 'INT'>
INT128 = <Type.INT128: 'INT128'>
INT256 = <Type.INT256: 'INT256'>
INT4MULTIRANGE = <Type.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>
INT4RANGE = <Type.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>
INT8MULTIRANGE = <Type.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>
INT8RANGE = <Type.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>
INTERVAL = <Type.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>
IPADDRESS = <Type.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>
IPPREFIX = <Type.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>
JSON = <Type.JSON: 'JSON'>
JSONB = <Type.JSONB: 'JSONB'>
LONGBLOB = <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>
LONGTEXT = <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>
LOWCARDINALITY = <Type.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>
MAP = <Type.MAP: 'MAP'>
MEDIUMBLOB = <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>
MEDIUMINT = <Type.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>
MEDIUMTEXT = <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>
MONEY = <Type.MONEY: 'MONEY'>
NCHAR = <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>
NESTED = <Type.NESTED: 'NESTED'>
NULL = <Type.NULL: 'NULL'>
NULLABLE = <Type.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>
NUMMULTIRANGE = <Type.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>
NUMRANGE = <Type.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>
NVARCHAR = <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>
OBJECT = <Type.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>
ROWVERSION = <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>
SERIAL = <Type.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>
SET = <Type.SET: 'SET'>
SMALLINT = <Type.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>
SMALLMONEY = <Type.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>
SMALLSERIAL = <Type.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>
STRUCT = <Type.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>
SUPER = <Type.SUPER: 'SUPER'>
TEXT = <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>
TINYBLOB = <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>
TINYTEXT = <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>
TIME = <Type.TIME: 'TIME'>
TIMETZ = <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>
TIMESTAMP = <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>
TIMESTAMPLTZ = <Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>
TIMESTAMPTZ = <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>
TIMESTAMP_S = <Type.TIMESTAMP_S: 'TIMESTAMP_S'>
TIMESTAMP_MS = <Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: 'TIMESTAMP_MS'>
TIMESTAMP_NS = <Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: 'TIMESTAMP_NS'>
TINYINT = <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>
TSMULTIRANGE = <Type.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>
TSRANGE = <Type.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>
TSTZMULTIRANGE = <Type.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>
TSTZRANGE = <Type.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>
UBIGINT = <Type.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>
UINT = <Type.UINT: 'UINT'>
UINT128 = <Type.UINT128: 'UINT128'>
UINT256 = <Type.UINT256: 'UINT256'>
UMEDIUMINT = <Type.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>
UDECIMAL = <Type.UDECIMAL: 'UDECIMAL'>
UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = <Type.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>
UNKNOWN = <Type.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>
USERDEFINED = <Type.USERDEFINED: 'USER-DEFINED'>
USMALLINT = <Type.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>
UTINYINT = <Type.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>
UUID = <Type.UUID: 'UUID'>
VARBINARY = <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>
VARCHAR = <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>
VARIANT = <Type.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>
XML = <Type.XML: 'XML'>
YEAR = <Type.YEAR: 'YEAR'>

##### Inherited Members

enum.Enum
  name
  value

class PseudoType(DataType): View Source

    3766class PseudoType(DataType):
    3767    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'pseudotype'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
DataType
  Type
  TEXT_TYPES
  INTEGER_TYPES
  FLOAT_TYPES
  NUMERIC_TYPES
  TEMPORAL_TYPES
  build
  is_type

class ObjectIdentifier(DataType): View Source

    3771class ObjectIdentifier(DataType):
    3772    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'objectidentifier'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
DataType
  Type
  TEXT_TYPES
  INTEGER_TYPES
  FLOAT_TYPES
  NUMERIC_TYPES
  TEMPORAL_TYPES
  build
  is_type

class SubqueryPredicate(Predicate): View Source

    3776class SubqueryPredicate(Predicate):
    3777    pass

key = 'subquerypredicate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class All(SubqueryPredicate): View Source

    3780class All(SubqueryPredicate):
    3781    pass

key = 'all'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Any(SubqueryPredicate): View Source

    3784class Any(SubqueryPredicate):
    3785    pass

key = 'any'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Exists(SubqueryPredicate): View Source

    3788class Exists(SubqueryPredicate):
    3789    pass

key = 'exists'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Command(Expression): View Source

    3794class Command(Expression):
    3795    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'command'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Transaction(Expression): View Source

    3798class Transaction(Expression):
    3799    arg_types = {"this": False, "modes": False, "mark": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'modes': False, 'mark': False}
key = 'transaction'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Commit(Expression): View Source

    3802class Commit(Expression):
    3803    arg_types = {"chain": False, "this": False, "durability": False}

arg_types = {'chain': False, 'this': False, 'durability': False}
key = 'commit'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Rollback(Expression): View Source

    3806class Rollback(Expression):
    3807    arg_types = {"savepoint": False, "this": False}

arg_types = {'savepoint': False, 'this': False}
key = 'rollback'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class AlterTable(Expression): View Source

    3810class AlterTable(Expression):
    3811    arg_types = {"this": True, "actions": True, "exists": False, "only": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'actions': True, 'exists': False, 'only': False}
key = 'altertable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class AddConstraint(Expression): View Source

    3814class AddConstraint(Expression):
    3815    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False, "enforced": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': False, 'enforced': False}
key = 'addconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DropPartition(Expression): View Source

    3818class DropPartition(Expression):
    3819    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "exists": False}

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'exists': False}
key = 'droppartition'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Binary(Condition): View Source

    3823class Binary(Condition):
    3824    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    3825
    3826    @property
    3827    def left(self) -> Expression:
    3828        return self.this
    3829
    3830    @property
    3831    def right(self) -> Expression:
    3832        return self.expression

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
left: Expression
right: Expression
key = 'binary'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Add(Binary): View Source

    3835class Add(Binary):
    3836    pass

key = 'add'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Connector(Binary): View Source

    3839class Connector(Binary):
    3840    pass

key = 'connector'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class And(Connector): View Source

    3843class And(Connector):
    3844    pass

key = 'and'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Or(Connector): View Source

    3847class Or(Connector):
    3848    pass

key = 'or'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class BitwiseAnd(Binary): View Source

    3851class BitwiseAnd(Binary):
    3852    pass

key = 'bitwiseand'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class BitwiseLeftShift(Binary): View Source

    3855class BitwiseLeftShift(Binary):
    3856    pass

key = 'bitwiseleftshift'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class BitwiseOr(Binary): View Source

    3859class BitwiseOr(Binary):
    3860    pass

key = 'bitwiseor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class BitwiseRightShift(Binary): View Source

    3863class BitwiseRightShift(Binary):
    3864    pass

key = 'bitwiserightshift'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class BitwiseXor(Binary): View Source

    3867class BitwiseXor(Binary):
    3868    pass

key = 'bitwisexor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Div(Binary): View Source

    3871class Div(Binary):
    3872    pass

key = 'div'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Overlaps(Binary): View Source

    3875class Overlaps(Binary):
    3876    pass

key = 'overlaps'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Dot(Binary): View Source

    3879class Dot(Binary):
    3880    @property
    3881    def name(self) -> str:
    3882        return self.expression.name
    3883
    3884    @property
    3885    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3886        return self.name
    3887
    3888    @classmethod
    3889    def build(self, expressions: t.Sequence[Expression]) -> Dot:
    3890        """Build a Dot object with a sequence of expressions."""
    3891        if len(expressions) < 2:
    3892            raise ValueError(f"Dot requires >= 2 expressions.")
    3893
    3894        return t.cast(Dot, reduce(lambda x, y: Dot(this=x, expression=y), expressions))

name: str
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

@classmethod
def build( self, expressions: Sequence[Expression]) -> Dot: View Source

    3888    @classmethod
    3889    def build(self, expressions: t.Sequence[Expression]) -> Dot:
    3890        """Build a Dot object with a sequence of expressions."""
    3891        if len(expressions) < 2:
    3892            raise ValueError(f"Dot requires >= 2 expressions.")
    3893
    3894        return t.cast(Dot, reduce(lambda x, y: Dot(this=x, expression=y), expressions))

Build a Dot object with a sequence of expressions.

key = 'dot'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class DPipe(Binary): View Source

    3897class DPipe(Binary):
    3898    pass

key = 'dpipe'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class SafeDPipe(DPipe): View Source

    3901class SafeDPipe(DPipe):
    3902    pass

key = 'safedpipe'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class EQ(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3905class EQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3906    pass

key = 'eq'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class NullSafeEQ(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3909class NullSafeEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3910    pass

key = 'nullsafeeq'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class NullSafeNEQ(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3913class NullSafeNEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3914    pass

key = 'nullsafeneq'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Distance(Binary): View Source

    3917class Distance(Binary):
    3918    pass

key = 'distance'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Escape(Binary): View Source

    3921class Escape(Binary):
    3922    pass

key = 'escape'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Glob(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3925class Glob(Binary, Predicate):
    3926    pass

key = 'glob'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class GT(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3929class GT(Binary, Predicate):
    3930    pass

key = 'gt'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class GTE(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3933class GTE(Binary, Predicate):
    3934    pass

key = 'gte'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class ILike(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3937class ILike(Binary, Predicate):
    3938    pass

key = 'ilike'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class ILikeAny(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3941class ILikeAny(Binary, Predicate):
    3942    pass

key = 'ilikeany'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class IntDiv(Binary): View Source

    3945class IntDiv(Binary):
    3946    pass

key = 'intdiv'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Is(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3949class Is(Binary, Predicate):
    3950    pass

key = 'is'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Kwarg(Binary): View Source

    3953class Kwarg(Binary):
    3954    """Kwarg in special functions like func(kwarg => y)."""

Kwarg in special functions like func(kwarg => y).

key = 'kwarg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Like(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3957class Like(Binary, Predicate):
    3958    pass

key = 'like'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class LikeAny(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3961class LikeAny(Binary, Predicate):
    3962    pass

key = 'likeany'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class LT(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3965class LT(Binary, Predicate):
    3966    pass

key = 'lt'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class LTE(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3969class LTE(Binary, Predicate):
    3970    pass

key = 'lte'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Mod(Binary): View Source

    3973class Mod(Binary):
    3974    pass

key = 'mod'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Mul(Binary): View Source

    3977class Mul(Binary):
    3978    pass

key = 'mul'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class NEQ(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3981class NEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3982    pass

key = 'neq'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class SimilarTo(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3985class SimilarTo(Binary, Predicate):
    3986    pass

key = 'similarto'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Slice(Binary): View Source

    3989class Slice(Binary):
    3990    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': False}
key = 'slice'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  left
  right

class Sub(Binary): View Source

    3993class Sub(Binary):
    3994    pass

key = 'sub'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class ArrayOverlaps(Binary): View Source

    3997class ArrayOverlaps(Binary):
    3998    pass

key = 'arrayoverlaps'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class Unary(Condition): View Source

    4003class Unary(Condition):
    4004    pass

key = 'unary'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class BitwiseNot(Unary): View Source

    4007class BitwiseNot(Unary):
    4008    pass

key = 'bitwisenot'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Not(Unary): View Source

    4011class Not(Unary):
    4012    pass

key = 'not'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Paren(Unary): View Source

    4015class Paren(Unary):
    4016    arg_types = {"this": True, "with": False}
    4017
    4018    @property
    4019    def output_name(self) -> str:
    4020        return self.this.name

arg_types = {'this': True, 'with': False}
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'paren'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Neg(Unary): View Source

    4023class Neg(Unary):
    4024    pass

key = 'neg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Alias(Expression): View Source

    4027class Alias(Expression):
    4028    arg_types = {"this": True, "alias": False}
    4029
    4030    @property
    4031    def output_name(self) -> str:
    4032        return self.alias

arg_types = {'this': True, 'alias': False}
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'alias'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Aliases(Expression): View Source

    4035class Aliases(Expression):
    4036    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    4037
    4038    @property
    4039    def aliases(self):
    4040        return self.expressions

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True}
aliases
key = 'aliases'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class AtTimeZone(Expression): View Source

    4043class AtTimeZone(Expression):
    4044    arg_types = {"this": True, "zone": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'zone': True}
key = 'attimezone'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Between(Predicate): View Source

    4047class Between(Predicate):
    4048    arg_types = {"this": True, "low": True, "high": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'low': True, 'high': True}
key = 'between'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Bracket(Condition): View Source

    4051class Bracket(Condition):
    4052    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    4053
    4054    @property
    4055    def output_name(self) -> str:
    4056        if len(self.expressions) == 1:
    4057            return self.expressions[0].output_name
    4058
    4059        return super().output_name

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True}
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'bracket'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SafeBracket(Bracket): View Source

    4062class SafeBracket(Bracket):
    4063    """Represents array lookup where OOB index yields NULL instead of causing a failure."""

Represents array lookup where OOB index yields NULL instead of causing a failure.

key = 'safebracket'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Bracket
  arg_types
  output_name

class Distinct(Expression): View Source

    4066class Distinct(Expression):
    4067    arg_types = {"expressions": False, "on": False}

arg_types = {'expressions': False, 'on': False}
key = 'distinct'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class In(Predicate): View Source

    4070class In(Predicate):
    4071    arg_types = {
    4072        "this": True,
    4073        "expressions": False,
    4074        "query": False,
    4075        "unnest": False,
    4076        "field": False,
    4077        "is_global": False,
    4078    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False, 'query': False, 'unnest': False, 'field': False, 'is_global': False}
key = 'in'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeUnit(Expression): View Source

    4081class TimeUnit(Expression):
    4082    """Automatically converts unit arg into a var."""
    4083
    4084    arg_types = {"unit": False}
    4085
    4086    UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME = {
    4087        "d": "day",
    4088        "h": "hour",
    4089        "m": "minute",
    4090        "ms": "millisecond",
    4091        "ns": "nanosecond",
    4092        "q": "quarter",
    4093        "s": "second",
    4094        "us": "microsecond",
    4095        "w": "week",
    4096        "y": "year",
    4097    }
    4098
    4099    VAR_LIKE = (Column, Literal, Var)
    4100
    4101    def __init__(self, **args):
    4102        unit = args.get("unit")
    4103        if isinstance(unit, self.VAR_LIKE):
    4104            args["unit"] = Var(this=self.UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME.get(unit.name) or unit.name)
    4105        elif isinstance(unit, Week):
    4106            unit.set("this", Var(this=unit.this.name))
    4107
    4108        super().__init__(**args)
    4109
    4110    @property
    4111    def unit(self) -> t.Optional[Var]:
    4112        return self.args.get("unit")

Automatically converts unit arg into a var.

TimeUnit(**args) View Source

    4101    def __init__(self, **args):
    4102        unit = args.get("unit")
    4103        if isinstance(unit, self.VAR_LIKE):
    4104            args["unit"] = Var(this=self.UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME.get(unit.name) or unit.name)
    4105        elif isinstance(unit, Week):
    4106            unit.set("this", Var(this=unit.this.name))
    4107
    4108        super().__init__(**args)

arg_types = {'unit': False}
UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME = {'d': 'day', 'h': 'hour', 'm': 'minute', 'ms': 'millisecond', 'ns': 'nanosecond', 'q': 'quarter', 's': 'second', 'us': 'microsecond', 'w': 'week', 'y': 'year'}
VAR_LIKE = (<class 'Column'>, <class 'Literal'>, <class 'Var'>)
unit: Optional[Var]
key = 'timeunit'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class IntervalOp(TimeUnit): View Source

    4115class IntervalOp(TimeUnit):
    4116    arg_types = {"unit": True, "expression": True}
    4117
    4118    def interval(self):
    4119        return Interval(
    4120            this=self.expression.copy(),
    4121            unit=self.unit.copy(),
    4122        )

arg_types = {'unit': True, 'expression': True}
def interval(self): View Source

    4118    def interval(self):
    4119        return Interval(
    4120            this=self.expression.copy(),
    4121            unit=self.unit.copy(),
    4122        )

key = 'intervalop'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class IntervalSpan(DataType): View Source

    4128class IntervalSpan(DataType):
    4129    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'intervalspan'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
DataType
  Type
  TEXT_TYPES
  INTEGER_TYPES
  FLOAT_TYPES
  NUMERIC_TYPES
  TEMPORAL_TYPES
  build
  is_type

class Interval(TimeUnit): View Source

    4132class Interval(TimeUnit):
    4133    arg_types = {"this": False, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'unit': False}
key = 'interval'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class IgnoreNulls(Expression): View Source

    4136class IgnoreNulls(Expression):
    4137    pass

key = 'ignorenulls'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class RespectNulls(Expression): View Source

    4140class RespectNulls(Expression):
    4141    pass

key = 'respectnulls'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Func(Condition): View Source

    4145class Func(Condition):
    4146    """
    4147    The base class for all function expressions.
    4148
    4149    Attributes:
    4150        is_var_len_args (bool): if set to True the last argument defined in arg_types will be
    4151            treated as a variable length argument and the argument's value will be stored as a list.
    4152        _sql_names (list): determines the SQL name (1st item in the list) and aliases (subsequent items)
    4153            for this function expression. These values are used to map this node to a name during parsing
    4154            as well as to provide the function's name during SQL string generation. By default the SQL
    4155            name is set to the expression's class name transformed to snake case.
    4156    """
    4157
    4158    is_var_len_args = False
    4159
    4160    @classmethod
    4161    def from_arg_list(cls, args):
    4162        if cls.is_var_len_args:
    4163            all_arg_keys = list(cls.arg_types)
    4164            # If this function supports variable length argument treat the last argument as such.
    4165            non_var_len_arg_keys = all_arg_keys[:-1] if cls.is_var_len_args else all_arg_keys
    4166            num_non_var = len(non_var_len_arg_keys)
    4167
    4168            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, non_var_len_arg_keys)}
    4169            args_dict[all_arg_keys[-1]] = args[num_non_var:]
    4170        else:
    4171            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, cls.arg_types)}
    4172
    4173        return cls(**args_dict)
    4174
    4175    @classmethod
    4176    def sql_names(cls):
    4177        if cls is Func:
    4178            raise NotImplementedError(
    4179                "SQL name is only supported by concrete function implementations"
    4180            )
    4181        if "_sql_names" not in cls.__dict__:
    4182            cls._sql_names = [camel_to_snake_case(cls.__name__)]
    4183        return cls._sql_names
    4184
    4185    @classmethod
    4186    def sql_name(cls):
    4187        return cls.sql_names()[0]
    4188
    4189    @classmethod
    4190    def default_parser_mappings(cls):
    4191        return {name: cls.from_arg_list for name in cls.sql_names()}

The base class for all function expressions.

###### Attributes:

- is_var_len_args (bool): if set to True the last argument defined in arg_types will be treated as a variable length argument and the argument's value will be stored as a list.
- _sql_names (list): determines the SQL name (1st item in the list) and aliases (subsequent items) for this function expression. These values are used to map this node to a name during parsing as well as to provide the function's name during SQL string generation. By default the SQL name is set to the expression's class name transformed to snake case.

is_var_len_args = False
@classmethod
def from_arg_list(cls, args): View Source

    4160    @classmethod
    4161    def from_arg_list(cls, args):
    4162        if cls.is_var_len_args:
    4163            all_arg_keys = list(cls.arg_types)
    4164            # If this function supports variable length argument treat the last argument as such.
    4165            non_var_len_arg_keys = all_arg_keys[:-1] if cls.is_var_len_args else all_arg_keys
    4166            num_non_var = len(non_var_len_arg_keys)
    4167
    4168            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, non_var_len_arg_keys)}
    4169            args_dict[all_arg_keys[-1]] = args[num_non_var:]
    4170        else:
    4171            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, cls.arg_types)}
    4172
    4173        return cls(**args_dict)

@classmethod
def sql_names(cls): View Source

    4175    @classmethod
    4176    def sql_names(cls):
    4177        if cls is Func:
    4178            raise NotImplementedError(
    4179                "SQL name is only supported by concrete function implementations"
    4180            )
    4181        if "_sql_names" not in cls.__dict__:
    4182            cls._sql_names = [camel_to_snake_case(cls.__name__)]
    4183        return cls._sql_names

@classmethod
def sql_name(cls): View Source

    4185    @classmethod
    4186    def sql_name(cls):
    4187        return cls.sql_names()[0]

@classmethod
def default_parser_mappings(cls): View Source

    4189    @classmethod
    4190    def default_parser_mappings(cls):
    4191        return {name: cls.from_arg_list for name in cls.sql_names()}

key = 'func'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class AggFunc(Func): View Source

    4194class AggFunc(Func):
    4195    pass

key = 'aggfunc'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ParameterizedAgg(AggFunc): View Source

    4198class ParameterizedAgg(AggFunc):
    4199    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "params": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True, 'params': True}
key = 'parameterizedagg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Abs(Func): View Source

    4202class Abs(Func):
    4203    pass

key = 'abs'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArgMax(AggFunc): View Source

    4206class ArgMax(AggFunc):
    4207    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "count": False}
    4208    _sql_names = ["ARG_MAX", "ARGMAX", "MAX_BY"]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'count': False}
key = 'argmax'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArgMin(AggFunc): View Source

    4211class ArgMin(AggFunc):
    4212    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "count": False}
    4213    _sql_names = ["ARG_MIN", "ARGMIN", "MIN_BY"]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'count': False}
key = 'argmin'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ApproxTopK(AggFunc): View Source

    4216class ApproxTopK(AggFunc):
    4217    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False, "counters": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False, 'counters': False}
key = 'approxtopk'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Flatten(Func): View Source

    4220class Flatten(Func):
    4221    pass

key = 'flatten'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Transform(Func): View Source

    4225class Transform(Func):
    4226    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'transform'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Anonymous(Func): View Source

    4229class Anonymous(Func):
    4230    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4231    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'anonymous'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Hll(AggFunc): View Source

    4236class Hll(AggFunc):
    4237    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4238    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'hll'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ApproxDistinct(AggFunc): View Source

    4241class ApproxDistinct(AggFunc):
    4242    arg_types = {"this": True, "accuracy": False}
    4243    _sql_names = ["APPROX_DISTINCT", "APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'accuracy': False}
key = 'approxdistinct'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Array(Func): View Source

    4246class Array(Func):
    4247    arg_types = {"expressions": False}
    4248    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'array'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ToChar(Func): View Source

    4252class ToChar(Func):
    4253    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': False}
key = 'tochar'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class GenerateSeries(Func): View Source

    4256class GenerateSeries(Func):
    4257    arg_types = {"start": True, "end": True, "step": False}

arg_types = {'start': True, 'end': True, 'step': False}
key = 'generateseries'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArrayAgg(AggFunc): View Source

    4260class ArrayAgg(AggFunc):
    4261    pass

key = 'arrayagg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArrayAll(Func): View Source

    4264class ArrayAll(Func):
    4265    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'arrayall'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArrayAny(Func): View Source

    4268class ArrayAny(Func):
    4269    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'arrayany'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArrayConcat(Func): View Source

    4272class ArrayConcat(Func):
    4273    _sql_names = ["ARRAY_CONCAT", "ARRAY_CAT"]
    4274    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4275    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'arrayconcat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArrayContains(Binary, Func): View Source

    4278class ArrayContains(Binary, Func):
    4279    pass

key = 'arraycontains'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArrayContained(Binary): View Source

    4282class ArrayContained(Binary):
    4283    pass

key = 'arraycontained'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class ArrayFilter(Func): View Source

    4286class ArrayFilter(Func):
    4287    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4288    _sql_names = ["FILTER", "ARRAY_FILTER"]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'arrayfilter'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArrayJoin(Func): View Source

    4291class ArrayJoin(Func):
    4292    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "null": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'null': False}
key = 'arrayjoin'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArraySize(Func): View Source

    4295class ArraySize(Func):
    4296    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'arraysize'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArraySort(Func): View Source

    4299class ArraySort(Func):
    4300    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'arraysort'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArraySum(Func): View Source

    4303class ArraySum(Func):
    4304    pass

key = 'arraysum'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ArrayUnionAgg(AggFunc): View Source

    4307class ArrayUnionAgg(AggFunc):
    4308    pass

key = 'arrayunionagg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Avg(AggFunc): View Source

    4311class Avg(AggFunc):
    4312    pass

key = 'avg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class AnyValue(AggFunc): View Source

    4315class AnyValue(AggFunc):
    4316    arg_types = {"this": True, "having": False, "max": False, "ignore_nulls": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'having': False, 'max': False, 'ignore_nulls': False}
key = 'anyvalue'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class First(Func): View Source

    4319class First(Func):
    4320    arg_types = {"this": True, "ignore_nulls": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'ignore_nulls': False}
key = 'first'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Last(Func): View Source

    4323class Last(Func):
    4324    arg_types = {"this": True, "ignore_nulls": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'ignore_nulls': False}
key = 'last'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Case(Func): View Source

    4327class Case(Func):
    4328    arg_types = {"this": False, "ifs": True, "default": False}
    4329
    4330    def when(self, condition: ExpOrStr, then: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4331        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4332        instance.append(
    4333            "ifs",
    4334            If(
    4335                this=maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts),
    4336                true=maybe_parse(then, copy=copy, **opts),
    4337            ),
    4338        )
    4339        return instance
    4340
    4341    def else_(self, condition: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4342        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4343        instance.set("default", maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts))
    4344        return instance

arg_types = {'this': False, 'ifs': True, 'default': False}
def when( self, condition: Union[str, Expression], then: Union[str, Expression], copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case: View Source

    4330    def when(self, condition: ExpOrStr, then: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4331        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4332        instance.append(
    4333            "ifs",
    4334            If(
    4335                this=maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts),
    4336                true=maybe_parse(then, copy=copy, **opts),
    4337            ),
    4338        )
    4339        return instance

def else_( self, condition: Union[str, Expression], copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case: View Source

    4341    def else_(self, condition: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4342        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4343        instance.set("default", maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts))
    4344        return instance

key = 'case'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Cast(Func): View Source

    4347class Cast(Func):
    4348    arg_types = {"this": True, "to": True, "format": False, "safe": False}
    4349
    4350    @property
    4351    def name(self) -> str:
    4352        return self.this.name
    4353
    4354    @property
    4355    def to(self) -> DataType:
    4356        return self.args["to"]
    4357
    4358    @property
    4359    def output_name(self) -> str:
    4360        return self.name
    4361
    4362    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    4363        """
    4364        Checks whether this Cast's DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types
    4365        like arrays or structs will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g.
    4366        array<int> != array<float>.
    4367
    4368        Args:
    4369            dtypes: the data types to compare this Cast's DataType to.
    4370
    4371        Returns:
    4372            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this Cast's DataType.
    4373        """
    4374        return self.to.is_type(*dtypes)

arg_types = {'this': True, 'to': True, 'format': False, 'safe': False}
name: str
to: DataType
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

def is_type( self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool: View Source

    4362    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    4363        """
    4364        Checks whether this Cast's DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types
    4365        like arrays or structs will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g.
    4366        array<int> != array<float>.
    4367
    4368        Args:
    4369            dtypes: the data types to compare this Cast's DataType to.
    4370
    4371        Returns:
    4372            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this Cast's DataType.
    4373        """
    4374        return self.to.is_type(*dtypes)

Checks whether this Cast's DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types like arrays or structs will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g. array != array.

###### Arguments:

- dtypes: the data types to compare this Cast's DataType to.

###### Returns:

> True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this Cast's DataType.

key = 'cast'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class TryCast(Cast): View Source

    4377class TryCast(Cast):
    4378    pass

key = 'trycast'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Cast
  arg_types
  name
  to
  output_name
  is_type
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class CastToStrType(Func): View Source

    4381class CastToStrType(Func):
    4382    arg_types = {"this": True, "to": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'to': True}
key = 'casttostrtype'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Collate(Binary, Func): View Source

    4385class Collate(Binary, Func):
    4386    pass

key = 'collate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Ceil(Func): View Source

    4389class Ceil(Func):
    4390    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}
    4391    _sql_names = ["CEIL", "CEILING"]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'decimals': False}
key = 'ceil'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Coalesce(Func): View Source

    4394class Coalesce(Func):
    4395    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4396    is_var_len_args = True
    4397    _sql_names = ["COALESCE", "IFNULL", "NVL"]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'coalesce'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Chr(Func): View Source

    4400class Chr(Func):
    4401    arg_types = {"this": True, "charset": False, "expressions": False}
    4402    is_var_len_args = True
    4403    _sql_names = ["CHR", "CHAR"]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'charset': False, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'chr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Concat(Func): View Source

    4406class Concat(Func):
    4407    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    4408    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'concat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class SafeConcat(Concat): View Source

    4411class SafeConcat(Concat):
    4412    pass

key = 'safeconcat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Concat
  arg_types
  is_var_len_args
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ConcatWs(Concat): View Source

    4415class ConcatWs(Concat):
    4416    _sql_names = ["CONCAT_WS"]

key = 'concatws'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Concat
  arg_types
  is_var_len_args
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Count(AggFunc): View Source

    4419class Count(AggFunc):
    4420    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": False}
    4421    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'count'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class CountIf(AggFunc): View Source

    4424class CountIf(AggFunc):
    4425    pass

key = 'countif'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class CurrentDate(Func): View Source

    4428class CurrentDate(Func):
    4429    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'currentdate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class CurrentDatetime(Func): View Source

    4432class CurrentDatetime(Func):
    4433    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'currentdatetime'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class CurrentTime(Func): View Source

    4436class CurrentTime(Func):
    4437    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'currenttime'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class CurrentTimestamp(Func): View Source

    4440class CurrentTimestamp(Func):
    4441    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'currenttimestamp'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class CurrentUser(Func): View Source

    4444class CurrentUser(Func):
    4445    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'currentuser'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class DateAdd(Func, IntervalOp): View Source

    4448class DateAdd(Func, IntervalOp):
    4449    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'dateadd'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
IntervalOp
  interval
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DateSub(Func, IntervalOp): View Source

    4452class DateSub(Func, IntervalOp):
    4453    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'datesub'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
IntervalOp
  interval
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DateDiff(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4456class DateDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4457    _sql_names = ["DATEDIFF", "DATE_DIFF"]
    4458    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'datediff'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DateTrunc(Func): View Source

    4461class DateTrunc(Func):
    4462    arg_types = {"unit": True, "this": True, "zone": False}
    4463
    4464    @property
    4465    def unit(self) -> Expression:
    4466        return self.args["unit"]

arg_types = {'unit': True, 'this': True, 'zone': False}
unit: Expression
key = 'datetrunc'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class DatetimeAdd(Func, IntervalOp): View Source

    4469class DatetimeAdd(Func, IntervalOp):
    4470    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'datetimeadd'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
IntervalOp
  interval
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DatetimeSub(Func, IntervalOp): View Source

    4473class DatetimeSub(Func, IntervalOp):
    4474    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'datetimesub'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
IntervalOp
  interval
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DatetimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4477class DatetimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4478    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'datetimediff'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DatetimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4481class DatetimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4482    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'unit': True, 'zone': False}
key = 'datetimetrunc'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DayOfWeek(Func): View Source

    4485class DayOfWeek(Func):
    4486    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_WEEK", "DAYOFWEEK"]

key = 'dayofweek'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class DayOfMonth(Func): View Source

    4489class DayOfMonth(Func):
    4490    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_MONTH", "DAYOFMONTH"]

key = 'dayofmonth'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class DayOfYear(Func): View Source

    4493class DayOfYear(Func):
    4494    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_YEAR", "DAYOFYEAR"]

key = 'dayofyear'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ToDays(Func): View Source

    4497class ToDays(Func):
    4498    pass

key = 'todays'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class WeekOfYear(Func): View Source

    4501class WeekOfYear(Func):
    4502    _sql_names = ["WEEK_OF_YEAR", "WEEKOFYEAR"]

key = 'weekofyear'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class MonthsBetween(Func): View Source

    4505class MonthsBetween(Func):
    4506    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "roundoff": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'roundoff': False}
key = 'monthsbetween'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class LastDateOfMonth(Func): View Source

    4509class LastDateOfMonth(Func):
    4510    pass

key = 'lastdateofmonth'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Extract(Func): View Source

    4513class Extract(Func):
    4514    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'extract'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Timestamp(Func): View Source

    4517class Timestamp(Func):
    4518    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': False}
key = 'timestamp'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class TimestampAdd(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4521class TimestampAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4522    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timestampadd'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimestampSub(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4525class TimestampSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4526    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timestampsub'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimestampDiff(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4529class TimestampDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4530    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timestampdiff'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimestampTrunc(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4533class TimestampTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4534    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'unit': True, 'zone': False}
key = 'timestamptrunc'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeAdd(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4537class TimeAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4538    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timeadd'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeSub(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4541class TimeSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4542    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timesub'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4545class TimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4546    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timediff'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4549class TimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4550    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'unit': True, 'zone': False}
key = 'timetrunc'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DateFromParts(Func): View Source

    4553class DateFromParts(Func):
    4554    _sql_names = ["DATEFROMPARTS"]
    4555    arg_types = {"year": True, "month": True, "day": True}

arg_types = {'year': True, 'month': True, 'day': True}
key = 'datefromparts'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class DateStrToDate(Func): View Source

    4558class DateStrToDate(Func):
    4559    pass

key = 'datestrtodate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class DateToDateStr(Func): View Source

    4562class DateToDateStr(Func):
    4563    pass

key = 'datetodatestr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class DateToDi(Func): View Source

    4566class DateToDi(Func):
    4567    pass

key = 'datetodi'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Date(Func): View Source

    4571class Date(Func):
    4572    arg_types = {"this": False, "zone": False, "expressions": False}
    4573    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': False, 'zone': False, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'date'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Day(Func): View Source

    4576class Day(Func):
    4577    pass

key = 'day'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Decode(Func): View Source

    4580class Decode(Func):
    4581    arg_types = {"this": True, "charset": True, "replace": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'charset': True, 'replace': False}
key = 'decode'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class DiToDate(Func): View Source

    4584class DiToDate(Func):
    4585    pass

key = 'ditodate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Encode(Func): View Source

    4588class Encode(Func):
    4589    arg_types = {"this": True, "charset": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'charset': True}
key = 'encode'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Exp(Func): View Source

    4592class Exp(Func):
    4593    pass

key = 'exp'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Explode(Func): View Source

    4597class Explode(Func):
    4598    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4599    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'explode'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ExplodeOuter(Explode): View Source

    4602class ExplodeOuter(Explode):
    4603    pass

key = 'explodeouter'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Explode
  arg_types
  is_var_len_args
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Posexplode(Explode): View Source

    4606class Posexplode(Explode):
    4607    pass

key = 'posexplode'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Explode
  arg_types
  is_var_len_args
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class PosexplodeOuter(Posexplode): View Source

    4610class PosexplodeOuter(Posexplode):
    4611    pass

key = 'posexplodeouter'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Explode
  arg_types
  is_var_len_args
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Floor(Func): View Source

    4614class Floor(Func):
    4615    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'decimals': False}
key = 'floor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class FromBase64(Func): View Source

    4618class FromBase64(Func):
    4619    pass

key = 'frombase64'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ToBase64(Func): View Source

    4622class ToBase64(Func):
    4623    pass

key = 'tobase64'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Greatest(Func): View Source

    4626class Greatest(Func):
    4627    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4628    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'greatest'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class GroupConcat(AggFunc): View Source

    4631class GroupConcat(AggFunc):
    4632    arg_types = {"this": True, "separator": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'separator': False}
key = 'groupconcat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Hex(Func): View Source

    4635class Hex(Func):
    4636    pass

key = 'hex'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Xor(Connector, Func): View Source

    4639class Xor(Connector, Func):
    4640    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False, "expressions": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': False, 'expressions': False}
key = 'xor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class If(Func): View Source

    4643class If(Func):
    4644    arg_types = {"this": True, "true": True, "false": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'true': True, 'false': False}
key = 'if'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Initcap(Func): View Source

    4647class Initcap(Func):
    4648    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'initcap'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class IsNan(Func): View Source

    4651class IsNan(Func):
    4652    _sql_names = ["IS_NAN", "ISNAN"]

key = 'isnan'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class FormatJson(Expression): View Source

    4655class FormatJson(Expression):
    4656    pass

key = 'formatjson'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONKeyValue(Expression): View Source

    4659class JSONKeyValue(Expression):
    4660    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'jsonkeyvalue'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONObject(Func): View Source

    4663class JSONObject(Func):
    4664    arg_types = {
    4665        "expressions": False,
    4666        "null_handling": False,
    4667        "unique_keys": False,
    4668        "return_type": False,
    4669        "encoding": False,
    4670    }

arg_types = {'expressions': False, 'null_handling': False, 'unique_keys': False, 'return_type': False, 'encoding': False}
key = 'jsonobject'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class JSONArray(Func): View Source

    4674class JSONArray(Func):
    4675    arg_types = {
    4676        "expressions": True,
    4677        "null_handling": False,
    4678        "return_type": False,
    4679        "strict": False,
    4680    }

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'null_handling': False, 'return_type': False, 'strict': False}
key = 'jsonarray'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class JSONArrayAgg(Func): View Source

    4684class JSONArrayAgg(Func):
    4685    arg_types = {
    4686        "this": True,
    4687        "order": False,
    4688        "null_handling": False,
    4689        "return_type": False,
    4690        "strict": False,
    4691    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'order': False, 'null_handling': False, 'return_type': False, 'strict': False}
key = 'jsonarrayagg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class JSONColumnDef(Expression): View Source

    4696class JSONColumnDef(Expression):
    4697    arg_types = {"this": False, "kind": False, "path": False, "nested_schema": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'kind': False, 'path': False, 'nested_schema': False}
key = 'jsoncolumndef'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONSchema(Expression): View Source

    4700class JSONSchema(Expression):
    4701    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'jsonschema'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONTable(Func): View Source

    4705class JSONTable(Func):
    4706    arg_types = {
    4707        "this": True,
    4708        "schema": True,
    4709        "path": False,
    4710        "error_handling": False,
    4711        "empty_handling": False,
    4712    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'schema': True, 'path': False, 'error_handling': False, 'empty_handling': False}
key = 'jsontable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class OpenJSONColumnDef(Expression): View Source

    4715class OpenJSONColumnDef(Expression):
    4716    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "path": False, "as_json": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': True, 'path': False, 'as_json': False}
key = 'openjsoncolumndef'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class OpenJSON(Func): View Source

    4719class OpenJSON(Func):
    4720    arg_types = {"this": True, "path": False, "expressions": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'path': False, 'expressions': False}
key = 'openjson'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class JSONBContains(Binary): View Source

    4723class JSONBContains(Binary):
    4724    _sql_names = ["JSONB_CONTAINS"]

key = 'jsonbcontains'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right

class JSONExtract(Binary, Func): View Source

    4727class JSONExtract(Binary, Func):
    4728    _sql_names = ["JSON_EXTRACT"]

key = 'jsonextract'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class JSONExtractScalar(JSONExtract): View Source

    4731class JSONExtractScalar(JSONExtract):
    4732    _sql_names = ["JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR"]

key = 'jsonextractscalar'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class JSONBExtract(JSONExtract): View Source

    4735class JSONBExtract(JSONExtract):
    4736    _sql_names = ["JSONB_EXTRACT"]

key = 'jsonbextract'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class JSONBExtractScalar(JSONExtract): View Source

    4739class JSONBExtractScalar(JSONExtract):
    4740    _sql_names = ["JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR"]

key = 'jsonbextractscalar'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class JSONFormat(Func): View Source

    4743class JSONFormat(Func):
    4744    arg_types = {"this": False, "options": False}
    4745    _sql_names = ["JSON_FORMAT"]

arg_types = {'this': False, 'options': False}
key = 'jsonformat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class JSONArrayContains(Binary, Predicate, Func): View Source

    4749class JSONArrayContains(Binary, Predicate, Func):
    4750    _sql_names = ["JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS"]

key = 'jsonarraycontains'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ParseJSON(Func): View Source

    4753class ParseJSON(Func):
    4754    # BigQuery, Snowflake have PARSE_JSON, Presto has JSON_PARSE
    4755    _sql_names = ["PARSE_JSON", "JSON_PARSE"]
    4756    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4757    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'parsejson'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Least(Func): View Source

    4760class Least(Func):
    4761    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4762    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'least'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Left(Func): View Source

    4765class Left(Func):
    4766    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'left'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Right(Func): View Source

    4769class Right(Func):
    4770    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'right'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Length(Func): View Source

    4773class Length(Func):
    4774    _sql_names = ["LENGTH", "LEN"]

key = 'length'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Levenshtein(Func): View Source

    4777class Levenshtein(Func):
    4778    arg_types = {
    4779        "this": True,
    4780        "expression": False,
    4781        "ins_cost": False,
    4782        "del_cost": False,
    4783        "sub_cost": False,
    4784    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False, 'ins_cost': False, 'del_cost': False, 'sub_cost': False}
key = 'levenshtein'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Ln(Func): View Source

    4787class Ln(Func):
    4788    pass

key = 'ln'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Log(Func): View Source

    4791class Log(Func):
    4792    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'log'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Log2(Func): View Source

    4795class Log2(Func):
    4796    pass

key = 'log2'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Log10(Func): View Source

    4799class Log10(Func):
    4800    pass

key = 'log10'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class LogicalOr(AggFunc): View Source

    4803class LogicalOr(AggFunc):
    4804    _sql_names = ["LOGICAL_OR", "BOOL_OR", "BOOLOR_AGG"]

key = 'logicalor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class LogicalAnd(AggFunc): View Source

    4807class LogicalAnd(AggFunc):
    4808    _sql_names = ["LOGICAL_AND", "BOOL_AND", "BOOLAND_AGG"]

key = 'logicaland'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Lower(Func): View Source

    4811class Lower(Func):
    4812    _sql_names = ["LOWER", "LCASE"]

key = 'lower'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Map(Func): View Source

    4815class Map(Func):
    4816    arg_types = {"keys": False, "values": False}
    4817
    4818    @property
    4819    def keys(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4820        keys = self.args.get("keys")
    4821        return keys.expressions if keys else []
    4822
    4823    @property
    4824    def values(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4825        values = self.args.get("values")
    4826        return values.expressions if values else []

arg_types = {'keys': False, 'values': False}
keys: List[Expression]
values: List[Expression]
key = 'map'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class MapFromEntries(Func): View Source

    4829class MapFromEntries(Func):
    4830    pass

key = 'mapfromentries'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class StarMap(Func): View Source

    4833class StarMap(Func):
    4834    pass

key = 'starmap'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class VarMap(Func): View Source

    4837class VarMap(Func):
    4838    arg_types = {"keys": True, "values": True}
    4839    is_var_len_args = True
    4840
    4841    @property
    4842    def keys(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4843        return self.args["keys"].expressions
    4844
    4845    @property
    4846    def values(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4847        return self.args["values"].expressions

arg_types = {'keys': True, 'values': True}
is_var_len_args = True
keys: List[Expression]
values: List[Expression]
key = 'varmap'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class MatchAgainst(Func): View Source

    4851class MatchAgainst(Func):
    4852    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "modifier": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True, 'modifier': False}
key = 'matchagainst'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Max(AggFunc): View Source

    4855class Max(AggFunc):
    4856    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4857    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'max'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class MD5(Func): View Source

    4860class MD5(Func):
    4861    _sql_names = ["MD5"]

key = 'md5'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class MD5Digest(Func): View Source

    4865class MD5Digest(Func):
    4866    _sql_names = ["MD5_DIGEST"]

key = 'md5digest'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Min(AggFunc): View Source

    4869class Min(AggFunc):
    4870    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4871    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'min'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Month(Func): View Source

    4874class Month(Func):
    4875    pass

key = 'month'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Nvl2(Func): View Source

    4878class Nvl2(Func):
    4879    arg_types = {"this": True, "true": True, "false": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'true': True, 'false': False}
key = 'nvl2'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Predict(Func): View Source

    4883class Predict(Func):
    4884    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "params_struct": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'params_struct': False}
key = 'predict'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Pow(Binary, Func): View Source

    4887class Pow(Binary, Func):
    4888    _sql_names = ["POWER", "POW"]

key = 'pow'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class PercentileCont(AggFunc): View Source

    4891class PercentileCont(AggFunc):
    4892    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'percentilecont'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class PercentileDisc(AggFunc): View Source

    4895class PercentileDisc(AggFunc):
    4896    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'percentiledisc'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Quantile(AggFunc): View Source

    4899class Quantile(AggFunc):
    4900    arg_types = {"this": True, "quantile": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'quantile': True}
key = 'quantile'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ApproxQuantile(Quantile): View Source

    4903class ApproxQuantile(Quantile):
    4904    arg_types = {"this": True, "quantile": True, "accuracy": False, "weight": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'quantile': True, 'accuracy': False, 'weight': False}
key = 'approxquantile'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class RangeN(Func): View Source

    4907class RangeN(Func):
    4908    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "each": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True, 'each': False}
key = 'rangen'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class ReadCSV(Func): View Source

    4911class ReadCSV(Func):
    4912    _sql_names = ["READ_CSV"]
    4913    is_var_len_args = True
    4914    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}

is_var_len_args = True
arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
key = 'readcsv'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Reduce(Func): View Source

    4917class Reduce(Func):
    4918    arg_types = {"this": True, "initial": True, "merge": True, "finish": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'initial': True, 'merge': True, 'finish': False}
key = 'reduce'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class RegexpExtract(Func): View Source

    4921class RegexpExtract(Func):
    4922    arg_types = {
    4923        "this": True,
    4924        "expression": True,
    4925        "position": False,
    4926        "occurrence": False,
    4927        "parameters": False,
    4928        "group": False,
    4929    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'position': False, 'occurrence': False, 'parameters': False, 'group': False}
key = 'regexpextract'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class RegexpReplace(Func): View Source

    4932class RegexpReplace(Func):
    4933    arg_types = {
    4934        "this": True,
    4935        "expression": True,
    4936        "replacement": True,
    4937        "position": False,
    4938        "occurrence": False,
    4939        "parameters": False,
    4940        "modifiers": False,
    4941    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'replacement': True, 'position': False, 'occurrence': False, 'parameters': False, 'modifiers': False}
key = 'regexpreplace'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class RegexpLike(Binary, Func): View Source

    4944class RegexpLike(Binary, Func):
    4945    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "flag": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'flag': False}
key = 'regexplike'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class RegexpILike(Binary, Func): View Source

    4948class RegexpILike(Binary, Func):
    4949    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "flag": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'flag': False}
key = 'regexpilike'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Binary
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class RegexpSplit(Func): View Source

    4954class RegexpSplit(Func):
    4955    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "limit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'limit': False}
key = 'regexpsplit'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Repeat(Func): View Source

    4958class Repeat(Func):
    4959    arg_types = {"this": True, "times": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'times': True}
key = 'repeat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Round(Func): View Source

    4962class Round(Func):
    4963    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'decimals': False}
key = 'round'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class RowNumber(Func): View Source

    4966class RowNumber(Func):
    4967    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}

arg_types: Dict[str, Any] = {}
key = 'rownumber'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class SafeDivide(Func): View Source

    4970class SafeDivide(Func):
    4971    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'safedivide'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class SetAgg(AggFunc): View Source

    4974class SetAgg(AggFunc):
    4975    pass

key = 'setagg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class SHA(Func): View Source

    4978class SHA(Func):
    4979    _sql_names = ["SHA", "SHA1"]

key = 'sha'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class SHA2(Func): View Source

    4982class SHA2(Func):
    4983    _sql_names = ["SHA2"]
    4984    arg_types = {"this": True, "length": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'length': False}
key = 'sha2'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class SortArray(Func): View Source

    4987class SortArray(Func):
    4988    arg_types = {"this": True, "asc": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'asc': False}
key = 'sortarray'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Split(Func): View Source

    4991class Split(Func):
    4992    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "limit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'limit': False}
key = 'split'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Substring(Func): View Source

    4997class Substring(Func):
    4998    arg_types = {"this": True, "start": False, "length": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'start': False, 'length': False}
key = 'substring'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class StandardHash(Func): View Source

    5001class StandardHash(Func):
    5002    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'standardhash'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class StartsWith(Func): View Source

    5005class StartsWith(Func):
    5006    _sql_names = ["STARTS_WITH", "STARTSWITH"]
    5007    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'startswith'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class StrPosition(Func): View Source

    5010class StrPosition(Func):
    5011    arg_types = {
    5012        "this": True,
    5013        "substr": True,
    5014        "position": False,
    5015        "instance": False,
    5016    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'substr': True, 'position': False, 'instance': False}
key = 'strposition'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class StrToDate(Func): View Source

    5019class StrToDate(Func):
    5020    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': True}
key = 'strtodate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class StrToTime(Func): View Source

    5023class StrToTime(Func):
    5024    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "zone": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': True, 'zone': False}
key = 'strtotime'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class StrToUnix(Func): View Source

    5029class StrToUnix(Func):
    5030    arg_types = {"this": False, "format": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'format': False}
key = 'strtounix'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class StrToMap(Func): View Source

    5035class StrToMap(Func):
    5036    arg_types = {
    5037        "this": True,
    5038        "pair_delim": False,
    5039        "key_value_delim": False,
    5040        "duplicate_resolution_callback": False,
    5041    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'pair_delim': False, 'key_value_delim': False, 'duplicate_resolution_callback': False}
key = 'strtomap'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class NumberToStr(Func): View Source

    5044class NumberToStr(Func):
    5045    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "culture": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': True, 'culture': False}
key = 'numbertostr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class FromBase(Func): View Source

    5048class FromBase(Func):
    5049    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'frombase'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Struct(Func): View Source

    5052class Struct(Func):
    5053    arg_types = {"expressions": False}
    5054    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'struct'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class StructExtract(Func): View Source

    5057class StructExtract(Func):
    5058    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'structextract'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Stuff(Func): View Source

    5063class Stuff(Func):
    5064    _sql_names = ["STUFF", "INSERT"]
    5065    arg_types = {"this": True, "start": True, "length": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'start': True, 'length': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'stuff'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Sum(AggFunc): View Source

    5068class Sum(AggFunc):
    5069    pass

key = 'sum'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Sqrt(Func): View Source

    5072class Sqrt(Func):
    5073    pass

key = 'sqrt'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Stddev(AggFunc): View Source

    5076class Stddev(AggFunc):
    5077    pass

key = 'stddev'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class StddevPop(AggFunc): View Source

    5080class StddevPop(AggFunc):
    5081    pass

key = 'stddevpop'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class StddevSamp(AggFunc): View Source

    5084class StddevSamp(AggFunc):
    5085    pass

key = 'stddevsamp'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class TimeToStr(Func): View Source

    5088class TimeToStr(Func):
    5089    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "culture": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': True, 'culture': False}
key = 'timetostr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class TimeToTimeStr(Func): View Source

    5092class TimeToTimeStr(Func):
    5093    pass

key = 'timetotimestr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class TimeToUnix(Func): View Source

    5096class TimeToUnix(Func):
    5097    pass

key = 'timetounix'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class TimeStrToDate(Func): View Source

    5100class TimeStrToDate(Func):
    5101    pass

key = 'timestrtodate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class TimeStrToTime(Func): View Source

    5104class TimeStrToTime(Func):
    5105    pass

key = 'timestrtotime'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class TimeStrToUnix(Func): View Source

    5108class TimeStrToUnix(Func):
    5109    pass

key = 'timestrtounix'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Trim(Func): View Source

    5112class Trim(Func):
    5113    arg_types = {
    5114        "this": True,
    5115        "expression": False,
    5116        "position": False,
    5117        "collation": False,
    5118    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False, 'position': False, 'collation': False}
key = 'trim'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class TsOrDsAdd(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    5121class TsOrDsAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    5122    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'tsordsadd'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
  UNABBREVIATED_UNIT_NAME
  VAR_LIKE
  unit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TsOrDsToDateStr(Func): View Source

    5125class TsOrDsToDateStr(Func):
    5126    pass

key = 'tsordstodatestr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class TsOrDsToDate(Func): View Source

    5129class TsOrDsToDate(Func):
    5130    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': False}
key = 'tsordstodate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class TsOrDiToDi(Func): View Source

    5133class TsOrDiToDi(Func):
    5134    pass

key = 'tsorditodi'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Unhex(Func): View Source

    5137class Unhex(Func):
    5138    pass

key = 'unhex'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class UnixToStr(Func): View Source

    5141class UnixToStr(Func):
    5142    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': False}
key = 'unixtostr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class UnixToTime(Func): View Source

    5147class UnixToTime(Func):
    5148    arg_types = {"this": True, "scale": False, "zone": False, "hours": False, "minutes": False}
    5149
    5150    SECONDS = Literal.string("seconds")
    5151    MILLIS = Literal.string("millis")
    5152    MICROS = Literal.string("micros")

arg_types = {'this': True, 'scale': False, 'zone': False, 'hours': False, 'minutes': False}
SECONDS = (LITERAL this: seconds, is_string: True)
MILLIS = (LITERAL this: millis, is_string: True)
MICROS = (LITERAL this: micros, is_string: True)
key = 'unixtotime'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class UnixToTimeStr(Func): View Source

    5155class UnixToTimeStr(Func):
    5156    pass

key = 'unixtotimestr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Upper(Func): View Source

    5159class Upper(Func):
    5160    _sql_names = ["UPPER", "UCASE"]

key = 'upper'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Variance(AggFunc): View Source

    5163class Variance(AggFunc):
    5164    _sql_names = ["VARIANCE", "VARIANCE_SAMP", "VAR_SAMP"]

key = 'variance'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class VariancePop(AggFunc): View Source

    5167class VariancePop(AggFunc):
    5168    _sql_names = ["VARIANCE_POP", "VAR_POP"]

key = 'variancepop'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Week(Func): View Source

    5171class Week(Func):
    5172    arg_types = {"this": True, "mode": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'mode': False}
key = 'week'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class XMLTable(Func): View Source

    5175class XMLTable(Func):
    5176    arg_types = {"this": True, "passing": False, "columns": False, "by_ref": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'passing': False, 'columns': False, 'by_ref': False}
key = 'xmltable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Year(Func): View Source

    5179class Year(Func):
    5180    pass

key = 'year'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class Use(Expression): View Source

    5183class Use(Expression):
    5184    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': False}
key = 'use'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Merge(Expression): View Source

    5187class Merge(Expression):
    5188    arg_types = {"this": True, "using": True, "on": True, "expressions": True, "with": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'using': True, 'on': True, 'expressions': True, 'with': False}
key = 'merge'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class When(Func): View Source

    5191class When(Func):
    5192    arg_types = {"matched": True, "source": False, "condition": False, "then": True}

arg_types = {'matched': True, 'source': False, 'condition': False, 'then': True}
key = 'when'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

class NextValueFor(Func): View Source

    5197class NextValueFor(Func):
    5198    arg_types = {"this": True, "order": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'order': False}
key = 'nextvaluefor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings

ALL_FUNCTIONS = [<class 'Abs'>, <class 'AnyValue'>, <class 'ApproxDistinct'>, <class 'ApproxQuantile'>, <class 'ApproxTopK'>, <class 'ArgMax'>, <class 'ArgMin'>, <class 'Array'>, <class 'ArrayAgg'>, <class 'ArrayAll'>, <class 'ArrayAny'>, <class 'ArrayConcat'>, <class 'ArrayContains'>, <class 'ArrayFilter'>, <class 'ArrayJoin'>, <class 'ArraySize'>, <class 'ArraySort'>, <class 'ArraySum'>, <class 'ArrayUnionAgg'>, <class 'Avg'>, <class 'Case'>, <class 'Cast'>, <class 'CastToStrType'>, <class 'Ceil'>, <class 'Chr'>, <class 'Coalesce'>, <class 'Collate'>, <class 'Concat'>, <class 'ConcatWs'>, <class 'Count'>, <class 'CountIf'>, <class 'CurrentDate'>, <class 'CurrentDatetime'>, <class 'CurrentTime'>, <class 'CurrentTimestamp'>, <class 'CurrentUser'>, <class 'Date'>, <class 'DateAdd'>, <class 'DateDiff'>, <class 'DateFromParts'>, <class 'DateStrToDate'>, <class 'DateSub'>, <class 'DateToDateStr'>, <class 'DateToDi'>, <class 'DateTrunc'>, <class 'DatetimeAdd'>, <class 'DatetimeDiff'>, <class 'DatetimeSub'>, <class 'DatetimeTrunc'>, <class 'Day'>, <class 'DayOfMonth'>, <class 'DayOfWeek'>, <class 'DayOfYear'>, <class 'Decode'>, <class 'DiToDate'>, <class 'Encode'>, <class 'Exp'>, <class 'Explode'>, <class 'ExplodeOuter'>, <class 'Extract'>, <class 'First'>, <class 'Flatten'>, <class 'Floor'>, <class 'FromBase'>, <class 'FromBase64'>, <class 'GenerateSeries'>, <class 'Greatest'>, <class 'GroupConcat'>, <class 'Hex'>, <class 'Hll'>, <class 'If'>, <class 'Initcap'>, <class 'IsNan'>, <class 'JSONArray'>, <class 'JSONArrayAgg'>, <class 'JSONArrayContains'>, <class 'JSONBExtract'>, <class 'JSONBExtractScalar'>, <class 'JSONExtract'>, <class 'JSONExtractScalar'>, <class 'JSONFormat'>, <class 'JSONObject'>, <class 'JSONTable'>, <class 'Last'>, <class 'LastDateOfMonth'>, <class 'Least'>, <class 'Left'>, <class 'Length'>, <class 'Levenshtein'>, <class 'Ln'>, <class 'Log'>, <class 'Log10'>, <class 'Log2'>, <class 'LogicalAnd'>, <class 'LogicalOr'>, <class 'Lower'>, <class 'MD5'>, <class 'MD5Digest'>, <class 'Map'>, <class 'MapFromEntries'>, <class 'MatchAgainst'>, <class 'Max'>, <class 'Min'>, <class 'Month'>, <class 'MonthsBetween'>, <class 'NextValueFor'>, <class 'NumberToStr'>, <class 'Nvl2'>, <class 'OpenJSON'>, <class 'ParameterizedAgg'>, <class 'ParseJSON'>, <class 'PercentileCont'>, <class 'PercentileDisc'>, <class 'Posexplode'>, <class 'PosexplodeOuter'>, <class 'Pow'>, <class 'Predict'>, <class 'Quantile'>, <class 'RangeN'>, <class 'ReadCSV'>, <class 'Reduce'>, <class 'RegexpExtract'>, <class 'RegexpILike'>, <class 'RegexpLike'>, <class 'RegexpReplace'>, <class 'RegexpSplit'>, <class 'Repeat'>, <class 'Right'>, <class 'Round'>, <class 'RowNumber'>, <class 'SHA'>, <class 'SHA2'>, <class 'SafeConcat'>, <class 'SafeDivide'>, <class 'SetAgg'>, <class 'SortArray'>, <class 'Split'>, <class 'Sqrt'>, <class 'StandardHash'>, <class 'StarMap'>, <class 'StartsWith'>, <class 'Stddev'>, <class 'StddevPop'>, <class 'StddevSamp'>, <class 'StrPosition'>, <class 'StrToDate'>, <class 'StrToMap'>, <class 'StrToTime'>, <class 'StrToUnix'>, <class 'Struct'>, <class 'StructExtract'>, <class 'Stuff'>, <class 'Substring'>, <class 'Sum'>, <class 'TimeAdd'>, <class 'TimeDiff'>, <class 'TimeStrToDate'>, <class 'TimeStrToTime'>, <class 'TimeStrToUnix'>, <class 'TimeSub'>, <class 'TimeToStr'>, <class 'TimeToTimeStr'>, <class 'TimeToUnix'>, <class 'TimeTrunc'>, <class 'Timestamp'>, <class 'TimestampAdd'>, <class 'TimestampDiff'>, <class 'TimestampSub'>, <class 'TimestampTrunc'>, <class 'ToBase64'>, <class 'ToChar'>, <class 'ToDays'>, <class 'Transform'>, <class 'Trim'>, <class 'TryCast'>, <class 'TsOrDiToDi'>, <class 'TsOrDsAdd'>, <class 'TsOrDsToDate'>, <class 'TsOrDsToDateStr'>, <class 'Unhex'>, <class 'UnixToStr'>, <class 'UnixToTime'>, <class 'UnixToTimeStr'>, <class 'Upper'>, <class 'VarMap'>, <class 'Variance'>, <class 'VariancePop'>, <class 'Week'>, <class 'WeekOfYear'>, <class 'When'>, <class 'XMLTable'>, <class 'Xor'>, <class 'Year'>]
def maybe_parse( sql_or_expression: Union[str, Expression], *, into: Union[str, Type[Expression], Collection[Union[str, Type[Expression]]], NoneType] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, prefix: Optional[str] = None, copy: bool = False, **opts) -> Expression: View Source

    5235def maybe_parse(
    5236    sql_or_expression: ExpOrStr,
    5237    *,
    5238    into: t.Optional[IntoType] = None,
    5239    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5240    prefix: t.Optional[str] = None,
    5241    copy: bool = False,
    5242    **opts,
    5243) -> Expression:
    5244    """Gracefully handle a possible string or expression.
    5245
    5246    Example:
    5247        >>> maybe_parse("1")
    5248        (LITERAL this: 1, is_string: False)
    5249        >>> maybe_parse(to_identifier("x"))
    5250        (IDENTIFIER this: x, quoted: False)
    5251
    5252    Args:
    5253        sql_or_expression: the SQL code string or an expression
    5254        into: the SQLGlot Expression to parse into
    5255        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an
    5256            input expression is a SQL string).
    5257        prefix: a string to prefix the sql with before it gets parsed
    5258            (automatically includes a space)
    5259        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5260        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5261            that an input expression is a SQL string).
    5262
    5263    Returns:
    5264        Expression: the parsed or given expression.
    5265    """
    5266    if isinstance(sql_or_expression, Expression):
    5267        if copy:
    5268            return sql_or_expression.copy()
    5269        return sql_or_expression
    5270
    5271    if sql_or_expression is None:
    5272        raise ParseError(f"SQL cannot be None")
    5273
    5274    import sqlglot
    5275
    5276    sql = str(sql_or_expression)
    5277    if prefix:
    5278        sql = f"{prefix} {sql}"
    5279
    5280    return sqlglot.parse_one(sql, read=dialect, into=into, **opts)

Gracefully handle a possible string or expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> maybe_parse("1")
>     (LITERAL this: 1, is_string: False)
>     >>> maybe_parse(to_identifier("x"))
>     (IDENTIFIER this: x, quoted: False)

###### Arguments:

- sql_or_expression: the SQL code string or an expression
- into: the SQLGlot Expression to parse into
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an input expression is a SQL string).
- prefix: a string to prefix the sql with before it gets parsed (automatically includes a space)
- copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case that an input expression is a SQL string).

###### Returns:

> Expression: the parsed or given expression.

def maybe_copy(instance, copy=True): View Source

    5293def maybe_copy(instance, copy=True):
    5294    return instance.copy() if copy and instance else instance

def union( left: Union[str, Expression], right: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Union: View Source

    5475def union(
    5476    left: ExpOrStr,
    5477    right: ExpOrStr,
    5478    distinct: bool = True,
    5479    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5480    copy: bool = True,
    5481    **opts,
    5482) -> Union:
    5483    """
    5484    Initializes a syntax tree from one UNION expression.
    5485
    5486    Example:
    5487        >>> union("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5488        'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'
    5489
    5490    Args:
    5491        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5492            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5493        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5494            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5495        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5496        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5497        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5498        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5499
    5500    Returns:
    5501        The new Union instance.
    5502    """
    5503    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5504    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5505
    5506    return Union(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)

Initializes a syntax tree from one UNION expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> union("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Union instance.

def intersect( left: Union[str, Expression], right: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Intersect: View Source

    5509def intersect(
    5510    left: ExpOrStr,
    5511    right: ExpOrStr,
    5512    distinct: bool = True,
    5513    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5514    copy: bool = True,
    5515    **opts,
    5516) -> Intersect:
    5517    """
    5518    Initializes a syntax tree from one INTERSECT expression.
    5519
    5520    Example:
    5521        >>> intersect("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5522        'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'
    5523
    5524    Args:
    5525        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5526            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5527        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5528            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5529        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5530        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5531        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5532        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5533
    5534    Returns:
    5535        The new Intersect instance.
    5536    """
    5537    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5538    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5539
    5540    return Intersect(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)

Initializes a syntax tree from one INTERSECT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> intersect("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Intersect instance.

def except_( left: Union[str, Expression], right: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Except: View Source

    5543def except_(
    5544    left: ExpOrStr,
    5545    right: ExpOrStr,
    5546    distinct: bool = True,
    5547    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5548    copy: bool = True,
    5549    **opts,
    5550) -> Except:
    5551    """
    5552    Initializes a syntax tree from one EXCEPT expression.
    5553
    5554    Example:
    5555        >>> except_("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5556        'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'
    5557
    5558    Args:
    5559        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5560            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5561        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5562            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5563        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5564        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5565        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5566        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5567
    5568    Returns:
    5569        The new Except instance.
    5570    """
    5571    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5572    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5573
    5574    return Except(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)

Initializes a syntax tree from one EXCEPT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> except_("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Except instance.

def select( *expressions: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    5577def select(*expressions: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> Select:
    5578    """
    5579    Initializes a syntax tree from one or multiple SELECT expressions.
    5580
    5581    Example:
    5582        >>> select("col1", "col2").from_("tbl").sql()
    5583        'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'
    5584
    5585    Args:
    5586        *expressions: the SQL code string to parse as the expressions of a
    5587            SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5588        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an
    5589            input expression is a SQL string).
    5590        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5591            that an input expression is a SQL string).
    5592
    5593    Returns:
    5594        Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.
    5595    """
    5596    return Select().select(*expressions, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Initializes a syntax tree from one or multiple SELECT expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> select("col1", "col2").from_("tbl").sql()
>     'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code string to parse as the expressions of a SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an input expression is a SQL string).
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case that an input expression is a SQL string).

###### Returns:

> Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.

def from_( expression: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    5599def from_(expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> Select:
    5600    """
    5601    Initializes a syntax tree from a FROM expression.
    5602
    5603    Example:
    5604        >>> from_("tbl").select("col1", "col2").sql()
    5605        'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'
    5606
    5607    Args:
    5608        *expression: the SQL code string to parse as the FROM expressions of a
    5609            SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5610        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the
    5611            input expression is a SQL string).
    5612        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5613            that the input expression is a SQL string).
    5614
    5615    Returns:
    5616        Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.
    5617    """
    5618    return Select().from_(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Initializes a syntax tree from a FROM expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> from_("tbl").select("col1", "col2").sql()
>     'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- *expression: the SQL code string to parse as the FROM expressions of a SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the input expression is a SQL string).
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case that the input expression is a SQL string).

###### Returns:

> Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.

def update( table: str | Table, properties: dict, where: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, from_: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Update: View Source

    5621def update(
    5622    table: str | Table,
    5623    properties: dict,
    5624    where: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5625    from_: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5626    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5627    **opts,
    5628) -> Update:
    5629    """
    5630    Creates an update statement.
    5631
    5632    Example:
    5633        >>> update("my_table", {"x": 1, "y": "2", "z": None}, from_="baz", where="id > 1").sql()
    5634        "UPDATE my_table SET x = 1, y = '2', z = NULL FROM baz WHERE id > 1"
    5635
    5636    Args:
    5637        *properties: dictionary of properties to set which are
    5638            auto converted to sql objects eg None -> NULL
    5639        where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
    5640        from_: sql statement parsed into a FROM statement
    5641        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5642        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5643
    5644    Returns:
    5645        Update: the syntax tree for the UPDATE statement.
    5646    """
    5647    update_expr = Update(this=maybe_parse(table, into=Table, dialect=dialect))
    5648    update_expr.set(
    5649        "expressions",
    5650        [
    5651            EQ(this=maybe_parse(k, dialect=dialect, **opts), expression=convert(v))
    5652            for k, v in properties.items()
    5653        ],
    5654    )
    5655    if from_:
    5656        update_expr.set(
    5657            "from",
    5658            maybe_parse(from_, into=From, dialect=dialect, prefix="FROM", **opts),
    5659        )
    5660    if isinstance(where, Condition):
    5661        where = Where(this=where)
    5662    if where:
    5663        update_expr.set(
    5664            "where",
    5665            maybe_parse(where, into=Where, dialect=dialect, prefix="WHERE", **opts),
    5666        )
    5667    return update_expr

Creates an update statement.

###### Example:

>     >>> update("my_table", {"x": 1, "y": "2", "z": None}, from_="baz", where="id > 1").sql()
>     "UPDATE my_table SET x = 1, y = '2', z = NULL FROM baz WHERE id > 1"

###### Arguments:

- *properties: dictionary of properties to set which are auto converted to sql objects eg None -> NULL
- where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
- from_: sql statement parsed into a FROM statement
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Update: the syntax tree for the UPDATE statement.

def delete( table: Union[str, Expression], where: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, returning: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Delete: View Source

    5670def delete(
    5671    table: ExpOrStr,
    5672    where: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5673    returning: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5674    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5675    **opts,
    5676) -> Delete:
    5677    """
    5678    Builds a delete statement.
    5679
    5680    Example:
    5681        >>> delete("my_table", where="id > 1").sql()
    5682        'DELETE FROM my_table WHERE id > 1'
    5683
    5684    Args:
    5685        where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
    5686        returning: sql conditional parsed into a RETURNING statement
    5687        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5688        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5689
    5690    Returns:
    5691        Delete: the syntax tree for the DELETE statement.
    5692    """
    5693    delete_expr = Delete().delete(table, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5694    if where:
    5695        delete_expr = delete_expr.where(where, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5696    if returning:
    5697        delete_expr = delete_expr.returning(returning, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5698    return delete_expr

Builds a delete statement.

###### Example:

>     >>> delete("my_table", where="id > 1").sql()
>     'DELETE FROM my_table WHERE id > 1'

###### Arguments:

- where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
- returning: sql conditional parsed into a RETURNING statement
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Delete: the syntax tree for the DELETE statement.

def insert( expression: Union[str, Expression], into: Union[str, Expression], columns: Optional[Sequence[Union[str, Expression]]] = None, overwrite: Optional[bool] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Insert: View Source

    5701def insert(
    5702    expression: ExpOrStr,
    5703    into: ExpOrStr,
    5704    columns: t.Optional[t.Sequence[ExpOrStr]] = None,
    5705    overwrite: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5706    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5707    copy: bool = True,
    5708    **opts,
    5709) -> Insert:
    5710    """
    5711    Builds an INSERT statement.
    5712
    5713    Example:
    5714        >>> insert("VALUES (1, 2, 3)", "tbl").sql()
    5715        'INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (1, 2, 3)'
    5716
    5717    Args:
    5718        expression: the sql string or expression of the INSERT statement
    5719        into: the tbl to insert data to.
    5720        columns: optionally the table's column names.
    5721        overwrite: whether to INSERT OVERWRITE or not.
    5722        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5723        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5724        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5725
    5726    Returns:
    5727        Insert: the syntax tree for the INSERT statement.
    5728    """
    5729    expr = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5730    this: Table | Schema = maybe_parse(into, into=Table, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5731
    5732    if columns:
    5733        this = _apply_list_builder(
    5734            *columns,
    5735            instance=Schema(this=this),
    5736            arg="expressions",
    5737            into=Identifier,
    5738            copy=False,
    5739            dialect=dialect,
    5740            **opts,
    5741        )
    5742
    5743    return Insert(this=this, expression=expr, overwrite=overwrite)

Builds an INSERT statement.

###### Example:

>     >>> insert("VALUES (1, 2, 3)", "tbl").sql()
>     'INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (1, 2, 3)'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the sql string or expression of the INSERT statement
- into: the tbl to insert data to.
- columns: optionally the table's column names.
- overwrite: whether to INSERT OVERWRITE or not.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Insert: the syntax tree for the INSERT statement.

def condition( expression: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Condition: View Source

    5746def condition(
    5747    expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5748) -> Condition:
    5749    """
    5750    Initialize a logical condition expression.
    5751
    5752    Example:
    5753        >>> condition("x=1").sql()
    5754        'x = 1'
    5755
    5756        This is helpful for composing larger logical syntax trees:
    5757        >>> where = condition("x=1")
    5758        >>> where = where.and_("y=1")
    5759        >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("*").where(where).sql()
    5760        'SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE x = 1 AND y = 1'
    5761
    5762    Args:
    5763        *expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5764            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5765        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the
    5766            input expression is a SQL string).
    5767        copy: Whether or not to copy `expression` (only applies to expressions).
    5768        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5769            that the input expression is a SQL string).
    5770
    5771    Returns:
    5772        The new Condition instance
    5773    """
    5774    return maybe_parse(
    5775        expression,
    5776        into=Condition,
    5777        dialect=dialect,
    5778        copy=copy,
    5779        **opts,
    5780    )

Initialize a logical condition expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> condition("x=1").sql()
>     'x = 1'

> This is helpful for composing larger logical syntax trees:

>     >>> where = condition("x=1")
>     >>> where = where.and_("y=1")
>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("*").where(where).sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE x = 1 AND y = 1'

###### Arguments:

- *expression: the SQL code string to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the input expression is a SQL string).
- copy: Whether or not to copy `expression` (only applies to expressions).
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case that the input expression is a SQL string).

###### Returns:

> The new Condition instance

def and_( *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Condition: View Source

    5783def and_(
    5784    *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5785) -> Condition:
    5786    """
    5787    Combine multiple conditions with an AND logical operator.
    5788
    5789    Example:
    5790        >>> and_("x=1", and_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
    5791        'x = 1 AND (y = 1 AND z = 1)'
    5792
    5793    Args:
    5794        *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5795            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5796        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5797        copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
    5798        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5799
    5800    Returns:
    5801        And: the new condition
    5802    """
    5803    return t.cast(Condition, _combine(expressions, And, dialect, copy=copy, **opts))

Combine multiple conditions with an AND logical operator.

###### Example:

>     >>> and_("x=1", and_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
>     'x = 1 AND (y = 1 AND z = 1)'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> And: the new condition

def or_( *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Condition: View Source

    5806def or_(
    5807    *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5808) -> Condition:
    5809    """
    5810    Combine multiple conditions with an OR logical operator.
    5811
    5812    Example:
    5813        >>> or_("x=1", or_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
    5814        'x = 1 OR (y = 1 OR z = 1)'
    5815
    5816    Args:
    5817        *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5818            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5819        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5820        copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
    5821        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5822
    5823    Returns:
    5824        Or: the new condition
    5825    """
    5826    return t.cast(Condition, _combine(expressions, Or, dialect, copy=copy, **opts))

Combine multiple conditions with an OR logical operator.

###### Example:

>     >>> or_("x=1", or_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
>     'x = 1 OR (y = 1 OR z = 1)'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Or: the new condition

def not_( expression: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Not: View Source

    5829def not_(expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Not:
    5830    """
    5831    Wrap a condition with a NOT operator.
    5832
    5833    Example:
    5834        >>> not_("this_suit='black'").sql()
    5835        "NOT this_suit = 'black'"
    5836
    5837    Args:
    5838        expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5839            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5840        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5841        copy: whether to copy the expression or not.
    5842        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5843
    5844    Returns:
    5845        The new condition.
    5846    """
    5847    this = condition(
    5848        expression,
    5849        dialect=dialect,
    5850        copy=copy,
    5851        **opts,
    5852    )
    5853    return Not(this=_wrap(this, Connector))

Wrap a condition with a NOT operator.

###### Example:

>     >>> not_("this_suit='black'").sql()
>     "NOT this_suit = 'black'"

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether to copy the expression or not.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new condition.

def paren( expression: Union[str, Expression], copy: bool = True) -> Paren: View Source

    5856def paren(expression: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True) -> Paren:
    5857    """
    5858    Wrap an expression in parentheses.
    5859
    5860    Example:
    5861        >>> paren("5 + 3").sql()
    5862        '(5 + 3)'
    5863
    5864    Args:
    5865        expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5866            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5867        copy: whether to copy the expression or not.
    5868
    5869    Returns:
    5870        The wrapped expression.
    5871    """
    5872    return Paren(this=maybe_parse(expression, copy=copy))

Wrap an expression in parentheses.

###### Example:

>     >>> paren("5 + 3").sql()
>     '(5 + 3)'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- copy: whether to copy the expression or not.

###### Returns:

> The wrapped expression.

SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE = re.compile('^[_a-zA-Z][\\w]*$')
def to_identifier(name, quoted=None, copy=True): View Source

    5890def to_identifier(name, quoted=None, copy=True):
    5891    """Builds an identifier.
    5892
    5893    Args:
    5894        name: The name to turn into an identifier.
    5895        quoted: Whether or not force quote the identifier.
    5896        copy: Whether or not to copy a passed in Identefier node.
    5897
    5898    Returns:
    5899        The identifier ast node.
    5900    """
    5901
    5902    if name is None:
    5903        return None
    5904
    5905    if isinstance(name, Identifier):
    5906        identifier = maybe_copy(name, copy)
    5907    elif isinstance(name, str):
    5908        identifier = Identifier(
    5909            this=name,
    5910            quoted=not SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name) if quoted is None else quoted,
    5911        )
    5912    else:
    5913        raise ValueError(f"Name needs to be a string or an Identifier, got: {name.__class__}")
    5914    return identifier

Builds an identifier.

###### Arguments:

- name: The name to turn into an identifier.
- quoted: Whether or not force quote the identifier.
- copy: Whether or not to copy a passed in Identefier node.

###### Returns:

> The identifier ast node.

INTERVAL_STRING_RE = re.compile('\\s*([0-9]+)\\s*([a-zA-Z]+)\\s*')
def to_interval( interval: str | Literal) -> Interval: View Source

    5920def to_interval(interval: str | Literal) -> Interval:
    5921    """Builds an interval expression from a string like '1 day' or '5 months'."""
    5922    if isinstance(interval, Literal):
    5923        if not interval.is_string:
    5924            raise ValueError("Invalid interval string.")
    5925
    5926        interval = interval.this
    5927
    5928    interval_parts = INTERVAL_STRING_RE.match(interval)  # type: ignore
    5929
    5930    if not interval_parts:
    5931        raise ValueError("Invalid interval string.")
    5932
    5933    return Interval(
    5934        this=Literal.string(interval_parts.group(1)),
    5935        unit=Var(this=interval_parts.group(2)),
    5936    )

Builds an interval expression from a string like '1 day' or '5 months'.

def to_table( sql_path: Union[str, Table, NoneType], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **kwargs) -> Optional[Table]: View Source

    5949def to_table(
    5950    sql_path: t.Optional[str | Table], dialect: DialectType = None, **kwargs
    5951) -> t.Optional[Table]:
    5952    """
    5953    Create a table expression from a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` sql path. Catalog and schema are optional.
    5954    If a table is passed in then that table is returned.
    5955
    5956    Args:
    5957        sql_path: a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` string.
    5958        dialect: the source dialect according to which the table name will be parsed.
    5959        kwargs: the kwargs to instantiate the resulting `Table` expression with.
    5960
    5961    Returns:
    5962        A table expression.
    5963    """
    5964    if sql_path is None or isinstance(sql_path, Table):
    5965        return sql_path
    5966    if not isinstance(sql_path, str):
    5967        raise ValueError(f"Invalid type provided for a table: {type(sql_path)}")
    5968
    5969    table = maybe_parse(sql_path, into=Table, dialect=dialect)
    5970    if table:
    5971        for k, v in kwargs.items():
    5972            table.set(k, v)
    5973
    5974    return table

Create a table expression from a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` sql path. Catalog and schema are optional. If a table is passed in then that table is returned.

###### Arguments:

- sql_path: a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` string.
- dialect: the source dialect according to which the table name will be parsed.
- kwargs: the kwargs to instantiate the resulting `Table` expression with.

###### Returns:

> A table expression.

def to_column( sql_path: str | Column, **kwargs) -> Column: View Source

    5977def to_column(sql_path: str | Column, **kwargs) -> Column:
    5978    """
    5979    Create a column from a `[table].[column]` sql path. Schema is optional.
    5980
    5981    If a column is passed in then that column is returned.
    5982
    5983    Args:
    5984        sql_path: `[table].[column]` string
    5985    Returns:
    5986        Table: A column expression
    5987    """
    5988    if sql_path is None or isinstance(sql_path, Column):
    5989        return sql_path
    5990    if not isinstance(sql_path, str):
    5991        raise ValueError(f"Invalid type provided for column: {type(sql_path)}")
    5992    return column(*reversed(sql_path.split(".")), **kwargs)  # type: ignore

Create a column from a `[table].[column]` sql path. Schema is optional.

If a column is passed in then that column is returned.

###### Arguments:

- sql_path: `[table].[column]` string

###### Returns:

> Table: A column expression

def alias_( expression: Union[str, Expression], alias: str | Identifier, table: Union[bool, Sequence[str | Identifier]] = False, quoted: Optional[bool] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts): View Source

    5995def alias_(
    5996    expression: ExpOrStr,
    5997    alias: str | Identifier,
    5998    table: bool | t.Sequence[str | Identifier] = False,
    5999    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    6000    dialect: DialectType = None,
    6001    copy: bool = True,
    6002    **opts,
    6003):
    6004    """Create an Alias expression.
    6005
    6006    Example:
    6007        >>> alias_('foo', 'bar').sql()
    6008        'foo AS bar'
    6009
    6010        >>> alias_('(select 1, 2)', 'bar', table=['a', 'b']).sql()
    6011        '(SELECT 1, 2) AS bar(a, b)'
    6012
    6013    Args:
    6014        expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    6015            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    6016        alias: the alias name to use. If the name has
    6017            special characters it is quoted.
    6018        table: Whether or not to create a table alias, can also be a list of columns.
    6019        quoted: whether or not to quote the alias
    6020        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    6021        copy: Whether or not to copy the expression.
    6022        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    6023
    6024    Returns:
    6025        Alias: the aliased expression
    6026    """
    6027    exp = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    6028    alias = to_identifier(alias, quoted=quoted)
    6029
    6030    if table:
    6031        table_alias = TableAlias(this=alias)
    6032        exp.set("alias", table_alias)
    6033
    6034        if not isinstance(table, bool):
    6035            for column in table:
    6036                table_alias.append("columns", to_identifier(column, quoted=quoted))
    6037
    6038        return exp
    6039
    6040    # We don't set the "alias" arg for Window expressions, because that would add an IDENTIFIER node in
    6041    # the AST, representing a "named_window" [1] construct (eg. bigquery). What we want is an ALIAS node
    6042    # for the complete Window expression.
    6043    #
    6044    # [1]: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/window-function-calls
    6045
    6046    if "alias" in exp.arg_types and not isinstance(exp, Window):
    6047        exp.set("alias", alias)
    6048        return exp
    6049    return Alias(this=exp, alias=alias)

Create an Alias expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> alias_('foo', 'bar').sql()
>     'foo AS bar'

>     >>> alias_('(select 1, 2)', 'bar', table=['a', 'b']).sql()
>     '(SELECT 1, 2) AS bar(a, b)'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code strings to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- alias: the alias name to use. If the name has special characters it is quoted.
- table: Whether or not to create a table alias, can also be a list of columns.
- quoted: whether or not to quote the alias
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: Whether or not to copy the expression.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Alias: the aliased expression

def subquery( expression: Union[str, Expression], alias: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    6052def subquery(
    6053    expression: ExpOrStr,
    6054    alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    6055    dialect: DialectType = None,
    6056    **opts,
    6057) -> Select:
    6058    """
    6059    Build a subquery expression.
    6060
    6061    Example:
    6062        >>> subquery('select x from tbl', 'bar').select('x').sql()
    6063        'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl) AS bar'
    6064
    6065    Args:
    6066        expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    6067            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    6068        alias: the alias name to use.
    6069        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    6070        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    6071
    6072    Returns:
    6073        A new Select instance with the subquery expression included.
    6074    """
    6075
    6076    expression = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts).subquery(alias)
    6077    return Select().from_(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Build a subquery expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> subquery('select x from tbl', 'bar').select('x').sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl) AS bar'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code strings to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- alias: the alias name to use.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> A new Select instance with the subquery expression included.

def column( col: str | Identifier, table: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, db: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, catalog: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, quoted: Optional[bool] = None) -> Column: View Source

    6080def column(
    6081    col: str | Identifier,
    6082    table: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    6083    db: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    6084    catalog: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    6085    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    6086) -> Column:
    6087    """
    6088    Build a Column.
    6089
    6090    Args:
    6091        col: Column name.
    6092        table: Table name.
    6093        db: Database name.
    6094        catalog: Catalog name.
    6095        quoted: Whether to force quotes on the column's identifiers.
    6096
    6097    Returns:
    6098        The new Column instance.
    6099    """
    6100    return Column(
    6101        this=to_identifier(col, quoted=quoted),
    6102        table=to_identifier(table, quoted=quoted),
    6103        db=to_identifier(db, quoted=quoted),
    6104        catalog=to_identifier(catalog, quoted=quoted),
    6105    )

Build a Column.

###### Arguments:

- col: Column name.
- table: Table name.
- db: Database name.
- catalog: Catalog name.
- quoted: Whether to force quotes on the column's identifiers.

###### Returns:

> The new Column instance.

def cast( expression: Union[str, Expression], to: str | DataType | DataType.Type, **opts) -> Cast: View Source

    6108def cast(expression: ExpOrStr, to: str | DataType | DataType.Type, **opts) -> Cast:
    6109    """Cast an expression to a data type.
    6110
    6111    Example:
    6112        >>> cast('x + 1', 'int').sql()
    6113        'CAST(x + 1 AS INT)'
    6114
    6115    Args:
    6116        expression: The expression to cast.
    6117        to: The datatype to cast to.
    6118
    6119    Returns:
    6120        The new Cast instance.
    6121    """
    6122    expression = maybe_parse(expression, **opts)
    6123    data_type = DataType.build(to, **opts)
    6124    expression = Cast(this=expression, to=data_type)
    6125    expression.type = data_type
    6126    return expression

Cast an expression to a data type.

###### Example:

>     >>> cast('x + 1', 'int').sql()
>     'CAST(x + 1 AS INT)'

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression to cast.
- to: The datatype to cast to.

###### Returns:

> The new Cast instance.

def table_( table: Identifier | str, db: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, catalog: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, quoted: Optional[bool] = None, alias: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None) -> Table: View Source

    6129def table_(
    6130    table: Identifier | str,
    6131    db: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    6132    catalog: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    6133    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    6134    alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    6135) -> Table:
    6136    """Build a Table.
    6137
    6138    Args:
    6139        table: Table name.
    6140        db: Database name.
    6141        catalog: Catalog name.
    6142        quote: Whether to force quotes on the table's identifiers.
    6143        alias: Table's alias.
    6144
    6145    Returns:
    6146        The new Table instance.
    6147    """
    6148    return Table(
    6149        this=to_identifier(table, quoted=quoted) if table else None,
    6150        db=to_identifier(db, quoted=quoted) if db else None,
    6151        catalog=to_identifier(catalog, quoted=quoted) if catalog else None,
    6152        alias=TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None,
    6153    )

Build a Table.

###### Arguments:

- table: Table name.
- db: Database name.
- catalog: Catalog name.
- quote: Whether to force quotes on the table's identifiers.
- alias: Table's alias.

###### Returns:

> The new Table instance.

def values( values: Iterable[Tuple[Any, ...]], alias: Optional[str] = None, columns: Union[Iterable[str], Dict[str, DataType], NoneType] = None) -> Values: View Source

    6156def values(
    6157    values: t.Iterable[t.Tuple[t.Any, ...]],
    6158    alias: t.Optional[str] = None,
    6159    columns: t.Optional[t.Iterable[str] | t.Dict[str, DataType]] = None,
    6160) -> Values:
    6161    """Build VALUES statement.
    6162
    6163    Example:
    6164        >>> values([(1, '2')]).sql()
    6165        "VALUES (1, '2')"
    6166
    6167    Args:
    6168        values: values statements that will be converted to SQL
    6169        alias: optional alias
    6170        columns: Optional list of ordered column names or ordered dictionary of column names to types.
    6171         If either are provided then an alias is also required.
    6172
    6173    Returns:
    6174        Values: the Values expression object
    6175    """
    6176    if columns and not alias:
    6177        raise ValueError("Alias is required when providing columns")
    6178
    6179    return Values(
    6180        expressions=[convert(tup) for tup in values],
    6181        alias=(
    6182            TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias), columns=[to_identifier(x) for x in columns])
    6183            if columns
    6184            else (TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None)
    6185        ),
    6186    )

Build VALUES statement.

###### Example:

>     >>> values([(1, '2')]).sql()
>     "VALUES (1, '2')"

###### Arguments:

- values: values statements that will be converted to SQL
- alias: optional alias
- columns: Optional list of ordered column names or ordered dictionary of column names to types. If either are provided then an alias is also required.

###### Returns:

> Values: the Values expression object

def var( name: Union[str, Expression, NoneType]) -> Var: View Source

    6189def var(name: t.Optional[ExpOrStr]) -> Var:
    6190    """Build a SQL variable.
    6191
    6192    Example:
    6193        >>> repr(var('x'))
    6194        '(VAR this: x)'
    6195
    6196        >>> repr(var(column('x', table='y')))
    6197        '(VAR this: x)'
    6198
    6199    Args:
    6200        name: The name of the var or an expression who's name will become the var.
    6201
    6202    Returns:
    6203        The new variable node.
    6204    """
    6205    if not name:
    6206        raise ValueError("Cannot convert empty name into var.")
    6207
    6208    if isinstance(name, Expression):
    6209        name = name.name
    6210    return Var(this=name)

Build a SQL variable.

###### Example:

>     >>> repr(var('x'))
>     '(VAR this: x)'

>     >>> repr(var(column('x', table='y')))
>     '(VAR this: x)'

###### Arguments:

- name: The name of the var or an expression who's name will become the var.

###### Returns:

> The new variable node.

def rename_table( old_name: str | Table, new_name: str | Table) -> AlterTable: View Source

    6213def rename_table(old_name: str | Table, new_name: str | Table) -> AlterTable:
    6214    """Build ALTER TABLE... RENAME... expression
    6215
    6216    Args:
    6217        old_name: The old name of the table
    6218        new_name: The new name of the table
    6219
    6220    Returns:
    6221        Alter table expression
    6222    """
    6223    old_table = to_table(old_name)
    6224    new_table = to_table(new_name)
    6225    return AlterTable(
    6226        this=old_table,
    6227        actions=[
    6228            RenameTable(this=new_table),
    6229        ],
    6230    )

Build ALTER TABLE... RENAME... expression

###### Arguments:

- old_name: The old name of the table
- new_name: The new name of the table

###### Returns:

> Alter table expression

def convert(value: Any, copy: bool = False) -> Expression: View Source

    6233def convert(value: t.Any, copy: bool = False) -> Expression:
    6234    """Convert a python value into an expression object.
    6235
    6236    Raises an error if a conversion is not possible.
    6237
    6238    Args:
    6239        value: A python object.
    6240        copy: Whether or not to copy `value` (only applies to Expressions and collections).
    6241
    6242    Returns:
    6243        Expression: the equivalent expression object.
    6244    """
    6245    if isinstance(value, Expression):
    6246        return maybe_copy(value, copy)
    6247    if isinstance(value, str):
    6248        return Literal.string(value)
    6249    if isinstance(value, bool):
    6250        return Boolean(this=value)
    6251    if value is None or (isinstance(value, float) and math.isnan(value)):
    6252        return NULL
    6253    if isinstance(value, numbers.Number):
    6254        return Literal.number(value)
    6255    if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
    6256        datetime_literal = Literal.string(
    6257            (value if value.tzinfo else value.replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)).isoformat()
    6258        )
    6259        return TimeStrToTime(this=datetime_literal)
    6260    if isinstance(value, datetime.date):
    6261        date_literal = Literal.string(value.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
    6262        return DateStrToDate(this=date_literal)
    6263    if isinstance(value, tuple):
    6264        return Tuple(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value])
    6265    if isinstance(value, list):
    6266        return Array(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value])
    6267    if isinstance(value, dict):
    6268        return Map(
    6269            keys=Array(expressions=[convert(k, copy=copy) for k in value]),
    6270            values=Array(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value.values()]),
    6271        )
    6272    raise ValueError(f"Cannot convert {value}")

Convert a python value into an expression object.

Raises an error if a conversion is not possible.

###### Arguments:

- value: A python object.
- copy: Whether or not to copy `value` (only applies to Expressions and collections).

###### Returns:

> Expression: the equivalent expression object.

def replace_children( expression: Expression, fun: Callable, *args, **kwargs) -> None: View Source

    6275def replace_children(expression: Expression, fun: t.Callable, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
    6276    """
    6277    Replace children of an expression with the result of a lambda fun(child) -> exp.
    6278    """
    6279    for k, v in expression.args.items():
    6280        is_list_arg = type(v) is list
    6281
    6282        child_nodes = v if is_list_arg else [v]
    6283        new_child_nodes = []
    6284
    6285        for cn in child_nodes:
    6286            if isinstance(cn, Expression):
    6287                for child_node in ensure_collection(fun(cn, *args, **kwargs)):
    6288                    new_child_nodes.append(child_node)
    6289                    child_node.parent = expression
    6290                    child_node.arg_key = k
    6291            else:
    6292                new_child_nodes.append(cn)
    6293
    6294        expression.args[k] = new_child_nodes if is_list_arg else seq_get(new_child_nodes, 0)

Replace children of an expression with the result of a lambda fun(child) -> exp.

def column_table_names( expression: Expression, exclude: str = '') -> Set[str]: View Source

    6297def column_table_names(expression: Expression, exclude: str = "") -> t.Set[str]:
    6298    """
    6299    Return all table names referenced through columns in an expression.
    6300
    6301    Example:
    6302        >>> import sqlglot
    6303        >>> sorted(column_table_names(sqlglot.parse_one("a.b AND c.d AND c.e")))
    6304        ['a', 'c']
    6305
    6306    Args:
    6307        expression: expression to find table names.
    6308        exclude: a table name to exclude
    6309
    6310    Returns:
    6311        A list of unique names.
    6312    """
    6313    return {
    6314        table
    6315        for table in (column.table for column in expression.find_all(Column))
    6316        if table and table != exclude
    6317    }

Return all table names referenced through columns in an expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sorted(column_table_names(sqlglot.parse_one("a.b AND c.d AND c.e")))
>     ['a', 'c']

###### Arguments:

- expression: expression to find table names.
- exclude: a table name to exclude

###### Returns:

> A list of unique names.

def table_name( table: Table | str, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None) -> str: View Source

    6320def table_name(table: Table | str, dialect: DialectType = None) -> str:
    6321    """Get the full name of a table as a string.
    6322
    6323    Args:
    6324        table: Table expression node or string.
    6325        dialect: The dialect to generate the table name for.
    6326
    6327    Examples:
    6328        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6329        >>> table_name(parse_one("select * from a.b.c").find(exp.Table))
    6330        'a.b.c'
    6331
    6332    Returns:
    6333        The table name.
    6334    """
    6335
    6336    table = maybe_parse(table, into=Table, dialect=dialect)
    6337
    6338    if not table:
    6339        raise ValueError(f"Cannot parse {table}")
    6340
    6341    return ".".join(
    6342        part.sql(dialect=dialect, identify=True)
    6343        if not SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(part.name)
    6344        else part.name
    6345        for part in table.parts
    6346    )

Get the full name of a table as a string.

###### Arguments:

- table: Table expression node or string.
- dialect: The dialect to generate the table name for.

###### Examples:

>     >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
>     >>> table_name(parse_one("select * from a.b.c").find(exp.Table))
>     'a.b.c'

###### Returns:

> The table name.

def replace_tables(expression: ~E, mapping: Dict[str, str], copy: bool = True) -> ~E: View Source

    6349def replace_tables(expression: E, mapping: t.Dict[str, str], copy: bool = True) -> E:
    6350    """Replace all tables in expression according to the mapping.
    6351
    6352    Args:
    6353        expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
    6354        mapping: mapping of table names.
    6355        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    6356
    6357    Examples:
    6358        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6359        >>> replace_tables(parse_one("select * from a.b"), {"a.b": "c"}).sql()
    6360        'SELECT * FROM c'
    6361
    6362    Returns:
    6363        The mapped expression.
    6364    """
    6365
    6366    def _replace_tables(node: Expression) -> Expression:
    6367        if isinstance(node, Table):
    6368            new_name = mapping.get(table_name(node))
    6369            if new_name:
    6370                return to_table(
    6371                    new_name,
    6372                    **{k: v for k, v in node.args.items() if k not in ("this", "db", "catalog")},
    6373                )
    6374        return node
    6375
    6376    return expression.transform(_replace_tables, copy=copy)

Replace all tables in expression according to the mapping.

###### Arguments:

- expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
- mapping: mapping of table names.
- copy: whether or not to copy the expression.

###### Examples:

>     >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
>     >>> replace_tables(parse_one("select * from a.b"), {"a.b": "c"}).sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM c'

###### Returns:

> The mapped expression.

def replace_placeholders( expression: Expression, *args, **kwargs) -> Expression: View Source

    6379def replace_placeholders(expression: Expression, *args, **kwargs) -> Expression:
    6380    """Replace placeholders in an expression.
    6381
    6382    Args:
    6383        expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
    6384        args: positional names that will substitute unnamed placeholders in the given order.
    6385        kwargs: keyword arguments that will substitute named placeholders.
    6386
    6387    Examples:
    6388        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6389        >>> replace_placeholders(
    6390        ...     parse_one("select * from :tbl where ? = ?"),
    6391        ...     exp.to_identifier("str_col"), "b", tbl=exp.to_identifier("foo")
    6392        ... ).sql()
    6393        "SELECT * FROM foo WHERE str_col = 'b'"
    6394
    6395    Returns:
    6396        The mapped expression.
    6397    """
    6398
    6399    def _replace_placeholders(node: Expression, args, **kwargs) -> Expression:
    6400        if isinstance(node, Placeholder):
    6401            if node.name:
    6402                new_name = kwargs.get(node.name)
    6403                if new_name:
    6404                    return convert(new_name)
    6405            else:
    6406                try:
    6407                    return convert(next(args))
    6408                except StopIteration:
    6409                    pass
    6410        return node
    6411
    6412    return expression.transform(_replace_placeholders, iter(args), **kwargs)

Replace placeholders in an expression.

###### Arguments:

- expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
- args: positional names that will substitute unnamed placeholders in the given order.
- kwargs: keyword arguments that will substitute named placeholders.

###### Examples:

>     >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
>     >>> replace_placeholders(
>     ...     parse_one("select * from :tbl where ? = ?"),
>     ...     exp.to_identifier("str_col"), "b", tbl=exp.to_identifier("foo")
>     ... ).sql()
>     "SELECT * FROM foo WHERE str_col = 'b'"

###### Returns:

> The mapped expression.

def expand( expression: Expression, sources: Dict[str, Subqueryable], copy: bool = True) -> Expression: View Source

    6415def expand(
    6416    expression: Expression, sources: t.Dict[str, Subqueryable], copy: bool = True
    6417) -> Expression:
    6418    """Transforms an expression by expanding all referenced sources into subqueries.
    6419
    6420    Examples:
    6421        >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    6422        >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y")}).sql()
    6423        'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM y) AS z /* source: x */'
    6424
    6425        >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y"), "y": parse_one("select * from z")}).sql()
    6426        'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM z) AS y /* source: y */) AS z /* source: x */'
    6427
    6428    Args:
    6429        expression: The expression to expand.
    6430        sources: A dictionary of name to Subqueryables.
    6431        copy: Whether or not to copy the expression during transformation. Defaults to True.
    6432
    6433    Returns:
    6434        The transformed expression.
    6435    """
    6436
    6437    def _expand(node: Expression):
    6438        if isinstance(node, Table):
    6439            name = table_name(node)
    6440            source = sources.get(name)
    6441            if source:
    6442                subquery = source.subquery(node.alias or name)
    6443                subquery.comments = [f"source: {name}"]
    6444                return subquery.transform(_expand, copy=False)
    6445        return node
    6446
    6447    return expression.transform(_expand, copy=copy)

Transforms an expression by expanding all referenced sources into subqueries.

###### Examples:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y")}).sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM y) AS z /* source: x */'

>     >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y"), "y": parse_one("select * from z")}).sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM z) AS y /* source: y */) AS z /* source: x */'

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression to expand.
- sources: A dictionary of name to Subqueryables.
- copy: Whether or not to copy the expression during transformation. Defaults to True.

###### Returns:

> The transformed expression.

def func( name: str, *args, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **kwargs) -> Func: View Source

    6450def func(name: str, *args, dialect: DialectType = None, **kwargs) -> Func:
    6451    """
    6452    Returns a Func expression.
    6453
    6454    Examples:
    6455        >>> func("abs", 5).sql()
    6456        'ABS(5)'
    6457
    6458        >>> func("cast", this=5, to=DataType.build("DOUBLE")).sql()
    6459        'CAST(5 AS DOUBLE)'
    6460
    6461    Args:
    6462        name: the name of the function to build.
    6463        args: the args used to instantiate the function of interest.
    6464        dialect: the source dialect.
    6465        kwargs: the kwargs used to instantiate the function of interest.
    6466
    6467    Note:
    6468        The arguments `args` and `kwargs` are mutually exclusive.
    6469
    6470    Returns:
    6471        An instance of the function of interest, or an anonymous function, if `name` doesn't
    6472        correspond to an existing `sqlglot.expressions.Func` class.
    6473    """
    6474    if args and kwargs:
    6475        raise ValueError("Can't use both args and kwargs to instantiate a function.")
    6476
    6477    from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import Dialect
    6478
    6479    converted: t.List[Expression] = [maybe_parse(arg, dialect=dialect) for arg in args]
    6480    kwargs = {key: maybe_parse(value, dialect=dialect) for key, value in kwargs.items()}
    6481
    6482    parser = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)().parser()
    6483    from_args_list = parser.FUNCTIONS.get(name.upper())
    6484
    6485    if from_args_list:
    6486        function = from_args_list(converted) if converted else from_args_list.__self__(**kwargs)  # type: ignore
    6487    else:
    6488        kwargs = kwargs or {"expressions": converted}
    6489        function = Anonymous(this=name, **kwargs)
    6490
    6491    for error_message in function.error_messages(converted):
    6492        raise ValueError(error_message)
    6493
    6494    return function

Returns a Func expression.

###### Examples:

>     >>> func("abs", 5).sql()
>     'ABS(5)'

>     >>> func("cast", this=5, to=DataType.build("DOUBLE")).sql()
>     'CAST(5 AS DOUBLE)'

###### Arguments:

- name: the name of the function to build.
- args: the args used to instantiate the function of interest.
- dialect: the source dialect.
- kwargs: the kwargs used to instantiate the function of interest.

###### Note:

> The arguments `args` and `kwargs` are mutually exclusive.

###### Returns:

> An instance of the function of interest, or an anonymous function, if `name` doesn't correspond to an existing `Func` class.

def true() -> Boolean: View Source

    6497def true() -> Boolean:
    6498    """
    6499    Returns a true Boolean expression.
    6500    """
    6501    return Boolean(this=True)

Returns a true Boolean expression.

def false() -> Boolean: View Source

    6504def false() -> Boolean:
    6505    """
    6506    Returns a false Boolean expression.
    6507    """
    6508    return Boolean(this=False)

Returns a false Boolean expression.

def null() -> Null: View Source

    6511def null() -> Null:
    6512    """
    6513    Returns a Null expression.
    6514    """
    6515    return Null()

Returns a Null expression.

TRUE = (BOOLEAN this: True)
FALSE = (BOOLEAN this: False)
NULL = (NULL )