sqlglot.expressions API documentation

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## Expressions

Every AST node in SQLGlot is represented by a subclass of `Expression`.

This module contains the implementation of all supported `Expression` types. Additionally, it exposes a number of helper functions, which are mainly used to programmatically build SQL expressions, such as `select`.

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       1"""
       2## Expressions
       3
       4Every AST node in SQLGlot is represented by a subclass of `Expression`.
       5
       6This module contains the implementation of all supported `Expression` types. Additionally,
       7it exposes a number of helper functions, which are mainly used to programmatically build
       8SQL expressions, such as `sqlglot.expressions.select`.
       9
      10----
      11"""
      12
      13from __future__ import annotations
      14
      15import datetime
      16import math
      17import numbers
      18import re
      19import typing as t
      20from collections import deque
      21from copy import deepcopy
      22from enum import auto
      23from functools import reduce
      24
      25from sqlglot._typing import E
      26from sqlglot.errors import ParseError
      27from sqlglot.helper import (
      28    AutoName,
      29    camel_to_snake_case,
      30    ensure_collection,
      31    ensure_list,
      32    seq_get,
      33    subclasses,
      34)
      35from sqlglot.tokens import Token
      36
      37if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
      38    from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import DialectType
      39
      40
      41class _Expression(type):
      42    def __new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs):
      43        klass = super().__new__(cls, clsname, bases, attrs)
      44
      45        # When an Expression class is created, its key is automatically set to be
      46        # the lowercase version of the class' name.
      47        klass.key = clsname.lower()
      48
      49        # This is so that docstrings are not inherited in pdoc
      50        klass.__doc__ = klass.__doc__ or ""
      51
      52        return klass
      53
      54
      55class Expression(metaclass=_Expression):
      56    """
      57    The base class for all expressions in a syntax tree. Each Expression encapsulates any necessary
      58    context, such as its child expressions, their names (arg keys), and whether a given child expression
      59    is optional or not.
      60
      61    Attributes:
      62        key: a unique key for each class in the Expression hierarchy. This is useful for hashing
      63            and representing expressions as strings.
      64        arg_types: determines what arguments (child nodes) are supported by an expression. It
      65            maps arg keys to booleans that indicate whether the corresponding args are optional.
      66        parent: a reference to the parent expression (or None, in case of root expressions).
      67        arg_key: the arg key an expression is associated with, i.e. the name its parent expression
      68            uses to refer to it.
      69        comments: a list of comments that are associated with a given expression. This is used in
      70            order to preserve comments when transpiling SQL code.
      71        type: the `sqlglot.expressions.DataType` type of an expression. This is inferred by the
      72            optimizer, in order to enable some transformations that require type information.
      73        meta: a dictionary that can be used to store useful metadata for a given expression.
      74
      75    Example:
      76        >>> class Foo(Expression):
      77        ...     arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
      78
      79        The above definition informs us that Foo is an Expression that requires an argument called
      80        "this" and may also optionally receive an argument called "expression".
      81
      82    Args:
      83        args: a mapping used for retrieving the arguments of an expression, given their arg keys.
      84    """
      85
      86    key = "expression"
      87    arg_types = {"this": True}
      88    __slots__ = ("args", "parent", "arg_key", "comments", "_type", "_meta", "_hash")
      89
      90    def __init__(self, **args: t.Any):
      91        self.args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = args
      92        self.parent: t.Optional[Expression] = None
      93        self.arg_key: t.Optional[str] = None
      94        self.comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None
      95        self._type: t.Optional[DataType] = None
      96        self._meta: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None
      97        self._hash: t.Optional[int] = None
      98
      99        for arg_key, value in self.args.items():
     100            self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
     101
     102    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
     103        return type(self) is type(other) and hash(self) == hash(other)
     104
     105    @property
     106    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
     107        return frozenset(
     108            (k, tuple(_norm_arg(a) for a in v) if type(v) is list else _norm_arg(v))
     109            for k, v in self.args.items()
     110            if not (v is None or v is False or (type(v) is list and not v))
     111        )
     112
     113    def __hash__(self) -> int:
     114        if self._hash is not None:
     115            return self._hash
     116
     117        return hash((self.__class__, self.hashable_args))
     118
     119    @property
     120    def this(self):
     121        """
     122        Retrieves the argument with key "this".
     123        """
     124        return self.args.get("this")
     125
     126    @property
     127    def expression(self):
     128        """
     129        Retrieves the argument with key "expression".
     130        """
     131        return self.args.get("expression")
     132
     133    @property
     134    def expressions(self):
     135        """
     136        Retrieves the argument with key "expressions".
     137        """
     138        return self.args.get("expressions") or []
     139
     140    def text(self, key) -> str:
     141        """
     142        Returns a textual representation of the argument corresponding to "key". This can only be used
     143        for args that are strings or leaf Expression instances, such as identifiers and literals.
     144        """
     145        field = self.args.get(key)
     146        if isinstance(field, str):
     147            return field
     148        if isinstance(field, (Identifier, Literal, Var)):
     149            return field.this
     150        if isinstance(field, (Star, Null)):
     151            return field.name
     152        return ""
     153
     154    @property
     155    def is_string(self) -> bool:
     156        """
     157        Checks whether a Literal expression is a string.
     158        """
     159        return isinstance(self, Literal) and self.args["is_string"]
     160
     161    @property
     162    def is_number(self) -> bool:
     163        """
     164        Checks whether a Literal expression is a number.
     165        """
     166        return isinstance(self, Literal) and not self.args["is_string"]
     167
     168    @property
     169    def is_int(self) -> bool:
     170        """
     171        Checks whether a Literal expression is an integer.
     172        """
     173        if self.is_number:
     174            try:
     175                int(self.name)
     176                return True
     177            except ValueError:
     178                pass
     179        return False
     180
     181    @property
     182    def is_star(self) -> bool:
     183        """Checks whether an expression is a star."""
     184        return isinstance(self, Star) or (isinstance(self, Column) and isinstance(self.this, Star))
     185
     186    @property
     187    def alias(self) -> str:
     188        """
     189        Returns the alias of the expression, or an empty string if it's not aliased.
     190        """
     191        if isinstance(self.args.get("alias"), TableAlias):
     192            return self.args["alias"].name
     193        return self.text("alias")
     194
     195    @property
     196    def alias_column_names(self) -> t.List[str]:
     197        table_alias = self.args.get("alias")
     198        if not table_alias:
     199            return []
     200        return [c.name for c in table_alias.args.get("columns") or []]
     201
     202    @property
     203    def name(self) -> str:
     204        return self.text("this")
     205
     206    @property
     207    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
     208        return self.alias or self.name
     209
     210    @property
     211    def output_name(self) -> str:
     212        """
     213        Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.
     214
     215        If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.
     216
     217        Example:
     218            >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
     219            >>> parse_one("SELECT a").expressions[0].output_name
     220            'a'
     221            >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c").expressions[0].output_name
     222            'c'
     223            >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2").expressions[0].output_name
     224            ''
     225        """
     226        return ""
     227
     228    @property
     229    def type(self) -> t.Optional[DataType]:
     230        return self._type
     231
     232    @type.setter
     233    def type(self, dtype: t.Optional[DataType | DataType.Type | str]) -> None:
     234        if dtype and not isinstance(dtype, DataType):
     235            dtype = DataType.build(dtype)
     236        self._type = dtype  # type: ignore
     237
     238    @property
     239    def meta(self) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
     240        if self._meta is None:
     241            self._meta = {}
     242        return self._meta
     243
     244    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
     245        copy = self.__class__(**deepcopy(self.args))
     246        if self.comments is not None:
     247            copy.comments = deepcopy(self.comments)
     248
     249        if self._type is not None:
     250            copy._type = self._type.copy()
     251
     252        if self._meta is not None:
     253            copy._meta = deepcopy(self._meta)
     254
     255        return copy
     256
     257    def copy(self):
     258        """
     259        Returns a deep copy of the expression.
     260        """
     261        new = deepcopy(self)
     262        new.parent = self.parent
     263        return new
     264
     265    def add_comments(self, comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]]) -> None:
     266        if self.comments is None:
     267            self.comments = []
     268        if comments:
     269            self.comments.extend(comments)
     270
     271    def append(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
     272        """
     273        Appends value to arg_key if it's a list or sets it as a new list.
     274
     275        Args:
     276            arg_key (str): name of the list expression arg
     277            value (Any): value to append to the list
     278        """
     279        if not isinstance(self.args.get(arg_key), list):
     280            self.args[arg_key] = []
     281        self.args[arg_key].append(value)
     282        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
     283
     284    def set(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
     285        """
     286        Sets arg_key to value.
     287
     288        Args:
     289            arg_key: name of the expression arg.
     290            value: value to set the arg to.
     291        """
     292        if value is None:
     293            self.args.pop(arg_key, None)
     294            return
     295
     296        self.args[arg_key] = value
     297        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
     298
     299    def _set_parent(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
     300        if hasattr(value, "parent"):
     301            value.parent = self
     302            value.arg_key = arg_key
     303        elif type(value) is list:
     304            for v in value:
     305                if hasattr(v, "parent"):
     306                    v.parent = self
     307                    v.arg_key = arg_key
     308
     309    @property
     310    def depth(self) -> int:
     311        """
     312        Returns the depth of this tree.
     313        """
     314        if self.parent:
     315            return self.parent.depth + 1
     316        return 0
     317
     318    def iter_expressions(self) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[str, Expression]]:
     319        """Yields the key and expression for all arguments, exploding list args."""
     320        for k, vs in self.args.items():
     321            if type(vs) is list:
     322                for v in vs:
     323                    if hasattr(v, "parent"):
     324                        yield k, v
     325            else:
     326                if hasattr(vs, "parent"):
     327                    yield k, vs
     328
     329    def find(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Optional[E]:
     330        """
     331        Returns the first node in this tree which matches at least one of
     332        the specified types.
     333
     334        Args:
     335            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
     336            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
     337
     338        Returns:
     339            The node which matches the criteria or None if no such node was found.
     340        """
     341        return next(self.find_all(*expression_types, bfs=bfs), None)
     342
     343    def find_all(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Iterator[E]:
     344        """
     345        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree and only
     346        yields those that match at least one of the specified expression types.
     347
     348        Args:
     349            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
     350            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
     351
     352        Returns:
     353            The generator object.
     354        """
     355        for expression, *_ in self.walk(bfs=bfs):
     356            if isinstance(expression, expression_types):
     357                yield expression
     358
     359    def find_ancestor(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E]) -> t.Optional[E]:
     360        """
     361        Returns a nearest parent matching expression_types.
     362
     363        Args:
     364            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
     365
     366        Returns:
     367            The parent node.
     368        """
     369        ancestor = self.parent
     370        while ancestor and not isinstance(ancestor, expression_types):
     371            ancestor = ancestor.parent
     372        return t.cast(E, ancestor)
     373
     374    @property
     375    def parent_select(self) -> t.Optional[Select]:
     376        """
     377        Returns the parent select statement.
     378        """
     379        return self.find_ancestor(Select)
     380
     381    @property
     382    def same_parent(self) -> bool:
     383        """Returns if the parent is the same class as itself."""
     384        return type(self.parent) is self.__class__
     385
     386    def root(self) -> Expression:
     387        """
     388        Returns the root expression of this tree.
     389        """
     390        expression = self
     391        while expression.parent:
     392            expression = expression.parent
     393        return expression
     394
     395    def walk(self, bfs=True, prune=None):
     396        """
     397        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree.
     398
     399        Args:
     400            bfs (bool): if set to True the BFS traversal order will be applied,
     401                otherwise the DFS traversal will be used instead.
     402            prune ((node, parent, arg_key) -> bool): callable that returns True if
     403                the generator should stop traversing this branch of the tree.
     404
     405        Returns:
     406            the generator object.
     407        """
     408        if bfs:
     409            yield from self.bfs(prune=prune)
     410        else:
     411            yield from self.dfs(prune=prune)
     412
     413    def dfs(self, parent=None, key=None, prune=None):
     414        """
     415        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
     416        the DFS (Depth-first) order.
     417
     418        Returns:
     419            The generator object.
     420        """
     421        parent = parent or self.parent
     422        yield self, parent, key
     423        if prune and prune(self, parent, key):
     424            return
     425
     426        for k, v in self.iter_expressions():
     427            yield from v.dfs(self, k, prune)
     428
     429    def bfs(self, prune=None):
     430        """
     431        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
     432        the BFS (Breadth-first) order.
     433
     434        Returns:
     435            The generator object.
     436        """
     437        queue = deque([(self, self.parent, None)])
     438
     439        while queue:
     440            item, parent, key = queue.popleft()
     441
     442            yield item, parent, key
     443            if prune and prune(item, parent, key):
     444                continue
     445
     446            for k, v in item.iter_expressions():
     447                queue.append((v, item, k))
     448
     449    def unnest(self):
     450        """
     451        Returns the first non parenthesis child or self.
     452        """
     453        expression = self
     454        while type(expression) is Paren:
     455            expression = expression.this
     456        return expression
     457
     458    def unalias(self):
     459        """
     460        Returns the inner expression if this is an Alias.
     461        """
     462        if isinstance(self, Alias):
     463            return self.this
     464        return self
     465
     466    def unnest_operands(self):
     467        """
     468        Returns unnested operands as a tuple.
     469        """
     470        return tuple(arg.unnest() for _, arg in self.iter_expressions())
     471
     472    def flatten(self, unnest=True):
     473        """
     474        Returns a generator which yields child nodes who's parents are the same class.
     475
     476        A AND B AND C -> [A, B, C]
     477        """
     478        for node, _, _ in self.dfs(prune=lambda n, p, *_: p and not type(n) is self.__class__):
     479            if not type(node) is self.__class__:
     480                yield node.unnest() if unnest else node
     481
     482    def __str__(self) -> str:
     483        return self.sql()
     484
     485    def __repr__(self) -> str:
     486        return self._to_s()
     487
     488    def sql(self, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> str:
     489        """
     490        Returns SQL string representation of this tree.
     491
     492        Args:
     493            dialect: the dialect of the output SQL string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").
     494            opts: other `sqlglot.generator.Generator` options.
     495
     496        Returns:
     497            The SQL string.
     498        """
     499        from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect
     500
     501        return Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)().generate(self, **opts)
     502
     503    def _to_s(self, hide_missing: bool = True, level: int = 0) -> str:
     504        indent = "" if not level else "\n"
     505        indent += "".join(["  "] * level)
     506        left = f"({self.key.upper()} "
     507
     508        args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {
     509            k: ", ".join(
     510                v._to_s(hide_missing=hide_missing, level=level + 1)
     511                if hasattr(v, "_to_s")
     512                else str(v)
     513                for v in ensure_list(vs)
     514                if v is not None
     515            )
     516            for k, vs in self.args.items()
     517        }
     518        args["comments"] = self.comments
     519        args["type"] = self.type
     520        args = {k: v for k, v in args.items() if v or not hide_missing}
     521
     522        right = ", ".join(f"{k}: {v}" for k, v in args.items())
     523        right += ")"
     524
     525        return indent + left + right
     526
     527    def transform(self, fun, *args, copy=True, **kwargs):
     528        """
     529        Recursively visits all tree nodes (excluding already transformed ones)
     530        and applies the given transformation function to each node.
     531
     532        Args:
     533            fun (function): a function which takes a node as an argument and returns a
     534                new transformed node or the same node without modifications. If the function
     535                returns None, then the corresponding node will be removed from the syntax tree.
     536            copy (bool): if set to True a new tree instance is constructed, otherwise the tree is
     537                modified in place.
     538
     539        Returns:
     540            The transformed tree.
     541        """
     542        node = self.copy() if copy else self
     543        new_node = fun(node, *args, **kwargs)
     544
     545        if new_node is None or not isinstance(new_node, Expression):
     546            return new_node
     547        if new_node is not node:
     548            new_node.parent = node.parent
     549            return new_node
     550
     551        replace_children(new_node, lambda child: child.transform(fun, *args, copy=False, **kwargs))
     552        return new_node
     553
     554    @t.overload
     555    def replace(self, expression: E) -> E:
     556        ...
     557
     558    @t.overload
     559    def replace(self, expression: None) -> None:
     560        ...
     561
     562    def replace(self, expression):
     563        """
     564        Swap out this expression with a new expression.
     565
     566        For example::
     567
     568            >>> tree = Select().select("x").from_("tbl")
     569            >>> tree.find(Column).replace(Column(this="y"))
     570            (COLUMN this: y)
     571            >>> tree.sql()
     572            'SELECT y FROM tbl'
     573
     574        Args:
     575            expression: new node
     576
     577        Returns:
     578            The new expression or expressions.
     579        """
     580        if not self.parent:
     581            return expression
     582
     583        parent = self.parent
     584        self.parent = None
     585
     586        replace_children(parent, lambda child: expression if child is self else child)
     587        return expression
     588
     589    def pop(self: E) -> E:
     590        """
     591        Remove this expression from its AST.
     592
     593        Returns:
     594            The popped expression.
     595        """
     596        self.replace(None)
     597        return self
     598
     599    def assert_is(self, type_: t.Type[E]) -> E:
     600        """
     601        Assert that this `Expression` is an instance of `type_`.
     602
     603        If it is NOT an instance of `type_`, this raises an assertion error.
     604        Otherwise, this returns this expression.
     605
     606        Examples:
     607            This is useful for type security in chained expressions:
     608
     609            >>> import sqlglot
     610            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT x from y").assert_is(Select).select("z").sql()
     611            'SELECT x, z FROM y'
     612        """
     613        assert isinstance(self, type_)
     614        return self
     615
     616    def error_messages(self, args: t.Optional[t.Sequence] = None) -> t.List[str]:
     617        """
     618        Checks if this expression is valid (e.g. all mandatory args are set).
     619
     620        Args:
     621            args: a sequence of values that were used to instantiate a Func expression. This is used
     622                to check that the provided arguments don't exceed the function argument limit.
     623
     624        Returns:
     625            A list of error messages for all possible errors that were found.
     626        """
     627        errors: t.List[str] = []
     628
     629        for k in self.args:
     630            if k not in self.arg_types:
     631                errors.append(f"Unexpected keyword: '{k}' for {self.__class__}")
     632        for k, mandatory in self.arg_types.items():
     633            v = self.args.get(k)
     634            if mandatory and (v is None or (isinstance(v, list) and not v)):
     635                errors.append(f"Required keyword: '{k}' missing for {self.__class__}")
     636
     637        if (
     638            args
     639            and isinstance(self, Func)
     640            and len(args) > len(self.arg_types)
     641            and not self.is_var_len_args
     642        ):
     643            errors.append(
     644                f"The number of provided arguments ({len(args)}) is greater than "
     645                f"the maximum number of supported arguments ({len(self.arg_types)})"
     646            )
     647
     648        return errors
     649
     650    def dump(self):
     651        """
     652        Dump this Expression to a JSON-serializable dict.
     653        """
     654        from sqlglot.serde import dump
     655
     656        return dump(self)
     657
     658    @classmethod
     659    def load(cls, obj):
     660        """
     661        Load a dict (as returned by `Expression.dump`) into an Expression instance.
     662        """
     663        from sqlglot.serde import load
     664
     665        return load(obj)
     666
     667
     668IntoType = t.Union[
     669    str,
     670    t.Type[Expression],
     671    t.Collection[t.Union[str, t.Type[Expression]]],
     672]
     673ExpOrStr = t.Union[str, Expression]
     674
     675
     676class Condition(Expression):
     677    def and_(
     678        self,
     679        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
     680        dialect: DialectType = None,
     681        copy: bool = True,
     682        **opts,
     683    ) -> Condition:
     684        """
     685        AND this condition with one or multiple expressions.
     686
     687        Example:
     688            >>> condition("x=1").and_("y=1").sql()
     689            'x = 1 AND y = 1'
     690
     691        Args:
     692            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
     693                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
     694            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
     695            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
     696            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
     697
     698        Returns:
     699            The new And condition.
     700        """
     701        return and_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
     702
     703    def or_(
     704        self,
     705        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
     706        dialect: DialectType = None,
     707        copy: bool = True,
     708        **opts,
     709    ) -> Condition:
     710        """
     711        OR this condition with one or multiple expressions.
     712
     713        Example:
     714            >>> condition("x=1").or_("y=1").sql()
     715            'x = 1 OR y = 1'
     716
     717        Args:
     718            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
     719                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
     720            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
     721            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
     722            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
     723
     724        Returns:
     725            The new Or condition.
     726        """
     727        return or_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
     728
     729    def not_(self, copy: bool = True):
     730        """
     731        Wrap this condition with NOT.
     732
     733        Example:
     734            >>> condition("x=1").not_().sql()
     735            'NOT x = 1'
     736
     737        Args:
     738            copy: whether or not to copy this object.
     739
     740        Returns:
     741            The new Not instance.
     742        """
     743        return not_(self, copy=copy)
     744
     745    def as_(
     746        self,
     747        alias: str | Identifier,
     748        quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
     749        dialect: DialectType = None,
     750        copy: bool = True,
     751        **opts,
     752    ) -> Alias:
     753        return alias_(self, alias, quoted=quoted, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
     754
     755    def _binop(self, klass: t.Type[E], other: t.Any, reverse: bool = False) -> E:
     756        this = self.copy()
     757        other = convert(other, copy=True)
     758        if not isinstance(this, klass) and not isinstance(other, klass):
     759            this = _wrap(this, Binary)
     760            other = _wrap(other, Binary)
     761        if reverse:
     762            return klass(this=other, expression=this)
     763        return klass(this=this, expression=other)
     764
     765    def __getitem__(self, other: ExpOrStr | t.Tuple[ExpOrStr]):
     766        return Bracket(
     767            this=self.copy(), expressions=[convert(e, copy=True) for e in ensure_list(other)]
     768        )
     769
     770    def isin(
     771        self,
     772        *expressions: t.Any,
     773        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
     774        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
     775        copy: bool = True,
     776        **opts,
     777    ) -> In:
     778        return In(
     779            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
     780            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
     781            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
     782            unnest=Unnest(
     783                expressions=[
     784                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
     785                ]
     786            )
     787            if unnest
     788            else None,
     789        )
     790
     791    def between(self, low: t.Any, high: t.Any, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Between:
     792        return Between(
     793            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
     794            low=convert(low, copy=copy, **opts),
     795            high=convert(high, copy=copy, **opts),
     796        )
     797
     798    def is_(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Is:
     799        return self._binop(Is, other)
     800
     801    def like(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Like:
     802        return self._binop(Like, other)
     803
     804    def ilike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> ILike:
     805        return self._binop(ILike, other)
     806
     807    def eq(self, other: t.Any) -> EQ:
     808        return self._binop(EQ, other)
     809
     810    def neq(self, other: t.Any) -> NEQ:
     811        return self._binop(NEQ, other)
     812
     813    def rlike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> RegexpLike:
     814        return self._binop(RegexpLike, other)
     815
     816    def __lt__(self, other: t.Any) -> LT:
     817        return self._binop(LT, other)
     818
     819    def __le__(self, other: t.Any) -> LTE:
     820        return self._binop(LTE, other)
     821
     822    def __gt__(self, other: t.Any) -> GT:
     823        return self._binop(GT, other)
     824
     825    def __ge__(self, other: t.Any) -> GTE:
     826        return self._binop(GTE, other)
     827
     828    def __add__(self, other: t.Any) -> Add:
     829        return self._binop(Add, other)
     830
     831    def __radd__(self, other: t.Any) -> Add:
     832        return self._binop(Add, other, reverse=True)
     833
     834    def __sub__(self, other: t.Any) -> Sub:
     835        return self._binop(Sub, other)
     836
     837    def __rsub__(self, other: t.Any) -> Sub:
     838        return self._binop(Sub, other, reverse=True)
     839
     840    def __mul__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mul:
     841        return self._binop(Mul, other)
     842
     843    def __rmul__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mul:
     844        return self._binop(Mul, other, reverse=True)
     845
     846    def __truediv__(self, other: t.Any) -> Div:
     847        return self._binop(Div, other)
     848
     849    def __rtruediv__(self, other: t.Any) -> Div:
     850        return self._binop(Div, other, reverse=True)
     851
     852    def __floordiv__(self, other: t.Any) -> IntDiv:
     853        return self._binop(IntDiv, other)
     854
     855    def __rfloordiv__(self, other: t.Any) -> IntDiv:
     856        return self._binop(IntDiv, other, reverse=True)
     857
     858    def __mod__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mod:
     859        return self._binop(Mod, other)
     860
     861    def __rmod__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mod:
     862        return self._binop(Mod, other, reverse=True)
     863
     864    def __pow__(self, other: t.Any) -> Pow:
     865        return self._binop(Pow, other)
     866
     867    def __rpow__(self, other: t.Any) -> Pow:
     868        return self._binop(Pow, other, reverse=True)
     869
     870    def __and__(self, other: t.Any) -> And:
     871        return self._binop(And, other)
     872
     873    def __rand__(self, other: t.Any) -> And:
     874        return self._binop(And, other, reverse=True)
     875
     876    def __or__(self, other: t.Any) -> Or:
     877        return self._binop(Or, other)
     878
     879    def __ror__(self, other: t.Any) -> Or:
     880        return self._binop(Or, other, reverse=True)
     881
     882    def __neg__(self) -> Neg:
     883        return Neg(this=_wrap(self.copy(), Binary))
     884
     885    def __invert__(self) -> Not:
     886        return not_(self.copy())
     887
     888
     889class Predicate(Condition):
     890    """Relationships like x = y, x > 1, x >= y."""
     891
     892
     893class DerivedTable(Expression):
     894    @property
     895    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
     896        return self.this.selects if isinstance(self.this, Subqueryable) else []
     897
     898    @property
     899    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
     900        return [select.output_name for select in self.selects]
     901
     902
     903class Unionable(Expression):
     904    def union(
     905        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
     906    ) -> Unionable:
     907        """
     908        Builds a UNION expression.
     909
     910        Example:
     911            >>> import sqlglot
     912            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").union("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
     913            'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'
     914
     915        Args:
     916            expression: the SQL code string.
     917                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
     918            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
     919            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
     920            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
     921
     922        Returns:
     923            The new Union expression.
     924        """
     925        return union(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)
     926
     927    def intersect(
     928        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
     929    ) -> Unionable:
     930        """
     931        Builds an INTERSECT expression.
     932
     933        Example:
     934            >>> import sqlglot
     935            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").intersect("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
     936            'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'
     937
     938        Args:
     939            expression: the SQL code string.
     940                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
     941            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
     942            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
     943            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
     944
     945        Returns:
     946            The new Intersect expression.
     947        """
     948        return intersect(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)
     949
     950    def except_(
     951        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
     952    ) -> Unionable:
     953        """
     954        Builds an EXCEPT expression.
     955
     956        Example:
     957            >>> import sqlglot
     958            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").except_("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
     959            'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'
     960
     961        Args:
     962            expression: the SQL code string.
     963                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
     964            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
     965            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
     966            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
     967
     968        Returns:
     969            The new Except expression.
     970        """
     971        return except_(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)
     972
     973
     974class UDTF(DerivedTable, Unionable):
     975    @property
     976    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
     977        alias = self.args.get("alias")
     978        return alias.columns if alias else []
     979
     980
     981class Cache(Expression):
     982    arg_types = {
     983        "with": False,
     984        "this": True,
     985        "lazy": False,
     986        "options": False,
     987        "expression": False,
     988    }
     989
     990
     991class Uncache(Expression):
     992    arg_types = {"this": True, "exists": False}
     993
     994
     995class DDL(Expression):
     996    @property
     997    def ctes(self):
     998        with_ = self.args.get("with")
     999        if not with_:
    1000            return []
    1001        return with_.expressions
    1002
    1003    @property
    1004    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    1005        if isinstance(self.expression, Subqueryable):
    1006            return self.expression.named_selects
    1007        return []
    1008
    1009    @property
    1010    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    1011        if isinstance(self.expression, Subqueryable):
    1012            return self.expression.selects
    1013        return []
    1014
    1015
    1016class Create(DDL):
    1017    arg_types = {
    1018        "with": False,
    1019        "this": True,
    1020        "kind": True,
    1021        "expression": False,
    1022        "exists": False,
    1023        "properties": False,
    1024        "replace": False,
    1025        "unique": False,
    1026        "indexes": False,
    1027        "no_schema_binding": False,
    1028        "begin": False,
    1029        "clone": False,
    1030    }
    1031
    1032
    1033# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/sql/create-clone
    1034class Clone(Expression):
    1035    arg_types = {
    1036        "this": True,
    1037        "when": False,
    1038        "kind": False,
    1039        "shallow": False,
    1040        "expression": False,
    1041    }
    1042
    1043
    1044class Describe(Expression):
    1045    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False, "expressions": False}
    1046
    1047
    1048class Pragma(Expression):
    1049    pass
    1050
    1051
    1052class Set(Expression):
    1053    arg_types = {"expressions": False, "unset": False, "tag": False}
    1054
    1055
    1056class SetItem(Expression):
    1057    arg_types = {
    1058        "this": False,
    1059        "expressions": False,
    1060        "kind": False,
    1061        "collate": False,  # MySQL SET NAMES statement
    1062        "global": False,
    1063    }
    1064
    1065
    1066class Show(Expression):
    1067    arg_types = {
    1068        "this": True,
    1069        "target": False,
    1070        "offset": False,
    1071        "limit": False,
    1072        "like": False,
    1073        "where": False,
    1074        "db": False,
    1075        "scope": False,
    1076        "scope_kind": False,
    1077        "full": False,
    1078        "mutex": False,
    1079        "query": False,
    1080        "channel": False,
    1081        "global": False,
    1082        "log": False,
    1083        "position": False,
    1084        "types": False,
    1085    }
    1086
    1087
    1088class UserDefinedFunction(Expression):
    1089    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "wrapped": False}
    1090
    1091
    1092class CharacterSet(Expression):
    1093    arg_types = {"this": True, "default": False}
    1094
    1095
    1096class With(Expression):
    1097    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "recursive": False}
    1098
    1099    @property
    1100    def recursive(self) -> bool:
    1101        return bool(self.args.get("recursive"))
    1102
    1103
    1104class WithinGroup(Expression):
    1105    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    1106
    1107
    1108class CTE(DerivedTable):
    1109    arg_types = {"this": True, "alias": True}
    1110
    1111
    1112class TableAlias(Expression):
    1113    arg_types = {"this": False, "columns": False}
    1114
    1115    @property
    1116    def columns(self):
    1117        return self.args.get("columns") or []
    1118
    1119
    1120class BitString(Condition):
    1121    pass
    1122
    1123
    1124class HexString(Condition):
    1125    pass
    1126
    1127
    1128class ByteString(Condition):
    1129    pass
    1130
    1131
    1132class RawString(Condition):
    1133    pass
    1134
    1135
    1136class Column(Condition):
    1137    arg_types = {"this": True, "table": False, "db": False, "catalog": False, "join_mark": False}
    1138
    1139    @property
    1140    def table(self) -> str:
    1141        return self.text("table")
    1142
    1143    @property
    1144    def db(self) -> str:
    1145        return self.text("db")
    1146
    1147    @property
    1148    def catalog(self) -> str:
    1149        return self.text("catalog")
    1150
    1151    @property
    1152    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1153        return self.name
    1154
    1155    @property
    1156    def parts(self) -> t.List[Identifier]:
    1157        """Return the parts of a column in order catalog, db, table, name."""
    1158        return [
    1159            t.cast(Identifier, self.args[part])
    1160            for part in ("catalog", "db", "table", "this")
    1161            if self.args.get(part)
    1162        ]
    1163
    1164    def to_dot(self) -> Dot:
    1165        """Converts the column into a dot expression."""
    1166        parts = self.parts
    1167        parent = self.parent
    1168
    1169        while parent:
    1170            if isinstance(parent, Dot):
    1171                parts.append(parent.expression)
    1172            parent = parent.parent
    1173
    1174        return Dot.build(deepcopy(parts))
    1175
    1176
    1177class ColumnPosition(Expression):
    1178    arg_types = {"this": False, "position": True}
    1179
    1180
    1181class ColumnDef(Expression):
    1182    arg_types = {
    1183        "this": True,
    1184        "kind": False,
    1185        "constraints": False,
    1186        "exists": False,
    1187        "position": False,
    1188    }
    1189
    1190    @property
    1191    def constraints(self) -> t.List[ColumnConstraint]:
    1192        return self.args.get("constraints") or []
    1193
    1194
    1195class AlterColumn(Expression):
    1196    arg_types = {
    1197        "this": True,
    1198        "dtype": False,
    1199        "collate": False,
    1200        "using": False,
    1201        "default": False,
    1202        "drop": False,
    1203    }
    1204
    1205
    1206class RenameTable(Expression):
    1207    pass
    1208
    1209
    1210class Comment(Expression):
    1211    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "expression": True, "exists": False}
    1212
    1213
    1214class Comprehension(Expression):
    1215    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "iterator": True, "condition": False}
    1216
    1217
    1218# https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/engines/table-engines/mergetree-family/mergetree#mergetree-table-ttl
    1219class MergeTreeTTLAction(Expression):
    1220    arg_types = {
    1221        "this": True,
    1222        "delete": False,
    1223        "recompress": False,
    1224        "to_disk": False,
    1225        "to_volume": False,
    1226    }
    1227
    1228
    1229# https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/engines/table-engines/mergetree-family/mergetree#mergetree-table-ttl
    1230class MergeTreeTTL(Expression):
    1231    arg_types = {
    1232        "expressions": True,
    1233        "where": False,
    1234        "group": False,
    1235        "aggregates": False,
    1236    }
    1237
    1238
    1239# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-table.html
    1240class IndexConstraintOption(Expression):
    1241    arg_types = {
    1242        "key_block_size": False,
    1243        "using": False,
    1244        "parser": False,
    1245        "comment": False,
    1246        "visible": False,
    1247        "engine_attr": False,
    1248        "secondary_engine_attr": False,
    1249    }
    1250
    1251
    1252class ColumnConstraint(Expression):
    1253    arg_types = {"this": False, "kind": True}
    1254
    1255    @property
    1256    def kind(self) -> ColumnConstraintKind:
    1257        return self.args["kind"]
    1258
    1259
    1260class ColumnConstraintKind(Expression):
    1261    pass
    1262
    1263
    1264class AutoIncrementColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1265    pass
    1266
    1267
    1268class CaseSpecificColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1269    arg_types = {"not_": True}
    1270
    1271
    1272class CharacterSetColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1273    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1274
    1275
    1276class CheckColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1277    pass
    1278
    1279
    1280class ClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1281    pass
    1282
    1283
    1284class CollateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1285    pass
    1286
    1287
    1288class CommentColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1289    pass
    1290
    1291
    1292class CompressColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1293    pass
    1294
    1295
    1296class DateFormatColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1297    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1298
    1299
    1300class DefaultColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1301    pass
    1302
    1303
    1304class EncodeColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1305    pass
    1306
    1307
    1308class GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1309    # this: True -> ALWAYS, this: False -> BY DEFAULT
    1310    arg_types = {
    1311        "this": False,
    1312        "expression": False,
    1313        "on_null": False,
    1314        "start": False,
    1315        "increment": False,
    1316        "minvalue": False,
    1317        "maxvalue": False,
    1318        "cycle": False,
    1319    }
    1320
    1321
    1322# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-table.html
    1323class IndexColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1324    arg_types = {"this": False, "schema": True, "kind": False, "type": False, "options": False}
    1325
    1326
    1327class InlineLengthColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1328    pass
    1329
    1330
    1331class NonClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1332    pass
    1333
    1334
    1335class NotForReplicationColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1336    arg_types = {}
    1337
    1338
    1339class NotNullColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1340    arg_types = {"allow_null": False}
    1341
    1342
    1343# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/timestamp-initialization.html
    1344class OnUpdateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1345    pass
    1346
    1347
    1348class PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1349    arg_types = {"desc": False}
    1350
    1351
    1352class TitleColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1353    pass
    1354
    1355
    1356class UniqueColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1357    arg_types = {"this": False}
    1358
    1359
    1360class UppercaseColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1361    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
    1362
    1363
    1364class PathColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1365    pass
    1366
    1367
    1368# computed column expression
    1369# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/statements/create-table-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
    1370class ComputedColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1371    arg_types = {"this": True, "persisted": False, "not_null": False}
    1372
    1373
    1374class Constraint(Expression):
    1375    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    1376
    1377
    1378class Delete(Expression):
    1379    arg_types = {
    1380        "with": False,
    1381        "this": False,
    1382        "using": False,
    1383        "where": False,
    1384        "returning": False,
    1385        "limit": False,
    1386        "tables": False,  # Multiple-Table Syntax (MySQL)
    1387    }
    1388
    1389    def delete(
    1390        self,
    1391        table: ExpOrStr,
    1392        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1393        copy: bool = True,
    1394        **opts,
    1395    ) -> Delete:
    1396        """
    1397        Create a DELETE expression or replace the table on an existing DELETE expression.
    1398
    1399        Example:
    1400            >>> delete("tbl").sql()
    1401            'DELETE FROM tbl'
    1402
    1403        Args:
    1404            table: the table from which to delete.
    1405            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1406            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1407            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1408
    1409        Returns:
    1410            Delete: the modified expression.
    1411        """
    1412        return _apply_builder(
    1413            expression=table,
    1414            instance=self,
    1415            arg="this",
    1416            dialect=dialect,
    1417            into=Table,
    1418            copy=copy,
    1419            **opts,
    1420        )
    1421
    1422    def where(
    1423        self,
    1424        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1425        append: bool = True,
    1426        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1427        copy: bool = True,
    1428        **opts,
    1429    ) -> Delete:
    1430        """
    1431        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    1432
    1433        Example:
    1434            >>> delete("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    1435            "DELETE FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    1436
    1437        Args:
    1438            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1439                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1440                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1441            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1442                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1443            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1444            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1445            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1446
    1447        Returns:
    1448            Delete: the modified expression.
    1449        """
    1450        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1451            *expressions,
    1452            instance=self,
    1453            arg="where",
    1454            append=append,
    1455            into=Where,
    1456            dialect=dialect,
    1457            copy=copy,
    1458            **opts,
    1459        )
    1460
    1461    def returning(
    1462        self,
    1463        expression: ExpOrStr,
    1464        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1465        copy: bool = True,
    1466        **opts,
    1467    ) -> Delete:
    1468        """
    1469        Set the RETURNING expression. Not supported by all dialects.
    1470
    1471        Example:
    1472            >>> delete("tbl").returning("*", dialect="postgres").sql()
    1473            'DELETE FROM tbl RETURNING *'
    1474
    1475        Args:
    1476            expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1477                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1478            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1479            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1480            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1481
    1482        Returns:
    1483            Delete: the modified expression.
    1484        """
    1485        return _apply_builder(
    1486            expression=expression,
    1487            instance=self,
    1488            arg="returning",
    1489            prefix="RETURNING",
    1490            dialect=dialect,
    1491            copy=copy,
    1492            into=Returning,
    1493            **opts,
    1494        )
    1495
    1496
    1497class Drop(Expression):
    1498    arg_types = {
    1499        "this": False,
    1500        "kind": False,
    1501        "exists": False,
    1502        "temporary": False,
    1503        "materialized": False,
    1504        "cascade": False,
    1505        "constraints": False,
    1506        "purge": False,
    1507    }
    1508
    1509
    1510class Filter(Expression):
    1511    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    1512
    1513
    1514class Check(Expression):
    1515    pass
    1516
    1517
    1518# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/constructs/connect-by
    1519class Connect(Expression):
    1520    arg_types = {"start": False, "connect": True}
    1521
    1522
    1523class Prior(Expression):
    1524    pass
    1525
    1526
    1527class Directory(Expression):
    1528    # https://spark.apache.org/docs/3.0.0-preview/sql-ref-syntax-dml-insert-overwrite-directory-hive.html
    1529    arg_types = {"this": True, "local": False, "row_format": False}
    1530
    1531
    1532class ForeignKey(Expression):
    1533    arg_types = {
    1534        "expressions": True,
    1535        "reference": False,
    1536        "delete": False,
    1537        "update": False,
    1538    }
    1539
    1540
    1541class ColumnPrefix(Expression):
    1542    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    1543
    1544
    1545class PrimaryKey(Expression):
    1546    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "options": False}
    1547
    1548
    1549# https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/sql-selectinto.html
    1550# https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_SELECT_INTO.html#r_SELECT_INTO-examples
    1551class Into(Expression):
    1552    arg_types = {"this": True, "temporary": False, "unlogged": False}
    1553
    1554
    1555class From(Expression):
    1556    @property
    1557    def name(self) -> str:
    1558        return self.this.name
    1559
    1560    @property
    1561    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
    1562        return self.this.alias_or_name
    1563
    1564
    1565class Having(Expression):
    1566    pass
    1567
    1568
    1569class Hint(Expression):
    1570    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    1571
    1572
    1573class JoinHint(Expression):
    1574    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    1575
    1576
    1577class Identifier(Expression):
    1578    arg_types = {"this": True, "quoted": False, "global": False, "temporary": False}
    1579
    1580    @property
    1581    def quoted(self) -> bool:
    1582        return bool(self.args.get("quoted"))
    1583
    1584    @property
    1585    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
    1586        return (self.this, self.quoted)
    1587
    1588    @property
    1589    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1590        return self.name
    1591
    1592
    1593class Index(Expression):
    1594    arg_types = {
    1595        "this": False,
    1596        "table": False,
    1597        "using": False,
    1598        "where": False,
    1599        "columns": False,
    1600        "unique": False,
    1601        "primary": False,
    1602        "amp": False,  # teradata
    1603        "partition_by": False,  # teradata
    1604    }
    1605
    1606
    1607class Insert(DDL):
    1608    arg_types = {
    1609        "with": False,
    1610        "this": True,
    1611        "expression": False,
    1612        "conflict": False,
    1613        "returning": False,
    1614        "overwrite": False,
    1615        "exists": False,
    1616        "partition": False,
    1617        "alternative": False,
    1618        "where": False,
    1619        "ignore": False,
    1620        "by_name": False,
    1621    }
    1622
    1623    def with_(
    1624        self,
    1625        alias: ExpOrStr,
    1626        as_: ExpOrStr,
    1627        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    1628        append: bool = True,
    1629        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1630        copy: bool = True,
    1631        **opts,
    1632    ) -> Insert:
    1633        """
    1634        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    1635
    1636        Example:
    1637            >>> insert("SELECT x FROM cte", "t").with_("cte", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").sql()
    1638            'WITH cte AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) INSERT INTO t SELECT x FROM cte'
    1639
    1640        Args:
    1641            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    1642                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    1643            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    1644                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1645            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    1646            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    1647                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    1648            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1649            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1650            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1651
    1652        Returns:
    1653            The modified expression.
    1654        """
    1655        return _apply_cte_builder(
    1656            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    1657        )
    1658
    1659
    1660class OnConflict(Expression):
    1661    arg_types = {
    1662        "duplicate": False,
    1663        "expressions": False,
    1664        "nothing": False,
    1665        "key": False,
    1666        "constraint": False,
    1667    }
    1668
    1669
    1670class Returning(Expression):
    1671    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "into": False}
    1672
    1673
    1674# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/charset-introducer.html
    1675class Introducer(Expression):
    1676    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    1677
    1678
    1679# national char, like n'utf8'
    1680class National(Expression):
    1681    pass
    1682
    1683
    1684class LoadData(Expression):
    1685    arg_types = {
    1686        "this": True,
    1687        "local": False,
    1688        "overwrite": False,
    1689        "inpath": True,
    1690        "partition": False,
    1691        "input_format": False,
    1692        "serde": False,
    1693    }
    1694
    1695
    1696class Partition(Expression):
    1697    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    1698
    1699
    1700class Fetch(Expression):
    1701    arg_types = {
    1702        "direction": False,
    1703        "count": False,
    1704        "percent": False,
    1705        "with_ties": False,
    1706    }
    1707
    1708
    1709class Group(Expression):
    1710    arg_types = {
    1711        "expressions": False,
    1712        "grouping_sets": False,
    1713        "cube": False,
    1714        "rollup": False,
    1715        "totals": False,
    1716        "all": False,
    1717    }
    1718
    1719
    1720class Lambda(Expression):
    1721    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    1722
    1723
    1724class Limit(Expression):
    1725    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": True, "offset": False}
    1726
    1727
    1728class Literal(Condition):
    1729    arg_types = {"this": True, "is_string": True}
    1730
    1731    @property
    1732    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
    1733        return (self.this, self.args.get("is_string"))
    1734
    1735    @classmethod
    1736    def number(cls, number) -> Literal:
    1737        return cls(this=str(number), is_string=False)
    1738
    1739    @classmethod
    1740    def string(cls, string) -> Literal:
    1741        return cls(this=str(string), is_string=True)
    1742
    1743    @property
    1744    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1745        return self.name
    1746
    1747
    1748class Join(Expression):
    1749    arg_types = {
    1750        "this": True,
    1751        "on": False,
    1752        "side": False,
    1753        "kind": False,
    1754        "using": False,
    1755        "method": False,
    1756        "global": False,
    1757        "hint": False,
    1758    }
    1759
    1760    @property
    1761    def method(self) -> str:
    1762        return self.text("method").upper()
    1763
    1764    @property
    1765    def kind(self) -> str:
    1766        return self.text("kind").upper()
    1767
    1768    @property
    1769    def side(self) -> str:
    1770        return self.text("side").upper()
    1771
    1772    @property
    1773    def hint(self) -> str:
    1774        return self.text("hint").upper()
    1775
    1776    @property
    1777    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
    1778        return self.this.alias_or_name
    1779
    1780    def on(
    1781        self,
    1782        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1783        append: bool = True,
    1784        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1785        copy: bool = True,
    1786        **opts,
    1787    ) -> Join:
    1788        """
    1789        Append to or set the ON expressions.
    1790
    1791        Example:
    1792            >>> import sqlglot
    1793            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).on("y = 1").sql()
    1794            'JOIN x ON y = 1'
    1795
    1796        Args:
    1797            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1798                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1799                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1800            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1801                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1802            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1803            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1804            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1805
    1806        Returns:
    1807            The modified Join expression.
    1808        """
    1809        join = _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1810            *expressions,
    1811            instance=self,
    1812            arg="on",
    1813            append=append,
    1814            dialect=dialect,
    1815            copy=copy,
    1816            **opts,
    1817        )
    1818
    1819        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1820            join.set("kind", None)
    1821
    1822        return join
    1823
    1824    def using(
    1825        self,
    1826        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1827        append: bool = True,
    1828        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1829        copy: bool = True,
    1830        **opts,
    1831    ) -> Join:
    1832        """
    1833        Append to or set the USING expressions.
    1834
    1835        Example:
    1836            >>> import sqlglot
    1837            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).using("foo", "bla").sql()
    1838            'JOIN x USING (foo, bla)'
    1839
    1840        Args:
    1841            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1842                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1843            append: if `True`, concatenate the new expressions to the existing "using" list.
    1844                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1845            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1846            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1847            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1848
    1849        Returns:
    1850            The modified Join expression.
    1851        """
    1852        join = _apply_list_builder(
    1853            *expressions,
    1854            instance=self,
    1855            arg="using",
    1856            append=append,
    1857            dialect=dialect,
    1858            copy=copy,
    1859            **opts,
    1860        )
    1861
    1862        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1863            join.set("kind", None)
    1864
    1865        return join
    1866
    1867
    1868class Lateral(UDTF):
    1869    arg_types = {"this": True, "view": False, "outer": False, "alias": False}
    1870
    1871
    1872class MatchRecognize(Expression):
    1873    arg_types = {
    1874        "partition_by": False,
    1875        "order": False,
    1876        "measures": False,
    1877        "rows": False,
    1878        "after": False,
    1879        "pattern": False,
    1880        "define": False,
    1881        "alias": False,
    1882    }
    1883
    1884
    1885# Clickhouse FROM FINAL modifier
    1886# https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/sql-reference/statements/select/from/#final-modifier
    1887class Final(Expression):
    1888    pass
    1889
    1890
    1891class Offset(Expression):
    1892    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": True}
    1893
    1894
    1895class Order(Expression):
    1896    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": True}
    1897
    1898
    1899# hive specific sorts
    1900# https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/Hive/LanguageManual+SortBy
    1901class Cluster(Order):
    1902    pass
    1903
    1904
    1905class Distribute(Order):
    1906    pass
    1907
    1908
    1909class Sort(Order):
    1910    pass
    1911
    1912
    1913class Ordered(Expression):
    1914    arg_types = {"this": True, "desc": True, "nulls_first": True}
    1915
    1916
    1917class Property(Expression):
    1918    arg_types = {"this": True, "value": True}
    1919
    1920
    1921class AlgorithmProperty(Property):
    1922    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1923
    1924
    1925class AutoIncrementProperty(Property):
    1926    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1927
    1928
    1929class BlockCompressionProperty(Property):
    1930    arg_types = {"autotemp": False, "always": False, "default": True, "manual": True, "never": True}
    1931
    1932
    1933class CharacterSetProperty(Property):
    1934    arg_types = {"this": True, "default": True}
    1935
    1936
    1937class ChecksumProperty(Property):
    1938    arg_types = {"on": False, "default": False}
    1939
    1940
    1941class CollateProperty(Property):
    1942    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1943
    1944
    1945class CopyGrantsProperty(Property):
    1946    arg_types = {}
    1947
    1948
    1949class DataBlocksizeProperty(Property):
    1950    arg_types = {
    1951        "size": False,
    1952        "units": False,
    1953        "minimum": False,
    1954        "maximum": False,
    1955        "default": False,
    1956    }
    1957
    1958
    1959class DefinerProperty(Property):
    1960    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1961
    1962
    1963class DistKeyProperty(Property):
    1964    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1965
    1966
    1967class DistStyleProperty(Property):
    1968    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1969
    1970
    1971class EngineProperty(Property):
    1972    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1973
    1974
    1975class HeapProperty(Property):
    1976    arg_types = {}
    1977
    1978
    1979class ToTableProperty(Property):
    1980    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1981
    1982
    1983class ExecuteAsProperty(Property):
    1984    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1985
    1986
    1987class ExternalProperty(Property):
    1988    arg_types = {"this": False}
    1989
    1990
    1991class FallbackProperty(Property):
    1992    arg_types = {"no": True, "protection": False}
    1993
    1994
    1995class FileFormatProperty(Property):
    1996    arg_types = {"this": True}
    1997
    1998
    1999class FreespaceProperty(Property):
    2000    arg_types = {"this": True, "percent": False}
    2001
    2002
    2003class InputOutputFormat(Expression):
    2004    arg_types = {"input_format": False, "output_format": False}
    2005
    2006
    2007class IsolatedLoadingProperty(Property):
    2008    arg_types = {
    2009        "no": True,
    2010        "concurrent": True,
    2011        "for_all": True,
    2012        "for_insert": True,
    2013        "for_none": True,
    2014    }
    2015
    2016
    2017class JournalProperty(Property):
    2018    arg_types = {
    2019        "no": False,
    2020        "dual": False,
    2021        "before": False,
    2022        "local": False,
    2023        "after": False,
    2024    }
    2025
    2026
    2027class LanguageProperty(Property):
    2028    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2029
    2030
    2031# spark ddl
    2032class ClusteredByProperty(Property):
    2033    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "sorted_by": False, "buckets": True}
    2034
    2035
    2036class DictProperty(Property):
    2037    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "settings": False}
    2038
    2039
    2040class DictSubProperty(Property):
    2041    pass
    2042
    2043
    2044class DictRange(Property):
    2045    arg_types = {"this": True, "min": True, "max": True}
    2046
    2047
    2048# Clickhouse CREATE ... ON CLUSTER modifier
    2049# https://clickhouse.com/docs/en/sql-reference/distributed-ddl
    2050class OnCluster(Property):
    2051    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2052
    2053
    2054class LikeProperty(Property):
    2055    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    2056
    2057
    2058class LocationProperty(Property):
    2059    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2060
    2061
    2062class LockingProperty(Property):
    2063    arg_types = {
    2064        "this": False,
    2065        "kind": True,
    2066        "for_or_in": True,
    2067        "lock_type": True,
    2068        "override": False,
    2069    }
    2070
    2071
    2072class LogProperty(Property):
    2073    arg_types = {"no": True}
    2074
    2075
    2076class MaterializedProperty(Property):
    2077    arg_types = {"this": False}
    2078
    2079
    2080class MergeBlockRatioProperty(Property):
    2081    arg_types = {"this": False, "no": False, "default": False, "percent": False}
    2082
    2083
    2084class NoPrimaryIndexProperty(Property):
    2085    arg_types = {}
    2086
    2087
    2088class OnProperty(Property):
    2089    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2090
    2091
    2092class OnCommitProperty(Property):
    2093    arg_types = {"delete": False}
    2094
    2095
    2096class PartitionedByProperty(Property):
    2097    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2098
    2099
    2100class ReturnsProperty(Property):
    2101    arg_types = {"this": True, "is_table": False, "table": False}
    2102
    2103
    2104class RowFormatProperty(Property):
    2105    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2106
    2107
    2108class RowFormatDelimitedProperty(Property):
    2109    # https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/hive/languagemanual+dml
    2110    arg_types = {
    2111        "fields": False,
    2112        "escaped": False,
    2113        "collection_items": False,
    2114        "map_keys": False,
    2115        "lines": False,
    2116        "null": False,
    2117        "serde": False,
    2118    }
    2119
    2120
    2121class RowFormatSerdeProperty(Property):
    2122    arg_types = {"this": True, "serde_properties": False}
    2123
    2124
    2125# https://spark.apache.org/docs/3.1.2/sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-transform.html
    2126class QueryTransform(Expression):
    2127    arg_types = {
    2128        "expressions": True,
    2129        "command_script": True,
    2130        "schema": False,
    2131        "row_format_before": False,
    2132        "record_writer": False,
    2133        "row_format_after": False,
    2134        "record_reader": False,
    2135    }
    2136
    2137
    2138class SchemaCommentProperty(Property):
    2139    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2140
    2141
    2142class SerdeProperties(Property):
    2143    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    2144
    2145
    2146class SetProperty(Property):
    2147    arg_types = {"multi": True}
    2148
    2149
    2150class SettingsProperty(Property):
    2151    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    2152
    2153
    2154class SortKeyProperty(Property):
    2155    arg_types = {"this": True, "compound": False}
    2156
    2157
    2158class SqlSecurityProperty(Property):
    2159    arg_types = {"definer": True}
    2160
    2161
    2162class StabilityProperty(Property):
    2163    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2164
    2165
    2166class TemporaryProperty(Property):
    2167    arg_types = {}
    2168
    2169
    2170class TransientProperty(Property):
    2171    arg_types = {"this": False}
    2172
    2173
    2174class VolatileProperty(Property):
    2175    arg_types = {"this": False}
    2176
    2177
    2178class WithDataProperty(Property):
    2179    arg_types = {"no": True, "statistics": False}
    2180
    2181
    2182class WithJournalTableProperty(Property):
    2183    arg_types = {"this": True}
    2184
    2185
    2186class Properties(Expression):
    2187    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    2188
    2189    NAME_TO_PROPERTY = {
    2190        "ALGORITHM": AlgorithmProperty,
    2191        "AUTO_INCREMENT": AutoIncrementProperty,
    2192        "CHARACTER SET": CharacterSetProperty,
    2193        "CLUSTERED_BY": ClusteredByProperty,
    2194        "COLLATE": CollateProperty,
    2195        "COMMENT": SchemaCommentProperty,
    2196        "DEFINER": DefinerProperty,
    2197        "DISTKEY": DistKeyProperty,
    2198        "DISTSTYLE": DistStyleProperty,
    2199        "ENGINE": EngineProperty,
    2200        "EXECUTE AS": ExecuteAsProperty,
    2201        "FORMAT": FileFormatProperty,
    2202        "LANGUAGE": LanguageProperty,
    2203        "LOCATION": LocationProperty,
    2204        "PARTITIONED_BY": PartitionedByProperty,
    2205        "RETURNS": ReturnsProperty,
    2206        "ROW_FORMAT": RowFormatProperty,
    2207        "SORTKEY": SortKeyProperty,
    2208    }
    2209
    2210    PROPERTY_TO_NAME = {v: k for k, v in NAME_TO_PROPERTY.items()}
    2211
    2212    # CREATE property locations
    2213    # Form: schema specified
    2214    #   create [POST_CREATE]
    2215    #     table a [POST_NAME]
    2216    #     (b int) [POST_SCHEMA]
    2217    #     with ([POST_WITH])
    2218    #     index (b) [POST_INDEX]
    2219    #
    2220    # Form: alias selection
    2221    #   create [POST_CREATE]
    2222    #     table a [POST_NAME]
    2223    #     as [POST_ALIAS] (select * from b) [POST_EXPRESSION]
    2224    #     index (c) [POST_INDEX]
    2225    class Location(AutoName):
    2226        POST_CREATE = auto()
    2227        POST_NAME = auto()
    2228        POST_SCHEMA = auto()
    2229        POST_WITH = auto()
    2230        POST_ALIAS = auto()
    2231        POST_EXPRESSION = auto()
    2232        POST_INDEX = auto()
    2233        UNSUPPORTED = auto()
    2234
    2235    @classmethod
    2236    def from_dict(cls, properties_dict: t.Dict) -> Properties:
    2237        expressions = []
    2238        for key, value in properties_dict.items():
    2239            property_cls = cls.NAME_TO_PROPERTY.get(key.upper())
    2240            if property_cls:
    2241                expressions.append(property_cls(this=convert(value)))
    2242            else:
    2243                expressions.append(Property(this=Literal.string(key), value=convert(value)))
    2244
    2245        return cls(expressions=expressions)
    2246
    2247
    2248class Qualify(Expression):
    2249    pass
    2250
    2251
    2252# https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/ias?topic=procedures-return-statement-in-sql
    2253class Return(Expression):
    2254    pass
    2255
    2256
    2257class Reference(Expression):
    2258    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "options": False}
    2259
    2260
    2261class Tuple(Expression):
    2262    arg_types = {"expressions": False}
    2263
    2264    def isin(
    2265        self,
    2266        *expressions: t.Any,
    2267        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2268        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2269        copy: bool = True,
    2270        **opts,
    2271    ) -> In:
    2272        return In(
    2273            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    2274            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
    2275            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
    2276            unnest=Unnest(
    2277                expressions=[
    2278                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
    2279                ]
    2280            )
    2281            if unnest
    2282            else None,
    2283        )
    2284
    2285
    2286class Subqueryable(Unionable):
    2287    def subquery(self, alias: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None, copy: bool = True) -> Subquery:
    2288        """
    2289        Convert this expression to an aliased expression that can be used as a Subquery.
    2290
    2291        Example:
    2292            >>> subquery = Select().select("x").from_("tbl").subquery()
    2293            >>> Select().select("x").from_(subquery).sql()
    2294            'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl)'
    2295
    2296        Args:
    2297            alias (str | Identifier): an optional alias for the subquery
    2298            copy (bool): if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2299
    2300        Returns:
    2301            Alias: the subquery
    2302        """
    2303        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    2304        if not isinstance(alias, Expression):
    2305            alias = TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None
    2306
    2307        return Subquery(this=instance, alias=alias)
    2308
    2309    def limit(
    2310        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2311    ) -> Select:
    2312        raise NotImplementedError
    2313
    2314    @property
    2315    def ctes(self):
    2316        with_ = self.args.get("with")
    2317        if not with_:
    2318            return []
    2319        return with_.expressions
    2320
    2321    @property
    2322    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2323        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `selects`")
    2324
    2325    @property
    2326    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2327        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `named_selects`")
    2328
    2329    def select(
    2330        self,
    2331        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2332        append: bool = True,
    2333        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2334        copy: bool = True,
    2335        **opts,
    2336    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2337        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `select`")
    2338
    2339    def with_(
    2340        self,
    2341        alias: ExpOrStr,
    2342        as_: ExpOrStr,
    2343        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2344        append: bool = True,
    2345        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2346        copy: bool = True,
    2347        **opts,
    2348    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2349        """
    2350        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    2351
    2352        Example:
    2353            >>> Select().with_("tbl2", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").select("x").from_("tbl2").sql()
    2354            'WITH tbl2 AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) SELECT x FROM tbl2'
    2355
    2356        Args:
    2357            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    2358                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2359            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    2360                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2361            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    2362            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2363                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2364            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2365            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2366            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2367
    2368        Returns:
    2369            The modified expression.
    2370        """
    2371        return _apply_cte_builder(
    2372            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    2373        )
    2374
    2375
    2376QUERY_MODIFIERS = {
    2377    "match": False,
    2378    "laterals": False,
    2379    "joins": False,
    2380    "connect": False,
    2381    "pivots": False,
    2382    "where": False,
    2383    "group": False,
    2384    "having": False,
    2385    "qualify": False,
    2386    "windows": False,
    2387    "distribute": False,
    2388    "sort": False,
    2389    "cluster": False,
    2390    "order": False,
    2391    "limit": False,
    2392    "offset": False,
    2393    "locks": False,
    2394    "sample": False,
    2395    "settings": False,
    2396    "format": False,
    2397}
    2398
    2399
    2400# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/hints-transact-sql-table?view=sql-server-ver16
    2401class WithTableHint(Expression):
    2402    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    2403
    2404
    2405# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/index-hints.html
    2406class IndexTableHint(Expression):
    2407    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "target": False}
    2408
    2409
    2410class Table(Expression):
    2411    arg_types = {
    2412        "this": True,
    2413        "alias": False,
    2414        "db": False,
    2415        "catalog": False,
    2416        "laterals": False,
    2417        "joins": False,
    2418        "pivots": False,
    2419        "hints": False,
    2420        "system_time": False,
    2421        "version": False,
    2422    }
    2423
    2424    @property
    2425    def name(self) -> str:
    2426        if isinstance(self.this, Func):
    2427            return ""
    2428        return self.this.name
    2429
    2430    @property
    2431    def db(self) -> str:
    2432        return self.text("db")
    2433
    2434    @property
    2435    def catalog(self) -> str:
    2436        return self.text("catalog")
    2437
    2438    @property
    2439    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2440        return []
    2441
    2442    @property
    2443    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2444        return []
    2445
    2446    @property
    2447    def parts(self) -> t.List[Identifier]:
    2448        """Return the parts of a table in order catalog, db, table."""
    2449        parts: t.List[Identifier] = []
    2450
    2451        for arg in ("catalog", "db", "this"):
    2452            part = self.args.get(arg)
    2453
    2454            if isinstance(part, Identifier):
    2455                parts.append(part)
    2456            elif isinstance(part, Dot):
    2457                parts.extend(part.flatten())
    2458
    2459        return parts
    2460
    2461
    2462class Union(Subqueryable):
    2463    arg_types = {
    2464        "with": False,
    2465        "this": True,
    2466        "expression": True,
    2467        "distinct": False,
    2468        "by_name": False,
    2469        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    2470    }
    2471
    2472    def limit(
    2473        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2474    ) -> Select:
    2475        """
    2476        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2477
    2478        Example:
    2479            >>> select("1").union(select("1")).limit(1).sql()
    2480            'SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 1) AS _l_0 LIMIT 1'
    2481
    2482        Args:
    2483            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2484                This can also be an integer.
    2485                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2486                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2487            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2488            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2489            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2490
    2491        Returns:
    2492            The limited subqueryable.
    2493        """
    2494        return (
    2495            select("*")
    2496            .from_(self.subquery(alias="_l_0", copy=copy))
    2497            .limit(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2498        )
    2499
    2500    def select(
    2501        self,
    2502        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2503        append: bool = True,
    2504        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2505        copy: bool = True,
    2506        **opts,
    2507    ) -> Union:
    2508        """Append to or set the SELECT of the union recursively.
    2509
    2510        Example:
    2511            >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    2512            >>> parse_one("select a from x union select a from y union select a from z").select("b").sql()
    2513            'SELECT a, b FROM x UNION SELECT a, b FROM y UNION SELECT a, b FROM z'
    2514
    2515        Args:
    2516            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2517                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2518            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2519                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2520            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2521            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2522            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2523
    2524        Returns:
    2525            Union: the modified expression.
    2526        """
    2527        this = self.copy() if copy else self
    2528        this.this.unnest().select(*expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2529        this.expression.unnest().select(
    2530            *expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts
    2531        )
    2532        return this
    2533
    2534    @property
    2535    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2536        return self.this.unnest().named_selects
    2537
    2538    @property
    2539    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    2540        return self.this.is_star or self.expression.is_star
    2541
    2542    @property
    2543    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2544        return self.this.unnest().selects
    2545
    2546    @property
    2547    def left(self):
    2548        return self.this
    2549
    2550    @property
    2551    def right(self):
    2552        return self.expression
    2553
    2554
    2555class Except(Union):
    2556    pass
    2557
    2558
    2559class Intersect(Union):
    2560    pass
    2561
    2562
    2563class Unnest(UDTF):
    2564    arg_types = {
    2565        "expressions": True,
    2566        "ordinality": False,
    2567        "alias": False,
    2568        "offset": False,
    2569    }
    2570
    2571
    2572class Update(Expression):
    2573    arg_types = {
    2574        "with": False,
    2575        "this": False,
    2576        "expressions": True,
    2577        "from": False,
    2578        "where": False,
    2579        "returning": False,
    2580        "order": False,
    2581        "limit": False,
    2582    }
    2583
    2584
    2585class Values(UDTF):
    2586    arg_types = {
    2587        "expressions": True,
    2588        "ordinality": False,
    2589        "alias": False,
    2590    }
    2591
    2592
    2593class Var(Expression):
    2594    pass
    2595
    2596
    2597class Version(Expression):
    2598    """
    2599    Time travel, iceberg, bigquery etc
    2600    https://trino.io/docs/current/connector/iceberg.html?highlight=snapshot#using-snapshots
    2601    https://www.databricks.com/blog/2019/02/04/introducing-delta-time-travel-for-large-scale-data-lakes.html
    2602    https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax#for_system_time_as_of
    2603    https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/tables/querying-data-in-a-system-versioned-temporal-table?view=sql-server-ver16
    2604    this is either TIMESTAMP or VERSION
    2605    kind is ("AS OF", "BETWEEN")
    2606    """
    2607
    2608    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "expression": False}
    2609
    2610
    2611class Schema(Expression):
    2612    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": False}
    2613
    2614
    2615# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/select.html
    2616# https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/SELECT.html
    2617class Lock(Expression):
    2618    arg_types = {"update": True, "expressions": False, "wait": False}
    2619
    2620
    2621class Select(Subqueryable):
    2622    arg_types = {
    2623        "with": False,
    2624        "kind": False,
    2625        "expressions": False,
    2626        "hint": False,
    2627        "distinct": False,
    2628        "into": False,
    2629        "from": False,
    2630        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    2631    }
    2632
    2633    def from_(
    2634        self, expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2635    ) -> Select:
    2636        """
    2637        Set the FROM expression.
    2638
    2639        Example:
    2640            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sql()
    2641            'SELECT x FROM tbl'
    2642
    2643        Args:
    2644            expression : the SQL code strings to parse.
    2645                If a `From` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2646                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `From`.
    2647            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2648            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2649            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2650
    2651        Returns:
    2652            The modified Select expression.
    2653        """
    2654        return _apply_builder(
    2655            expression=expression,
    2656            instance=self,
    2657            arg="from",
    2658            into=From,
    2659            prefix="FROM",
    2660            dialect=dialect,
    2661            copy=copy,
    2662            **opts,
    2663        )
    2664
    2665    def group_by(
    2666        self,
    2667        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2668        append: bool = True,
    2669        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2670        copy: bool = True,
    2671        **opts,
    2672    ) -> Select:
    2673        """
    2674        Set the GROUP BY expression.
    2675
    2676        Example:
    2677            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x", "COUNT(1)").group_by("x").sql()
    2678            'SELECT x, COUNT(1) FROM tbl GROUP BY x'
    2679
    2680        Args:
    2681            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2682                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2683                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Group`.
    2684                If nothing is passed in then a group by is not applied to the expression
    2685            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2686                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Group` expression into a single expression.
    2687            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2688            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2689            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2690
    2691        Returns:
    2692            The modified Select expression.
    2693        """
    2694        if not expressions:
    2695            return self if not copy else self.copy()
    2696
    2697        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2698            *expressions,
    2699            instance=self,
    2700            arg="group",
    2701            append=append,
    2702            copy=copy,
    2703            prefix="GROUP BY",
    2704            into=Group,
    2705            dialect=dialect,
    2706            **opts,
    2707        )
    2708
    2709    def order_by(
    2710        self,
    2711        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2712        append: bool = True,
    2713        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2714        copy: bool = True,
    2715        **opts,
    2716    ) -> Select:
    2717        """
    2718        Set the ORDER BY expression.
    2719
    2720        Example:
    2721            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").order_by("x DESC").sql()
    2722            'SELECT x FROM tbl ORDER BY x DESC'
    2723
    2724        Args:
    2725            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2726                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2727                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Order`.
    2728            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2729                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2730            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2731            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2732            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2733
    2734        Returns:
    2735            The modified Select expression.
    2736        """
    2737        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2738            *expressions,
    2739            instance=self,
    2740            arg="order",
    2741            append=append,
    2742            copy=copy,
    2743            prefix="ORDER BY",
    2744            into=Order,
    2745            dialect=dialect,
    2746            **opts,
    2747        )
    2748
    2749    def sort_by(
    2750        self,
    2751        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2752        append: bool = True,
    2753        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2754        copy: bool = True,
    2755        **opts,
    2756    ) -> Select:
    2757        """
    2758        Set the SORT BY expression.
    2759
    2760        Example:
    2761            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sort_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2762            'SELECT x FROM tbl SORT BY x DESC'
    2763
    2764        Args:
    2765            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2766                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2767                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `SORT`.
    2768            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2769                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2770            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2771            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2772            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2773
    2774        Returns:
    2775            The modified Select expression.
    2776        """
    2777        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2778            *expressions,
    2779            instance=self,
    2780            arg="sort",
    2781            append=append,
    2782            copy=copy,
    2783            prefix="SORT BY",
    2784            into=Sort,
    2785            dialect=dialect,
    2786            **opts,
    2787        )
    2788
    2789    def cluster_by(
    2790        self,
    2791        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2792        append: bool = True,
    2793        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2794        copy: bool = True,
    2795        **opts,
    2796    ) -> Select:
    2797        """
    2798        Set the CLUSTER BY expression.
    2799
    2800        Example:
    2801            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").cluster_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2802            'SELECT x FROM tbl CLUSTER BY x DESC'
    2803
    2804        Args:
    2805            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2806                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2807                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Cluster`.
    2808            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2809                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2810            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2811            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2812            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2813
    2814        Returns:
    2815            The modified Select expression.
    2816        """
    2817        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2818            *expressions,
    2819            instance=self,
    2820            arg="cluster",
    2821            append=append,
    2822            copy=copy,
    2823            prefix="CLUSTER BY",
    2824            into=Cluster,
    2825            dialect=dialect,
    2826            **opts,
    2827        )
    2828
    2829    def limit(
    2830        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2831    ) -> Select:
    2832        """
    2833        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2834
    2835        Example:
    2836            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").limit(10).sql()
    2837            'SELECT x FROM tbl LIMIT 10'
    2838
    2839        Args:
    2840            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2841                This can also be an integer.
    2842                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2843                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2844            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2845            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2846            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2847
    2848        Returns:
    2849            Select: the modified expression.
    2850        """
    2851        return _apply_builder(
    2852            expression=expression,
    2853            instance=self,
    2854            arg="limit",
    2855            into=Limit,
    2856            prefix="LIMIT",
    2857            dialect=dialect,
    2858            copy=copy,
    2859            **opts,
    2860        )
    2861
    2862    def offset(
    2863        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2864    ) -> Select:
    2865        """
    2866        Set the OFFSET expression.
    2867
    2868        Example:
    2869            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").offset(10).sql()
    2870            'SELECT x FROM tbl OFFSET 10'
    2871
    2872        Args:
    2873            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2874                This can also be an integer.
    2875                If a `Offset` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2876                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Offset`.
    2877            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2878            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2879            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2880
    2881        Returns:
    2882            The modified Select expression.
    2883        """
    2884        return _apply_builder(
    2885            expression=expression,
    2886            instance=self,
    2887            arg="offset",
    2888            into=Offset,
    2889            prefix="OFFSET",
    2890            dialect=dialect,
    2891            copy=copy,
    2892            **opts,
    2893        )
    2894
    2895    def select(
    2896        self,
    2897        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2898        append: bool = True,
    2899        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2900        copy: bool = True,
    2901        **opts,
    2902    ) -> Select:
    2903        """
    2904        Append to or set the SELECT expressions.
    2905
    2906        Example:
    2907            >>> Select().select("x", "y").sql()
    2908            'SELECT x, y'
    2909
    2910        Args:
    2911            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2912                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2913            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2914                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2915            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2916            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2917            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2918
    2919        Returns:
    2920            The modified Select expression.
    2921        """
    2922        return _apply_list_builder(
    2923            *expressions,
    2924            instance=self,
    2925            arg="expressions",
    2926            append=append,
    2927            dialect=dialect,
    2928            copy=copy,
    2929            **opts,
    2930        )
    2931
    2932    def lateral(
    2933        self,
    2934        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2935        append: bool = True,
    2936        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2937        copy: bool = True,
    2938        **opts,
    2939    ) -> Select:
    2940        """
    2941        Append to or set the LATERAL expressions.
    2942
    2943        Example:
    2944            >>> Select().select("x").lateral("OUTER explode(y) tbl2 AS z").from_("tbl").sql()
    2945            'SELECT x FROM tbl LATERAL VIEW OUTER EXPLODE(y) tbl2 AS z'
    2946
    2947        Args:
    2948            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2949                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2950            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2951                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2952            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2953            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2954            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2955
    2956        Returns:
    2957            The modified Select expression.
    2958        """
    2959        return _apply_list_builder(
    2960            *expressions,
    2961            instance=self,
    2962            arg="laterals",
    2963            append=append,
    2964            into=Lateral,
    2965            prefix="LATERAL VIEW",
    2966            dialect=dialect,
    2967            copy=copy,
    2968            **opts,
    2969        )
    2970
    2971    def join(
    2972        self,
    2973        expression: ExpOrStr,
    2974        on: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2975        using: t.Optional[ExpOrStr | t.Collection[ExpOrStr]] = None,
    2976        append: bool = True,
    2977        join_type: t.Optional[str] = None,
    2978        join_alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    2979        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2980        copy: bool = True,
    2981        **opts,
    2982    ) -> Select:
    2983        """
    2984        Append to or set the JOIN expressions.
    2985
    2986        Example:
    2987            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y").sql()
    2988            'SELECT * FROM tbl JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    2989
    2990            >>> Select().select("1").from_("a").join("b", using=["x", "y", "z"]).sql()
    2991            'SELECT 1 FROM a JOIN b USING (x, y, z)'
    2992
    2993            Use `join_type` to change the type of join:
    2994
    2995            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y", join_type="left outer").sql()
    2996            'SELECT * FROM tbl LEFT OUTER JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    2997
    2998        Args:
    2999            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    3000                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3001            on: optionally specify the join "on" criteria as a SQL string.
    3002                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3003            using: optionally specify the join "using" criteria as a SQL string.
    3004                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3005            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    3006                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    3007            join_type: if set, alter the parsed join type.
    3008            join_alias: an optional alias for the joined source.
    3009            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3010            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3011            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3012
    3013        Returns:
    3014            Select: the modified expression.
    3015        """
    3016        parse_args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {"dialect": dialect, **opts}
    3017
    3018        try:
    3019            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=Join, prefix="JOIN", **parse_args)
    3020        except ParseError:
    3021            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=(Join, Expression), **parse_args)
    3022
    3023        join = expression if isinstance(expression, Join) else Join(this=expression)
    3024
    3025        if isinstance(join.this, Select):
    3026            join.this.replace(join.this.subquery())
    3027
    3028        if join_type:
    3029            method: t.Optional[Token]
    3030            side: t.Optional[Token]
    3031            kind: t.Optional[Token]
    3032
    3033            method, side, kind = maybe_parse(join_type, into="JOIN_TYPE", **parse_args)  # type: ignore
    3034
    3035            if method:
    3036                join.set("method", method.text)
    3037            if side:
    3038                join.set("side", side.text)
    3039            if kind:
    3040                join.set("kind", kind.text)
    3041
    3042        if on:
    3043            on = and_(*ensure_list(on), dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    3044            join.set("on", on)
    3045
    3046        if using:
    3047            join = _apply_list_builder(
    3048                *ensure_list(using),
    3049                instance=join,
    3050                arg="using",
    3051                append=append,
    3052                copy=copy,
    3053                into=Identifier,
    3054                **opts,
    3055            )
    3056
    3057        if join_alias:
    3058            join.set("this", alias_(join.this, join_alias, table=True))
    3059
    3060        return _apply_list_builder(
    3061            join,
    3062            instance=self,
    3063            arg="joins",
    3064            append=append,
    3065            copy=copy,
    3066            **opts,
    3067        )
    3068
    3069    def where(
    3070        self,
    3071        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3072        append: bool = True,
    3073        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3074        copy: bool = True,
    3075        **opts,
    3076    ) -> Select:
    3077        """
    3078        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    3079
    3080        Example:
    3081            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    3082            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    3083
    3084        Args:
    3085            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3086                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3087                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3088            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3089                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3090            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3091            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3092            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3093
    3094        Returns:
    3095            Select: the modified expression.
    3096        """
    3097        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3098            *expressions,
    3099            instance=self,
    3100            arg="where",
    3101            append=append,
    3102            into=Where,
    3103            dialect=dialect,
    3104            copy=copy,
    3105            **opts,
    3106        )
    3107
    3108    def having(
    3109        self,
    3110        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3111        append: bool = True,
    3112        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3113        copy: bool = True,
    3114        **opts,
    3115    ) -> Select:
    3116        """
    3117        Append to or set the HAVING expressions.
    3118
    3119        Example:
    3120            >>> Select().select("x", "COUNT(y)").from_("tbl").group_by("x").having("COUNT(y) > 3").sql()
    3121            'SELECT x, COUNT(y) FROM tbl GROUP BY x HAVING COUNT(y) > 3'
    3122
    3123        Args:
    3124            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3125                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3126                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3127            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3128                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3129            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3130            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3131            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3132
    3133        Returns:
    3134            The modified Select expression.
    3135        """
    3136        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3137            *expressions,
    3138            instance=self,
    3139            arg="having",
    3140            append=append,
    3141            into=Having,
    3142            dialect=dialect,
    3143            copy=copy,
    3144            **opts,
    3145        )
    3146
    3147    def window(
    3148        self,
    3149        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3150        append: bool = True,
    3151        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3152        copy: bool = True,
    3153        **opts,
    3154    ) -> Select:
    3155        return _apply_list_builder(
    3156            *expressions,
    3157            instance=self,
    3158            arg="windows",
    3159            append=append,
    3160            into=Window,
    3161            dialect=dialect,
    3162            copy=copy,
    3163            **opts,
    3164        )
    3165
    3166    def qualify(
    3167        self,
    3168        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3169        append: bool = True,
    3170        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3171        copy: bool = True,
    3172        **opts,
    3173    ) -> Select:
    3174        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3175            *expressions,
    3176            instance=self,
    3177            arg="qualify",
    3178            append=append,
    3179            into=Qualify,
    3180            dialect=dialect,
    3181            copy=copy,
    3182            **opts,
    3183        )
    3184
    3185    def distinct(
    3186        self, *ons: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], distinct: bool = True, copy: bool = True
    3187    ) -> Select:
    3188        """
    3189        Set the OFFSET expression.
    3190
    3191        Example:
    3192            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").distinct().sql()
    3193            'SELECT DISTINCT x FROM tbl'
    3194
    3195        Args:
    3196            ons: the expressions to distinct on
    3197            distinct: whether the Select should be distinct
    3198            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3199
    3200        Returns:
    3201            Select: the modified expression.
    3202        """
    3203        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3204        on = Tuple(expressions=[maybe_parse(on, copy=copy) for on in ons if on]) if ons else None
    3205        instance.set("distinct", Distinct(on=on) if distinct else None)
    3206        return instance
    3207
    3208    def ctas(
    3209        self,
    3210        table: ExpOrStr,
    3211        properties: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None,
    3212        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3213        copy: bool = True,
    3214        **opts,
    3215    ) -> Create:
    3216        """
    3217        Convert this expression to a CREATE TABLE AS statement.
    3218
    3219        Example:
    3220            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").ctas("x").sql()
    3221            'CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT * FROM tbl'
    3222
    3223        Args:
    3224            table: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    3225                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3226            properties: an optional mapping of table properties
    3227            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input table.
    3228            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3229            opts: other options to use to parse the input table.
    3230
    3231        Returns:
    3232            The new Create expression.
    3233        """
    3234        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3235        table_expression = maybe_parse(
    3236            table,
    3237            into=Table,
    3238            dialect=dialect,
    3239            **opts,
    3240        )
    3241        properties_expression = None
    3242        if properties:
    3243            properties_expression = Properties.from_dict(properties)
    3244
    3245        return Create(
    3246            this=table_expression,
    3247            kind="table",
    3248            expression=instance,
    3249            properties=properties_expression,
    3250        )
    3251
    3252    def lock(self, update: bool = True, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3253        """
    3254        Set the locking read mode for this expression.
    3255
    3256        Examples:
    3257            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock().sql("mysql")
    3258            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR UPDATE"
    3259
    3260            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock(update=False).sql("mysql")
    3261            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR SHARE"
    3262
    3263        Args:
    3264            update: if `True`, the locking type will be `FOR UPDATE`, else it will be `FOR SHARE`.
    3265            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3266
    3267        Returns:
    3268            The modified expression.
    3269        """
    3270        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3271        inst.set("locks", [Lock(update=update)])
    3272
    3273        return inst
    3274
    3275    def hint(self, *hints: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3276        """
    3277        Set hints for this expression.
    3278
    3279        Examples:
    3280            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").hint("BROADCAST(y)").sql(dialect="spark")
    3281            'SELECT /*+ BROADCAST(y) */ x FROM tbl'
    3282
    3283        Args:
    3284            hints: The SQL code strings to parse as the hints.
    3285                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3286            dialect: The dialect used to parse the hints.
    3287            copy: If `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3288
    3289        Returns:
    3290            The modified expression.
    3291        """
    3292        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3293        inst.set(
    3294            "hint", Hint(expressions=[maybe_parse(h, copy=copy, dialect=dialect) for h in hints])
    3295        )
    3296
    3297        return inst
    3298
    3299    @property
    3300    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    3301        return [e.output_name for e in self.expressions if e.alias_or_name]
    3302
    3303    @property
    3304    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    3305        return any(expression.is_star for expression in self.expressions)
    3306
    3307    @property
    3308    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    3309        return self.expressions
    3310
    3311
    3312class Subquery(DerivedTable, Unionable):
    3313    arg_types = {
    3314        "this": True,
    3315        "alias": False,
    3316        "with": False,
    3317        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    3318    }
    3319
    3320    def unnest(self):
    3321        """
    3322        Returns the first non subquery.
    3323        """
    3324        expression = self
    3325        while isinstance(expression, Subquery):
    3326            expression = expression.this
    3327        return expression
    3328
    3329    def unwrap(self) -> Subquery:
    3330        expression = self
    3331        while expression.same_parent and expression.is_wrapper:
    3332            expression = t.cast(Subquery, expression.parent)
    3333        return expression
    3334
    3335    @property
    3336    def is_wrapper(self) -> bool:
    3337        """
    3338        Whether this Subquery acts as a simple wrapper around another expression.
    3339
    3340        SELECT * FROM (((SELECT * FROM t)))
    3341                      ^
    3342                      This corresponds to a "wrapper" Subquery node
    3343        """
    3344        return all(v is None for k, v in self.args.items() if k != "this")
    3345
    3346    @property
    3347    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    3348        return self.this.is_star
    3349
    3350    @property
    3351    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3352        return self.alias
    3353
    3354
    3355class TableSample(Expression):
    3356    arg_types = {
    3357        "this": False,
    3358        "expressions": False,
    3359        "method": False,
    3360        "bucket_numerator": False,
    3361        "bucket_denominator": False,
    3362        "bucket_field": False,
    3363        "percent": False,
    3364        "rows": False,
    3365        "size": False,
    3366        "seed": False,
    3367        "kind": False,
    3368    }
    3369
    3370
    3371class Tag(Expression):
    3372    """Tags are used for generating arbitrary sql like SELECT <span>x</span>."""
    3373
    3374    arg_types = {
    3375        "this": False,
    3376        "prefix": False,
    3377        "postfix": False,
    3378    }
    3379
    3380
    3381# Represents both the standard SQL PIVOT operator and DuckDB's "simplified" PIVOT syntax
    3382# https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/pivot
    3383class Pivot(Expression):
    3384    arg_types = {
    3385        "this": False,
    3386        "alias": False,
    3387        "expressions": True,
    3388        "field": False,
    3389        "unpivot": False,
    3390        "using": False,
    3391        "group": False,
    3392        "columns": False,
    3393        "include_nulls": False,
    3394    }
    3395
    3396
    3397class Window(Condition):
    3398    arg_types = {
    3399        "this": True,
    3400        "partition_by": False,
    3401        "order": False,
    3402        "spec": False,
    3403        "alias": False,
    3404        "over": False,
    3405        "first": False,
    3406    }
    3407
    3408
    3409class WindowSpec(Expression):
    3410    arg_types = {
    3411        "kind": False,
    3412        "start": False,
    3413        "start_side": False,
    3414        "end": False,
    3415        "end_side": False,
    3416    }
    3417
    3418
    3419class Where(Expression):
    3420    pass
    3421
    3422
    3423class Star(Expression):
    3424    arg_types = {"except": False, "replace": False}
    3425
    3426    @property
    3427    def name(self) -> str:
    3428        return "*"
    3429
    3430    @property
    3431    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3432        return self.name
    3433
    3434
    3435class Parameter(Condition):
    3436    arg_types = {"this": True, "wrapped": False}
    3437
    3438
    3439class SessionParameter(Condition):
    3440    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False}
    3441
    3442
    3443class Placeholder(Condition):
    3444    arg_types = {"this": False, "kind": False}
    3445
    3446
    3447class Null(Condition):
    3448    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
    3449
    3450    @property
    3451    def name(self) -> str:
    3452        return "NULL"
    3453
    3454
    3455class Boolean(Condition):
    3456    pass
    3457
    3458
    3459class DataTypeParam(Expression):
    3460    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    3461
    3462
    3463class DataType(Expression):
    3464    arg_types = {
    3465        "this": True,
    3466        "expressions": False,
    3467        "nested": False,
    3468        "values": False,
    3469        "prefix": False,
    3470        "kind": False,
    3471    }
    3472
    3473    class Type(AutoName):
    3474        ARRAY = auto()
    3475        BIGDECIMAL = auto()
    3476        BIGINT = auto()
    3477        BIGSERIAL = auto()
    3478        BINARY = auto()
    3479        BIT = auto()
    3480        BOOLEAN = auto()
    3481        CHAR = auto()
    3482        DATE = auto()
    3483        DATEMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3484        DATERANGE = auto()
    3485        DATETIME = auto()
    3486        DATETIME64 = auto()
    3487        DECIMAL = auto()
    3488        DOUBLE = auto()
    3489        ENUM = auto()
    3490        ENUM8 = auto()
    3491        ENUM16 = auto()
    3492        FIXEDSTRING = auto()
    3493        FLOAT = auto()
    3494        GEOGRAPHY = auto()
    3495        GEOMETRY = auto()
    3496        HLLSKETCH = auto()
    3497        HSTORE = auto()
    3498        IMAGE = auto()
    3499        INET = auto()
    3500        INT = auto()
    3501        INT128 = auto()
    3502        INT256 = auto()
    3503        INT4MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3504        INT4RANGE = auto()
    3505        INT8MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3506        INT8RANGE = auto()
    3507        INTERVAL = auto()
    3508        IPADDRESS = auto()
    3509        IPPREFIX = auto()
    3510        JSON = auto()
    3511        JSONB = auto()
    3512        LONGBLOB = auto()
    3513        LONGTEXT = auto()
    3514        LOWCARDINALITY = auto()
    3515        MAP = auto()
    3516        MEDIUMBLOB = auto()
    3517        MEDIUMINT = auto()
    3518        MEDIUMTEXT = auto()
    3519        MONEY = auto()
    3520        NCHAR = auto()
    3521        NESTED = auto()
    3522        NULL = auto()
    3523        NULLABLE = auto()
    3524        NUMMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3525        NUMRANGE = auto()
    3526        NVARCHAR = auto()
    3527        OBJECT = auto()
    3528        ROWVERSION = auto()
    3529        SERIAL = auto()
    3530        SET = auto()
    3531        SMALLINT = auto()
    3532        SMALLMONEY = auto()
    3533        SMALLSERIAL = auto()
    3534        STRUCT = auto()
    3535        SUPER = auto()
    3536        TEXT = auto()
    3537        TINYBLOB = auto()
    3538        TINYTEXT = auto()
    3539        TIME = auto()
    3540        TIMETZ = auto()
    3541        TIMESTAMP = auto()
    3542        TIMESTAMPLTZ = auto()
    3543        TIMESTAMPTZ = auto()
    3544        TINYINT = auto()
    3545        TSMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3546        TSRANGE = auto()
    3547        TSTZMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3548        TSTZRANGE = auto()
    3549        UBIGINT = auto()
    3550        UINT = auto()
    3551        UINT128 = auto()
    3552        UINT256 = auto()
    3553        UMEDIUMINT = auto()
    3554        UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = auto()
    3555        UNKNOWN = auto()  # Sentinel value, useful for type annotation
    3556        USERDEFINED = "USER-DEFINED"
    3557        USMALLINT = auto()
    3558        UTINYINT = auto()
    3559        UUID = auto()
    3560        VARBINARY = auto()
    3561        VARCHAR = auto()
    3562        VARIANT = auto()
    3563        XML = auto()
    3564        YEAR = auto()
    3565
    3566    TEXT_TYPES = {
    3567        Type.CHAR,
    3568        Type.NCHAR,
    3569        Type.VARCHAR,
    3570        Type.NVARCHAR,
    3571        Type.TEXT,
    3572    }
    3573
    3574    INTEGER_TYPES = {
    3575        Type.INT,
    3576        Type.TINYINT,
    3577        Type.SMALLINT,
    3578        Type.BIGINT,
    3579        Type.INT128,
    3580        Type.INT256,
    3581    }
    3582
    3583    FLOAT_TYPES = {
    3584        Type.FLOAT,
    3585        Type.DOUBLE,
    3586    }
    3587
    3588    NUMERIC_TYPES = {
    3589        *INTEGER_TYPES,
    3590        *FLOAT_TYPES,
    3591    }
    3592
    3593    TEMPORAL_TYPES = {
    3594        Type.TIME,
    3595        Type.TIMETZ,
    3596        Type.TIMESTAMP,
    3597        Type.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    3598        Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    3599        Type.DATE,
    3600        Type.DATETIME,
    3601        Type.DATETIME64,
    3602    }
    3603
    3604    @classmethod
    3605    def build(
    3606        cls,
    3607        dtype: str | DataType | DataType.Type,
    3608        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3609        udt: bool = False,
    3610        **kwargs,
    3611    ) -> DataType:
    3612        """
    3613        Constructs a DataType object.
    3614
    3615        Args:
    3616            dtype: the data type of interest.
    3617            dialect: the dialect to use for parsing `dtype`, in case it's a string.
    3618            udt: when set to True, `dtype` will be used as-is if it can't be parsed into a
    3619                DataType, thus creating a user-defined type.
    3620            kawrgs: additional arguments to pass in the constructor of DataType.
    3621
    3622        Returns:
    3623            The constructed DataType object.
    3624        """
    3625        from sqlglot import parse_one
    3626
    3627        if isinstance(dtype, str):
    3628            if dtype.upper() == "UNKNOWN":
    3629                return DataType(this=DataType.Type.UNKNOWN, **kwargs)
    3630
    3631            try:
    3632                data_type_exp = parse_one(dtype, read=dialect, into=DataType)
    3633            except ParseError:
    3634                if udt:
    3635                    return DataType(this=DataType.Type.USERDEFINED, kind=dtype, **kwargs)
    3636                raise
    3637        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType.Type):
    3638            data_type_exp = DataType(this=dtype)
    3639        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType):
    3640            return dtype
    3641        else:
    3642            raise ValueError(f"Invalid data type: {type(dtype)}. Expected str or DataType.Type")
    3643
    3644        return DataType(**{**data_type_exp.args, **kwargs})
    3645
    3646    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    3647        """
    3648        Checks whether this DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types or precision
    3649        will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g. array<int> != array<float>.
    3650
    3651        Args:
    3652            dtypes: the data types to compare this DataType to.
    3653
    3654        Returns:
    3655            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this DataType.
    3656        """
    3657        for dtype in dtypes:
    3658            other = DataType.build(dtype, udt=True)
    3659
    3660            if (
    3661                other.expressions
    3662                or self.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3663                or other.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3664            ):
    3665                matches = self == other
    3666            else:
    3667                matches = self.this == other.this
    3668
    3669            if matches:
    3670                return True
    3671        return False
    3672
    3673
    3674# https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/datatype-pseudo.html
    3675class PseudoType(Expression):
    3676    pass
    3677
    3678
    3679# https://www.postgresql.org/docs/15/datatype-oid.html
    3680class ObjectIdentifier(Expression):
    3681    pass
    3682
    3683
    3684# WHERE x <OP> EXISTS|ALL|ANY|SOME(SELECT ...)
    3685class SubqueryPredicate(Predicate):
    3686    pass
    3687
    3688
    3689class All(SubqueryPredicate):
    3690    pass
    3691
    3692
    3693class Any(SubqueryPredicate):
    3694    pass
    3695
    3696
    3697class Exists(SubqueryPredicate):
    3698    pass
    3699
    3700
    3701# Commands to interact with the databases or engines. For most of the command
    3702# expressions we parse whatever comes after the command's name as a string.
    3703class Command(Expression):
    3704    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    3705
    3706
    3707class Transaction(Expression):
    3708    arg_types = {"this": False, "modes": False, "mark": False}
    3709
    3710
    3711class Commit(Expression):
    3712    arg_types = {"chain": False, "this": False, "durability": False}
    3713
    3714
    3715class Rollback(Expression):
    3716    arg_types = {"savepoint": False, "this": False}
    3717
    3718
    3719class AlterTable(Expression):
    3720    arg_types = {"this": True, "actions": True, "exists": False, "only": False}
    3721
    3722
    3723class AddConstraint(Expression):
    3724    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False, "enforced": False}
    3725
    3726
    3727class DropPartition(Expression):
    3728    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "exists": False}
    3729
    3730
    3731# Binary expressions like (ADD a b)
    3732class Binary(Condition):
    3733    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    3734
    3735    @property
    3736    def left(self):
    3737        return self.this
    3738
    3739    @property
    3740    def right(self):
    3741        return self.expression
    3742
    3743
    3744class Add(Binary):
    3745    pass
    3746
    3747
    3748class Connector(Binary):
    3749    pass
    3750
    3751
    3752class And(Connector):
    3753    pass
    3754
    3755
    3756class Or(Connector):
    3757    pass
    3758
    3759
    3760class BitwiseAnd(Binary):
    3761    pass
    3762
    3763
    3764class BitwiseLeftShift(Binary):
    3765    pass
    3766
    3767
    3768class BitwiseOr(Binary):
    3769    pass
    3770
    3771
    3772class BitwiseRightShift(Binary):
    3773    pass
    3774
    3775
    3776class BitwiseXor(Binary):
    3777    pass
    3778
    3779
    3780class Div(Binary):
    3781    pass
    3782
    3783
    3784class Overlaps(Binary):
    3785    pass
    3786
    3787
    3788class Dot(Binary):
    3789    @property
    3790    def name(self) -> str:
    3791        return self.expression.name
    3792
    3793    @property
    3794    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3795        return self.name
    3796
    3797    @classmethod
    3798    def build(self, expressions: t.Sequence[Expression]) -> Dot:
    3799        """Build a Dot object with a sequence of expressions."""
    3800        if len(expressions) < 2:
    3801            raise ValueError(f"Dot requires >= 2 expressions.")
    3802
    3803        return t.cast(Dot, reduce(lambda x, y: Dot(this=x, expression=y), expressions))
    3804
    3805
    3806class DPipe(Binary):
    3807    pass
    3808
    3809
    3810class SafeDPipe(DPipe):
    3811    pass
    3812
    3813
    3814class EQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3815    pass
    3816
    3817
    3818class NullSafeEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3819    pass
    3820
    3821
    3822class NullSafeNEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3823    pass
    3824
    3825
    3826class Distance(Binary):
    3827    pass
    3828
    3829
    3830class Escape(Binary):
    3831    pass
    3832
    3833
    3834class Glob(Binary, Predicate):
    3835    pass
    3836
    3837
    3838class GT(Binary, Predicate):
    3839    pass
    3840
    3841
    3842class GTE(Binary, Predicate):
    3843    pass
    3844
    3845
    3846class ILike(Binary, Predicate):
    3847    pass
    3848
    3849
    3850class ILikeAny(Binary, Predicate):
    3851    pass
    3852
    3853
    3854class IntDiv(Binary):
    3855    pass
    3856
    3857
    3858class Is(Binary, Predicate):
    3859    pass
    3860
    3861
    3862class Kwarg(Binary):
    3863    """Kwarg in special functions like func(kwarg => y)."""
    3864
    3865
    3866class Like(Binary, Predicate):
    3867    pass
    3868
    3869
    3870class LikeAny(Binary, Predicate):
    3871    pass
    3872
    3873
    3874class LT(Binary, Predicate):
    3875    pass
    3876
    3877
    3878class LTE(Binary, Predicate):
    3879    pass
    3880
    3881
    3882class Mod(Binary):
    3883    pass
    3884
    3885
    3886class Mul(Binary):
    3887    pass
    3888
    3889
    3890class NEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3891    pass
    3892
    3893
    3894class SimilarTo(Binary, Predicate):
    3895    pass
    3896
    3897
    3898class Slice(Binary):
    3899    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False}
    3900
    3901
    3902class Sub(Binary):
    3903    pass
    3904
    3905
    3906class ArrayOverlaps(Binary):
    3907    pass
    3908
    3909
    3910# Unary Expressions
    3911# (NOT a)
    3912class Unary(Condition):
    3913    pass
    3914
    3915
    3916class BitwiseNot(Unary):
    3917    pass
    3918
    3919
    3920class Not(Unary):
    3921    pass
    3922
    3923
    3924class Paren(Unary):
    3925    arg_types = {"this": True, "with": False}
    3926
    3927    @property
    3928    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3929        return self.this.name
    3930
    3931
    3932class Neg(Unary):
    3933    pass
    3934
    3935
    3936class Alias(Expression):
    3937    arg_types = {"this": True, "alias": False}
    3938
    3939    @property
    3940    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3941        return self.alias
    3942
    3943
    3944class Aliases(Expression):
    3945    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    3946
    3947    @property
    3948    def aliases(self):
    3949        return self.expressions
    3950
    3951
    3952class AtTimeZone(Expression):
    3953    arg_types = {"this": True, "zone": True}
    3954
    3955
    3956class Between(Predicate):
    3957    arg_types = {"this": True, "low": True, "high": True}
    3958
    3959
    3960class Bracket(Condition):
    3961    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    3962
    3963    @property
    3964    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3965        if len(self.expressions) == 1:
    3966            return self.expressions[0].output_name
    3967
    3968        return super().output_name
    3969
    3970
    3971class SafeBracket(Bracket):
    3972    """Represents array lookup where OOB index yields NULL instead of causing a failure."""
    3973
    3974
    3975class Distinct(Expression):
    3976    arg_types = {"expressions": False, "on": False}
    3977
    3978
    3979class In(Predicate):
    3980    arg_types = {
    3981        "this": True,
    3982        "expressions": False,
    3983        "query": False,
    3984        "unnest": False,
    3985        "field": False,
    3986        "is_global": False,
    3987    }
    3988
    3989
    3990class TimeUnit(Expression):
    3991    """Automatically converts unit arg into a var."""
    3992
    3993    arg_types = {"unit": False}
    3994
    3995    def __init__(self, **args):
    3996        unit = args.get("unit")
    3997        if isinstance(unit, (Column, Literal)):
    3998            args["unit"] = Var(this=unit.name)
    3999        elif isinstance(unit, Week):
    4000            unit.set("this", Var(this=unit.this.name))
    4001
    4002        super().__init__(**args)
    4003
    4004
    4005# https://www.oracletutorial.com/oracle-basics/oracle-interval/
    4006# https://trino.io/docs/current/language/types.html#interval-day-to-second
    4007# https://docs.databricks.com/en/sql/language-manual/data-types/interval-type.html
    4008class IntervalSpan(Expression):
    4009    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4010
    4011
    4012class Interval(TimeUnit):
    4013    arg_types = {"this": False, "unit": False}
    4014
    4015    @property
    4016    def unit(self) -> t.Optional[Var]:
    4017        return self.args.get("unit")
    4018
    4019
    4020class IgnoreNulls(Expression):
    4021    pass
    4022
    4023
    4024class RespectNulls(Expression):
    4025    pass
    4026
    4027
    4028# Functions
    4029class Func(Condition):
    4030    """
    4031    The base class for all function expressions.
    4032
    4033    Attributes:
    4034        is_var_len_args (bool): if set to True the last argument defined in arg_types will be
    4035            treated as a variable length argument and the argument's value will be stored as a list.
    4036        _sql_names (list): determines the SQL name (1st item in the list) and aliases (subsequent items)
    4037            for this function expression. These values are used to map this node to a name during parsing
    4038            as well as to provide the function's name during SQL string generation. By default the SQL
    4039            name is set to the expression's class name transformed to snake case.
    4040    """
    4041
    4042    is_var_len_args = False
    4043
    4044    @classmethod
    4045    def from_arg_list(cls, args):
    4046        if cls.is_var_len_args:
    4047            all_arg_keys = list(cls.arg_types)
    4048            # If this function supports variable length argument treat the last argument as such.
    4049            non_var_len_arg_keys = all_arg_keys[:-1] if cls.is_var_len_args else all_arg_keys
    4050            num_non_var = len(non_var_len_arg_keys)
    4051
    4052            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, non_var_len_arg_keys)}
    4053            args_dict[all_arg_keys[-1]] = args[num_non_var:]
    4054        else:
    4055            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, cls.arg_types)}
    4056
    4057        return cls(**args_dict)
    4058
    4059    @classmethod
    4060    def sql_names(cls):
    4061        if cls is Func:
    4062            raise NotImplementedError(
    4063                "SQL name is only supported by concrete function implementations"
    4064            )
    4065        if "_sql_names" not in cls.__dict__:
    4066            cls._sql_names = [camel_to_snake_case(cls.__name__)]
    4067        return cls._sql_names
    4068
    4069    @classmethod
    4070    def sql_name(cls):
    4071        return cls.sql_names()[0]
    4072
    4073    @classmethod
    4074    def default_parser_mappings(cls):
    4075        return {name: cls.from_arg_list for name in cls.sql_names()}
    4076
    4077
    4078class AggFunc(Func):
    4079    pass
    4080
    4081
    4082class ParameterizedAgg(AggFunc):
    4083    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "params": True}
    4084
    4085
    4086class Abs(Func):
    4087    pass
    4088
    4089
    4090# https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/sql/index.html#transform
    4091class Transform(Func):
    4092    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4093
    4094
    4095class Anonymous(Func):
    4096    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4097    is_var_len_args = True
    4098
    4099
    4100# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/hll
    4101# https://docs.aws.amazon.com/redshift/latest/dg/r_HLL_function.html
    4102class Hll(AggFunc):
    4103    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4104    is_var_len_args = True
    4105
    4106
    4107class ApproxDistinct(AggFunc):
    4108    arg_types = {"this": True, "accuracy": False}
    4109    _sql_names = ["APPROX_DISTINCT", "APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"]
    4110
    4111
    4112class Array(Func):
    4113    arg_types = {"expressions": False}
    4114    is_var_len_args = True
    4115
    4116
    4117# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_char
    4118class ToChar(Func):
    4119    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}
    4120
    4121
    4122class GenerateSeries(Func):
    4123    arg_types = {"start": True, "end": True, "step": False}
    4124
    4125
    4126class ArrayAgg(AggFunc):
    4127    pass
    4128
    4129
    4130class ArrayAll(Func):
    4131    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4132
    4133
    4134class ArrayAny(Func):
    4135    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4136
    4137
    4138class ArrayConcat(Func):
    4139    _sql_names = ["ARRAY_CONCAT", "ARRAY_CAT"]
    4140    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4141    is_var_len_args = True
    4142
    4143
    4144class ArrayContains(Binary, Func):
    4145    pass
    4146
    4147
    4148class ArrayContained(Binary):
    4149    pass
    4150
    4151
    4152class ArrayFilter(Func):
    4153    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4154    _sql_names = ["FILTER", "ARRAY_FILTER"]
    4155
    4156
    4157class ArrayJoin(Func):
    4158    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "null": False}
    4159
    4160
    4161class ArraySize(Func):
    4162    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4163
    4164
    4165class ArraySort(Func):
    4166    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4167
    4168
    4169class ArraySum(Func):
    4170    pass
    4171
    4172
    4173class ArrayUnionAgg(AggFunc):
    4174    pass
    4175
    4176
    4177class Avg(AggFunc):
    4178    pass
    4179
    4180
    4181class AnyValue(AggFunc):
    4182    arg_types = {"this": True, "having": False, "max": False, "ignore_nulls": False}
    4183
    4184
    4185class First(Func):
    4186    arg_types = {"this": True, "ignore_nulls": False}
    4187
    4188
    4189class Last(Func):
    4190    arg_types = {"this": True, "ignore_nulls": False}
    4191
    4192
    4193class Case(Func):
    4194    arg_types = {"this": False, "ifs": True, "default": False}
    4195
    4196    def when(self, condition: ExpOrStr, then: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4197        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4198        instance.append(
    4199            "ifs",
    4200            If(
    4201                this=maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts),
    4202                true=maybe_parse(then, copy=copy, **opts),
    4203            ),
    4204        )
    4205        return instance
    4206
    4207    def else_(self, condition: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4208        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4209        instance.set("default", maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts))
    4210        return instance
    4211
    4212
    4213class Cast(Func):
    4214    arg_types = {"this": True, "to": True, "format": False}
    4215
    4216    @property
    4217    def name(self) -> str:
    4218        return self.this.name
    4219
    4220    @property
    4221    def to(self) -> DataType:
    4222        return self.args["to"]
    4223
    4224    @property
    4225    def output_name(self) -> str:
    4226        return self.name
    4227
    4228    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    4229        """
    4230        Checks whether this Cast's DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types
    4231        like arrays or structs will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g.
    4232        array<int> != array<float>.
    4233
    4234        Args:
    4235            dtypes: the data types to compare this Cast's DataType to.
    4236
    4237        Returns:
    4238            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this Cast's DataType.
    4239        """
    4240        return self.to.is_type(*dtypes)
    4241
    4242
    4243class TryCast(Cast):
    4244    pass
    4245
    4246
    4247class CastToStrType(Func):
    4248    arg_types = {"this": True, "to": True}
    4249
    4250
    4251class Collate(Binary):
    4252    pass
    4253
    4254
    4255class Ceil(Func):
    4256    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}
    4257    _sql_names = ["CEIL", "CEILING"]
    4258
    4259
    4260class Coalesce(Func):
    4261    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4262    is_var_len_args = True
    4263    _sql_names = ["COALESCE", "IFNULL", "NVL"]
    4264
    4265
    4266class Concat(Func):
    4267    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    4268    is_var_len_args = True
    4269
    4270
    4271class SafeConcat(Concat):
    4272    pass
    4273
    4274
    4275class ConcatWs(Concat):
    4276    _sql_names = ["CONCAT_WS"]
    4277
    4278
    4279class Count(AggFunc):
    4280    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": False}
    4281    is_var_len_args = True
    4282
    4283
    4284class CountIf(AggFunc):
    4285    pass
    4286
    4287
    4288class CurrentDate(Func):
    4289    arg_types = {"this": False}
    4290
    4291
    4292class CurrentDatetime(Func):
    4293    arg_types = {"this": False}
    4294
    4295
    4296class CurrentTime(Func):
    4297    arg_types = {"this": False}
    4298
    4299
    4300class CurrentTimestamp(Func):
    4301    arg_types = {"this": False}
    4302
    4303
    4304class CurrentUser(Func):
    4305    arg_types = {"this": False}
    4306
    4307
    4308class DateAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4309    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4310
    4311
    4312class DateSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4313    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4314
    4315
    4316class DateDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4317    _sql_names = ["DATEDIFF", "DATE_DIFF"]
    4318    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4319
    4320
    4321class DateTrunc(Func):
    4322    arg_types = {"unit": True, "this": True, "zone": False}
    4323
    4324
    4325class DatetimeAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4326    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4327
    4328
    4329class DatetimeSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4330    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4331
    4332
    4333class DatetimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4334    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4335
    4336
    4337class DatetimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4338    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}
    4339
    4340
    4341class DayOfWeek(Func):
    4342    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_WEEK", "DAYOFWEEK"]
    4343
    4344
    4345class DayOfMonth(Func):
    4346    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_MONTH", "DAYOFMONTH"]
    4347
    4348
    4349class DayOfYear(Func):
    4350    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_YEAR", "DAYOFYEAR"]
    4351
    4352
    4353class WeekOfYear(Func):
    4354    _sql_names = ["WEEK_OF_YEAR", "WEEKOFYEAR"]
    4355
    4356
    4357class MonthsBetween(Func):
    4358    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "roundoff": False}
    4359
    4360
    4361class LastDateOfMonth(Func):
    4362    pass
    4363
    4364
    4365class Extract(Func):
    4366    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4367
    4368
    4369class TimestampAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4370    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4371
    4372
    4373class TimestampSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4374    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4375
    4376
    4377class TimestampDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4378    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4379
    4380
    4381class TimestampTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4382    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}
    4383
    4384
    4385class TimeAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4386    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4387
    4388
    4389class TimeSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4390    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4391
    4392
    4393class TimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4394    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4395
    4396
    4397class TimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4398    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}
    4399
    4400
    4401class DateFromParts(Func):
    4402    _sql_names = ["DATEFROMPARTS"]
    4403    arg_types = {"year": True, "month": True, "day": True}
    4404
    4405
    4406class DateStrToDate(Func):
    4407    pass
    4408
    4409
    4410class DateToDateStr(Func):
    4411    pass
    4412
    4413
    4414class DateToDi(Func):
    4415    pass
    4416
    4417
    4418# https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/date_functions#date
    4419class Date(Func):
    4420    arg_types = {"this": True, "zone": False}
    4421
    4422
    4423class Day(Func):
    4424    pass
    4425
    4426
    4427class Decode(Func):
    4428    arg_types = {"this": True, "charset": True, "replace": False}
    4429
    4430
    4431class DiToDate(Func):
    4432    pass
    4433
    4434
    4435class Encode(Func):
    4436    arg_types = {"this": True, "charset": True}
    4437
    4438
    4439class Exp(Func):
    4440    pass
    4441
    4442
    4443class Explode(Func):
    4444    pass
    4445
    4446
    4447class Floor(Func):
    4448    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}
    4449
    4450
    4451class FromBase64(Func):
    4452    pass
    4453
    4454
    4455class ToBase64(Func):
    4456    pass
    4457
    4458
    4459class Greatest(Func):
    4460    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4461    is_var_len_args = True
    4462
    4463
    4464class GroupConcat(AggFunc):
    4465    arg_types = {"this": True, "separator": False}
    4466
    4467
    4468class Hex(Func):
    4469    pass
    4470
    4471
    4472class Xor(Connector, Func):
    4473    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False, "expressions": False}
    4474
    4475
    4476class If(Func):
    4477    arg_types = {"this": True, "true": True, "false": False}
    4478
    4479
    4480class Initcap(Func):
    4481    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4482
    4483
    4484class IsNan(Func):
    4485    _sql_names = ["IS_NAN", "ISNAN"]
    4486
    4487
    4488class FormatJson(Expression):
    4489    pass
    4490
    4491
    4492class JSONKeyValue(Expression):
    4493    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4494
    4495
    4496class JSONObject(Func):
    4497    arg_types = {
    4498        "expressions": False,
    4499        "null_handling": False,
    4500        "unique_keys": False,
    4501        "return_type": False,
    4502        "encoding": False,
    4503    }
    4504
    4505
    4506# https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/JSON_ARRAY.html
    4507class JSONArray(Func):
    4508    arg_types = {
    4509        "expressions": True,
    4510        "null_handling": False,
    4511        "return_type": False,
    4512        "strict": False,
    4513    }
    4514
    4515
    4516# https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/JSON_ARRAYAGG.html
    4517class JSONArrayAgg(Func):
    4518    arg_types = {
    4519        "this": True,
    4520        "order": False,
    4521        "null_handling": False,
    4522        "return_type": False,
    4523        "strict": False,
    4524    }
    4525
    4526
    4527# https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/JSON_TABLE.html
    4528# Note: parsing of JSON column definitions is currently incomplete.
    4529class JSONColumnDef(Expression):
    4530    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False, "path": False}
    4531
    4532
    4533# # https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/sqlrf/JSON_TABLE.html
    4534class JSONTable(Func):
    4535    arg_types = {
    4536        "this": True,
    4537        "expressions": True,
    4538        "path": False,
    4539        "error_handling": False,
    4540        "empty_handling": False,
    4541    }
    4542
    4543
    4544class OpenJSONColumnDef(Expression):
    4545    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "path": False, "as_json": False}
    4546
    4547
    4548class OpenJSON(Func):
    4549    arg_types = {"this": True, "path": False, "expressions": False}
    4550
    4551
    4552class JSONBContains(Binary):
    4553    _sql_names = ["JSONB_CONTAINS"]
    4554
    4555
    4556class JSONExtract(Binary, Func):
    4557    _sql_names = ["JSON_EXTRACT"]
    4558
    4559
    4560class JSONExtractScalar(JSONExtract):
    4561    _sql_names = ["JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR"]
    4562
    4563
    4564class JSONBExtract(JSONExtract):
    4565    _sql_names = ["JSONB_EXTRACT"]
    4566
    4567
    4568class JSONBExtractScalar(JSONExtract):
    4569    _sql_names = ["JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR"]
    4570
    4571
    4572class JSONFormat(Func):
    4573    arg_types = {"this": False, "options": False}
    4574    _sql_names = ["JSON_FORMAT"]
    4575
    4576
    4577# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/json-search-functions.html#operator_member-of
    4578class JSONArrayContains(Binary, Predicate, Func):
    4579    _sql_names = ["JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS"]
    4580
    4581
    4582class Least(Func):
    4583    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4584    is_var_len_args = True
    4585
    4586
    4587class Left(Func):
    4588    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4589
    4590
    4591class Right(Func):
    4592    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4593
    4594
    4595class Length(Func):
    4596    _sql_names = ["LENGTH", "LEN"]
    4597
    4598
    4599class Levenshtein(Func):
    4600    arg_types = {
    4601        "this": True,
    4602        "expression": False,
    4603        "ins_cost": False,
    4604        "del_cost": False,
    4605        "sub_cost": False,
    4606    }
    4607
    4608
    4609class Ln(Func):
    4610    pass
    4611
    4612
    4613class Log(Func):
    4614    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4615
    4616
    4617class Log2(Func):
    4618    pass
    4619
    4620
    4621class Log10(Func):
    4622    pass
    4623
    4624
    4625class LogicalOr(AggFunc):
    4626    _sql_names = ["LOGICAL_OR", "BOOL_OR", "BOOLOR_AGG"]
    4627
    4628
    4629class LogicalAnd(AggFunc):
    4630    _sql_names = ["LOGICAL_AND", "BOOL_AND", "BOOLAND_AGG"]
    4631
    4632
    4633class Lower(Func):
    4634    _sql_names = ["LOWER", "LCASE"]
    4635
    4636
    4637class Map(Func):
    4638    arg_types = {"keys": False, "values": False}
    4639
    4640
    4641class MapFromEntries(Func):
    4642    pass
    4643
    4644
    4645class StarMap(Func):
    4646    pass
    4647
    4648
    4649class VarMap(Func):
    4650    arg_types = {"keys": True, "values": True}
    4651    is_var_len_args = True
    4652
    4653    @property
    4654    def keys(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4655        return self.args["keys"].expressions
    4656
    4657    @property
    4658    def values(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4659        return self.args["values"].expressions
    4660
    4661
    4662# https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/fulltext-search.html
    4663class MatchAgainst(Func):
    4664    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "modifier": False}
    4665
    4666
    4667class Max(AggFunc):
    4668    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4669    is_var_len_args = True
    4670
    4671
    4672class MD5(Func):
    4673    _sql_names = ["MD5"]
    4674
    4675
    4676# Represents the variant of the MD5 function that returns a binary value
    4677class MD5Digest(Func):
    4678    _sql_names = ["MD5_DIGEST"]
    4679
    4680
    4681class Min(AggFunc):
    4682    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4683    is_var_len_args = True
    4684
    4685
    4686class Month(Func):
    4687    pass
    4688
    4689
    4690class Nvl2(Func):
    4691    arg_types = {"this": True, "true": True, "false": False}
    4692
    4693
    4694class Posexplode(Func):
    4695    pass
    4696
    4697
    4698class Pow(Binary, Func):
    4699    _sql_names = ["POWER", "POW"]
    4700
    4701
    4702class PercentileCont(AggFunc):
    4703    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4704
    4705
    4706class PercentileDisc(AggFunc):
    4707    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4708
    4709
    4710class Quantile(AggFunc):
    4711    arg_types = {"this": True, "quantile": True}
    4712
    4713
    4714class ApproxQuantile(Quantile):
    4715    arg_types = {"this": True, "quantile": True, "accuracy": False, "weight": False}
    4716
    4717
    4718class RangeN(Func):
    4719    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "each": False}
    4720
    4721
    4722class ReadCSV(Func):
    4723    _sql_names = ["READ_CSV"]
    4724    is_var_len_args = True
    4725    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4726
    4727
    4728class Reduce(Func):
    4729    arg_types = {"this": True, "initial": True, "merge": True, "finish": False}
    4730
    4731
    4732class RegexpExtract(Func):
    4733    arg_types = {
    4734        "this": True,
    4735        "expression": True,
    4736        "position": False,
    4737        "occurrence": False,
    4738        "parameters": False,
    4739        "group": False,
    4740    }
    4741
    4742
    4743class RegexpReplace(Func):
    4744    arg_types = {
    4745        "this": True,
    4746        "expression": True,
    4747        "replacement": True,
    4748        "position": False,
    4749        "occurrence": False,
    4750        "parameters": False,
    4751    }
    4752
    4753
    4754class RegexpLike(Binary, Func):
    4755    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "flag": False}
    4756
    4757
    4758class RegexpILike(Func):
    4759    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "flag": False}
    4760
    4761
    4762# https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/python/reference/pyspark.sql/api/pyspark.sql.functions.split.html
    4763# limit is the number of times a pattern is applied
    4764class RegexpSplit(Func):
    4765    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "limit": False}
    4766
    4767
    4768class Repeat(Func):
    4769    arg_types = {"this": True, "times": True}
    4770
    4771
    4772class Round(Func):
    4773    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}
    4774
    4775
    4776class RowNumber(Func):
    4777    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
    4778
    4779
    4780class SafeDivide(Func):
    4781    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4782
    4783
    4784class SetAgg(AggFunc):
    4785    pass
    4786
    4787
    4788class SHA(Func):
    4789    _sql_names = ["SHA", "SHA1"]
    4790
    4791
    4792class SHA2(Func):
    4793    _sql_names = ["SHA2"]
    4794    arg_types = {"this": True, "length": False}
    4795
    4796
    4797class SortArray(Func):
    4798    arg_types = {"this": True, "asc": False}
    4799
    4800
    4801class Split(Func):
    4802    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "limit": False}
    4803
    4804
    4805# Start may be omitted in the case of postgres
    4806# https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/functions-string.html @ Table 9-6
    4807class Substring(Func):
    4808    arg_types = {"this": True, "start": False, "length": False}
    4809
    4810
    4811class StandardHash(Func):
    4812    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
    4813
    4814
    4815class StartsWith(Func):
    4816    _sql_names = ["STARTS_WITH", "STARTSWITH"]
    4817    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4818
    4819
    4820class StrPosition(Func):
    4821    arg_types = {
    4822        "this": True,
    4823        "substr": True,
    4824        "position": False,
    4825        "instance": False,
    4826    }
    4827
    4828
    4829class StrToDate(Func):
    4830    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True}
    4831
    4832
    4833class StrToTime(Func):
    4834    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "zone": False}
    4835
    4836
    4837# Spark allows unix_timestamp()
    4838# https://spark.apache.org/docs/3.1.3/api/python/reference/api/pyspark.sql.functions.unix_timestamp.html
    4839class StrToUnix(Func):
    4840    arg_types = {"this": False, "format": False}
    4841
    4842
    4843# https://prestodb.io/docs/current/functions/string.html
    4844# https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/api/sql/index.html#str_to_map
    4845class StrToMap(Func):
    4846    arg_types = {
    4847        "this": True,
    4848        "pair_delim": False,
    4849        "key_value_delim": False,
    4850        "duplicate_resolution_callback": False,
    4851    }
    4852
    4853
    4854class NumberToStr(Func):
    4855    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "culture": False}
    4856
    4857
    4858class FromBase(Func):
    4859    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4860
    4861
    4862class Struct(Func):
    4863    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    4864    is_var_len_args = True
    4865
    4866
    4867class StructExtract(Func):
    4868    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4869
    4870
    4871# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/stuff-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
    4872# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/insert
    4873class Stuff(Func):
    4874    _sql_names = ["STUFF", "INSERT"]
    4875    arg_types = {"this": True, "start": True, "length": True, "expression": True}
    4876
    4877
    4878class Sum(AggFunc):
    4879    pass
    4880
    4881
    4882class Sqrt(Func):
    4883    pass
    4884
    4885
    4886class Stddev(AggFunc):
    4887    pass
    4888
    4889
    4890class StddevPop(AggFunc):
    4891    pass
    4892
    4893
    4894class StddevSamp(AggFunc):
    4895    pass
    4896
    4897
    4898class TimeToStr(Func):
    4899    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "culture": False}
    4900
    4901
    4902class TimeToTimeStr(Func):
    4903    pass
    4904
    4905
    4906class TimeToUnix(Func):
    4907    pass
    4908
    4909
    4910class TimeStrToDate(Func):
    4911    pass
    4912
    4913
    4914class TimeStrToTime(Func):
    4915    pass
    4916
    4917
    4918class TimeStrToUnix(Func):
    4919    pass
    4920
    4921
    4922class Trim(Func):
    4923    arg_types = {
    4924        "this": True,
    4925        "expression": False,
    4926        "position": False,
    4927        "collation": False,
    4928    }
    4929
    4930
    4931class TsOrDsAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4932    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}
    4933
    4934
    4935class TsOrDsToDateStr(Func):
    4936    pass
    4937
    4938
    4939class TsOrDsToDate(Func):
    4940    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}
    4941
    4942
    4943class TsOrDiToDi(Func):
    4944    pass
    4945
    4946
    4947class Unhex(Func):
    4948    pass
    4949
    4950
    4951class UnixToStr(Func):
    4952    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}
    4953
    4954
    4955# https://prestodb.io/docs/current/functions/datetime.html
    4956# presto has weird zone/hours/minutes
    4957class UnixToTime(Func):
    4958    arg_types = {"this": True, "scale": False, "zone": False, "hours": False, "minutes": False}
    4959
    4960    SECONDS = Literal.string("seconds")
    4961    MILLIS = Literal.string("millis")
    4962    MICROS = Literal.string("micros")
    4963
    4964
    4965class UnixToTimeStr(Func):
    4966    pass
    4967
    4968
    4969class Upper(Func):
    4970    _sql_names = ["UPPER", "UCASE"]
    4971
    4972
    4973class Variance(AggFunc):
    4974    _sql_names = ["VARIANCE", "VARIANCE_SAMP", "VAR_SAMP"]
    4975
    4976
    4977class VariancePop(AggFunc):
    4978    _sql_names = ["VARIANCE_POP", "VAR_POP"]
    4979
    4980
    4981class Week(Func):
    4982    arg_types = {"this": True, "mode": False}
    4983
    4984
    4985class XMLTable(Func):
    4986    arg_types = {"this": True, "passing": False, "columns": False, "by_ref": False}
    4987
    4988
    4989class Year(Func):
    4990    pass
    4991
    4992
    4993class Use(Expression):
    4994    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False}
    4995
    4996
    4997class Merge(Expression):
    4998    arg_types = {"this": True, "using": True, "on": True, "expressions": True}
    4999
    5000
    5001class When(Func):
    5002    arg_types = {"matched": True, "source": False, "condition": False, "then": True}
    5003
    5004
    5005# https://docs.oracle.com/javadb/10.8.3.0/ref/rrefsqljnextvaluefor.html
    5006# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/next-value-for-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver16
    5007class NextValueFor(Func):
    5008    arg_types = {"this": True, "order": False}
    5009
    5010
    5011def _norm_arg(arg):
    5012    return arg.lower() if type(arg) is str else arg
    5013
    5014
    5015ALL_FUNCTIONS = subclasses(__name__, Func, (AggFunc, Anonymous, Func))
    5016
    5017
    5018# Helpers
    5019@t.overload
    5020def maybe_parse(
    5021    sql_or_expression: ExpOrStr,
    5022    *,
    5023    into: t.Type[E],
    5024    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5025    prefix: t.Optional[str] = None,
    5026    copy: bool = False,
    5027    **opts,
    5028) -> E:
    5029    ...
    5030
    5031
    5032@t.overload
    5033def maybe_parse(
    5034    sql_or_expression: str | E,
    5035    *,
    5036    into: t.Optional[IntoType] = None,
    5037    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5038    prefix: t.Optional[str] = None,
    5039    copy: bool = False,
    5040    **opts,
    5041) -> E:
    5042    ...
    5043
    5044
    5045def maybe_parse(
    5046    sql_or_expression: ExpOrStr,
    5047    *,
    5048    into: t.Optional[IntoType] = None,
    5049    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5050    prefix: t.Optional[str] = None,
    5051    copy: bool = False,
    5052    **opts,
    5053) -> Expression:
    5054    """Gracefully handle a possible string or expression.
    5055
    5056    Example:
    5057        >>> maybe_parse("1")
    5058        (LITERAL this: 1, is_string: False)
    5059        >>> maybe_parse(to_identifier("x"))
    5060        (IDENTIFIER this: x, quoted: False)
    5061
    5062    Args:
    5063        sql_or_expression: the SQL code string or an expression
    5064        into: the SQLGlot Expression to parse into
    5065        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an
    5066            input expression is a SQL string).
    5067        prefix: a string to prefix the sql with before it gets parsed
    5068            (automatically includes a space)
    5069        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5070        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5071            that an input expression is a SQL string).
    5072
    5073    Returns:
    5074        Expression: the parsed or given expression.
    5075    """
    5076    if isinstance(sql_or_expression, Expression):
    5077        if copy:
    5078            return sql_or_expression.copy()
    5079        return sql_or_expression
    5080
    5081    if sql_or_expression is None:
    5082        raise ParseError(f"SQL cannot be None")
    5083
    5084    import sqlglot
    5085
    5086    sql = str(sql_or_expression)
    5087    if prefix:
    5088        sql = f"{prefix} {sql}"
    5089
    5090    return sqlglot.parse_one(sql, read=dialect, into=into, **opts)
    5091
    5092
    5093@t.overload
    5094def maybe_copy(instance: None, copy: bool = True) -> None:
    5095    ...
    5096
    5097
    5098@t.overload
    5099def maybe_copy(instance: E, copy: bool = True) -> E:
    5100    ...
    5101
    5102
    5103def maybe_copy(instance, copy=True):
    5104    return instance.copy() if copy and instance else instance
    5105
    5106
    5107def _is_wrong_expression(expression, into):
    5108    return isinstance(expression, Expression) and not isinstance(expression, into)
    5109
    5110
    5111def _apply_builder(
    5112    expression,
    5113    instance,
    5114    arg,
    5115    copy=True,
    5116    prefix=None,
    5117    into=None,
    5118    dialect=None,
    5119    **opts,
    5120):
    5121    if _is_wrong_expression(expression, into):
    5122        expression = into(this=expression)
    5123    instance = maybe_copy(instance, copy)
    5124    expression = maybe_parse(
    5125        sql_or_expression=expression,
    5126        prefix=prefix,
    5127        into=into,
    5128        dialect=dialect,
    5129        **opts,
    5130    )
    5131    instance.set(arg, expression)
    5132    return instance
    5133
    5134
    5135def _apply_child_list_builder(
    5136    *expressions,
    5137    instance,
    5138    arg,
    5139    append=True,
    5140    copy=True,
    5141    prefix=None,
    5142    into=None,
    5143    dialect=None,
    5144    properties=None,
    5145    **opts,
    5146):
    5147    instance = maybe_copy(instance, copy)
    5148    parsed = []
    5149    for expression in expressions:
    5150        if expression is not None:
    5151            if _is_wrong_expression(expression, into):
    5152                expression = into(expressions=[expression])
    5153
    5154            expression = maybe_parse(
    5155                expression,
    5156                into=into,
    5157                dialect=dialect,
    5158                prefix=prefix,
    5159                **opts,
    5160            )
    5161            parsed.extend(expression.expressions)
    5162
    5163    existing = instance.args.get(arg)
    5164    if append and existing:
    5165        parsed = existing.expressions + parsed
    5166
    5167    child = into(expressions=parsed)
    5168    for k, v in (properties or {}).items():
    5169        child.set(k, v)
    5170    instance.set(arg, child)
    5171
    5172    return instance
    5173
    5174
    5175def _apply_list_builder(
    5176    *expressions,
    5177    instance,
    5178    arg,
    5179    append=True,
    5180    copy=True,
    5181    prefix=None,
    5182    into=None,
    5183    dialect=None,
    5184    **opts,
    5185):
    5186    inst = maybe_copy(instance, copy)
    5187
    5188    expressions = [
    5189        maybe_parse(
    5190            sql_or_expression=expression,
    5191            into=into,
    5192            prefix=prefix,
    5193            dialect=dialect,
    5194            **opts,
    5195        )
    5196        for expression in expressions
    5197        if expression is not None
    5198    ]
    5199
    5200    existing_expressions = inst.args.get(arg)
    5201    if append and existing_expressions:
    5202        expressions = existing_expressions + expressions
    5203
    5204    inst.set(arg, expressions)
    5205    return inst
    5206
    5207
    5208def _apply_conjunction_builder(
    5209    *expressions,
    5210    instance,
    5211    arg,
    5212    into=None,
    5213    append=True,
    5214    copy=True,
    5215    dialect=None,
    5216    **opts,
    5217):
    5218    expressions = [exp for exp in expressions if exp is not None and exp != ""]
    5219    if not expressions:
    5220        return instance
    5221
    5222    inst = maybe_copy(instance, copy)
    5223
    5224    existing = inst.args.get(arg)
    5225    if append and existing is not None:
    5226        expressions = [existing.this if into else existing] + list(expressions)
    5227
    5228    node = and_(*expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5229
    5230    inst.set(arg, into(this=node) if into else node)
    5231    return inst
    5232
    5233
    5234def _apply_cte_builder(
    5235    instance: E,
    5236    alias: ExpOrStr,
    5237    as_: ExpOrStr,
    5238    recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5239    append: bool = True,
    5240    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5241    copy: bool = True,
    5242    **opts,
    5243) -> E:
    5244    alias_expression = maybe_parse(alias, dialect=dialect, into=TableAlias, **opts)
    5245    as_expression = maybe_parse(as_, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5246    cte = CTE(this=as_expression, alias=alias_expression)
    5247    return _apply_child_list_builder(
    5248        cte,
    5249        instance=instance,
    5250        arg="with",
    5251        append=append,
    5252        copy=copy,
    5253        into=With,
    5254        properties={"recursive": recursive or False},
    5255    )
    5256
    5257
    5258def _combine(
    5259    expressions: t.Sequence[t.Optional[ExpOrStr]],
    5260    operator: t.Type[Connector],
    5261    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5262    copy: bool = True,
    5263    **opts,
    5264) -> Expression:
    5265    conditions = [
    5266        condition(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5267        for expression in expressions
    5268        if expression is not None
    5269    ]
    5270
    5271    this, *rest = conditions
    5272    if rest:
    5273        this = _wrap(this, Connector)
    5274    for expression in rest:
    5275        this = operator(this=this, expression=_wrap(expression, Connector))
    5276
    5277    return this
    5278
    5279
    5280def _wrap(expression: E, kind: t.Type[Expression]) -> E | Paren:
    5281    return Paren(this=expression) if isinstance(expression, kind) else expression
    5282
    5283
    5284def union(
    5285    left: ExpOrStr, right: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    5286) -> Union:
    5287    """
    5288    Initializes a syntax tree from one UNION expression.
    5289
    5290    Example:
    5291        >>> union("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5292        'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'
    5293
    5294    Args:
    5295        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5296            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5297        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5298            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5299        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5300        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5301        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5302
    5303    Returns:
    5304        The new Union instance.
    5305    """
    5306    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5307    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5308
    5309    return Union(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)
    5310
    5311
    5312def intersect(
    5313    left: ExpOrStr, right: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    5314) -> Intersect:
    5315    """
    5316    Initializes a syntax tree from one INTERSECT expression.
    5317
    5318    Example:
    5319        >>> intersect("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5320        'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'
    5321
    5322    Args:
    5323        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5324            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5325        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5326            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5327        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5328        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5329        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5330
    5331    Returns:
    5332        The new Intersect instance.
    5333    """
    5334    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5335    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5336
    5337    return Intersect(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)
    5338
    5339
    5340def except_(
    5341    left: ExpOrStr, right: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    5342) -> Except:
    5343    """
    5344    Initializes a syntax tree from one EXCEPT expression.
    5345
    5346    Example:
    5347        >>> except_("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5348        'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'
    5349
    5350    Args:
    5351        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5352            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5353        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5354            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5355        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5356        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5357        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5358
    5359    Returns:
    5360        The new Except instance.
    5361    """
    5362    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5363    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5364
    5365    return Except(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)
    5366
    5367
    5368def select(*expressions: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> Select:
    5369    """
    5370    Initializes a syntax tree from one or multiple SELECT expressions.
    5371
    5372    Example:
    5373        >>> select("col1", "col2").from_("tbl").sql()
    5374        'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'
    5375
    5376    Args:
    5377        *expressions: the SQL code string to parse as the expressions of a
    5378            SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5379        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an
    5380            input expression is a SQL string).
    5381        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5382            that an input expression is a SQL string).
    5383
    5384    Returns:
    5385        Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.
    5386    """
    5387    return Select().select(*expressions, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5388
    5389
    5390def from_(expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> Select:
    5391    """
    5392    Initializes a syntax tree from a FROM expression.
    5393
    5394    Example:
    5395        >>> from_("tbl").select("col1", "col2").sql()
    5396        'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'
    5397
    5398    Args:
    5399        *expression: the SQL code string to parse as the FROM expressions of a
    5400            SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5401        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the
    5402            input expression is a SQL string).
    5403        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5404            that the input expression is a SQL string).
    5405
    5406    Returns:
    5407        Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.
    5408    """
    5409    return Select().from_(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5410
    5411
    5412def update(
    5413    table: str | Table,
    5414    properties: dict,
    5415    where: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5416    from_: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5417    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5418    **opts,
    5419) -> Update:
    5420    """
    5421    Creates an update statement.
    5422
    5423    Example:
    5424        >>> update("my_table", {"x": 1, "y": "2", "z": None}, from_="baz", where="id > 1").sql()
    5425        "UPDATE my_table SET x = 1, y = '2', z = NULL FROM baz WHERE id > 1"
    5426
    5427    Args:
    5428        *properties: dictionary of properties to set which are
    5429            auto converted to sql objects eg None -> NULL
    5430        where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
    5431        from_: sql statement parsed into a FROM statement
    5432        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5433        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5434
    5435    Returns:
    5436        Update: the syntax tree for the UPDATE statement.
    5437    """
    5438    update_expr = Update(this=maybe_parse(table, into=Table, dialect=dialect))
    5439    update_expr.set(
    5440        "expressions",
    5441        [
    5442            EQ(this=maybe_parse(k, dialect=dialect, **opts), expression=convert(v))
    5443            for k, v in properties.items()
    5444        ],
    5445    )
    5446    if from_:
    5447        update_expr.set(
    5448            "from",
    5449            maybe_parse(from_, into=From, dialect=dialect, prefix="FROM", **opts),
    5450        )
    5451    if isinstance(where, Condition):
    5452        where = Where(this=where)
    5453    if where:
    5454        update_expr.set(
    5455            "where",
    5456            maybe_parse(where, into=Where, dialect=dialect, prefix="WHERE", **opts),
    5457        )
    5458    return update_expr
    5459
    5460
    5461def delete(
    5462    table: ExpOrStr,
    5463    where: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5464    returning: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5465    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5466    **opts,
    5467) -> Delete:
    5468    """
    5469    Builds a delete statement.
    5470
    5471    Example:
    5472        >>> delete("my_table", where="id > 1").sql()
    5473        'DELETE FROM my_table WHERE id > 1'
    5474
    5475    Args:
    5476        where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
    5477        returning: sql conditional parsed into a RETURNING statement
    5478        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5479        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5480
    5481    Returns:
    5482        Delete: the syntax tree for the DELETE statement.
    5483    """
    5484    delete_expr = Delete().delete(table, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5485    if where:
    5486        delete_expr = delete_expr.where(where, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5487    if returning:
    5488        delete_expr = delete_expr.returning(returning, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5489    return delete_expr
    5490
    5491
    5492def insert(
    5493    expression: ExpOrStr,
    5494    into: ExpOrStr,
    5495    columns: t.Optional[t.Sequence[ExpOrStr]] = None,
    5496    overwrite: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5497    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5498    copy: bool = True,
    5499    **opts,
    5500) -> Insert:
    5501    """
    5502    Builds an INSERT statement.
    5503
    5504    Example:
    5505        >>> insert("VALUES (1, 2, 3)", "tbl").sql()
    5506        'INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (1, 2, 3)'
    5507
    5508    Args:
    5509        expression: the sql string or expression of the INSERT statement
    5510        into: the tbl to insert data to.
    5511        columns: optionally the table's column names.
    5512        overwrite: whether to INSERT OVERWRITE or not.
    5513        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5514        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5515        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5516
    5517    Returns:
    5518        Insert: the syntax tree for the INSERT statement.
    5519    """
    5520    expr = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5521    this: Table | Schema = maybe_parse(into, into=Table, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5522
    5523    if columns:
    5524        this = _apply_list_builder(
    5525            *columns,
    5526            instance=Schema(this=this),
    5527            arg="expressions",
    5528            into=Identifier,
    5529            copy=False,
    5530            dialect=dialect,
    5531            **opts,
    5532        )
    5533
    5534    return Insert(this=this, expression=expr, overwrite=overwrite)
    5535
    5536
    5537def condition(
    5538    expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5539) -> Condition:
    5540    """
    5541    Initialize a logical condition expression.
    5542
    5543    Example:
    5544        >>> condition("x=1").sql()
    5545        'x = 1'
    5546
    5547        This is helpful for composing larger logical syntax trees:
    5548        >>> where = condition("x=1")
    5549        >>> where = where.and_("y=1")
    5550        >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("*").where(where).sql()
    5551        'SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE x = 1 AND y = 1'
    5552
    5553    Args:
    5554        *expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5555            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5556        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the
    5557            input expression is a SQL string).
    5558        copy: Whether or not to copy `expression` (only applies to expressions).
    5559        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5560            that the input expression is a SQL string).
    5561
    5562    Returns:
    5563        The new Condition instance
    5564    """
    5565    return maybe_parse(
    5566        expression,
    5567        into=Condition,
    5568        dialect=dialect,
    5569        copy=copy,
    5570        **opts,
    5571    )
    5572
    5573
    5574def and_(
    5575    *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5576) -> Condition:
    5577    """
    5578    Combine multiple conditions with an AND logical operator.
    5579
    5580    Example:
    5581        >>> and_("x=1", and_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
    5582        'x = 1 AND (y = 1 AND z = 1)'
    5583
    5584    Args:
    5585        *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5586            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5587        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5588        copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
    5589        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5590
    5591    Returns:
    5592        And: the new condition
    5593    """
    5594    return t.cast(Condition, _combine(expressions, And, dialect, copy=copy, **opts))
    5595
    5596
    5597def or_(
    5598    *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5599) -> Condition:
    5600    """
    5601    Combine multiple conditions with an OR logical operator.
    5602
    5603    Example:
    5604        >>> or_("x=1", or_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
    5605        'x = 1 OR (y = 1 OR z = 1)'
    5606
    5607    Args:
    5608        *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5609            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5610        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5611        copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
    5612        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5613
    5614    Returns:
    5615        Or: the new condition
    5616    """
    5617    return t.cast(Condition, _combine(expressions, Or, dialect, copy=copy, **opts))
    5618
    5619
    5620def not_(expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Not:
    5621    """
    5622    Wrap a condition with a NOT operator.
    5623
    5624    Example:
    5625        >>> not_("this_suit='black'").sql()
    5626        "NOT this_suit = 'black'"
    5627
    5628    Args:
    5629        expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5630            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5631        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5632        copy: whether to copy the expression or not.
    5633        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5634
    5635    Returns:
    5636        The new condition.
    5637    """
    5638    this = condition(
    5639        expression,
    5640        dialect=dialect,
    5641        copy=copy,
    5642        **opts,
    5643    )
    5644    return Not(this=_wrap(this, Connector))
    5645
    5646
    5647def paren(expression: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True) -> Paren:
    5648    """
    5649    Wrap an expression in parentheses.
    5650
    5651    Example:
    5652        >>> paren("5 + 3").sql()
    5653        '(5 + 3)'
    5654
    5655    Args:
    5656        expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5657            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5658        copy: whether to copy the expression or not.
    5659
    5660    Returns:
    5661        The wrapped expression.
    5662    """
    5663    return Paren(this=maybe_parse(expression, copy=copy))
    5664
    5665
    5666SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE = re.compile(r"^[_a-zA-Z][\w]*$")
    5667
    5668
    5669@t.overload
    5670def to_identifier(name: None, quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None, copy: bool = True) -> None:
    5671    ...
    5672
    5673
    5674@t.overload
    5675def to_identifier(
    5676    name: str | Identifier, quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None, copy: bool = True
    5677) -> Identifier:
    5678    ...
    5679
    5680
    5681def to_identifier(name, quoted=None, copy=True):
    5682    """Builds an identifier.
    5683
    5684    Args:
    5685        name: The name to turn into an identifier.
    5686        quoted: Whether or not force quote the identifier.
    5687        copy: Whether or not to copy a passed in Identefier node.
    5688
    5689    Returns:
    5690        The identifier ast node.
    5691    """
    5692
    5693    if name is None:
    5694        return None
    5695
    5696    if isinstance(name, Identifier):
    5697        identifier = maybe_copy(name, copy)
    5698    elif isinstance(name, str):
    5699        identifier = Identifier(
    5700            this=name,
    5701            quoted=not SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name) if quoted is None else quoted,
    5702        )
    5703    else:
    5704        raise ValueError(f"Name needs to be a string or an Identifier, got: {name.__class__}")
    5705    return identifier
    5706
    5707
    5708INTERVAL_STRING_RE = re.compile(r"\s*([0-9]+)\s*([a-zA-Z]+)\s*")
    5709
    5710
    5711def to_interval(interval: str | Literal) -> Interval:
    5712    """Builds an interval expression from a string like '1 day' or '5 months'."""
    5713    if isinstance(interval, Literal):
    5714        if not interval.is_string:
    5715            raise ValueError("Invalid interval string.")
    5716
    5717        interval = interval.this
    5718
    5719    interval_parts = INTERVAL_STRING_RE.match(interval)  # type: ignore
    5720
    5721    if not interval_parts:
    5722        raise ValueError("Invalid interval string.")
    5723
    5724    return Interval(
    5725        this=Literal.string(interval_parts.group(1)),
    5726        unit=Var(this=interval_parts.group(2)),
    5727    )
    5728
    5729
    5730@t.overload
    5731def to_table(sql_path: str | Table, **kwargs) -> Table:
    5732    ...
    5733
    5734
    5735@t.overload
    5736def to_table(sql_path: None, **kwargs) -> None:
    5737    ...
    5738
    5739
    5740def to_table(
    5741    sql_path: t.Optional[str | Table], dialect: DialectType = None, **kwargs
    5742) -> t.Optional[Table]:
    5743    """
    5744    Create a table expression from a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` sql path. Catalog and schema are optional.
    5745    If a table is passed in then that table is returned.
    5746
    5747    Args:
    5748        sql_path: a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` string.
    5749        dialect: the source dialect according to which the table name will be parsed.
    5750        kwargs: the kwargs to instantiate the resulting `Table` expression with.
    5751
    5752    Returns:
    5753        A table expression.
    5754    """
    5755    if sql_path is None or isinstance(sql_path, Table):
    5756        return sql_path
    5757    if not isinstance(sql_path, str):
    5758        raise ValueError(f"Invalid type provided for a table: {type(sql_path)}")
    5759
    5760    table = maybe_parse(sql_path, into=Table, dialect=dialect)
    5761    if table:
    5762        for k, v in kwargs.items():
    5763            table.set(k, v)
    5764
    5765    return table
    5766
    5767
    5768def to_column(sql_path: str | Column, **kwargs) -> Column:
    5769    """
    5770    Create a column from a `[table].[column]` sql path. Schema is optional.
    5771
    5772    If a column is passed in then that column is returned.
    5773
    5774    Args:
    5775        sql_path: `[table].[column]` string
    5776    Returns:
    5777        Table: A column expression
    5778    """
    5779    if sql_path is None or isinstance(sql_path, Column):
    5780        return sql_path
    5781    if not isinstance(sql_path, str):
    5782        raise ValueError(f"Invalid type provided for column: {type(sql_path)}")
    5783    return column(*reversed(sql_path.split(".")), **kwargs)  # type: ignore
    5784
    5785
    5786def alias_(
    5787    expression: ExpOrStr,
    5788    alias: str | Identifier,
    5789    table: bool | t.Sequence[str | Identifier] = False,
    5790    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5791    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5792    copy: bool = True,
    5793    **opts,
    5794):
    5795    """Create an Alias expression.
    5796
    5797    Example:
    5798        >>> alias_('foo', 'bar').sql()
    5799        'foo AS bar'
    5800
    5801        >>> alias_('(select 1, 2)', 'bar', table=['a', 'b']).sql()
    5802        '(SELECT 1, 2) AS bar(a, b)'
    5803
    5804    Args:
    5805        expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5806            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5807        alias: the alias name to use. If the name has
    5808            special characters it is quoted.
    5809        table: Whether or not to create a table alias, can also be a list of columns.
    5810        quoted: whether or not to quote the alias
    5811        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5812        copy: Whether or not to copy the expression.
    5813        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5814
    5815    Returns:
    5816        Alias: the aliased expression
    5817    """
    5818    exp = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5819    alias = to_identifier(alias, quoted=quoted)
    5820
    5821    if table:
    5822        table_alias = TableAlias(this=alias)
    5823        exp.set("alias", table_alias)
    5824
    5825        if not isinstance(table, bool):
    5826            for column in table:
    5827                table_alias.append("columns", to_identifier(column, quoted=quoted))
    5828
    5829        return exp
    5830
    5831    # We don't set the "alias" arg for Window expressions, because that would add an IDENTIFIER node in
    5832    # the AST, representing a "named_window" [1] construct (eg. bigquery). What we want is an ALIAS node
    5833    # for the complete Window expression.
    5834    #
    5835    # [1]: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/window-function-calls
    5836
    5837    if "alias" in exp.arg_types and not isinstance(exp, Window):
    5838        exp.set("alias", alias)
    5839        return exp
    5840    return Alias(this=exp, alias=alias)
    5841
    5842
    5843def subquery(
    5844    expression: ExpOrStr,
    5845    alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    5846    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5847    **opts,
    5848) -> Select:
    5849    """
    5850    Build a subquery expression.
    5851
    5852    Example:
    5853        >>> subquery('select x from tbl', 'bar').select('x').sql()
    5854        'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl) AS bar'
    5855
    5856    Args:
    5857        expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5858            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5859        alias: the alias name to use.
    5860        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5861        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5862
    5863    Returns:
    5864        A new Select instance with the subquery expression included.
    5865    """
    5866
    5867    expression = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts).subquery(alias)
    5868    return Select().from_(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5869
    5870
    5871def column(
    5872    col: str | Identifier,
    5873    table: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    5874    db: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    5875    catalog: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    5876    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5877) -> Column:
    5878    """
    5879    Build a Column.
    5880
    5881    Args:
    5882        col: Column name.
    5883        table: Table name.
    5884        db: Database name.
    5885        catalog: Catalog name.
    5886        quoted: Whether to force quotes on the column's identifiers.
    5887
    5888    Returns:
    5889        The new Column instance.
    5890    """
    5891    return Column(
    5892        this=to_identifier(col, quoted=quoted),
    5893        table=to_identifier(table, quoted=quoted),
    5894        db=to_identifier(db, quoted=quoted),
    5895        catalog=to_identifier(catalog, quoted=quoted),
    5896    )
    5897
    5898
    5899def cast(expression: ExpOrStr, to: str | DataType | DataType.Type, **opts) -> Cast:
    5900    """Cast an expression to a data type.
    5901
    5902    Example:
    5903        >>> cast('x + 1', 'int').sql()
    5904        'CAST(x + 1 AS INT)'
    5905
    5906    Args:
    5907        expression: The expression to cast.
    5908        to: The datatype to cast to.
    5909
    5910    Returns:
    5911        The new Cast instance.
    5912    """
    5913    expression = maybe_parse(expression, **opts)
    5914    return Cast(this=expression, to=DataType.build(to, **opts))
    5915
    5916
    5917def table_(
    5918    table: Identifier | str,
    5919    db: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    5920    catalog: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    5921    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5922    alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    5923) -> Table:
    5924    """Build a Table.
    5925
    5926    Args:
    5927        table: Table name.
    5928        db: Database name.
    5929        catalog: Catalog name.
    5930        quote: Whether to force quotes on the table's identifiers.
    5931        alias: Table's alias.
    5932
    5933    Returns:
    5934        The new Table instance.
    5935    """
    5936    return Table(
    5937        this=to_identifier(table, quoted=quoted) if table else None,
    5938        db=to_identifier(db, quoted=quoted) if db else None,
    5939        catalog=to_identifier(catalog, quoted=quoted) if catalog else None,
    5940        alias=TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None,
    5941    )
    5942
    5943
    5944def values(
    5945    values: t.Iterable[t.Tuple[t.Any, ...]],
    5946    alias: t.Optional[str] = None,
    5947    columns: t.Optional[t.Iterable[str] | t.Dict[str, DataType]] = None,
    5948) -> Values:
    5949    """Build VALUES statement.
    5950
    5951    Example:
    5952        >>> values([(1, '2')]).sql()
    5953        "VALUES (1, '2')"
    5954
    5955    Args:
    5956        values: values statements that will be converted to SQL
    5957        alias: optional alias
    5958        columns: Optional list of ordered column names or ordered dictionary of column names to types.
    5959         If either are provided then an alias is also required.
    5960
    5961    Returns:
    5962        Values: the Values expression object
    5963    """
    5964    if columns and not alias:
    5965        raise ValueError("Alias is required when providing columns")
    5966
    5967    return Values(
    5968        expressions=[convert(tup) for tup in values],
    5969        alias=(
    5970            TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias), columns=[to_identifier(x) for x in columns])
    5971            if columns
    5972            else (TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None)
    5973        ),
    5974    )
    5975
    5976
    5977def var(name: t.Optional[ExpOrStr]) -> Var:
    5978    """Build a SQL variable.
    5979
    5980    Example:
    5981        >>> repr(var('x'))
    5982        '(VAR this: x)'
    5983
    5984        >>> repr(var(column('x', table='y')))
    5985        '(VAR this: x)'
    5986
    5987    Args:
    5988        name: The name of the var or an expression who's name will become the var.
    5989
    5990    Returns:
    5991        The new variable node.
    5992    """
    5993    if not name:
    5994        raise ValueError("Cannot convert empty name into var.")
    5995
    5996    if isinstance(name, Expression):
    5997        name = name.name
    5998    return Var(this=name)
    5999
    6000
    6001def rename_table(old_name: str | Table, new_name: str | Table) -> AlterTable:
    6002    """Build ALTER TABLE... RENAME... expression
    6003
    6004    Args:
    6005        old_name: The old name of the table
    6006        new_name: The new name of the table
    6007
    6008    Returns:
    6009        Alter table expression
    6010    """
    6011    old_table = to_table(old_name)
    6012    new_table = to_table(new_name)
    6013    return AlterTable(
    6014        this=old_table,
    6015        actions=[
    6016            RenameTable(this=new_table),
    6017        ],
    6018    )
    6019
    6020
    6021def convert(value: t.Any, copy: bool = False) -> Expression:
    6022    """Convert a python value into an expression object.
    6023
    6024    Raises an error if a conversion is not possible.
    6025
    6026    Args:
    6027        value: A python object.
    6028        copy: Whether or not to copy `value` (only applies to Expressions and collections).
    6029
    6030    Returns:
    6031        Expression: the equivalent expression object.
    6032    """
    6033    if isinstance(value, Expression):
    6034        return maybe_copy(value, copy)
    6035    if isinstance(value, str):
    6036        return Literal.string(value)
    6037    if isinstance(value, bool):
    6038        return Boolean(this=value)
    6039    if value is None or (isinstance(value, float) and math.isnan(value)):
    6040        return NULL
    6041    if isinstance(value, numbers.Number):
    6042        return Literal.number(value)
    6043    if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
    6044        datetime_literal = Literal.string(
    6045            (value if value.tzinfo else value.replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)).isoformat()
    6046        )
    6047        return TimeStrToTime(this=datetime_literal)
    6048    if isinstance(value, datetime.date):
    6049        date_literal = Literal.string(value.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
    6050        return DateStrToDate(this=date_literal)
    6051    if isinstance(value, tuple):
    6052        return Tuple(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value])
    6053    if isinstance(value, list):
    6054        return Array(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value])
    6055    if isinstance(value, dict):
    6056        return Map(
    6057            keys=Array(expressions=[convert(k, copy=copy) for k in value]),
    6058            values=Array(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value.values()]),
    6059        )
    6060    raise ValueError(f"Cannot convert {value}")
    6061
    6062
    6063def replace_children(expression: Expression, fun: t.Callable, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
    6064    """
    6065    Replace children of an expression with the result of a lambda fun(child) -> exp.
    6066    """
    6067    for k, v in expression.args.items():
    6068        is_list_arg = type(v) is list
    6069
    6070        child_nodes = v if is_list_arg else [v]
    6071        new_child_nodes = []
    6072
    6073        for cn in child_nodes:
    6074            if isinstance(cn, Expression):
    6075                for child_node in ensure_collection(fun(cn, *args, **kwargs)):
    6076                    new_child_nodes.append(child_node)
    6077                    child_node.parent = expression
    6078                    child_node.arg_key = k
    6079            else:
    6080                new_child_nodes.append(cn)
    6081
    6082        expression.args[k] = new_child_nodes if is_list_arg else seq_get(new_child_nodes, 0)
    6083
    6084
    6085def column_table_names(expression: Expression, exclude: str = "") -> t.Set[str]:
    6086    """
    6087    Return all table names referenced through columns in an expression.
    6088
    6089    Example:
    6090        >>> import sqlglot
    6091        >>> sorted(column_table_names(sqlglot.parse_one("a.b AND c.d AND c.e")))
    6092        ['a', 'c']
    6093
    6094    Args:
    6095        expression: expression to find table names.
    6096        exclude: a table name to exclude
    6097
    6098    Returns:
    6099        A list of unique names.
    6100    """
    6101    return {
    6102        table
    6103        for table in (column.table for column in expression.find_all(Column))
    6104        if table and table != exclude
    6105    }
    6106
    6107
    6108def table_name(table: Table | str, dialect: DialectType = None) -> str:
    6109    """Get the full name of a table as a string.
    6110
    6111    Args:
    6112        table: Table expression node or string.
    6113        dialect: The dialect to generate the table name for.
    6114
    6115    Examples:
    6116        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6117        >>> table_name(parse_one("select * from a.b.c").find(exp.Table))
    6118        'a.b.c'
    6119
    6120    Returns:
    6121        The table name.
    6122    """
    6123
    6124    table = maybe_parse(table, into=Table)
    6125
    6126    if not table:
    6127        raise ValueError(f"Cannot parse {table}")
    6128
    6129    return ".".join(
    6130        part.sql(dialect=dialect, identify=True)
    6131        if not SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(part.name)
    6132        else part.name
    6133        for part in table.parts
    6134    )
    6135
    6136
    6137def replace_tables(expression: E, mapping: t.Dict[str, str], copy: bool = True) -> E:
    6138    """Replace all tables in expression according to the mapping.
    6139
    6140    Args:
    6141        expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
    6142        mapping: mapping of table names.
    6143        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    6144
    6145    Examples:
    6146        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6147        >>> replace_tables(parse_one("select * from a.b"), {"a.b": "c"}).sql()
    6148        'SELECT * FROM c'
    6149
    6150    Returns:
    6151        The mapped expression.
    6152    """
    6153
    6154    def _replace_tables(node: Expression) -> Expression:
    6155        if isinstance(node, Table):
    6156            new_name = mapping.get(table_name(node))
    6157            if new_name:
    6158                return to_table(
    6159                    new_name,
    6160                    **{k: v for k, v in node.args.items() if k not in ("this", "db", "catalog")},
    6161                )
    6162        return node
    6163
    6164    return expression.transform(_replace_tables, copy=copy)
    6165
    6166
    6167def replace_placeholders(expression: Expression, *args, **kwargs) -> Expression:
    6168    """Replace placeholders in an expression.
    6169
    6170    Args:
    6171        expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
    6172        args: positional names that will substitute unnamed placeholders in the given order.
    6173        kwargs: keyword arguments that will substitute named placeholders.
    6174
    6175    Examples:
    6176        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6177        >>> replace_placeholders(
    6178        ...     parse_one("select * from :tbl where ? = ?"),
    6179        ...     exp.to_identifier("str_col"), "b", tbl=exp.to_identifier("foo")
    6180        ... ).sql()
    6181        "SELECT * FROM foo WHERE str_col = 'b'"
    6182
    6183    Returns:
    6184        The mapped expression.
    6185    """
    6186
    6187    def _replace_placeholders(node: Expression, args, **kwargs) -> Expression:
    6188        if isinstance(node, Placeholder):
    6189            if node.name:
    6190                new_name = kwargs.get(node.name)
    6191                if new_name:
    6192                    return convert(new_name)
    6193            else:
    6194                try:
    6195                    return convert(next(args))
    6196                except StopIteration:
    6197                    pass
    6198        return node
    6199
    6200    return expression.transform(_replace_placeholders, iter(args), **kwargs)
    6201
    6202
    6203def expand(
    6204    expression: Expression, sources: t.Dict[str, Subqueryable], copy: bool = True
    6205) -> Expression:
    6206    """Transforms an expression by expanding all referenced sources into subqueries.
    6207
    6208    Examples:
    6209        >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    6210        >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y")}).sql()
    6211        'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM y) AS z /* source: x */'
    6212
    6213        >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y"), "y": parse_one("select * from z")}).sql()
    6214        'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM z) AS y /* source: y */) AS z /* source: x */'
    6215
    6216    Args:
    6217        expression: The expression to expand.
    6218        sources: A dictionary of name to Subqueryables.
    6219        copy: Whether or not to copy the expression during transformation. Defaults to True.
    6220
    6221    Returns:
    6222        The transformed expression.
    6223    """
    6224
    6225    def _expand(node: Expression):
    6226        if isinstance(node, Table):
    6227            name = table_name(node)
    6228            source = sources.get(name)
    6229            if source:
    6230                subquery = source.subquery(node.alias or name)
    6231                subquery.comments = [f"source: {name}"]
    6232                return subquery.transform(_expand, copy=False)
    6233        return node
    6234
    6235    return expression.transform(_expand, copy=copy)
    6236
    6237
    6238def func(name: str, *args, dialect: DialectType = None, **kwargs) -> Func:
    6239    """
    6240    Returns a Func expression.
    6241
    6242    Examples:
    6243        >>> func("abs", 5).sql()
    6244        'ABS(5)'
    6245
    6246        >>> func("cast", this=5, to=DataType.build("DOUBLE")).sql()
    6247        'CAST(5 AS DOUBLE)'
    6248
    6249    Args:
    6250        name: the name of the function to build.
    6251        args: the args used to instantiate the function of interest.
    6252        dialect: the source dialect.
    6253        kwargs: the kwargs used to instantiate the function of interest.
    6254
    6255    Note:
    6256        The arguments `args` and `kwargs` are mutually exclusive.
    6257
    6258    Returns:
    6259        An instance of the function of interest, or an anonymous function, if `name` doesn't
    6260        correspond to an existing `sqlglot.expressions.Func` class.
    6261    """
    6262    if args and kwargs:
    6263        raise ValueError("Can't use both args and kwargs to instantiate a function.")
    6264
    6265    from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import Dialect
    6266
    6267    converted: t.List[Expression] = [maybe_parse(arg, dialect=dialect) for arg in args]
    6268    kwargs = {key: maybe_parse(value, dialect=dialect) for key, value in kwargs.items()}
    6269
    6270    parser = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)().parser()
    6271    from_args_list = parser.FUNCTIONS.get(name.upper())
    6272
    6273    if from_args_list:
    6274        function = from_args_list(converted) if converted else from_args_list.__self__(**kwargs)  # type: ignore
    6275    else:
    6276        kwargs = kwargs or {"expressions": converted}
    6277        function = Anonymous(this=name, **kwargs)
    6278
    6279    for error_message in function.error_messages(converted):
    6280        raise ValueError(error_message)
    6281
    6282    return function
    6283
    6284
    6285def true() -> Boolean:
    6286    """
    6287    Returns a true Boolean expression.
    6288    """
    6289    return Boolean(this=True)
    6290
    6291
    6292def false() -> Boolean:
    6293    """
    6294    Returns a false Boolean expression.
    6295    """
    6296    return Boolean(this=False)
    6297
    6298
    6299def null() -> Null:
    6300    """
    6301    Returns a Null expression.
    6302    """
    6303    return Null()
    6304
    6305
    6306# TODO: deprecate this
    6307TRUE = Boolean(this=True)
    6308FALSE = Boolean(this=False)
    6309NULL = Null()

class Expression: View Source

     56class Expression(metaclass=_Expression):
     57    """
     58    The base class for all expressions in a syntax tree. Each Expression encapsulates any necessary
     59    context, such as its child expressions, their names (arg keys), and whether a given child expression
     60    is optional or not.
     61
     62    Attributes:
     63        key: a unique key for each class in the Expression hierarchy. This is useful for hashing
     64            and representing expressions as strings.
     65        arg_types: determines what arguments (child nodes) are supported by an expression. It
     66            maps arg keys to booleans that indicate whether the corresponding args are optional.
     67        parent: a reference to the parent expression (or None, in case of root expressions).
     68        arg_key: the arg key an expression is associated with, i.e. the name its parent expression
     69            uses to refer to it.
     70        comments: a list of comments that are associated with a given expression. This is used in
     71            order to preserve comments when transpiling SQL code.
     72        type: the `sqlglot.expressions.DataType` type of an expression. This is inferred by the
     73            optimizer, in order to enable some transformations that require type information.
     74        meta: a dictionary that can be used to store useful metadata for a given expression.
     75
     76    Example:
     77        >>> class Foo(Expression):
     78        ...     arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}
     79
     80        The above definition informs us that Foo is an Expression that requires an argument called
     81        "this" and may also optionally receive an argument called "expression".
     82
     83    Args:
     84        args: a mapping used for retrieving the arguments of an expression, given their arg keys.
     85    """
     86
     87    key = "expression"
     88    arg_types = {"this": True}
     89    __slots__ = ("args", "parent", "arg_key", "comments", "_type", "_meta", "_hash")
     90
     91    def __init__(self, **args: t.Any):
     92        self.args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = args
     93        self.parent: t.Optional[Expression] = None
     94        self.arg_key: t.Optional[str] = None
     95        self.comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None
     96        self._type: t.Optional[DataType] = None
     97        self._meta: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None
     98        self._hash: t.Optional[int] = None
     99
    100        for arg_key, value in self.args.items():
    101            self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
    102
    103    def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
    104        return type(self) is type(other) and hash(self) == hash(other)
    105
    106    @property
    107    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
    108        return frozenset(
    109            (k, tuple(_norm_arg(a) for a in v) if type(v) is list else _norm_arg(v))
    110            for k, v in self.args.items()
    111            if not (v is None or v is False or (type(v) is list and not v))
    112        )
    113
    114    def __hash__(self) -> int:
    115        if self._hash is not None:
    116            return self._hash
    117
    118        return hash((self.__class__, self.hashable_args))
    119
    120    @property
    121    def this(self):
    122        """
    123        Retrieves the argument with key "this".
    124        """
    125        return self.args.get("this")
    126
    127    @property
    128    def expression(self):
    129        """
    130        Retrieves the argument with key "expression".
    131        """
    132        return self.args.get("expression")
    133
    134    @property
    135    def expressions(self):
    136        """
    137        Retrieves the argument with key "expressions".
    138        """
    139        return self.args.get("expressions") or []
    140
    141    def text(self, key) -> str:
    142        """
    143        Returns a textual representation of the argument corresponding to "key". This can only be used
    144        for args that are strings or leaf Expression instances, such as identifiers and literals.
    145        """
    146        field = self.args.get(key)
    147        if isinstance(field, str):
    148            return field
    149        if isinstance(field, (Identifier, Literal, Var)):
    150            return field.this
    151        if isinstance(field, (Star, Null)):
    152            return field.name
    153        return ""
    154
    155    @property
    156    def is_string(self) -> bool:
    157        """
    158        Checks whether a Literal expression is a string.
    159        """
    160        return isinstance(self, Literal) and self.args["is_string"]
    161
    162    @property
    163    def is_number(self) -> bool:
    164        """
    165        Checks whether a Literal expression is a number.
    166        """
    167        return isinstance(self, Literal) and not self.args["is_string"]
    168
    169    @property
    170    def is_int(self) -> bool:
    171        """
    172        Checks whether a Literal expression is an integer.
    173        """
    174        if self.is_number:
    175            try:
    176                int(self.name)
    177                return True
    178            except ValueError:
    179                pass
    180        return False
    181
    182    @property
    183    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    184        """Checks whether an expression is a star."""
    185        return isinstance(self, Star) or (isinstance(self, Column) and isinstance(self.this, Star))
    186
    187    @property
    188    def alias(self) -> str:
    189        """
    190        Returns the alias of the expression, or an empty string if it's not aliased.
    191        """
    192        if isinstance(self.args.get("alias"), TableAlias):
    193            return self.args["alias"].name
    194        return self.text("alias")
    195
    196    @property
    197    def alias_column_names(self) -> t.List[str]:
    198        table_alias = self.args.get("alias")
    199        if not table_alias:
    200            return []
    201        return [c.name for c in table_alias.args.get("columns") or []]
    202
    203    @property
    204    def name(self) -> str:
    205        return self.text("this")
    206
    207    @property
    208    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
    209        return self.alias or self.name
    210
    211    @property
    212    def output_name(self) -> str:
    213        """
    214        Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.
    215
    216        If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.
    217
    218        Example:
    219            >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    220            >>> parse_one("SELECT a").expressions[0].output_name
    221            'a'
    222            >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c").expressions[0].output_name
    223            'c'
    224            >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2").expressions[0].output_name
    225            ''
    226        """
    227        return ""
    228
    229    @property
    230    def type(self) -> t.Optional[DataType]:
    231        return self._type
    232
    233    @type.setter
    234    def type(self, dtype: t.Optional[DataType | DataType.Type | str]) -> None:
    235        if dtype and not isinstance(dtype, DataType):
    236            dtype = DataType.build(dtype)
    237        self._type = dtype  # type: ignore
    238
    239    @property
    240    def meta(self) -> t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
    241        if self._meta is None:
    242            self._meta = {}
    243        return self._meta
    244
    245    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
    246        copy = self.__class__(**deepcopy(self.args))
    247        if self.comments is not None:
    248            copy.comments = deepcopy(self.comments)
    249
    250        if self._type is not None:
    251            copy._type = self._type.copy()
    252
    253        if self._meta is not None:
    254            copy._meta = deepcopy(self._meta)
    255
    256        return copy
    257
    258    def copy(self):
    259        """
    260        Returns a deep copy of the expression.
    261        """
    262        new = deepcopy(self)
    263        new.parent = self.parent
    264        return new
    265
    266    def add_comments(self, comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]]) -> None:
    267        if self.comments is None:
    268            self.comments = []
    269        if comments:
    270            self.comments.extend(comments)
    271
    272    def append(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
    273        """
    274        Appends value to arg_key if it's a list or sets it as a new list.
    275
    276        Args:
    277            arg_key (str): name of the list expression arg
    278            value (Any): value to append to the list
    279        """
    280        if not isinstance(self.args.get(arg_key), list):
    281            self.args[arg_key] = []
    282        self.args[arg_key].append(value)
    283        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
    284
    285    def set(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
    286        """
    287        Sets arg_key to value.
    288
    289        Args:
    290            arg_key: name of the expression arg.
    291            value: value to set the arg to.
    292        """
    293        if value is None:
    294            self.args.pop(arg_key, None)
    295            return
    296
    297        self.args[arg_key] = value
    298        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)
    299
    300    def _set_parent(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
    301        if hasattr(value, "parent"):
    302            value.parent = self
    303            value.arg_key = arg_key
    304        elif type(value) is list:
    305            for v in value:
    306                if hasattr(v, "parent"):
    307                    v.parent = self
    308                    v.arg_key = arg_key
    309
    310    @property
    311    def depth(self) -> int:
    312        """
    313        Returns the depth of this tree.
    314        """
    315        if self.parent:
    316            return self.parent.depth + 1
    317        return 0
    318
    319    def iter_expressions(self) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[str, Expression]]:
    320        """Yields the key and expression for all arguments, exploding list args."""
    321        for k, vs in self.args.items():
    322            if type(vs) is list:
    323                for v in vs:
    324                    if hasattr(v, "parent"):
    325                        yield k, v
    326            else:
    327                if hasattr(vs, "parent"):
    328                    yield k, vs
    329
    330    def find(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Optional[E]:
    331        """
    332        Returns the first node in this tree which matches at least one of
    333        the specified types.
    334
    335        Args:
    336            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    337            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
    338
    339        Returns:
    340            The node which matches the criteria or None if no such node was found.
    341        """
    342        return next(self.find_all(*expression_types, bfs=bfs), None)
    343
    344    def find_all(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Iterator[E]:
    345        """
    346        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree and only
    347        yields those that match at least one of the specified expression types.
    348
    349        Args:
    350            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    351            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
    352
    353        Returns:
    354            The generator object.
    355        """
    356        for expression, *_ in self.walk(bfs=bfs):
    357            if isinstance(expression, expression_types):
    358                yield expression
    359
    360    def find_ancestor(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E]) -> t.Optional[E]:
    361        """
    362        Returns a nearest parent matching expression_types.
    363
    364        Args:
    365            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    366
    367        Returns:
    368            The parent node.
    369        """
    370        ancestor = self.parent
    371        while ancestor and not isinstance(ancestor, expression_types):
    372            ancestor = ancestor.parent
    373        return t.cast(E, ancestor)
    374
    375    @property
    376    def parent_select(self) -> t.Optional[Select]:
    377        """
    378        Returns the parent select statement.
    379        """
    380        return self.find_ancestor(Select)
    381
    382    @property
    383    def same_parent(self) -> bool:
    384        """Returns if the parent is the same class as itself."""
    385        return type(self.parent) is self.__class__
    386
    387    def root(self) -> Expression:
    388        """
    389        Returns the root expression of this tree.
    390        """
    391        expression = self
    392        while expression.parent:
    393            expression = expression.parent
    394        return expression
    395
    396    def walk(self, bfs=True, prune=None):
    397        """
    398        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree.
    399
    400        Args:
    401            bfs (bool): if set to True the BFS traversal order will be applied,
    402                otherwise the DFS traversal will be used instead.
    403            prune ((node, parent, arg_key) -> bool): callable that returns True if
    404                the generator should stop traversing this branch of the tree.
    405
    406        Returns:
    407            the generator object.
    408        """
    409        if bfs:
    410            yield from self.bfs(prune=prune)
    411        else:
    412            yield from self.dfs(prune=prune)
    413
    414    def dfs(self, parent=None, key=None, prune=None):
    415        """
    416        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
    417        the DFS (Depth-first) order.
    418
    419        Returns:
    420            The generator object.
    421        """
    422        parent = parent or self.parent
    423        yield self, parent, key
    424        if prune and prune(self, parent, key):
    425            return
    426
    427        for k, v in self.iter_expressions():
    428            yield from v.dfs(self, k, prune)
    429
    430    def bfs(self, prune=None):
    431        """
    432        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
    433        the BFS (Breadth-first) order.
    434
    435        Returns:
    436            The generator object.
    437        """
    438        queue = deque([(self, self.parent, None)])
    439
    440        while queue:
    441            item, parent, key = queue.popleft()
    442
    443            yield item, parent, key
    444            if prune and prune(item, parent, key):
    445                continue
    446
    447            for k, v in item.iter_expressions():
    448                queue.append((v, item, k))
    449
    450    def unnest(self):
    451        """
    452        Returns the first non parenthesis child or self.
    453        """
    454        expression = self
    455        while type(expression) is Paren:
    456            expression = expression.this
    457        return expression
    458
    459    def unalias(self):
    460        """
    461        Returns the inner expression if this is an Alias.
    462        """
    463        if isinstance(self, Alias):
    464            return self.this
    465        return self
    466
    467    def unnest_operands(self):
    468        """
    469        Returns unnested operands as a tuple.
    470        """
    471        return tuple(arg.unnest() for _, arg in self.iter_expressions())
    472
    473    def flatten(self, unnest=True):
    474        """
    475        Returns a generator which yields child nodes who's parents are the same class.
    476
    477        A AND B AND C -> [A, B, C]
    478        """
    479        for node, _, _ in self.dfs(prune=lambda n, p, *_: p and not type(n) is self.__class__):
    480            if not type(node) is self.__class__:
    481                yield node.unnest() if unnest else node
    482
    483    def __str__(self) -> str:
    484        return self.sql()
    485
    486    def __repr__(self) -> str:
    487        return self._to_s()
    488
    489    def sql(self, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> str:
    490        """
    491        Returns SQL string representation of this tree.
    492
    493        Args:
    494            dialect: the dialect of the output SQL string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").
    495            opts: other `sqlglot.generator.Generator` options.
    496
    497        Returns:
    498            The SQL string.
    499        """
    500        from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect
    501
    502        return Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)().generate(self, **opts)
    503
    504    def _to_s(self, hide_missing: bool = True, level: int = 0) -> str:
    505        indent = "" if not level else "\n"
    506        indent += "".join(["  "] * level)
    507        left = f"({self.key.upper()} "
    508
    509        args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {
    510            k: ", ".join(
    511                v._to_s(hide_missing=hide_missing, level=level + 1)
    512                if hasattr(v, "_to_s")
    513                else str(v)
    514                for v in ensure_list(vs)
    515                if v is not None
    516            )
    517            for k, vs in self.args.items()
    518        }
    519        args["comments"] = self.comments
    520        args["type"] = self.type
    521        args = {k: v for k, v in args.items() if v or not hide_missing}
    522
    523        right = ", ".join(f"{k}: {v}" for k, v in args.items())
    524        right += ")"
    525
    526        return indent + left + right
    527
    528    def transform(self, fun, *args, copy=True, **kwargs):
    529        """
    530        Recursively visits all tree nodes (excluding already transformed ones)
    531        and applies the given transformation function to each node.
    532
    533        Args:
    534            fun (function): a function which takes a node as an argument and returns a
    535                new transformed node or the same node without modifications. If the function
    536                returns None, then the corresponding node will be removed from the syntax tree.
    537            copy (bool): if set to True a new tree instance is constructed, otherwise the tree is
    538                modified in place.
    539
    540        Returns:
    541            The transformed tree.
    542        """
    543        node = self.copy() if copy else self
    544        new_node = fun(node, *args, **kwargs)
    545
    546        if new_node is None or not isinstance(new_node, Expression):
    547            return new_node
    548        if new_node is not node:
    549            new_node.parent = node.parent
    550            return new_node
    551
    552        replace_children(new_node, lambda child: child.transform(fun, *args, copy=False, **kwargs))
    553        return new_node
    554
    555    @t.overload
    556    def replace(self, expression: E) -> E:
    557        ...
    558
    559    @t.overload
    560    def replace(self, expression: None) -> None:
    561        ...
    562
    563    def replace(self, expression):
    564        """
    565        Swap out this expression with a new expression.
    566
    567        For example::
    568
    569            >>> tree = Select().select("x").from_("tbl")
    570            >>> tree.find(Column).replace(Column(this="y"))
    571            (COLUMN this: y)
    572            >>> tree.sql()
    573            'SELECT y FROM tbl'
    574
    575        Args:
    576            expression: new node
    577
    578        Returns:
    579            The new expression or expressions.
    580        """
    581        if not self.parent:
    582            return expression
    583
    584        parent = self.parent
    585        self.parent = None
    586
    587        replace_children(parent, lambda child: expression if child is self else child)
    588        return expression
    589
    590    def pop(self: E) -> E:
    591        """
    592        Remove this expression from its AST.
    593
    594        Returns:
    595            The popped expression.
    596        """
    597        self.replace(None)
    598        return self
    599
    600    def assert_is(self, type_: t.Type[E]) -> E:
    601        """
    602        Assert that this `Expression` is an instance of `type_`.
    603
    604        If it is NOT an instance of `type_`, this raises an assertion error.
    605        Otherwise, this returns this expression.
    606
    607        Examples:
    608            This is useful for type security in chained expressions:
    609
    610            >>> import sqlglot
    611            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT x from y").assert_is(Select).select("z").sql()
    612            'SELECT x, z FROM y'
    613        """
    614        assert isinstance(self, type_)
    615        return self
    616
    617    def error_messages(self, args: t.Optional[t.Sequence] = None) -> t.List[str]:
    618        """
    619        Checks if this expression is valid (e.g. all mandatory args are set).
    620
    621        Args:
    622            args: a sequence of values that were used to instantiate a Func expression. This is used
    623                to check that the provided arguments don't exceed the function argument limit.
    624
    625        Returns:
    626            A list of error messages for all possible errors that were found.
    627        """
    628        errors: t.List[str] = []
    629
    630        for k in self.args:
    631            if k not in self.arg_types:
    632                errors.append(f"Unexpected keyword: '{k}' for {self.__class__}")
    633        for k, mandatory in self.arg_types.items():
    634            v = self.args.get(k)
    635            if mandatory and (v is None or (isinstance(v, list) and not v)):
    636                errors.append(f"Required keyword: '{k}' missing for {self.__class__}")
    637
    638        if (
    639            args
    640            and isinstance(self, Func)
    641            and len(args) > len(self.arg_types)
    642            and not self.is_var_len_args
    643        ):
    644            errors.append(
    645                f"The number of provided arguments ({len(args)}) is greater than "
    646                f"the maximum number of supported arguments ({len(self.arg_types)})"
    647            )
    648
    649        return errors
    650
    651    def dump(self):
    652        """
    653        Dump this Expression to a JSON-serializable dict.
    654        """
    655        from sqlglot.serde import dump
    656
    657        return dump(self)
    658
    659    @classmethod
    660    def load(cls, obj):
    661        """
    662        Load a dict (as returned by `Expression.dump`) into an Expression instance.
    663        """
    664        from sqlglot.serde import load
    665
    666        return load(obj)

The base class for all expressions in a syntax tree. Each Expression encapsulates any necessary context, such as its child expressions, their names (arg keys), and whether a given child expression is optional or not.

###### Attributes:

- key: a unique key for each class in the Expression hierarchy. This is useful for hashing and representing expressions as strings.
- arg_types: determines what arguments (child nodes) are supported by an expression. It maps arg keys to booleans that indicate whether the corresponding args are optional.
- parent: a reference to the parent expression (or None, in case of root expressions).
- arg_key: the arg key an expression is associated with, i.e. the name its parent expression uses to refer to it.
- comments: a list of comments that are associated with a given expression. This is used in order to preserve comments when transpiling SQL code.
- type: the `DataType` type of an expression. This is inferred by the optimizer, in order to enable some transformations that require type information.
- meta: a dictionary that can be used to store useful metadata for a given expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> class Foo(Expression):
>     ...     arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

> The above definition informs us that Foo is an Expression that requires an argument called "this" and may also optionally receive an argument called "expression".

###### Arguments:

- args: a mapping used for retrieving the arguments of an expression, given their arg keys.

Expression(**args: Any) View Source

     91    def __init__(self, **args: t.Any):
     92        self.args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = args
     93        self.parent: t.Optional[Expression] = None
     94        self.arg_key: t.Optional[str] = None
     95        self.comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]] = None
     96        self._type: t.Optional[DataType] = None
     97        self._meta: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]] = None
     98        self._hash: t.Optional[int] = None
     99
    100        for arg_key, value in self.args.items():
    101            self._set_parent(arg_key, value)

key = 'expression'
arg_types = {'this': True}
args: Dict[str, Any]
parent: Optional[Expression]
arg_key: Optional[str]
comments: Optional[List[str]]
hashable_args: Any
this

Retrieves the argument with key "this".

expression

Retrieves the argument with key "expression".

expressions

Retrieves the argument with key "expressions".

def text(self, key) -> str: View Source

    141    def text(self, key) -> str:
    142        """
    143        Returns a textual representation of the argument corresponding to "key". This can only be used
    144        for args that are strings or leaf Expression instances, such as identifiers and literals.
    145        """
    146        field = self.args.get(key)
    147        if isinstance(field, str):
    148            return field
    149        if isinstance(field, (Identifier, Literal, Var)):
    150            return field.this
    151        if isinstance(field, (Star, Null)):
    152            return field.name
    153        return ""

Returns a textual representation of the argument corresponding to "key". This can only be used for args that are strings or leaf Expression instances, such as identifiers and literals.

is_string: bool

Checks whether a Literal expression is a string.

is_number: bool

Checks whether a Literal expression is a number.

is_int: bool

Checks whether a Literal expression is an integer.

is_star: bool

Checks whether an expression is a star.

alias: str

Returns the alias of the expression, or an empty string if it's not aliased.

alias_column_names: List[str]
name: str
alias_or_name: str
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

type: Optional[DataType]
meta: Dict[str, Any]
def copy(self): View Source

    258    def copy(self):
    259        """
    260        Returns a deep copy of the expression.
    261        """
    262        new = deepcopy(self)
    263        new.parent = self.parent
    264        return new

Returns a deep copy of the expression.

def add_comments(self, comments: Optional[List[str]]) -> None: View Source

    266    def add_comments(self, comments: t.Optional[t.List[str]]) -> None:
    267        if self.comments is None:
    268            self.comments = []
    269        if comments:
    270            self.comments.extend(comments)

def append(self, arg_key: str, value: Any) -> None: View Source

    272    def append(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
    273        """
    274        Appends value to arg_key if it's a list or sets it as a new list.
    275
    276        Args:
    277            arg_key (str): name of the list expression arg
    278            value (Any): value to append to the list
    279        """
    280        if not isinstance(self.args.get(arg_key), list):
    281            self.args[arg_key] = []
    282        self.args[arg_key].append(value)
    283        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)

Appends value to arg_key if it's a list or sets it as a new list.

###### Arguments:

- arg_key (str): name of the list expression arg
- value (Any): value to append to the list

def set(self, arg_key: str, value: Any) -> None: View Source

    285    def set(self, arg_key: str, value: t.Any) -> None:
    286        """
    287        Sets arg_key to value.
    288
    289        Args:
    290            arg_key: name of the expression arg.
    291            value: value to set the arg to.
    292        """
    293        if value is None:
    294            self.args.pop(arg_key, None)
    295            return
    296
    297        self.args[arg_key] = value
    298        self._set_parent(arg_key, value)

Sets arg_key to value.

###### Arguments:

- arg_key: name of the expression arg.
- value: value to set the arg to.

depth: int

Returns the depth of this tree.

def iter_expressions(self) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, Expression]]: View Source

    319    def iter_expressions(self) -> t.Iterator[t.Tuple[str, Expression]]:
    320        """Yields the key and expression for all arguments, exploding list args."""
    321        for k, vs in self.args.items():
    322            if type(vs) is list:
    323                for v in vs:
    324                    if hasattr(v, "parent"):
    325                        yield k, v
    326            else:
    327                if hasattr(vs, "parent"):
    328                    yield k, vs

Yields the key and expression for all arguments, exploding list args.

def find(self, *expression_types: Type[~E], bfs: bool = True) -> Optional[~E]: View Source

    330    def find(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Optional[E]:
    331        """
    332        Returns the first node in this tree which matches at least one of
    333        the specified types.
    334
    335        Args:
    336            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    337            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
    338
    339        Returns:
    340            The node which matches the criteria or None if no such node was found.
    341        """
    342        return next(self.find_all(*expression_types, bfs=bfs), None)

Returns the first node in this tree which matches at least one of the specified types.

###### Arguments:

- expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
- bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).

###### Returns:

> The node which matches the criteria or None if no such node was found.

def find_all(self, *expression_types: Type[~E], bfs: bool = True) -> Iterator[~E]: View Source

    344    def find_all(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E], bfs: bool = True) -> t.Iterator[E]:
    345        """
    346        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree and only
    347        yields those that match at least one of the specified expression types.
    348
    349        Args:
    350            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    351            bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).
    352
    353        Returns:
    354            The generator object.
    355        """
    356        for expression, *_ in self.walk(bfs=bfs):
    357            if isinstance(expression, expression_types):
    358                yield expression

Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree and only yields those that match at least one of the specified expression types.

###### Arguments:

- expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
- bfs: whether to search the AST using the BFS algorithm (DFS is used if false).

###### Returns:

> The generator object.

def find_ancestor(self, *expression_types: Type[~E]) -> Optional[~E]: View Source

    360    def find_ancestor(self, *expression_types: t.Type[E]) -> t.Optional[E]:
    361        """
    362        Returns a nearest parent matching expression_types.
    363
    364        Args:
    365            expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.
    366
    367        Returns:
    368            The parent node.
    369        """
    370        ancestor = self.parent
    371        while ancestor and not isinstance(ancestor, expression_types):
    372            ancestor = ancestor.parent
    373        return t.cast(E, ancestor)

Returns a nearest parent matching expression_types.

###### Arguments:

- expression_types: the expression type(s) to match.

###### Returns:

> The parent node.

parent_select: Optional[Select]

Returns the parent select statement.

same_parent: bool

Returns if the parent is the same class as itself.

def root(self) -> Expression: View Source

    387    def root(self) -> Expression:
    388        """
    389        Returns the root expression of this tree.
    390        """
    391        expression = self
    392        while expression.parent:
    393            expression = expression.parent
    394        return expression

Returns the root expression of this tree.

def walk(self, bfs=True, prune=None): View Source

    396    def walk(self, bfs=True, prune=None):
    397        """
    398        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree.
    399
    400        Args:
    401            bfs (bool): if set to True the BFS traversal order will be applied,
    402                otherwise the DFS traversal will be used instead.
    403            prune ((node, parent, arg_key) -> bool): callable that returns True if
    404                the generator should stop traversing this branch of the tree.
    405
    406        Returns:
    407            the generator object.
    408        """
    409        if bfs:
    410            yield from self.bfs(prune=prune)
    411        else:
    412            yield from self.dfs(prune=prune)

Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree.

###### Arguments:

- bfs (bool): if set to True the BFS traversal order will be applied, otherwise the DFS traversal will be used instead.
- prune ((node, parent, arg_key) -> bool): callable that returns True if the generator should stop traversing this branch of the tree.

###### Returns:

> the generator object.

def dfs(self, parent=None, key=None, prune=None): View Source

    414    def dfs(self, parent=None, key=None, prune=None):
    415        """
    416        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
    417        the DFS (Depth-first) order.
    418
    419        Returns:
    420            The generator object.
    421        """
    422        parent = parent or self.parent
    423        yield self, parent, key
    424        if prune and prune(self, parent, key):
    425            return
    426
    427        for k, v in self.iter_expressions():
    428            yield from v.dfs(self, k, prune)

Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in the DFS (Depth-first) order.

###### Returns:

> The generator object.

def bfs(self, prune=None): View Source

    430    def bfs(self, prune=None):
    431        """
    432        Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in
    433        the BFS (Breadth-first) order.
    434
    435        Returns:
    436            The generator object.
    437        """
    438        queue = deque([(self, self.parent, None)])
    439
    440        while queue:
    441            item, parent, key = queue.popleft()
    442
    443            yield item, parent, key
    444            if prune and prune(item, parent, key):
    445                continue
    446
    447            for k, v in item.iter_expressions():
    448                queue.append((v, item, k))

Returns a generator object which visits all nodes in this tree in the BFS (Breadth-first) order.

###### Returns:

> The generator object.

def unnest(self): View Source

    450    def unnest(self):
    451        """
    452        Returns the first non parenthesis child or self.
    453        """
    454        expression = self
    455        while type(expression) is Paren:
    456            expression = expression.this
    457        return expression

Returns the first non parenthesis child or self.

def unalias(self): View Source

    459    def unalias(self):
    460        """
    461        Returns the inner expression if this is an Alias.
    462        """
    463        if isinstance(self, Alias):
    464            return self.this
    465        return self

Returns the inner expression if this is an Alias.

def unnest_operands(self): View Source

    467    def unnest_operands(self):
    468        """
    469        Returns unnested operands as a tuple.
    470        """
    471        return tuple(arg.unnest() for _, arg in self.iter_expressions())

Returns unnested operands as a tuple.

def flatten(self, unnest=True): View Source

    473    def flatten(self, unnest=True):
    474        """
    475        Returns a generator which yields child nodes who's parents are the same class.
    476
    477        A AND B AND C -> [A, B, C]
    478        """
    479        for node, _, _ in self.dfs(prune=lambda n, p, *_: p and not type(n) is self.__class__):
    480            if not type(node) is self.__class__:
    481                yield node.unnest() if unnest else node

Returns a generator which yields child nodes who's parents are the same class.

A AND B AND C -> [A, B, C]

def sql( self, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> str: View Source

    489    def sql(self, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> str:
    490        """
    491        Returns SQL string representation of this tree.
    492
    493        Args:
    494            dialect: the dialect of the output SQL string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").
    495            opts: other `sqlglot.generator.Generator` options.
    496
    497        Returns:
    498            The SQL string.
    499        """
    500        from sqlglot.dialects import Dialect
    501
    502        return Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)().generate(self, **opts)

Returns SQL string representation of this tree.

###### Arguments:

- dialect: the dialect of the output SQL string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").
- opts: other `sqlglot.generator.Generator` options.

###### Returns:

> The SQL string.

def transform(self, fun, *args, copy=True, **kwargs): View Source

    528    def transform(self, fun, *args, copy=True, **kwargs):
    529        """
    530        Recursively visits all tree nodes (excluding already transformed ones)
    531        and applies the given transformation function to each node.
    532
    533        Args:
    534            fun (function): a function which takes a node as an argument and returns a
    535                new transformed node or the same node without modifications. If the function
    536                returns None, then the corresponding node will be removed from the syntax tree.
    537            copy (bool): if set to True a new tree instance is constructed, otherwise the tree is
    538                modified in place.
    539
    540        Returns:
    541            The transformed tree.
    542        """
    543        node = self.copy() if copy else self
    544        new_node = fun(node, *args, **kwargs)
    545
    546        if new_node is None or not isinstance(new_node, Expression):
    547            return new_node
    548        if new_node is not node:
    549            new_node.parent = node.parent
    550            return new_node
    551
    552        replace_children(new_node, lambda child: child.transform(fun, *args, copy=False, **kwargs))
    553        return new_node

Recursively visits all tree nodes (excluding already transformed ones) and applies the given transformation function to each node.

###### Arguments:

- fun (function): a function which takes a node as an argument and returns a new transformed node or the same node without modifications. If the function returns None, then the corresponding node will be removed from the syntax tree.
- copy (bool): if set to True a new tree instance is constructed, otherwise the tree is modified in place.

###### Returns:

> The transformed tree.

def replace(self, expression): View Source

    563    def replace(self, expression):
    564        """
    565        Swap out this expression with a new expression.
    566
    567        For example::
    568
    569            >>> tree = Select().select("x").from_("tbl")
    570            >>> tree.find(Column).replace(Column(this="y"))
    571            (COLUMN this: y)
    572            >>> tree.sql()
    573            'SELECT y FROM tbl'
    574
    575        Args:
    576            expression: new node
    577
    578        Returns:
    579            The new expression or expressions.
    580        """
    581        if not self.parent:
    582            return expression
    583
    584        parent = self.parent
    585        self.parent = None
    586
    587        replace_children(parent, lambda child: expression if child is self else child)
    588        return expression

Swap out this expression with a new expression.

For example::

    >>> tree = Select().select("x").from_("tbl")
    >>> tree.find(Column).replace(Column(this="y"))
    (COLUMN this: y)
    >>> tree.sql()
    'SELECT y FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- expression: new node

###### Returns:

> The new expression or expressions.

def pop(self: ~E) -> ~E: View Source

    590    def pop(self: E) -> E:
    591        """
    592        Remove this expression from its AST.
    593
    594        Returns:
    595            The popped expression.
    596        """
    597        self.replace(None)
    598        return self

Remove this expression from its AST.

###### Returns:

> The popped expression.

def assert_is(self, type_: Type[~E]) -> ~E: View Source

    600    def assert_is(self, type_: t.Type[E]) -> E:
    601        """
    602        Assert that this `Expression` is an instance of `type_`.
    603
    604        If it is NOT an instance of `type_`, this raises an assertion error.
    605        Otherwise, this returns this expression.
    606
    607        Examples:
    608            This is useful for type security in chained expressions:
    609
    610            >>> import sqlglot
    611            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT x from y").assert_is(Select).select("z").sql()
    612            'SELECT x, z FROM y'
    613        """
    614        assert isinstance(self, type_)
    615        return self

Assert that this `Expression` is an instance of `type_`.

If it is NOT an instance of `type_`, this raises an assertion error. Otherwise, this returns this expression.

###### Examples:

> This is useful for type security in chained expressions:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT x from y").assert_is(Select).select("z").sql()
>     'SELECT x, z FROM y'

def error_messages(self, args: Optional[Sequence] = None) -> List[str]: View Source

    617    def error_messages(self, args: t.Optional[t.Sequence] = None) -> t.List[str]:
    618        """
    619        Checks if this expression is valid (e.g. all mandatory args are set).
    620
    621        Args:
    622            args: a sequence of values that were used to instantiate a Func expression. This is used
    623                to check that the provided arguments don't exceed the function argument limit.
    624
    625        Returns:
    626            A list of error messages for all possible errors that were found.
    627        """
    628        errors: t.List[str] = []
    629
    630        for k in self.args:
    631            if k not in self.arg_types:
    632                errors.append(f"Unexpected keyword: '{k}' for {self.__class__}")
    633        for k, mandatory in self.arg_types.items():
    634            v = self.args.get(k)
    635            if mandatory and (v is None or (isinstance(v, list) and not v)):
    636                errors.append(f"Required keyword: '{k}' missing for {self.__class__}")
    637
    638        if (
    639            args
    640            and isinstance(self, Func)
    641            and len(args) > len(self.arg_types)
    642            and not self.is_var_len_args
    643        ):
    644            errors.append(
    645                f"The number of provided arguments ({len(args)}) is greater than "
    646                f"the maximum number of supported arguments ({len(self.arg_types)})"
    647            )
    648
    649        return errors

Checks if this expression is valid (e.g. all mandatory args are set).

###### Arguments:

- args: a sequence of values that were used to instantiate a Func expression. This is used to check that the provided arguments don't exceed the function argument limit.

###### Returns:

> A list of error messages for all possible errors that were found.

def dump(self): View Source

    651    def dump(self):
    652        """
    653        Dump this Expression to a JSON-serializable dict.
    654        """
    655        from sqlglot.serde import dump
    656
    657        return dump(self)

Dump this Expression to a JSON-serializable dict.

@classmethod
def load(cls, obj): View Source

    659    @classmethod
    660    def load(cls, obj):
    661        """
    662        Load a dict (as returned by `Expression.dump`) into an Expression instance.
    663        """
    664        from sqlglot.serde import load
    665
    666        return load(obj)

Load a dict (as returned by `Expression.dump`) into an Expression instance.

IntoType = typing.Union[str, typing.Type[Expression], typing.Collection[typing.Union[str, typing.Type[Expression]]]]
ExpOrStr = typing.Union[str, Expression]
class Condition(Expression): View Source

    677class Condition(Expression):
    678    def and_(
    679        self,
    680        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    681        dialect: DialectType = None,
    682        copy: bool = True,
    683        **opts,
    684    ) -> Condition:
    685        """
    686        AND this condition with one or multiple expressions.
    687
    688        Example:
    689            >>> condition("x=1").and_("y=1").sql()
    690            'x = 1 AND y = 1'
    691
    692        Args:
    693            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    694                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    695            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    696            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
    697            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    698
    699        Returns:
    700            The new And condition.
    701        """
    702        return and_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    703
    704    def or_(
    705        self,
    706        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    707        dialect: DialectType = None,
    708        copy: bool = True,
    709        **opts,
    710    ) -> Condition:
    711        """
    712        OR this condition with one or multiple expressions.
    713
    714        Example:
    715            >>> condition("x=1").or_("y=1").sql()
    716            'x = 1 OR y = 1'
    717
    718        Args:
    719            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    720                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    721            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    722            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
    723            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    724
    725        Returns:
    726            The new Or condition.
    727        """
    728        return or_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    729
    730    def not_(self, copy: bool = True):
    731        """
    732        Wrap this condition with NOT.
    733
    734        Example:
    735            >>> condition("x=1").not_().sql()
    736            'NOT x = 1'
    737
    738        Args:
    739            copy: whether or not to copy this object.
    740
    741        Returns:
    742            The new Not instance.
    743        """
    744        return not_(self, copy=copy)
    745
    746    def as_(
    747        self,
    748        alias: str | Identifier,
    749        quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    750        dialect: DialectType = None,
    751        copy: bool = True,
    752        **opts,
    753    ) -> Alias:
    754        return alias_(self, alias, quoted=quoted, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    755
    756    def _binop(self, klass: t.Type[E], other: t.Any, reverse: bool = False) -> E:
    757        this = self.copy()
    758        other = convert(other, copy=True)
    759        if not isinstance(this, klass) and not isinstance(other, klass):
    760            this = _wrap(this, Binary)
    761            other = _wrap(other, Binary)
    762        if reverse:
    763            return klass(this=other, expression=this)
    764        return klass(this=this, expression=other)
    765
    766    def __getitem__(self, other: ExpOrStr | t.Tuple[ExpOrStr]):
    767        return Bracket(
    768            this=self.copy(), expressions=[convert(e, copy=True) for e in ensure_list(other)]
    769        )
    770
    771    def isin(
    772        self,
    773        *expressions: t.Any,
    774        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    775        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
    776        copy: bool = True,
    777        **opts,
    778    ) -> In:
    779        return In(
    780            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    781            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
    782            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
    783            unnest=Unnest(
    784                expressions=[
    785                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
    786                ]
    787            )
    788            if unnest
    789            else None,
    790        )
    791
    792    def between(self, low: t.Any, high: t.Any, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Between:
    793        return Between(
    794            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    795            low=convert(low, copy=copy, **opts),
    796            high=convert(high, copy=copy, **opts),
    797        )
    798
    799    def is_(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Is:
    800        return self._binop(Is, other)
    801
    802    def like(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Like:
    803        return self._binop(Like, other)
    804
    805    def ilike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> ILike:
    806        return self._binop(ILike, other)
    807
    808    def eq(self, other: t.Any) -> EQ:
    809        return self._binop(EQ, other)
    810
    811    def neq(self, other: t.Any) -> NEQ:
    812        return self._binop(NEQ, other)
    813
    814    def rlike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> RegexpLike:
    815        return self._binop(RegexpLike, other)
    816
    817    def __lt__(self, other: t.Any) -> LT:
    818        return self._binop(LT, other)
    819
    820    def __le__(self, other: t.Any) -> LTE:
    821        return self._binop(LTE, other)
    822
    823    def __gt__(self, other: t.Any) -> GT:
    824        return self._binop(GT, other)
    825
    826    def __ge__(self, other: t.Any) -> GTE:
    827        return self._binop(GTE, other)
    828
    829    def __add__(self, other: t.Any) -> Add:
    830        return self._binop(Add, other)
    831
    832    def __radd__(self, other: t.Any) -> Add:
    833        return self._binop(Add, other, reverse=True)
    834
    835    def __sub__(self, other: t.Any) -> Sub:
    836        return self._binop(Sub, other)
    837
    838    def __rsub__(self, other: t.Any) -> Sub:
    839        return self._binop(Sub, other, reverse=True)
    840
    841    def __mul__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mul:
    842        return self._binop(Mul, other)
    843
    844    def __rmul__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mul:
    845        return self._binop(Mul, other, reverse=True)
    846
    847    def __truediv__(self, other: t.Any) -> Div:
    848        return self._binop(Div, other)
    849
    850    def __rtruediv__(self, other: t.Any) -> Div:
    851        return self._binop(Div, other, reverse=True)
    852
    853    def __floordiv__(self, other: t.Any) -> IntDiv:
    854        return self._binop(IntDiv, other)
    855
    856    def __rfloordiv__(self, other: t.Any) -> IntDiv:
    857        return self._binop(IntDiv, other, reverse=True)
    858
    859    def __mod__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mod:
    860        return self._binop(Mod, other)
    861
    862    def __rmod__(self, other: t.Any) -> Mod:
    863        return self._binop(Mod, other, reverse=True)
    864
    865    def __pow__(self, other: t.Any) -> Pow:
    866        return self._binop(Pow, other)
    867
    868    def __rpow__(self, other: t.Any) -> Pow:
    869        return self._binop(Pow, other, reverse=True)
    870
    871    def __and__(self, other: t.Any) -> And:
    872        return self._binop(And, other)
    873
    874    def __rand__(self, other: t.Any) -> And:
    875        return self._binop(And, other, reverse=True)
    876
    877    def __or__(self, other: t.Any) -> Or:
    878        return self._binop(Or, other)
    879
    880    def __ror__(self, other: t.Any) -> Or:
    881        return self._binop(Or, other, reverse=True)
    882
    883    def __neg__(self) -> Neg:
    884        return Neg(this=_wrap(self.copy(), Binary))
    885
    886    def __invert__(self) -> Not:
    887        return not_(self.copy())

def and_( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Condition: View Source

    678    def and_(
    679        self,
    680        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    681        dialect: DialectType = None,
    682        copy: bool = True,
    683        **opts,
    684    ) -> Condition:
    685        """
    686        AND this condition with one or multiple expressions.
    687
    688        Example:
    689            >>> condition("x=1").and_("y=1").sql()
    690            'x = 1 AND y = 1'
    691
    692        Args:
    693            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    694                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    695            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    696            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
    697            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    698
    699        Returns:
    700            The new And condition.
    701        """
    702        return and_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)

AND this condition with one or multiple expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> condition("x=1").and_("y=1").sql()
>     'x = 1 AND y = 1'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new And condition.

def or_( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Condition: View Source

    704    def or_(
    705        self,
    706        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    707        dialect: DialectType = None,
    708        copy: bool = True,
    709        **opts,
    710    ) -> Condition:
    711        """
    712        OR this condition with one or multiple expressions.
    713
    714        Example:
    715            >>> condition("x=1").or_("y=1").sql()
    716            'x = 1 OR y = 1'
    717
    718        Args:
    719            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    720                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    721            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    722            copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
    723            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    724
    725        Returns:
    726            The new Or condition.
    727        """
    728        return or_(self, *expressions, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)

OR this condition with one or multiple expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> condition("x=1").or_("y=1").sql()
>     'x = 1 OR y = 1'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether or not to copy the involved expressions (only applies to Expressions).
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Or condition.

def not_(self, copy: bool = True): View Source

    730    def not_(self, copy: bool = True):
    731        """
    732        Wrap this condition with NOT.
    733
    734        Example:
    735            >>> condition("x=1").not_().sql()
    736            'NOT x = 1'
    737
    738        Args:
    739            copy: whether or not to copy this object.
    740
    741        Returns:
    742            The new Not instance.
    743        """
    744        return not_(self, copy=copy)

Wrap this condition with NOT.

###### Example:

>     >>> condition("x=1").not_().sql()
>     'NOT x = 1'

###### Arguments:

- copy: whether or not to copy this object.

###### Returns:

> The new Not instance.

def as_( self, alias: str | Identifier, quoted: Optional[bool] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Alias: View Source

    746    def as_(
    747        self,
    748        alias: str | Identifier,
    749        quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    750        dialect: DialectType = None,
    751        copy: bool = True,
    752        **opts,
    753    ) -> Alias:
    754        return alias_(self, alias, quoted=quoted, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)

def isin( self, *expressions: Any, query: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, unnest: Union[str, Expression, NoneType, Collection[Union[str, Expression]]] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> In: View Source

    771    def isin(
    772        self,
    773        *expressions: t.Any,
    774        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    775        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
    776        copy: bool = True,
    777        **opts,
    778    ) -> In:
    779        return In(
    780            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    781            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
    782            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
    783            unnest=Unnest(
    784                expressions=[
    785                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
    786                ]
    787            )
    788            if unnest
    789            else None,
    790        )

def between( self, low: Any, high: Any, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Between: View Source

    792    def between(self, low: t.Any, high: t.Any, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Between:
    793        return Between(
    794            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    795            low=convert(low, copy=copy, **opts),
    796            high=convert(high, copy=copy, **opts),
    797        )

def is_( self, other: Union[str, Expression]) -> Is: View Source

    799    def is_(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Is:
    800        return self._binop(Is, other)

def like( self, other: Union[str, Expression]) -> Like: View Source

    802    def like(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> Like:
    803        return self._binop(Like, other)

def ilike( self, other: Union[str, Expression]) -> ILike: View Source

    805    def ilike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> ILike:
    806        return self._binop(ILike, other)

def eq(self, other: Any) -> EQ: View Source

    808    def eq(self, other: t.Any) -> EQ:
    809        return self._binop(EQ, other)

def neq(self, other: Any) -> NEQ: View Source

    811    def neq(self, other: t.Any) -> NEQ:
    812        return self._binop(NEQ, other)

def rlike( self, other: Union[str, Expression]) -> RegexpLike: View Source

    814    def rlike(self, other: ExpOrStr) -> RegexpLike:
    815        return self._binop(RegexpLike, other)

key = 'condition'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Predicate(Condition): View Source

    890class Predicate(Condition):
    891    """Relationships like x = y, x > 1, x >= y."""

Relationships like x = y, x > 1, x >= y.

key = 'predicate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DerivedTable(Expression): View Source

    894class DerivedTable(Expression):
    895    @property
    896    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    897        return self.this.selects if isinstance(self.this, Subqueryable) else []
    898
    899    @property
    900    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    901        return [select.output_name for select in self.selects]

selects: List[Expression]
named_selects: List[str]
key = 'derivedtable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Unionable(Expression): View Source

    904class Unionable(Expression):
    905    def union(
    906        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    907    ) -> Unionable:
    908        """
    909        Builds a UNION expression.
    910
    911        Example:
    912            >>> import sqlglot
    913            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").union("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    914            'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'
    915
    916        Args:
    917            expression: the SQL code string.
    918                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    919            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    920            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    921            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    922
    923        Returns:
    924            The new Union expression.
    925        """
    926        return union(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    927
    928    def intersect(
    929        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    930    ) -> Unionable:
    931        """
    932        Builds an INTERSECT expression.
    933
    934        Example:
    935            >>> import sqlglot
    936            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").intersect("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    937            'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'
    938
    939        Args:
    940            expression: the SQL code string.
    941                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    942            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    943            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    944            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    945
    946        Returns:
    947            The new Intersect expression.
    948        """
    949        return intersect(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    950
    951    def except_(
    952        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    953    ) -> Unionable:
    954        """
    955        Builds an EXCEPT expression.
    956
    957        Example:
    958            >>> import sqlglot
    959            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").except_("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    960            'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'
    961
    962        Args:
    963            expression: the SQL code string.
    964                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    965            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    966            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    967            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    968
    969        Returns:
    970            The new Except expression.
    971        """
    972        return except_(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)

def union( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Unionable: View Source

    905    def union(
    906        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    907    ) -> Unionable:
    908        """
    909        Builds a UNION expression.
    910
    911        Example:
    912            >>> import sqlglot
    913            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").union("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    914            'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'
    915
    916        Args:
    917            expression: the SQL code string.
    918                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    919            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    920            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    921            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    922
    923        Returns:
    924            The new Union expression.
    925        """
    926        return union(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Builds a UNION expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").union("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Union expression.

def intersect( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Unionable: View Source

    928    def intersect(
    929        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    930    ) -> Unionable:
    931        """
    932        Builds an INTERSECT expression.
    933
    934        Example:
    935            >>> import sqlglot
    936            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").intersect("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    937            'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'
    938
    939        Args:
    940            expression: the SQL code string.
    941                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    942            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    943            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    944            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    945
    946        Returns:
    947            The new Intersect expression.
    948        """
    949        return intersect(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Builds an INTERSECT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").intersect("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Intersect expression.

def except_( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Unionable: View Source

    951    def except_(
    952        self, expression: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    953    ) -> Unionable:
    954        """
    955        Builds an EXCEPT expression.
    956
    957        Example:
    958            >>> import sqlglot
    959            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").except_("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    960            'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'
    961
    962        Args:
    963            expression: the SQL code string.
    964                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    965            distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    966            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    967            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    968
    969        Returns:
    970            The new Except expression.
    971        """
    972        return except_(left=self, right=expression, distinct=distinct, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Builds an EXCEPT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("SELECT * FROM foo").except_("SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Except expression.

key = 'unionable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class UDTF(DerivedTable, Unionable): View Source

    975class UDTF(DerivedTable, Unionable):
    976    @property
    977    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    978        alias = self.args.get("alias")
    979        return alias.columns if alias else []

selects: List[Expression]
key = 'udtf'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
DerivedTable
  named_selects
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Cache(Expression): View Source

    982class Cache(Expression):
    983    arg_types = {
    984        "with": False,
    985        "this": True,
    986        "lazy": False,
    987        "options": False,
    988        "expression": False,
    989    }

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': True, 'lazy': False, 'options': False, 'expression': False}
key = 'cache'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Uncache(Expression): View Source

    992class Uncache(Expression):
    993    arg_types = {"this": True, "exists": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'exists': False}
key = 'uncache'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DDL(Expression): View Source

     996class DDL(Expression):
     997    @property
     998    def ctes(self):
     999        with_ = self.args.get("with")
    1000        if not with_:
    1001            return []
    1002        return with_.expressions
    1003
    1004    @property
    1005    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    1006        if isinstance(self.expression, Subqueryable):
    1007            return self.expression.named_selects
    1008        return []
    1009
    1010    @property
    1011    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    1012        if isinstance(self.expression, Subqueryable):
    1013            return self.expression.selects
    1014        return []

ctes
named_selects: List[str]
selects: List[Expression]
key = 'ddl'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Create(DDL): View Source

    1017class Create(DDL):
    1018    arg_types = {
    1019        "with": False,
    1020        "this": True,
    1021        "kind": True,
    1022        "expression": False,
    1023        "exists": False,
    1024        "properties": False,
    1025        "replace": False,
    1026        "unique": False,
    1027        "indexes": False,
    1028        "no_schema_binding": False,
    1029        "begin": False,
    1030        "clone": False,
    1031    }

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': True, 'kind': True, 'expression': False, 'exists': False, 'properties': False, 'replace': False, 'unique': False, 'indexes': False, 'no_schema_binding': False, 'begin': False, 'clone': False}
key = 'create'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
DDL
  ctes
  named_selects
  selects

class Clone(Expression): View Source

    1035class Clone(Expression):
    1036    arg_types = {
    1037        "this": True,
    1038        "when": False,
    1039        "kind": False,
    1040        "shallow": False,
    1041        "expression": False,
    1042    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'when': False, 'kind': False, 'shallow': False, 'expression': False}
key = 'clone'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Describe(Expression): View Source

    1045class Describe(Expression):
    1046    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False, "expressions": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': False, 'expressions': False}
key = 'describe'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Pragma(Expression): View Source

    1049class Pragma(Expression):
    1050    pass

key = 'pragma'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Set(Expression): View Source

    1053class Set(Expression):
    1054    arg_types = {"expressions": False, "unset": False, "tag": False}

arg_types = {'expressions': False, 'unset': False, 'tag': False}
key = 'set'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class SetItem(Expression): View Source

    1057class SetItem(Expression):
    1058    arg_types = {
    1059        "this": False,
    1060        "expressions": False,
    1061        "kind": False,
    1062        "collate": False,  # MySQL SET NAMES statement
    1063        "global": False,
    1064    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expressions': False, 'kind': False, 'collate': False, 'global': False}
key = 'setitem'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Show(Expression): View Source

    1067class Show(Expression):
    1068    arg_types = {
    1069        "this": True,
    1070        "target": False,
    1071        "offset": False,
    1072        "limit": False,
    1073        "like": False,
    1074        "where": False,
    1075        "db": False,
    1076        "scope": False,
    1077        "scope_kind": False,
    1078        "full": False,
    1079        "mutex": False,
    1080        "query": False,
    1081        "channel": False,
    1082        "global": False,
    1083        "log": False,
    1084        "position": False,
    1085        "types": False,
    1086    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'target': False, 'offset': False, 'limit': False, 'like': False, 'where': False, 'db': False, 'scope': False, 'scope_kind': False, 'full': False, 'mutex': False, 'query': False, 'channel': False, 'global': False, 'log': False, 'position': False, 'types': False}
key = 'show'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class UserDefinedFunction(Expression): View Source

    1089class UserDefinedFunction(Expression):
    1090    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "wrapped": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False, 'wrapped': False}
key = 'userdefinedfunction'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class CharacterSet(Expression): View Source

    1093class CharacterSet(Expression):
    1094    arg_types = {"this": True, "default": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'default': False}
key = 'characterset'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class With(Expression): View Source

    1097class With(Expression):
    1098    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "recursive": False}
    1099
    1100    @property
    1101    def recursive(self) -> bool:
    1102        return bool(self.args.get("recursive"))

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'recursive': False}
recursive: bool
key = 'with'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class WithinGroup(Expression): View Source

    1105class WithinGroup(Expression):
    1106    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'withingroup'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class CTE(DerivedTable): View Source

    1109class CTE(DerivedTable):
    1110    arg_types = {"this": True, "alias": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'alias': True}
key = 'cte'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
DerivedTable
  selects
  named_selects

class TableAlias(Expression): View Source

    1113class TableAlias(Expression):
    1114    arg_types = {"this": False, "columns": False}
    1115
    1116    @property
    1117    def columns(self):
    1118        return self.args.get("columns") or []

arg_types = {'this': False, 'columns': False}
columns
key = 'tablealias'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class BitString(Condition): View Source

    1121class BitString(Condition):
    1122    pass

key = 'bitstring'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class HexString(Condition): View Source

    1125class HexString(Condition):
    1126    pass

key = 'hexstring'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ByteString(Condition): View Source

    1129class ByteString(Condition):
    1130    pass

key = 'bytestring'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class RawString(Condition): View Source

    1133class RawString(Condition):
    1134    pass

key = 'rawstring'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Column(Condition): View Source

    1137class Column(Condition):
    1138    arg_types = {"this": True, "table": False, "db": False, "catalog": False, "join_mark": False}
    1139
    1140    @property
    1141    def table(self) -> str:
    1142        return self.text("table")
    1143
    1144    @property
    1145    def db(self) -> str:
    1146        return self.text("db")
    1147
    1148    @property
    1149    def catalog(self) -> str:
    1150        return self.text("catalog")
    1151
    1152    @property
    1153    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1154        return self.name
    1155
    1156    @property
    1157    def parts(self) -> t.List[Identifier]:
    1158        """Return the parts of a column in order catalog, db, table, name."""
    1159        return [
    1160            t.cast(Identifier, self.args[part])
    1161            for part in ("catalog", "db", "table", "this")
    1162            if self.args.get(part)
    1163        ]
    1164
    1165    def to_dot(self) -> Dot:
    1166        """Converts the column into a dot expression."""
    1167        parts = self.parts
    1168        parent = self.parent
    1169
    1170        while parent:
    1171            if isinstance(parent, Dot):
    1172                parts.append(parent.expression)
    1173            parent = parent.parent
    1174
    1175        return Dot.build(deepcopy(parts))

arg_types = {'this': True, 'table': False, 'db': False, 'catalog': False, 'join_mark': False}
table: str
db: str
catalog: str
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

parts: List[Identifier]

Return the parts of a column in order catalog, db, table, name.

def to_dot(self) -> Dot: View Source

    1165    def to_dot(self) -> Dot:
    1166        """Converts the column into a dot expression."""
    1167        parts = self.parts
    1168        parent = self.parent
    1169
    1170        while parent:
    1171            if isinstance(parent, Dot):
    1172                parts.append(parent.expression)
    1173            parent = parent.parent
    1174
    1175        return Dot.build(deepcopy(parts))

Converts the column into a dot expression.

key = 'column'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ColumnPosition(Expression): View Source

    1178class ColumnPosition(Expression):
    1179    arg_types = {"this": False, "position": True}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'position': True}
key = 'columnposition'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class ColumnDef(Expression): View Source

    1182class ColumnDef(Expression):
    1183    arg_types = {
    1184        "this": True,
    1185        "kind": False,
    1186        "constraints": False,
    1187        "exists": False,
    1188        "position": False,
    1189    }
    1190
    1191    @property
    1192    def constraints(self) -> t.List[ColumnConstraint]:
    1193        return self.args.get("constraints") or []

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': False, 'constraints': False, 'exists': False, 'position': False}
constraints: List[ColumnConstraint]
key = 'columndef'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class AlterColumn(Expression): View Source

    1196class AlterColumn(Expression):
    1197    arg_types = {
    1198        "this": True,
    1199        "dtype": False,
    1200        "collate": False,
    1201        "using": False,
    1202        "default": False,
    1203        "drop": False,
    1204    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'dtype': False, 'collate': False, 'using': False, 'default': False, 'drop': False}
key = 'altercolumn'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class RenameTable(Expression): View Source

    1207class RenameTable(Expression):
    1208    pass

key = 'renametable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Comment(Expression): View Source

    1211class Comment(Expression):
    1212    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "expression": True, "exists": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': True, 'expression': True, 'exists': False}
key = 'comment'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Comprehension(Expression): View Source

    1215class Comprehension(Expression):
    1216    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "iterator": True, "condition": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'iterator': True, 'condition': False}
key = 'comprehension'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class MergeTreeTTLAction(Expression): View Source

    1220class MergeTreeTTLAction(Expression):
    1221    arg_types = {
    1222        "this": True,
    1223        "delete": False,
    1224        "recompress": False,
    1225        "to_disk": False,
    1226        "to_volume": False,
    1227    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'delete': False, 'recompress': False, 'to_disk': False, 'to_volume': False}
key = 'mergetreettlaction'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class MergeTreeTTL(Expression): View Source

    1231class MergeTreeTTL(Expression):
    1232    arg_types = {
    1233        "expressions": True,
    1234        "where": False,
    1235        "group": False,
    1236        "aggregates": False,
    1237    }

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'where': False, 'group': False, 'aggregates': False}
key = 'mergetreettl'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class IndexConstraintOption(Expression): View Source

    1241class IndexConstraintOption(Expression):
    1242    arg_types = {
    1243        "key_block_size": False,
    1244        "using": False,
    1245        "parser": False,
    1246        "comment": False,
    1247        "visible": False,
    1248        "engine_attr": False,
    1249        "secondary_engine_attr": False,
    1250    }

arg_types = {'key_block_size': False, 'using': False, 'parser': False, 'comment': False, 'visible': False, 'engine_attr': False, 'secondary_engine_attr': False}
key = 'indexconstraintoption'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class ColumnConstraint(Expression): View Source

    1253class ColumnConstraint(Expression):
    1254    arg_types = {"this": False, "kind": True}
    1255
    1256    @property
    1257    def kind(self) -> ColumnConstraintKind:
    1258        return self.args["kind"]

arg_types = {'this': False, 'kind': True}
kind: ColumnConstraintKind
key = 'columnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class ColumnConstraintKind(Expression): View Source

    1261class ColumnConstraintKind(Expression):
    1262    pass

key = 'columnconstraintkind'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class AutoIncrementColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1265class AutoIncrementColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1266    pass

key = 'autoincrementcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class CaseSpecificColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1269class CaseSpecificColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1270    arg_types = {"not_": True}

arg_types = {'not_': True}
key = 'casespecificcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class CharacterSetColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1273class CharacterSetColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1274    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'charactersetcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class CheckColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1277class CheckColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1278    pass

key = 'checkcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class ClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1281class ClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1282    pass

key = 'clusteredcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class CollateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1285class CollateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1286    pass

key = 'collatecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class CommentColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1289class CommentColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1290    pass

key = 'commentcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class CompressColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1293class CompressColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1294    pass

key = 'compresscolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DateFormatColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1297class DateFormatColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1298    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'dateformatcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DefaultColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1301class DefaultColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1302    pass

key = 'defaultcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class EncodeColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1305class EncodeColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1306    pass

key = 'encodecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1309class GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1310    # this: True -> ALWAYS, this: False -> BY DEFAULT
    1311    arg_types = {
    1312        "this": False,
    1313        "expression": False,
    1314        "on_null": False,
    1315        "start": False,
    1316        "increment": False,
    1317        "minvalue": False,
    1318        "maxvalue": False,
    1319        "cycle": False,
    1320    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': False, 'on_null': False, 'start': False, 'increment': False, 'minvalue': False, 'maxvalue': False, 'cycle': False}
key = 'generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class IndexColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1324class IndexColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1325    arg_types = {"this": False, "schema": True, "kind": False, "type": False, "options": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'schema': True, 'kind': False, 'type': False, 'options': False}
key = 'indexcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class InlineLengthColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1328class InlineLengthColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1329    pass

key = 'inlinelengthcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class NonClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1332class NonClusteredColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1333    pass

key = 'nonclusteredcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class NotForReplicationColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1336class NotForReplicationColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1337    arg_types = {}

arg_types = {}
key = 'notforreplicationcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class NotNullColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1340class NotNullColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1341    arg_types = {"allow_null": False}

arg_types = {'allow_null': False}
key = 'notnullcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class OnUpdateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1345class OnUpdateColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1346    pass

key = 'onupdatecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1349class PrimaryKeyColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1350    arg_types = {"desc": False}

arg_types = {'desc': False}
key = 'primarykeycolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class TitleColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1353class TitleColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1354    pass

key = 'titlecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class UniqueColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1357class UniqueColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1358    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'uniquecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class UppercaseColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1361class UppercaseColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1362    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}

arg_types: Dict[str, Any] = {}
key = 'uppercasecolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class PathColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1365class PathColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1366    pass

key = 'pathcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class ComputedColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind): View Source

    1371class ComputedColumnConstraint(ColumnConstraintKind):
    1372    arg_types = {"this": True, "persisted": False, "not_null": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'persisted': False, 'not_null': False}
key = 'computedcolumnconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Constraint(Expression): View Source

    1375class Constraint(Expression):
    1376    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True}
key = 'constraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Delete(Expression): View Source

    1379class Delete(Expression):
    1380    arg_types = {
    1381        "with": False,
    1382        "this": False,
    1383        "using": False,
    1384        "where": False,
    1385        "returning": False,
    1386        "limit": False,
    1387        "tables": False,  # Multiple-Table Syntax (MySQL)
    1388    }
    1389
    1390    def delete(
    1391        self,
    1392        table: ExpOrStr,
    1393        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1394        copy: bool = True,
    1395        **opts,
    1396    ) -> Delete:
    1397        """
    1398        Create a DELETE expression or replace the table on an existing DELETE expression.
    1399
    1400        Example:
    1401            >>> delete("tbl").sql()
    1402            'DELETE FROM tbl'
    1403
    1404        Args:
    1405            table: the table from which to delete.
    1406            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1407            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1408            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1409
    1410        Returns:
    1411            Delete: the modified expression.
    1412        """
    1413        return _apply_builder(
    1414            expression=table,
    1415            instance=self,
    1416            arg="this",
    1417            dialect=dialect,
    1418            into=Table,
    1419            copy=copy,
    1420            **opts,
    1421        )
    1422
    1423    def where(
    1424        self,
    1425        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1426        append: bool = True,
    1427        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1428        copy: bool = True,
    1429        **opts,
    1430    ) -> Delete:
    1431        """
    1432        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    1433
    1434        Example:
    1435            >>> delete("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    1436            "DELETE FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    1437
    1438        Args:
    1439            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1440                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1441                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1442            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1443                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1444            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1445            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1446            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1447
    1448        Returns:
    1449            Delete: the modified expression.
    1450        """
    1451        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1452            *expressions,
    1453            instance=self,
    1454            arg="where",
    1455            append=append,
    1456            into=Where,
    1457            dialect=dialect,
    1458            copy=copy,
    1459            **opts,
    1460        )
    1461
    1462    def returning(
    1463        self,
    1464        expression: ExpOrStr,
    1465        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1466        copy: bool = True,
    1467        **opts,
    1468    ) -> Delete:
    1469        """
    1470        Set the RETURNING expression. Not supported by all dialects.
    1471
    1472        Example:
    1473            >>> delete("tbl").returning("*", dialect="postgres").sql()
    1474            'DELETE FROM tbl RETURNING *'
    1475
    1476        Args:
    1477            expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1478                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1479            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1480            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1481            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1482
    1483        Returns:
    1484            Delete: the modified expression.
    1485        """
    1486        return _apply_builder(
    1487            expression=expression,
    1488            instance=self,
    1489            arg="returning",
    1490            prefix="RETURNING",
    1491            dialect=dialect,
    1492            copy=copy,
    1493            into=Returning,
    1494            **opts,
    1495        )

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': False, 'using': False, 'where': False, 'returning': False, 'limit': False, 'tables': False}
def delete( self, table: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Delete: View Source

    1390    def delete(
    1391        self,
    1392        table: ExpOrStr,
    1393        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1394        copy: bool = True,
    1395        **opts,
    1396    ) -> Delete:
    1397        """
    1398        Create a DELETE expression or replace the table on an existing DELETE expression.
    1399
    1400        Example:
    1401            >>> delete("tbl").sql()
    1402            'DELETE FROM tbl'
    1403
    1404        Args:
    1405            table: the table from which to delete.
    1406            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1407            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1408            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1409
    1410        Returns:
    1411            Delete: the modified expression.
    1412        """
    1413        return _apply_builder(
    1414            expression=table,
    1415            instance=self,
    1416            arg="this",
    1417            dialect=dialect,
    1418            into=Table,
    1419            copy=copy,
    1420            **opts,
    1421        )

Create a DELETE expression or replace the table on an existing DELETE expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> delete("tbl").sql()
>     'DELETE FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- table: the table from which to delete.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Delete: the modified expression.

def where( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Delete: View Source

    1423    def where(
    1424        self,
    1425        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1426        append: bool = True,
    1427        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1428        copy: bool = True,
    1429        **opts,
    1430    ) -> Delete:
    1431        """
    1432        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    1433
    1434        Example:
    1435            >>> delete("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    1436            "DELETE FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    1437
    1438        Args:
    1439            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1440                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1441                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1442            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1443                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1444            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1445            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1446            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1447
    1448        Returns:
    1449            Delete: the modified expression.
    1450        """
    1451        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1452            *expressions,
    1453            instance=self,
    1454            arg="where",
    1455            append=append,
    1456            into=Where,
    1457            dialect=dialect,
    1458            copy=copy,
    1459            **opts,
    1460        )

Append to or set the WHERE expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> delete("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
>     "DELETE FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is. Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
- append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression. Otherwise, this resets the expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Delete: the modified expression.

def returning( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Delete: View Source

    1462    def returning(
    1463        self,
    1464        expression: ExpOrStr,
    1465        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1466        copy: bool = True,
    1467        **opts,
    1468    ) -> Delete:
    1469        """
    1470        Set the RETURNING expression. Not supported by all dialects.
    1471
    1472        Example:
    1473            >>> delete("tbl").returning("*", dialect="postgres").sql()
    1474            'DELETE FROM tbl RETURNING *'
    1475
    1476        Args:
    1477            expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1478                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1479            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1480            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1481            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1482
    1483        Returns:
    1484            Delete: the modified expression.
    1485        """
    1486        return _apply_builder(
    1487            expression=expression,
    1488            instance=self,
    1489            arg="returning",
    1490            prefix="RETURNING",
    1491            dialect=dialect,
    1492            copy=copy,
    1493            into=Returning,
    1494            **opts,
    1495        )

Set the RETURNING expression. Not supported by all dialects.

###### Example:

>     >>> delete("tbl").returning("*", dialect="postgres").sql()
>     'DELETE FROM tbl RETURNING *'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Delete: the modified expression.

key = 'delete'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Drop(Expression): View Source

    1498class Drop(Expression):
    1499    arg_types = {
    1500        "this": False,
    1501        "kind": False,
    1502        "exists": False,
    1503        "temporary": False,
    1504        "materialized": False,
    1505        "cascade": False,
    1506        "constraints": False,
    1507        "purge": False,
    1508    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'kind': False, 'exists': False, 'temporary': False, 'materialized': False, 'cascade': False, 'constraints': False, 'purge': False}
key = 'drop'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Filter(Expression): View Source

    1511class Filter(Expression):
    1512    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'filter'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Check(Expression): View Source

    1515class Check(Expression):
    1516    pass

key = 'check'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Connect(Expression): View Source

    1520class Connect(Expression):
    1521    arg_types = {"start": False, "connect": True}

arg_types = {'start': False, 'connect': True}
key = 'connect'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Prior(Expression): View Source

    1524class Prior(Expression):
    1525    pass

key = 'prior'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Directory(Expression): View Source

    1528class Directory(Expression):
    1529    # https://spark.apache.org/docs/3.0.0-preview/sql-ref-syntax-dml-insert-overwrite-directory-hive.html
    1530    arg_types = {"this": True, "local": False, "row_format": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'local': False, 'row_format': False}
key = 'directory'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class ForeignKey(Expression): View Source

    1533class ForeignKey(Expression):
    1534    arg_types = {
    1535        "expressions": True,
    1536        "reference": False,
    1537        "delete": False,
    1538        "update": False,
    1539    }

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'reference': False, 'delete': False, 'update': False}
key = 'foreignkey'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class ColumnPrefix(Expression): View Source

    1542class ColumnPrefix(Expression):
    1543    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'columnprefix'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class PrimaryKey(Expression): View Source

    1546class PrimaryKey(Expression):
    1547    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "options": False}

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'options': False}
key = 'primarykey'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Into(Expression): View Source

    1552class Into(Expression):
    1553    arg_types = {"this": True, "temporary": False, "unlogged": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'temporary': False, 'unlogged': False}
key = 'into'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class From(Expression): View Source

    1556class From(Expression):
    1557    @property
    1558    def name(self) -> str:
    1559        return self.this.name
    1560
    1561    @property
    1562    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
    1563        return self.this.alias_or_name

name: str
alias_or_name: str
key = 'from'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Having(Expression): View Source

    1566class Having(Expression):
    1567    pass

key = 'having'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Hint(Expression): View Source

    1570class Hint(Expression):
    1571    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'hint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class JoinHint(Expression): View Source

    1574class JoinHint(Expression):
    1575    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True}
key = 'joinhint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Identifier(Expression): View Source

    1578class Identifier(Expression):
    1579    arg_types = {"this": True, "quoted": False, "global": False, "temporary": False}
    1580
    1581    @property
    1582    def quoted(self) -> bool:
    1583        return bool(self.args.get("quoted"))
    1584
    1585    @property
    1586    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
    1587        return (self.this, self.quoted)
    1588
    1589    @property
    1590    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1591        return self.name

arg_types = {'this': True, 'quoted': False, 'global': False, 'temporary': False}
quoted: bool
hashable_args: Any
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'identifier'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Index(Expression): View Source

    1594class Index(Expression):
    1595    arg_types = {
    1596        "this": False,
    1597        "table": False,
    1598        "using": False,
    1599        "where": False,
    1600        "columns": False,
    1601        "unique": False,
    1602        "primary": False,
    1603        "amp": False,  # teradata
    1604        "partition_by": False,  # teradata
    1605    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'table': False, 'using': False, 'where': False, 'columns': False, 'unique': False, 'primary': False, 'amp': False, 'partition_by': False}
key = 'index'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Insert(DDL): View Source

    1608class Insert(DDL):
    1609    arg_types = {
    1610        "with": False,
    1611        "this": True,
    1612        "expression": False,
    1613        "conflict": False,
    1614        "returning": False,
    1615        "overwrite": False,
    1616        "exists": False,
    1617        "partition": False,
    1618        "alternative": False,
    1619        "where": False,
    1620        "ignore": False,
    1621        "by_name": False,
    1622    }
    1623
    1624    def with_(
    1625        self,
    1626        alias: ExpOrStr,
    1627        as_: ExpOrStr,
    1628        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    1629        append: bool = True,
    1630        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1631        copy: bool = True,
    1632        **opts,
    1633    ) -> Insert:
    1634        """
    1635        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    1636
    1637        Example:
    1638            >>> insert("SELECT x FROM cte", "t").with_("cte", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").sql()
    1639            'WITH cte AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) INSERT INTO t SELECT x FROM cte'
    1640
    1641        Args:
    1642            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    1643                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    1644            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    1645                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1646            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    1647            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    1648                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    1649            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1650            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1651            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1652
    1653        Returns:
    1654            The modified expression.
    1655        """
    1656        return _apply_cte_builder(
    1657            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    1658        )

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': True, 'expression': False, 'conflict': False, 'returning': False, 'overwrite': False, 'exists': False, 'partition': False, 'alternative': False, 'where': False, 'ignore': False, 'by_name': False}
def with_( self, alias: Union[str, Expression], as_: Union[str, Expression], recursive: Optional[bool] = None, append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Insert: View Source

    1624    def with_(
    1625        self,
    1626        alias: ExpOrStr,
    1627        as_: ExpOrStr,
    1628        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    1629        append: bool = True,
    1630        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1631        copy: bool = True,
    1632        **opts,
    1633    ) -> Insert:
    1634        """
    1635        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    1636
    1637        Example:
    1638            >>> insert("SELECT x FROM cte", "t").with_("cte", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").sql()
    1639            'WITH cte AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) INSERT INTO t SELECT x FROM cte'
    1640
    1641        Args:
    1642            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    1643                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    1644            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    1645                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1646            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    1647            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    1648                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    1649            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    1650            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1651            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1652
    1653        Returns:
    1654            The modified expression.
    1655        """
    1656        return _apply_cte_builder(
    1657            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    1658        )

Append to or set the common table expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> insert("SELECT x FROM cte", "t").with_("cte", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").sql()
>     'WITH cte AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) INSERT INTO t SELECT x FROM cte'

###### Arguments:

- alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name. If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified expression.

key = 'insert'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
DDL
  ctes
  named_selects
  selects

class OnConflict(Expression): View Source

    1661class OnConflict(Expression):
    1662    arg_types = {
    1663        "duplicate": False,
    1664        "expressions": False,
    1665        "nothing": False,
    1666        "key": False,
    1667        "constraint": False,
    1668    }

arg_types = {'duplicate': False, 'expressions': False, 'nothing': False, 'key': False, 'constraint': False}
key = 'onconflict'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Returning(Expression): View Source

    1671class Returning(Expression):
    1672    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "into": False}

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'into': False}
key = 'returning'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Introducer(Expression): View Source

    1676class Introducer(Expression):
    1677    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'introducer'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class National(Expression): View Source

    1681class National(Expression):
    1682    pass

key = 'national'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class LoadData(Expression): View Source

    1685class LoadData(Expression):
    1686    arg_types = {
    1687        "this": True,
    1688        "local": False,
    1689        "overwrite": False,
    1690        "inpath": True,
    1691        "partition": False,
    1692        "input_format": False,
    1693        "serde": False,
    1694    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'local': False, 'overwrite': False, 'inpath': True, 'partition': False, 'input_format': False, 'serde': False}
key = 'loaddata'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Partition(Expression): View Source

    1697class Partition(Expression):
    1698    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'partition'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Fetch(Expression): View Source

    1701class Fetch(Expression):
    1702    arg_types = {
    1703        "direction": False,
    1704        "count": False,
    1705        "percent": False,
    1706        "with_ties": False,
    1707    }

arg_types = {'direction': False, 'count': False, 'percent': False, 'with_ties': False}
key = 'fetch'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Group(Expression): View Source

    1710class Group(Expression):
    1711    arg_types = {
    1712        "expressions": False,
    1713        "grouping_sets": False,
    1714        "cube": False,
    1715        "rollup": False,
    1716        "totals": False,
    1717        "all": False,
    1718    }

arg_types = {'expressions': False, 'grouping_sets': False, 'cube': False, 'rollup': False, 'totals': False, 'all': False}
key = 'group'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Lambda(Expression): View Source

    1721class Lambda(Expression):
    1722    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True}
key = 'lambda'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Limit(Expression): View Source

    1725class Limit(Expression):
    1726    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": True, "offset": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': True, 'offset': False}
key = 'limit'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Literal(Condition): View Source

    1729class Literal(Condition):
    1730    arg_types = {"this": True, "is_string": True}
    1731
    1732    @property
    1733    def hashable_args(self) -> t.Any:
    1734        return (self.this, self.args.get("is_string"))
    1735
    1736    @classmethod
    1737    def number(cls, number) -> Literal:
    1738        return cls(this=str(number), is_string=False)
    1739
    1740    @classmethod
    1741    def string(cls, string) -> Literal:
    1742        return cls(this=str(string), is_string=True)
    1743
    1744    @property
    1745    def output_name(self) -> str:
    1746        return self.name

arg_types = {'this': True, 'is_string': True}
hashable_args: Any
@classmethod
def number(cls, number) -> Literal: View Source

    1736    @classmethod
    1737    def number(cls, number) -> Literal:
    1738        return cls(this=str(number), is_string=False)

@classmethod
def string(cls, string) -> Literal: View Source

    1740    @classmethod
    1741    def string(cls, string) -> Literal:
    1742        return cls(this=str(string), is_string=True)

output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'literal'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Join(Expression): View Source

    1749class Join(Expression):
    1750    arg_types = {
    1751        "this": True,
    1752        "on": False,
    1753        "side": False,
    1754        "kind": False,
    1755        "using": False,
    1756        "method": False,
    1757        "global": False,
    1758        "hint": False,
    1759    }
    1760
    1761    @property
    1762    def method(self) -> str:
    1763        return self.text("method").upper()
    1764
    1765    @property
    1766    def kind(self) -> str:
    1767        return self.text("kind").upper()
    1768
    1769    @property
    1770    def side(self) -> str:
    1771        return self.text("side").upper()
    1772
    1773    @property
    1774    def hint(self) -> str:
    1775        return self.text("hint").upper()
    1776
    1777    @property
    1778    def alias_or_name(self) -> str:
    1779        return self.this.alias_or_name
    1780
    1781    def on(
    1782        self,
    1783        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1784        append: bool = True,
    1785        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1786        copy: bool = True,
    1787        **opts,
    1788    ) -> Join:
    1789        """
    1790        Append to or set the ON expressions.
    1791
    1792        Example:
    1793            >>> import sqlglot
    1794            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).on("y = 1").sql()
    1795            'JOIN x ON y = 1'
    1796
    1797        Args:
    1798            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1799                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1800                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1801            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1802                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1803            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1804            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1805            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1806
    1807        Returns:
    1808            The modified Join expression.
    1809        """
    1810        join = _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1811            *expressions,
    1812            instance=self,
    1813            arg="on",
    1814            append=append,
    1815            dialect=dialect,
    1816            copy=copy,
    1817            **opts,
    1818        )
    1819
    1820        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1821            join.set("kind", None)
    1822
    1823        return join
    1824
    1825    def using(
    1826        self,
    1827        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1828        append: bool = True,
    1829        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1830        copy: bool = True,
    1831        **opts,
    1832    ) -> Join:
    1833        """
    1834        Append to or set the USING expressions.
    1835
    1836        Example:
    1837            >>> import sqlglot
    1838            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).using("foo", "bla").sql()
    1839            'JOIN x USING (foo, bla)'
    1840
    1841        Args:
    1842            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1843                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1844            append: if `True`, concatenate the new expressions to the existing "using" list.
    1845                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1846            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1847            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1848            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1849
    1850        Returns:
    1851            The modified Join expression.
    1852        """
    1853        join = _apply_list_builder(
    1854            *expressions,
    1855            instance=self,
    1856            arg="using",
    1857            append=append,
    1858            dialect=dialect,
    1859            copy=copy,
    1860            **opts,
    1861        )
    1862
    1863        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1864            join.set("kind", None)
    1865
    1866        return join

arg_types = {'this': True, 'on': False, 'side': False, 'kind': False, 'using': False, 'method': False, 'global': False, 'hint': False}
method: str
kind: str
side: str
hint: str
alias_or_name: str
def on( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Join: View Source

    1781    def on(
    1782        self,
    1783        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1784        append: bool = True,
    1785        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1786        copy: bool = True,
    1787        **opts,
    1788    ) -> Join:
    1789        """
    1790        Append to or set the ON expressions.
    1791
    1792        Example:
    1793            >>> import sqlglot
    1794            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).on("y = 1").sql()
    1795            'JOIN x ON y = 1'
    1796
    1797        Args:
    1798            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1799                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1800                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    1801            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    1802                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1803            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1804            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1805            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1806
    1807        Returns:
    1808            The modified Join expression.
    1809        """
    1810        join = _apply_conjunction_builder(
    1811            *expressions,
    1812            instance=self,
    1813            arg="on",
    1814            append=append,
    1815            dialect=dialect,
    1816            copy=copy,
    1817            **opts,
    1818        )
    1819
    1820        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1821            join.set("kind", None)
    1822
    1823        return join

Append to or set the ON expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).on("y = 1").sql()
>     'JOIN x ON y = 1'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is. Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
- append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression. Otherwise, this resets the expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Join expression.

def using( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Join: View Source

    1825    def using(
    1826        self,
    1827        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    1828        append: bool = True,
    1829        dialect: DialectType = None,
    1830        copy: bool = True,
    1831        **opts,
    1832    ) -> Join:
    1833        """
    1834        Append to or set the USING expressions.
    1835
    1836        Example:
    1837            >>> import sqlglot
    1838            >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).using("foo", "bla").sql()
    1839            'JOIN x USING (foo, bla)'
    1840
    1841        Args:
    1842            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    1843                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    1844            append: if `True`, concatenate the new expressions to the existing "using" list.
    1845                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    1846            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    1847            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    1848            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    1849
    1850        Returns:
    1851            The modified Join expression.
    1852        """
    1853        join = _apply_list_builder(
    1854            *expressions,
    1855            instance=self,
    1856            arg="using",
    1857            append=append,
    1858            dialect=dialect,
    1859            copy=copy,
    1860            **opts,
    1861        )
    1862
    1863        if join.kind == "CROSS":
    1864            join.set("kind", None)
    1865
    1866        return join

Append to or set the USING expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sqlglot.parse_one("JOIN x", into=Join).using("foo", "bla").sql()
>     'JOIN x USING (foo, bla)'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- append: if `True`, concatenate the new expressions to the existing "using" list. Otherwise, this resets the expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Join expression.

key = 'join'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Lateral(UDTF): View Source

    1869class Lateral(UDTF):
    1870    arg_types = {"this": True, "view": False, "outer": False, "alias": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'view': False, 'outer': False, 'alias': False}
key = 'lateral'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
UDTF
  selects
DerivedTable
  named_selects
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class MatchRecognize(Expression): View Source

    1873class MatchRecognize(Expression):
    1874    arg_types = {
    1875        "partition_by": False,
    1876        "order": False,
    1877        "measures": False,
    1878        "rows": False,
    1879        "after": False,
    1880        "pattern": False,
    1881        "define": False,
    1882        "alias": False,
    1883    }

arg_types = {'partition_by': False, 'order': False, 'measures': False, 'rows': False, 'after': False, 'pattern': False, 'define': False, 'alias': False}
key = 'matchrecognize'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Final(Expression): View Source

    1888class Final(Expression):
    1889    pass

key = 'final'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Offset(Expression): View Source

    1892class Offset(Expression):
    1893    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': True}
key = 'offset'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Order(Expression): View Source

    1896class Order(Expression):
    1897    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": True}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expressions': True}
key = 'order'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Cluster(Order): View Source

    1902class Cluster(Order):
    1903    pass

key = 'cluster'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Order
  arg_types

class Distribute(Order): View Source

    1906class Distribute(Order):
    1907    pass

key = 'distribute'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
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  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Order
  arg_types

class Sort(Order): View Source

    1910class Sort(Order):
    1911    pass

key = 'sort'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
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  walk
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  unnest
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  unnest_operands
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  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load
Order
  arg_types

class Ordered(Expression): View Source

    1914class Ordered(Expression):
    1915    arg_types = {"this": True, "desc": True, "nulls_first": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'desc': True, 'nulls_first': True}
key = 'ordered'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
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  walk
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  dump
  load

class Property(Expression): View Source

    1918class Property(Expression):
    1919    arg_types = {"this": True, "value": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'value': True}
key = 'property'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
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  walk
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  unnest
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  pop
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  dump
  load

class AlgorithmProperty(Property): View Source

    1922class AlgorithmProperty(Property):
    1923    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'algorithmproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
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  walk
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  unnest
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  unnest_operands
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  pop
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  load

class AutoIncrementProperty(Property): View Source

    1926class AutoIncrementProperty(Property):
    1927    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'autoincrementproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
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  pop
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  load

class BlockCompressionProperty(Property): View Source

    1930class BlockCompressionProperty(Property):
    1931    arg_types = {"autotemp": False, "always": False, "default": True, "manual": True, "never": True}

arg_types = {'autotemp': False, 'always': False, 'default': True, 'manual': True, 'never': True}
key = 'blockcompressionproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load

class CharacterSetProperty(Property): View Source

    1934class CharacterSetProperty(Property):
    1935    arg_types = {"this": True, "default": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'default': True}
key = 'charactersetproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class ChecksumProperty(Property): View Source

    1938class ChecksumProperty(Property):
    1939    arg_types = {"on": False, "default": False}

arg_types = {'on': False, 'default': False}
key = 'checksumproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class CollateProperty(Property): View Source

    1942class CollateProperty(Property):
    1943    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'collateproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load

class CopyGrantsProperty(Property): View Source

    1946class CopyGrantsProperty(Property):
    1947    arg_types = {}

arg_types = {}
key = 'copygrantsproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  pop
  assert_is
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  load

class DataBlocksizeProperty(Property): View Source

    1950class DataBlocksizeProperty(Property):
    1951    arg_types = {
    1952        "size": False,
    1953        "units": False,
    1954        "minimum": False,
    1955        "maximum": False,
    1956        "default": False,
    1957    }

arg_types = {'size': False, 'units': False, 'minimum': False, 'maximum': False, 'default': False}
key = 'datablocksizeproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  pop
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  load

class DefinerProperty(Property): View Source

    1960class DefinerProperty(Property):
    1961    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'definerproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
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  pop
  assert_is
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  load

class DistKeyProperty(Property): View Source

    1964class DistKeyProperty(Property):
    1965    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'distkeyproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
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  unnest
  unalias
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  load

class DistStyleProperty(Property): View Source

    1968class DistStyleProperty(Property):
    1969    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'diststyleproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
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  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
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  pop
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  dump
  load

class EngineProperty(Property): View Source

    1972class EngineProperty(Property):
    1973    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'engineproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class HeapProperty(Property): View Source

    1976class HeapProperty(Property):
    1977    arg_types = {}

arg_types = {}
key = 'heapproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
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  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
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  pop
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  load

class ToTableProperty(Property): View Source

    1980class ToTableProperty(Property):
    1981    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'totableproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
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  pop
  assert_is
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  load

class ExecuteAsProperty(Property): View Source

    1984class ExecuteAsProperty(Property):
    1985    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'executeasproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load

class ExternalProperty(Property): View Source

    1988class ExternalProperty(Property):
    1989    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'externalproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
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  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load

class FallbackProperty(Property): View Source

    1992class FallbackProperty(Property):
    1993    arg_types = {"no": True, "protection": False}

arg_types = {'no': True, 'protection': False}
key = 'fallbackproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
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  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load

class FileFormatProperty(Property): View Source

    1996class FileFormatProperty(Property):
    1997    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'fileformatproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
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  pop
  assert_is
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  load

class FreespaceProperty(Property): View Source

    2000class FreespaceProperty(Property):
    2001    arg_types = {"this": True, "percent": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'percent': False}
key = 'freespaceproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load

class InputOutputFormat(Expression): View Source

    2004class InputOutputFormat(Expression):
    2005    arg_types = {"input_format": False, "output_format": False}

arg_types = {'input_format': False, 'output_format': False}
key = 'inputoutputformat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class IsolatedLoadingProperty(Property): View Source

    2008class IsolatedLoadingProperty(Property):
    2009    arg_types = {
    2010        "no": True,
    2011        "concurrent": True,
    2012        "for_all": True,
    2013        "for_insert": True,
    2014        "for_none": True,
    2015    }

arg_types = {'no': True, 'concurrent': True, 'for_all': True, 'for_insert': True, 'for_none': True}
key = 'isolatedloadingproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
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  dump
  load

class JournalProperty(Property): View Source

    2018class JournalProperty(Property):
    2019    arg_types = {
    2020        "no": False,
    2021        "dual": False,
    2022        "before": False,
    2023        "local": False,
    2024        "after": False,
    2025    }

arg_types = {'no': False, 'dual': False, 'before': False, 'local': False, 'after': False}
key = 'journalproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class LanguageProperty(Property): View Source

    2028class LanguageProperty(Property):
    2029    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'languageproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class ClusteredByProperty(Property): View Source

    2033class ClusteredByProperty(Property):
    2034    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "sorted_by": False, "buckets": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'sorted_by': False, 'buckets': True}
key = 'clusteredbyproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DictProperty(Property): View Source

    2037class DictProperty(Property):
    2038    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "settings": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': True, 'settings': False}
key = 'dictproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DictSubProperty(Property): View Source

    2041class DictSubProperty(Property):
    2042    pass

key = 'dictsubproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Property
  arg_types

class DictRange(Property): View Source

    2045class DictRange(Property):
    2046    arg_types = {"this": True, "min": True, "max": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'min': True, 'max': True}
key = 'dictrange'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class OnCluster(Property): View Source

    2051class OnCluster(Property):
    2052    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'oncluster'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class LikeProperty(Property): View Source

    2055class LikeProperty(Property):
    2056    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
key = 'likeproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class LocationProperty(Property): View Source

    2059class LocationProperty(Property):
    2060    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'locationproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class LockingProperty(Property): View Source

    2063class LockingProperty(Property):
    2064    arg_types = {
    2065        "this": False,
    2066        "kind": True,
    2067        "for_or_in": True,
    2068        "lock_type": True,
    2069        "override": False,
    2070    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'kind': True, 'for_or_in': True, 'lock_type': True, 'override': False}
key = 'lockingproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class LogProperty(Property): View Source

    2073class LogProperty(Property):
    2074    arg_types = {"no": True}

arg_types = {'no': True}
key = 'logproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class MaterializedProperty(Property): View Source

    2077class MaterializedProperty(Property):
    2078    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'materializedproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class MergeBlockRatioProperty(Property): View Source

    2081class MergeBlockRatioProperty(Property):
    2082    arg_types = {"this": False, "no": False, "default": False, "percent": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'no': False, 'default': False, 'percent': False}
key = 'mergeblockratioproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class NoPrimaryIndexProperty(Property): View Source

    2085class NoPrimaryIndexProperty(Property):
    2086    arg_types = {}

arg_types = {}
key = 'noprimaryindexproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class OnProperty(Property): View Source

    2089class OnProperty(Property):
    2090    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'onproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class OnCommitProperty(Property): View Source

    2093class OnCommitProperty(Property):
    2094    arg_types = {"delete": False}

arg_types = {'delete': False}
key = 'oncommitproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class PartitionedByProperty(Property): View Source

    2097class PartitionedByProperty(Property):
    2098    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'partitionedbyproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class ReturnsProperty(Property): View Source

    2101class ReturnsProperty(Property):
    2102    arg_types = {"this": True, "is_table": False, "table": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'is_table': False, 'table': False}
key = 'returnsproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class RowFormatProperty(Property): View Source

    2105class RowFormatProperty(Property):
    2106    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'rowformatproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class RowFormatDelimitedProperty(Property): View Source

    2109class RowFormatDelimitedProperty(Property):
    2110    # https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/hive/languagemanual+dml
    2111    arg_types = {
    2112        "fields": False,
    2113        "escaped": False,
    2114        "collection_items": False,
    2115        "map_keys": False,
    2116        "lines": False,
    2117        "null": False,
    2118        "serde": False,
    2119    }

arg_types = {'fields': False, 'escaped': False, 'collection_items': False, 'map_keys': False, 'lines': False, 'null': False, 'serde': False}
key = 'rowformatdelimitedproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class RowFormatSerdeProperty(Property): View Source

    2122class RowFormatSerdeProperty(Property):
    2123    arg_types = {"this": True, "serde_properties": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'serde_properties': False}
key = 'rowformatserdeproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class QueryTransform(Expression): View Source

    2127class QueryTransform(Expression):
    2128    arg_types = {
    2129        "expressions": True,
    2130        "command_script": True,
    2131        "schema": False,
    2132        "row_format_before": False,
    2133        "record_writer": False,
    2134        "row_format_after": False,
    2135        "record_reader": False,
    2136    }

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'command_script': True, 'schema': False, 'row_format_before': False, 'record_writer': False, 'row_format_after': False, 'record_reader': False}
key = 'querytransform'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class SchemaCommentProperty(Property): View Source

    2139class SchemaCommentProperty(Property):
    2140    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'schemacommentproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class SerdeProperties(Property): View Source

    2143class SerdeProperties(Property):
    2144    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'serdeproperties'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class SetProperty(Property): View Source

    2147class SetProperty(Property):
    2148    arg_types = {"multi": True}

arg_types = {'multi': True}
key = 'setproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class SettingsProperty(Property): View Source

    2151class SettingsProperty(Property):
    2152    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'settingsproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class SortKeyProperty(Property): View Source

    2155class SortKeyProperty(Property):
    2156    arg_types = {"this": True, "compound": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'compound': False}
key = 'sortkeyproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class SqlSecurityProperty(Property): View Source

    2159class SqlSecurityProperty(Property):
    2160    arg_types = {"definer": True}

arg_types = {'definer': True}
key = 'sqlsecurityproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class StabilityProperty(Property): View Source

    2163class StabilityProperty(Property):
    2164    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'stabilityproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class TemporaryProperty(Property): View Source

    2167class TemporaryProperty(Property):
    2168    arg_types = {}

arg_types = {}
key = 'temporaryproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class TransientProperty(Property): View Source

    2171class TransientProperty(Property):
    2172    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'transientproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class VolatileProperty(Property): View Source

    2175class VolatileProperty(Property):
    2176    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'volatileproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class WithDataProperty(Property): View Source

    2179class WithDataProperty(Property):
    2180    arg_types = {"no": True, "statistics": False}

arg_types = {'no': True, 'statistics': False}
key = 'withdataproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class WithJournalTableProperty(Property): View Source

    2183class WithJournalTableProperty(Property):
    2184    arg_types = {"this": True}

arg_types = {'this': True}
key = 'withjournaltableproperty'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Properties(Expression): View Source

    2187class Properties(Expression):
    2188    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    2189
    2190    NAME_TO_PROPERTY = {
    2191        "ALGORITHM": AlgorithmProperty,
    2192        "AUTO_INCREMENT": AutoIncrementProperty,
    2193        "CHARACTER SET": CharacterSetProperty,
    2194        "CLUSTERED_BY": ClusteredByProperty,
    2195        "COLLATE": CollateProperty,
    2196        "COMMENT": SchemaCommentProperty,
    2197        "DEFINER": DefinerProperty,
    2198        "DISTKEY": DistKeyProperty,
    2199        "DISTSTYLE": DistStyleProperty,
    2200        "ENGINE": EngineProperty,
    2201        "EXECUTE AS": ExecuteAsProperty,
    2202        "FORMAT": FileFormatProperty,
    2203        "LANGUAGE": LanguageProperty,
    2204        "LOCATION": LocationProperty,
    2205        "PARTITIONED_BY": PartitionedByProperty,
    2206        "RETURNS": ReturnsProperty,
    2207        "ROW_FORMAT": RowFormatProperty,
    2208        "SORTKEY": SortKeyProperty,
    2209    }
    2210
    2211    PROPERTY_TO_NAME = {v: k for k, v in NAME_TO_PROPERTY.items()}
    2212
    2213    # CREATE property locations
    2214    # Form: schema specified
    2215    #   create [POST_CREATE]
    2216    #     table a [POST_NAME]
    2217    #     (b int) [POST_SCHEMA]
    2218    #     with ([POST_WITH])
    2219    #     index (b) [POST_INDEX]
    2220    #
    2221    # Form: alias selection
    2222    #   create [POST_CREATE]
    2223    #     table a [POST_NAME]
    2224    #     as [POST_ALIAS] (select * from b) [POST_EXPRESSION]
    2225    #     index (c) [POST_INDEX]
    2226    class Location(AutoName):
    2227        POST_CREATE = auto()
    2228        POST_NAME = auto()
    2229        POST_SCHEMA = auto()
    2230        POST_WITH = auto()
    2231        POST_ALIAS = auto()
    2232        POST_EXPRESSION = auto()
    2233        POST_INDEX = auto()
    2234        UNSUPPORTED = auto()
    2235
    2236    @classmethod
    2237    def from_dict(cls, properties_dict: t.Dict) -> Properties:
    2238        expressions = []
    2239        for key, value in properties_dict.items():
    2240            property_cls = cls.NAME_TO_PROPERTY.get(key.upper())
    2241            if property_cls:
    2242                expressions.append(property_cls(this=convert(value)))
    2243            else:
    2244                expressions.append(Property(this=Literal.string(key), value=convert(value)))
    2245
    2246        return cls(expressions=expressions)

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
NAME_TO_PROPERTY = {'ALGORITHM': <class 'AlgorithmProperty'>, 'AUTO_INCREMENT': <class 'AutoIncrementProperty'>, 'CHARACTER SET': <class 'CharacterSetProperty'>, 'CLUSTERED_BY': <class 'ClusteredByProperty'>, 'COLLATE': <class 'CollateProperty'>, 'COMMENT': <class 'SchemaCommentProperty'>, 'DEFINER': <class 'DefinerProperty'>, 'DISTKEY': <class 'DistKeyProperty'>, 'DISTSTYLE': <class 'DistStyleProperty'>, 'ENGINE': <class 'EngineProperty'>, 'EXECUTE AS': <class 'ExecuteAsProperty'>, 'FORMAT': <class 'FileFormatProperty'>, 'LANGUAGE': <class 'LanguageProperty'>, 'LOCATION': <class 'LocationProperty'>, 'PARTITIONED_BY': <class 'PartitionedByProperty'>, 'RETURNS': <class 'ReturnsProperty'>, 'ROW_FORMAT': <class 'RowFormatProperty'>, 'SORTKEY': <class 'SortKeyProperty'>}
PROPERTY_TO_NAME = {<class 'AlgorithmProperty'>: 'ALGORITHM', <class 'AutoIncrementProperty'>: 'AUTO_INCREMENT', <class 'CharacterSetProperty'>: 'CHARACTER SET', <class 'ClusteredByProperty'>: 'CLUSTERED_BY', <class 'CollateProperty'>: 'COLLATE', <class 'SchemaCommentProperty'>: 'COMMENT', <class 'DefinerProperty'>: 'DEFINER', <class 'DistKeyProperty'>: 'DISTKEY', <class 'DistStyleProperty'>: 'DISTSTYLE', <class 'EngineProperty'>: 'ENGINE', <class 'ExecuteAsProperty'>: 'EXECUTE AS', <class 'FileFormatProperty'>: 'FORMAT', <class 'LanguageProperty'>: 'LANGUAGE', <class 'LocationProperty'>: 'LOCATION', <class 'PartitionedByProperty'>: 'PARTITIONED_BY', <class 'ReturnsProperty'>: 'RETURNS', <class 'RowFormatProperty'>: 'ROW_FORMAT', <class 'SortKeyProperty'>: 'SORTKEY'}
@classmethod
def from_dict(cls, properties_dict: Dict) -> Properties: View Source

    2236    @classmethod
    2237    def from_dict(cls, properties_dict: t.Dict) -> Properties:
    2238        expressions = []
    2239        for key, value in properties_dict.items():
    2240            property_cls = cls.NAME_TO_PROPERTY.get(key.upper())
    2241            if property_cls:
    2242                expressions.append(property_cls(this=convert(value)))
    2243            else:
    2244                expressions.append(Property(this=Literal.string(key), value=convert(value)))
    2245
    2246        return cls(expressions=expressions)

key = 'properties'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Properties.Location(sqlglot.helper.AutoName): View Source

    2226    class Location(AutoName):
    2227        POST_CREATE = auto()
    2228        POST_NAME = auto()
    2229        POST_SCHEMA = auto()
    2230        POST_WITH = auto()
    2231        POST_ALIAS = auto()
    2232        POST_EXPRESSION = auto()
    2233        POST_INDEX = auto()
    2234        UNSUPPORTED = auto()

An enumeration.

POST_CREATE = <Location.POST_CREATE: 'POST_CREATE'>
POST_NAME = <Location.POST_NAME: 'POST_NAME'>
POST_SCHEMA = <Location.POST_SCHEMA: 'POST_SCHEMA'>
POST_WITH = <Location.POST_WITH: 'POST_WITH'>
POST_ALIAS = <Location.POST_ALIAS: 'POST_ALIAS'>
POST_EXPRESSION = <Location.POST_EXPRESSION: 'POST_EXPRESSION'>
POST_INDEX = <Location.POST_INDEX: 'POST_INDEX'>
UNSUPPORTED = <Location.UNSUPPORTED: 'UNSUPPORTED'>

##### Inherited Members

enum.Enum
  name
  value

class Qualify(Expression): View Source

    2249class Qualify(Expression):
    2250    pass

key = 'qualify'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Return(Expression): View Source

    2254class Return(Expression):
    2255    pass

key = 'return'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Reference(Expression): View Source

    2258class Reference(Expression):
    2259    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "options": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False, 'options': False}
key = 'reference'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Tuple(Expression): View Source

    2262class Tuple(Expression):
    2263    arg_types = {"expressions": False}
    2264
    2265    def isin(
    2266        self,
    2267        *expressions: t.Any,
    2268        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2269        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2270        copy: bool = True,
    2271        **opts,
    2272    ) -> In:
    2273        return In(
    2274            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    2275            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
    2276            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
    2277            unnest=Unnest(
    2278                expressions=[
    2279                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
    2280                ]
    2281            )
    2282            if unnest
    2283            else None,
    2284        )

arg_types = {'expressions': False}
def isin( self, *expressions: Any, query: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, unnest: Union[str, Expression, NoneType, Collection[Union[str, Expression]]] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> In: View Source

    2265    def isin(
    2266        self,
    2267        *expressions: t.Any,
    2268        query: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2269        unnest: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] | t.Collection[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2270        copy: bool = True,
    2271        **opts,
    2272    ) -> In:
    2273        return In(
    2274            this=maybe_copy(self, copy),
    2275            expressions=[convert(e, copy=copy) for e in expressions],
    2276            query=maybe_parse(query, copy=copy, **opts) if query else None,
    2277            unnest=Unnest(
    2278                expressions=[
    2279                    maybe_parse(t.cast(ExpOrStr, e), copy=copy, **opts) for e in ensure_list(unnest)
    2280                ]
    2281            )
    2282            if unnest
    2283            else None,
    2284        )

key = 'tuple'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Subqueryable(Unionable): View Source

    2287class Subqueryable(Unionable):
    2288    def subquery(self, alias: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None, copy: bool = True) -> Subquery:
    2289        """
    2290        Convert this expression to an aliased expression that can be used as a Subquery.
    2291
    2292        Example:
    2293            >>> subquery = Select().select("x").from_("tbl").subquery()
    2294            >>> Select().select("x").from_(subquery).sql()
    2295            'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl)'
    2296
    2297        Args:
    2298            alias (str | Identifier): an optional alias for the subquery
    2299            copy (bool): if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2300
    2301        Returns:
    2302            Alias: the subquery
    2303        """
    2304        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    2305        if not isinstance(alias, Expression):
    2306            alias = TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None
    2307
    2308        return Subquery(this=instance, alias=alias)
    2309
    2310    def limit(
    2311        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2312    ) -> Select:
    2313        raise NotImplementedError
    2314
    2315    @property
    2316    def ctes(self):
    2317        with_ = self.args.get("with")
    2318        if not with_:
    2319            return []
    2320        return with_.expressions
    2321
    2322    @property
    2323    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2324        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `selects`")
    2325
    2326    @property
    2327    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2328        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `named_selects`")
    2329
    2330    def select(
    2331        self,
    2332        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2333        append: bool = True,
    2334        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2335        copy: bool = True,
    2336        **opts,
    2337    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2338        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `select`")
    2339
    2340    def with_(
    2341        self,
    2342        alias: ExpOrStr,
    2343        as_: ExpOrStr,
    2344        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2345        append: bool = True,
    2346        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2347        copy: bool = True,
    2348        **opts,
    2349    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2350        """
    2351        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    2352
    2353        Example:
    2354            >>> Select().with_("tbl2", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").select("x").from_("tbl2").sql()
    2355            'WITH tbl2 AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) SELECT x FROM tbl2'
    2356
    2357        Args:
    2358            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    2359                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2360            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    2361                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2362            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    2363            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2364                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2365            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2366            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2367            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2368
    2369        Returns:
    2370            The modified expression.
    2371        """
    2372        return _apply_cte_builder(
    2373            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    2374        )

def subquery( self, alias: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True) -> Subquery: View Source

    2288    def subquery(self, alias: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None, copy: bool = True) -> Subquery:
    2289        """
    2290        Convert this expression to an aliased expression that can be used as a Subquery.
    2291
    2292        Example:
    2293            >>> subquery = Select().select("x").from_("tbl").subquery()
    2294            >>> Select().select("x").from_(subquery).sql()
    2295            'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl)'
    2296
    2297        Args:
    2298            alias (str | Identifier): an optional alias for the subquery
    2299            copy (bool): if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2300
    2301        Returns:
    2302            Alias: the subquery
    2303        """
    2304        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    2305        if not isinstance(alias, Expression):
    2306            alias = TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None
    2307
    2308        return Subquery(this=instance, alias=alias)

Convert this expression to an aliased expression that can be used as a Subquery.

###### Example:

>     >>> subquery = Select().select("x").from_("tbl").subquery()
>     >>> Select().select("x").from_(subquery).sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl)'

###### Arguments:

- alias (str | Identifier): an optional alias for the subquery
- copy (bool): if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.

###### Returns:

> Alias: the subquery

def limit( self, expression: Union[str, Expression, int], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2310    def limit(
    2311        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2312    ) -> Select:
    2313        raise NotImplementedError

ctes
selects: List[Expression]
named_selects: List[str]
def select( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Subqueryable: View Source

    2330    def select(
    2331        self,
    2332        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2333        append: bool = True,
    2334        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2335        copy: bool = True,
    2336        **opts,
    2337    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2338        raise NotImplementedError("Subqueryable objects must implement `select`")

def with_( self, alias: Union[str, Expression], as_: Union[str, Expression], recursive: Optional[bool] = None, append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Subqueryable: View Source

    2340    def with_(
    2341        self,
    2342        alias: ExpOrStr,
    2343        as_: ExpOrStr,
    2344        recursive: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    2345        append: bool = True,
    2346        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2347        copy: bool = True,
    2348        **opts,
    2349    ) -> Subqueryable:
    2350        """
    2351        Append to or set the common table expressions.
    2352
    2353        Example:
    2354            >>> Select().with_("tbl2", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").select("x").from_("tbl2").sql()
    2355            'WITH tbl2 AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) SELECT x FROM tbl2'
    2356
    2357        Args:
    2358            alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    2359                If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2360            as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression.
    2361                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2362            recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
    2363            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2364                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2365            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2366            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2367            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2368
    2369        Returns:
    2370            The modified expression.
    2371        """
    2372        return _apply_cte_builder(
    2373            self, alias, as_, recursive=recursive, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts
    2374        )

Append to or set the common table expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().with_("tbl2", as_="SELECT * FROM tbl").select("x").from_("tbl2").sql()
>     'WITH tbl2 AS (SELECT * FROM tbl) SELECT x FROM tbl2'

###### Arguments:

- alias: the SQL code string to parse as the table name. If an `Expression` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- as_: the SQL code string to parse as the table expression. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- recursive: set the RECURSIVE part of the expression. Defaults to `False`.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified expression.

key = 'subqueryable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

QUERY_MODIFIERS = {'match': False, 'laterals': False, 'joins': False, 'connect': False, 'pivots': False, 'where': False, 'group': False, 'having': False, 'qualify': False, 'windows': False, 'distribute': False, 'sort': False, 'cluster': False, 'order': False, 'limit': False, 'offset': False, 'locks': False, 'sample': False, 'settings': False, 'format': False}
class WithTableHint(Expression): View Source

    2402class WithTableHint(Expression):
    2403    arg_types = {"expressions": True}

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
key = 'withtablehint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class IndexTableHint(Expression): View Source

    2407class IndexTableHint(Expression):
    2408    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False, "target": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False, 'target': False}
key = 'indextablehint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Table(Expression): View Source

    2411class Table(Expression):
    2412    arg_types = {
    2413        "this": True,
    2414        "alias": False,
    2415        "db": False,
    2416        "catalog": False,
    2417        "laterals": False,
    2418        "joins": False,
    2419        "pivots": False,
    2420        "hints": False,
    2421        "system_time": False,
    2422        "version": False,
    2423    }
    2424
    2425    @property
    2426    def name(self) -> str:
    2427        if isinstance(self.this, Func):
    2428            return ""
    2429        return self.this.name
    2430
    2431    @property
    2432    def db(self) -> str:
    2433        return self.text("db")
    2434
    2435    @property
    2436    def catalog(self) -> str:
    2437        return self.text("catalog")
    2438
    2439    @property
    2440    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2441        return []
    2442
    2443    @property
    2444    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2445        return []
    2446
    2447    @property
    2448    def parts(self) -> t.List[Identifier]:
    2449        """Return the parts of a table in order catalog, db, table."""
    2450        parts: t.List[Identifier] = []
    2451
    2452        for arg in ("catalog", "db", "this"):
    2453            part = self.args.get(arg)
    2454
    2455            if isinstance(part, Identifier):
    2456                parts.append(part)
    2457            elif isinstance(part, Dot):
    2458                parts.extend(part.flatten())
    2459
    2460        return parts

arg_types = {'this': True, 'alias': False, 'db': False, 'catalog': False, 'laterals': False, 'joins': False, 'pivots': False, 'hints': False, 'system_time': False, 'version': False}
name: str
db: str
catalog: str
selects: List[Expression]
named_selects: List[str]
parts: List[Identifier]

Return the parts of a table in order catalog, db, table.

key = 'table'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Union(Subqueryable): View Source

    2463class Union(Subqueryable):
    2464    arg_types = {
    2465        "with": False,
    2466        "this": True,
    2467        "expression": True,
    2468        "distinct": False,
    2469        "by_name": False,
    2470        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    2471    }
    2472
    2473    def limit(
    2474        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2475    ) -> Select:
    2476        """
    2477        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2478
    2479        Example:
    2480            >>> select("1").union(select("1")).limit(1).sql()
    2481            'SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 1) AS _l_0 LIMIT 1'
    2482
    2483        Args:
    2484            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2485                This can also be an integer.
    2486                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2487                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2488            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2489            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2490            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2491
    2492        Returns:
    2493            The limited subqueryable.
    2494        """
    2495        return (
    2496            select("*")
    2497            .from_(self.subquery(alias="_l_0", copy=copy))
    2498            .limit(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2499        )
    2500
    2501    def select(
    2502        self,
    2503        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2504        append: bool = True,
    2505        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2506        copy: bool = True,
    2507        **opts,
    2508    ) -> Union:
    2509        """Append to or set the SELECT of the union recursively.
    2510
    2511        Example:
    2512            >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    2513            >>> parse_one("select a from x union select a from y union select a from z").select("b").sql()
    2514            'SELECT a, b FROM x UNION SELECT a, b FROM y UNION SELECT a, b FROM z'
    2515
    2516        Args:
    2517            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2518                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2519            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2520                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2521            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2522            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2523            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2524
    2525        Returns:
    2526            Union: the modified expression.
    2527        """
    2528        this = self.copy() if copy else self
    2529        this.this.unnest().select(*expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2530        this.expression.unnest().select(
    2531            *expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts
    2532        )
    2533        return this
    2534
    2535    @property
    2536    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    2537        return self.this.unnest().named_selects
    2538
    2539    @property
    2540    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    2541        return self.this.is_star or self.expression.is_star
    2542
    2543    @property
    2544    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    2545        return self.this.unnest().selects
    2546
    2547    @property
    2548    def left(self):
    2549        return self.this
    2550
    2551    @property
    2552    def right(self):
    2553        return self.expression

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': True, 'expression': True, 'distinct': False, 'by_name': False, 'match': False, 'laterals': False, 'joins': False, 'connect': False, 'pivots': False, 'where': False, 'group': False, 'having': False, 'qualify': False, 'windows': False, 'distribute': False, 'sort': False, 'cluster': False, 'order': False, 'limit': False, 'offset': False, 'locks': False, 'sample': False, 'settings': False, 'format': False}
def limit( self, expression: Union[str, Expression, int], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2473    def limit(
    2474        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2475    ) -> Select:
    2476        """
    2477        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2478
    2479        Example:
    2480            >>> select("1").union(select("1")).limit(1).sql()
    2481            'SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 1) AS _l_0 LIMIT 1'
    2482
    2483        Args:
    2484            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2485                This can also be an integer.
    2486                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2487                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2488            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2489            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2490            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2491
    2492        Returns:
    2493            The limited subqueryable.
    2494        """
    2495        return (
    2496            select("*")
    2497            .from_(self.subquery(alias="_l_0", copy=copy))
    2498            .limit(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2499        )

Set the LIMIT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> select("1").union(select("1")).limit(1).sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM (SELECT 1 UNION SELECT 1) AS _l_0 LIMIT 1'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. This can also be an integer. If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The limited subqueryable.

def select( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Union: View Source

    2501    def select(
    2502        self,
    2503        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2504        append: bool = True,
    2505        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2506        copy: bool = True,
    2507        **opts,
    2508    ) -> Union:
    2509        """Append to or set the SELECT of the union recursively.
    2510
    2511        Example:
    2512            >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    2513            >>> parse_one("select a from x union select a from y union select a from z").select("b").sql()
    2514            'SELECT a, b FROM x UNION SELECT a, b FROM y UNION SELECT a, b FROM z'
    2515
    2516        Args:
    2517            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2518                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2519            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2520                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2521            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2522            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2523            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2524
    2525        Returns:
    2526            Union: the modified expression.
    2527        """
    2528        this = self.copy() if copy else self
    2529        this.this.unnest().select(*expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    2530        this.expression.unnest().select(
    2531            *expressions, append=append, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts
    2532        )
    2533        return this

Append to or set the SELECT of the union recursively.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("select a from x union select a from y union select a from z").select("b").sql()
>     'SELECT a, b FROM x UNION SELECT a, b FROM y UNION SELECT a, b FROM z'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Union: the modified expression.

named_selects: List[str]
is_star: bool

Checks whether an expression is a star.

selects: List[Expression]
left
right
key = 'union'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Subqueryable
  subquery
  ctes
  with_
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Except(Union): View Source

    2556class Except(Union):
    2557    pass

key = 'except'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Union
  arg_types
  limit
  select
  named_selects
  is_star
  selects
  left
  right
Subqueryable
  subquery
  ctes
  with_
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Intersect(Union): View Source

    2560class Intersect(Union):
    2561    pass

key = 'intersect'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Union
  arg_types
  limit
  select
  named_selects
  is_star
  selects
  left
  right
Subqueryable
  subquery
  ctes
  with_
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Unnest(UDTF): View Source

    2564class Unnest(UDTF):
    2565    arg_types = {
    2566        "expressions": True,
    2567        "ordinality": False,
    2568        "alias": False,
    2569        "offset": False,
    2570    }

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'ordinality': False, 'alias': False, 'offset': False}
key = 'unnest'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
UDTF
  selects
DerivedTable
  named_selects
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Update(Expression): View Source

    2573class Update(Expression):
    2574    arg_types = {
    2575        "with": False,
    2576        "this": False,
    2577        "expressions": True,
    2578        "from": False,
    2579        "where": False,
    2580        "returning": False,
    2581        "order": False,
    2582        "limit": False,
    2583    }

arg_types = {'with': False, 'this': False, 'expressions': True, 'from': False, 'where': False, 'returning': False, 'order': False, 'limit': False}
key = 'update'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Values(UDTF): View Source

    2586class Values(UDTF):
    2587    arg_types = {
    2588        "expressions": True,
    2589        "ordinality": False,
    2590        "alias": False,
    2591    }

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'ordinality': False, 'alias': False}
key = 'values'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
UDTF
  selects
DerivedTable
  named_selects
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Var(Expression): View Source

    2594class Var(Expression):
    2595    pass

key = 'var'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Version(Expression): View Source

    2598class Version(Expression):
    2599    """
    2600    Time travel, iceberg, bigquery etc
    2601    https://trino.io/docs/current/connector/iceberg.html?highlight=snapshot#using-snapshots
    2602    https://www.databricks.com/blog/2019/02/04/introducing-delta-time-travel-for-large-scale-data-lakes.html
    2603    https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax#for_system_time_as_of
    2604    https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/tables/querying-data-in-a-system-versioned-temporal-table?view=sql-server-ver16
    2605    this is either TIMESTAMP or VERSION
    2606    kind is ("AS OF", "BETWEEN")
    2607    """
    2608
    2609    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "expression": False}

Time travel, iceberg, bigquery etc https://trino.io/docs/current/connector/iceberg.html?highlight=snapshot#using-snapshots https://www.databricks.com/blog/2019/02/04/introducing-delta-time-travel-for-large-scale-data-lakes.html https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/query-syntax#for_system_time_as_of https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/tables/querying-data-in-a-system-versioned-temporal-table?view=sql-server-ver16 this is either TIMESTAMP or VERSION kind is ("AS OF", "BETWEEN")

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'version'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Schema(Expression): View Source

    2612class Schema(Expression):
    2613    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expressions': False}
key = 'schema'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Lock(Expression): View Source

    2618class Lock(Expression):
    2619    arg_types = {"update": True, "expressions": False, "wait": False}

arg_types = {'update': True, 'expressions': False, 'wait': False}
key = 'lock'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Select(Subqueryable): View Source

    2622class Select(Subqueryable):
    2623    arg_types = {
    2624        "with": False,
    2625        "kind": False,
    2626        "expressions": False,
    2627        "hint": False,
    2628        "distinct": False,
    2629        "into": False,
    2630        "from": False,
    2631        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    2632    }
    2633
    2634    def from_(
    2635        self, expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2636    ) -> Select:
    2637        """
    2638        Set the FROM expression.
    2639
    2640        Example:
    2641            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sql()
    2642            'SELECT x FROM tbl'
    2643
    2644        Args:
    2645            expression : the SQL code strings to parse.
    2646                If a `From` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2647                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `From`.
    2648            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2649            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2650            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2651
    2652        Returns:
    2653            The modified Select expression.
    2654        """
    2655        return _apply_builder(
    2656            expression=expression,
    2657            instance=self,
    2658            arg="from",
    2659            into=From,
    2660            prefix="FROM",
    2661            dialect=dialect,
    2662            copy=copy,
    2663            **opts,
    2664        )
    2665
    2666    def group_by(
    2667        self,
    2668        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2669        append: bool = True,
    2670        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2671        copy: bool = True,
    2672        **opts,
    2673    ) -> Select:
    2674        """
    2675        Set the GROUP BY expression.
    2676
    2677        Example:
    2678            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x", "COUNT(1)").group_by("x").sql()
    2679            'SELECT x, COUNT(1) FROM tbl GROUP BY x'
    2680
    2681        Args:
    2682            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2683                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2684                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Group`.
    2685                If nothing is passed in then a group by is not applied to the expression
    2686            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2687                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Group` expression into a single expression.
    2688            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2689            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2690            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2691
    2692        Returns:
    2693            The modified Select expression.
    2694        """
    2695        if not expressions:
    2696            return self if not copy else self.copy()
    2697
    2698        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2699            *expressions,
    2700            instance=self,
    2701            arg="group",
    2702            append=append,
    2703            copy=copy,
    2704            prefix="GROUP BY",
    2705            into=Group,
    2706            dialect=dialect,
    2707            **opts,
    2708        )
    2709
    2710    def order_by(
    2711        self,
    2712        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2713        append: bool = True,
    2714        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2715        copy: bool = True,
    2716        **opts,
    2717    ) -> Select:
    2718        """
    2719        Set the ORDER BY expression.
    2720
    2721        Example:
    2722            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").order_by("x DESC").sql()
    2723            'SELECT x FROM tbl ORDER BY x DESC'
    2724
    2725        Args:
    2726            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2727                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2728                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Order`.
    2729            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2730                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2731            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2732            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2733            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2734
    2735        Returns:
    2736            The modified Select expression.
    2737        """
    2738        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2739            *expressions,
    2740            instance=self,
    2741            arg="order",
    2742            append=append,
    2743            copy=copy,
    2744            prefix="ORDER BY",
    2745            into=Order,
    2746            dialect=dialect,
    2747            **opts,
    2748        )
    2749
    2750    def sort_by(
    2751        self,
    2752        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2753        append: bool = True,
    2754        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2755        copy: bool = True,
    2756        **opts,
    2757    ) -> Select:
    2758        """
    2759        Set the SORT BY expression.
    2760
    2761        Example:
    2762            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sort_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2763            'SELECT x FROM tbl SORT BY x DESC'
    2764
    2765        Args:
    2766            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2767                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2768                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `SORT`.
    2769            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2770                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2771            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2772            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2773            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2774
    2775        Returns:
    2776            The modified Select expression.
    2777        """
    2778        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2779            *expressions,
    2780            instance=self,
    2781            arg="sort",
    2782            append=append,
    2783            copy=copy,
    2784            prefix="SORT BY",
    2785            into=Sort,
    2786            dialect=dialect,
    2787            **opts,
    2788        )
    2789
    2790    def cluster_by(
    2791        self,
    2792        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2793        append: bool = True,
    2794        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2795        copy: bool = True,
    2796        **opts,
    2797    ) -> Select:
    2798        """
    2799        Set the CLUSTER BY expression.
    2800
    2801        Example:
    2802            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").cluster_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2803            'SELECT x FROM tbl CLUSTER BY x DESC'
    2804
    2805        Args:
    2806            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2807                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2808                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Cluster`.
    2809            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2810                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2811            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2812            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2813            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2814
    2815        Returns:
    2816            The modified Select expression.
    2817        """
    2818        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2819            *expressions,
    2820            instance=self,
    2821            arg="cluster",
    2822            append=append,
    2823            copy=copy,
    2824            prefix="CLUSTER BY",
    2825            into=Cluster,
    2826            dialect=dialect,
    2827            **opts,
    2828        )
    2829
    2830    def limit(
    2831        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2832    ) -> Select:
    2833        """
    2834        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2835
    2836        Example:
    2837            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").limit(10).sql()
    2838            'SELECT x FROM tbl LIMIT 10'
    2839
    2840        Args:
    2841            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2842                This can also be an integer.
    2843                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2844                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2845            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2846            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2847            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2848
    2849        Returns:
    2850            Select: the modified expression.
    2851        """
    2852        return _apply_builder(
    2853            expression=expression,
    2854            instance=self,
    2855            arg="limit",
    2856            into=Limit,
    2857            prefix="LIMIT",
    2858            dialect=dialect,
    2859            copy=copy,
    2860            **opts,
    2861        )
    2862
    2863    def offset(
    2864        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2865    ) -> Select:
    2866        """
    2867        Set the OFFSET expression.
    2868
    2869        Example:
    2870            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").offset(10).sql()
    2871            'SELECT x FROM tbl OFFSET 10'
    2872
    2873        Args:
    2874            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2875                This can also be an integer.
    2876                If a `Offset` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2877                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Offset`.
    2878            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2879            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2880            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2881
    2882        Returns:
    2883            The modified Select expression.
    2884        """
    2885        return _apply_builder(
    2886            expression=expression,
    2887            instance=self,
    2888            arg="offset",
    2889            into=Offset,
    2890            prefix="OFFSET",
    2891            dialect=dialect,
    2892            copy=copy,
    2893            **opts,
    2894        )
    2895
    2896    def select(
    2897        self,
    2898        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2899        append: bool = True,
    2900        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2901        copy: bool = True,
    2902        **opts,
    2903    ) -> Select:
    2904        """
    2905        Append to or set the SELECT expressions.
    2906
    2907        Example:
    2908            >>> Select().select("x", "y").sql()
    2909            'SELECT x, y'
    2910
    2911        Args:
    2912            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2913                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2914            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2915                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2916            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2917            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2918            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2919
    2920        Returns:
    2921            The modified Select expression.
    2922        """
    2923        return _apply_list_builder(
    2924            *expressions,
    2925            instance=self,
    2926            arg="expressions",
    2927            append=append,
    2928            dialect=dialect,
    2929            copy=copy,
    2930            **opts,
    2931        )
    2932
    2933    def lateral(
    2934        self,
    2935        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2936        append: bool = True,
    2937        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2938        copy: bool = True,
    2939        **opts,
    2940    ) -> Select:
    2941        """
    2942        Append to or set the LATERAL expressions.
    2943
    2944        Example:
    2945            >>> Select().select("x").lateral("OUTER explode(y) tbl2 AS z").from_("tbl").sql()
    2946            'SELECT x FROM tbl LATERAL VIEW OUTER EXPLODE(y) tbl2 AS z'
    2947
    2948        Args:
    2949            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2950                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2951            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2952                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2953            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2954            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2955            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2956
    2957        Returns:
    2958            The modified Select expression.
    2959        """
    2960        return _apply_list_builder(
    2961            *expressions,
    2962            instance=self,
    2963            arg="laterals",
    2964            append=append,
    2965            into=Lateral,
    2966            prefix="LATERAL VIEW",
    2967            dialect=dialect,
    2968            copy=copy,
    2969            **opts,
    2970        )
    2971
    2972    def join(
    2973        self,
    2974        expression: ExpOrStr,
    2975        on: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2976        using: t.Optional[ExpOrStr | t.Collection[ExpOrStr]] = None,
    2977        append: bool = True,
    2978        join_type: t.Optional[str] = None,
    2979        join_alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    2980        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2981        copy: bool = True,
    2982        **opts,
    2983    ) -> Select:
    2984        """
    2985        Append to or set the JOIN expressions.
    2986
    2987        Example:
    2988            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y").sql()
    2989            'SELECT * FROM tbl JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    2990
    2991            >>> Select().select("1").from_("a").join("b", using=["x", "y", "z"]).sql()
    2992            'SELECT 1 FROM a JOIN b USING (x, y, z)'
    2993
    2994            Use `join_type` to change the type of join:
    2995
    2996            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y", join_type="left outer").sql()
    2997            'SELECT * FROM tbl LEFT OUTER JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    2998
    2999        Args:
    3000            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    3001                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3002            on: optionally specify the join "on" criteria as a SQL string.
    3003                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3004            using: optionally specify the join "using" criteria as a SQL string.
    3005                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3006            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    3007                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    3008            join_type: if set, alter the parsed join type.
    3009            join_alias: an optional alias for the joined source.
    3010            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3011            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3012            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3013
    3014        Returns:
    3015            Select: the modified expression.
    3016        """
    3017        parse_args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {"dialect": dialect, **opts}
    3018
    3019        try:
    3020            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=Join, prefix="JOIN", **parse_args)
    3021        except ParseError:
    3022            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=(Join, Expression), **parse_args)
    3023
    3024        join = expression if isinstance(expression, Join) else Join(this=expression)
    3025
    3026        if isinstance(join.this, Select):
    3027            join.this.replace(join.this.subquery())
    3028
    3029        if join_type:
    3030            method: t.Optional[Token]
    3031            side: t.Optional[Token]
    3032            kind: t.Optional[Token]
    3033
    3034            method, side, kind = maybe_parse(join_type, into="JOIN_TYPE", **parse_args)  # type: ignore
    3035
    3036            if method:
    3037                join.set("method", method.text)
    3038            if side:
    3039                join.set("side", side.text)
    3040            if kind:
    3041                join.set("kind", kind.text)
    3042
    3043        if on:
    3044            on = and_(*ensure_list(on), dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    3045            join.set("on", on)
    3046
    3047        if using:
    3048            join = _apply_list_builder(
    3049                *ensure_list(using),
    3050                instance=join,
    3051                arg="using",
    3052                append=append,
    3053                copy=copy,
    3054                into=Identifier,
    3055                **opts,
    3056            )
    3057
    3058        if join_alias:
    3059            join.set("this", alias_(join.this, join_alias, table=True))
    3060
    3061        return _apply_list_builder(
    3062            join,
    3063            instance=self,
    3064            arg="joins",
    3065            append=append,
    3066            copy=copy,
    3067            **opts,
    3068        )
    3069
    3070    def where(
    3071        self,
    3072        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3073        append: bool = True,
    3074        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3075        copy: bool = True,
    3076        **opts,
    3077    ) -> Select:
    3078        """
    3079        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    3080
    3081        Example:
    3082            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    3083            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    3084
    3085        Args:
    3086            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3087                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3088                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3089            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3090                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3091            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3092            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3093            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3094
    3095        Returns:
    3096            Select: the modified expression.
    3097        """
    3098        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3099            *expressions,
    3100            instance=self,
    3101            arg="where",
    3102            append=append,
    3103            into=Where,
    3104            dialect=dialect,
    3105            copy=copy,
    3106            **opts,
    3107        )
    3108
    3109    def having(
    3110        self,
    3111        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3112        append: bool = True,
    3113        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3114        copy: bool = True,
    3115        **opts,
    3116    ) -> Select:
    3117        """
    3118        Append to or set the HAVING expressions.
    3119
    3120        Example:
    3121            >>> Select().select("x", "COUNT(y)").from_("tbl").group_by("x").having("COUNT(y) > 3").sql()
    3122            'SELECT x, COUNT(y) FROM tbl GROUP BY x HAVING COUNT(y) > 3'
    3123
    3124        Args:
    3125            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3126                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3127                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3128            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3129                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3130            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3131            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3132            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3133
    3134        Returns:
    3135            The modified Select expression.
    3136        """
    3137        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3138            *expressions,
    3139            instance=self,
    3140            arg="having",
    3141            append=append,
    3142            into=Having,
    3143            dialect=dialect,
    3144            copy=copy,
    3145            **opts,
    3146        )
    3147
    3148    def window(
    3149        self,
    3150        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3151        append: bool = True,
    3152        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3153        copy: bool = True,
    3154        **opts,
    3155    ) -> Select:
    3156        return _apply_list_builder(
    3157            *expressions,
    3158            instance=self,
    3159            arg="windows",
    3160            append=append,
    3161            into=Window,
    3162            dialect=dialect,
    3163            copy=copy,
    3164            **opts,
    3165        )
    3166
    3167    def qualify(
    3168        self,
    3169        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3170        append: bool = True,
    3171        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3172        copy: bool = True,
    3173        **opts,
    3174    ) -> Select:
    3175        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3176            *expressions,
    3177            instance=self,
    3178            arg="qualify",
    3179            append=append,
    3180            into=Qualify,
    3181            dialect=dialect,
    3182            copy=copy,
    3183            **opts,
    3184        )
    3185
    3186    def distinct(
    3187        self, *ons: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], distinct: bool = True, copy: bool = True
    3188    ) -> Select:
    3189        """
    3190        Set the OFFSET expression.
    3191
    3192        Example:
    3193            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").distinct().sql()
    3194            'SELECT DISTINCT x FROM tbl'
    3195
    3196        Args:
    3197            ons: the expressions to distinct on
    3198            distinct: whether the Select should be distinct
    3199            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3200
    3201        Returns:
    3202            Select: the modified expression.
    3203        """
    3204        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3205        on = Tuple(expressions=[maybe_parse(on, copy=copy) for on in ons if on]) if ons else None
    3206        instance.set("distinct", Distinct(on=on) if distinct else None)
    3207        return instance
    3208
    3209    def ctas(
    3210        self,
    3211        table: ExpOrStr,
    3212        properties: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None,
    3213        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3214        copy: bool = True,
    3215        **opts,
    3216    ) -> Create:
    3217        """
    3218        Convert this expression to a CREATE TABLE AS statement.
    3219
    3220        Example:
    3221            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").ctas("x").sql()
    3222            'CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT * FROM tbl'
    3223
    3224        Args:
    3225            table: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    3226                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3227            properties: an optional mapping of table properties
    3228            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input table.
    3229            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3230            opts: other options to use to parse the input table.
    3231
    3232        Returns:
    3233            The new Create expression.
    3234        """
    3235        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3236        table_expression = maybe_parse(
    3237            table,
    3238            into=Table,
    3239            dialect=dialect,
    3240            **opts,
    3241        )
    3242        properties_expression = None
    3243        if properties:
    3244            properties_expression = Properties.from_dict(properties)
    3245
    3246        return Create(
    3247            this=table_expression,
    3248            kind="table",
    3249            expression=instance,
    3250            properties=properties_expression,
    3251        )
    3252
    3253    def lock(self, update: bool = True, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3254        """
    3255        Set the locking read mode for this expression.
    3256
    3257        Examples:
    3258            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock().sql("mysql")
    3259            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR UPDATE"
    3260
    3261            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock(update=False).sql("mysql")
    3262            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR SHARE"
    3263
    3264        Args:
    3265            update: if `True`, the locking type will be `FOR UPDATE`, else it will be `FOR SHARE`.
    3266            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3267
    3268        Returns:
    3269            The modified expression.
    3270        """
    3271        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3272        inst.set("locks", [Lock(update=update)])
    3273
    3274        return inst
    3275
    3276    def hint(self, *hints: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3277        """
    3278        Set hints for this expression.
    3279
    3280        Examples:
    3281            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").hint("BROADCAST(y)").sql(dialect="spark")
    3282            'SELECT /*+ BROADCAST(y) */ x FROM tbl'
    3283
    3284        Args:
    3285            hints: The SQL code strings to parse as the hints.
    3286                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3287            dialect: The dialect used to parse the hints.
    3288            copy: If `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3289
    3290        Returns:
    3291            The modified expression.
    3292        """
    3293        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3294        inst.set(
    3295            "hint", Hint(expressions=[maybe_parse(h, copy=copy, dialect=dialect) for h in hints])
    3296        )
    3297
    3298        return inst
    3299
    3300    @property
    3301    def named_selects(self) -> t.List[str]:
    3302        return [e.output_name for e in self.expressions if e.alias_or_name]
    3303
    3304    @property
    3305    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    3306        return any(expression.is_star for expression in self.expressions)
    3307
    3308    @property
    3309    def selects(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    3310        return self.expressions

arg_types = {'with': False, 'kind': False, 'expressions': False, 'hint': False, 'distinct': False, 'into': False, 'from': False, 'match': False, 'laterals': False, 'joins': False, 'connect': False, 'pivots': False, 'where': False, 'group': False, 'having': False, 'qualify': False, 'windows': False, 'distribute': False, 'sort': False, 'cluster': False, 'order': False, 'limit': False, 'offset': False, 'locks': False, 'sample': False, 'settings': False, 'format': False}
def from_( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2634    def from_(
    2635        self, expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2636    ) -> Select:
    2637        """
    2638        Set the FROM expression.
    2639
    2640        Example:
    2641            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sql()
    2642            'SELECT x FROM tbl'
    2643
    2644        Args:
    2645            expression : the SQL code strings to parse.
    2646                If a `From` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2647                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `From`.
    2648            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2649            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2650            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2651
    2652        Returns:
    2653            The modified Select expression.
    2654        """
    2655        return _apply_builder(
    2656            expression=expression,
    2657            instance=self,
    2658            arg="from",
    2659            into=From,
    2660            prefix="FROM",
    2661            dialect=dialect,
    2662            copy=copy,
    2663            **opts,
    2664        )

Set the FROM expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- expression : the SQL code strings to parse. If a `From` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `From`.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def group_by( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2666    def group_by(
    2667        self,
    2668        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2669        append: bool = True,
    2670        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2671        copy: bool = True,
    2672        **opts,
    2673    ) -> Select:
    2674        """
    2675        Set the GROUP BY expression.
    2676
    2677        Example:
    2678            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x", "COUNT(1)").group_by("x").sql()
    2679            'SELECT x, COUNT(1) FROM tbl GROUP BY x'
    2680
    2681        Args:
    2682            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2683                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2684                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Group`.
    2685                If nothing is passed in then a group by is not applied to the expression
    2686            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2687                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Group` expression into a single expression.
    2688            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2689            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2690            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2691
    2692        Returns:
    2693            The modified Select expression.
    2694        """
    2695        if not expressions:
    2696            return self if not copy else self.copy()
    2697
    2698        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2699            *expressions,
    2700            instance=self,
    2701            arg="group",
    2702            append=append,
    2703            copy=copy,
    2704            prefix="GROUP BY",
    2705            into=Group,
    2706            dialect=dialect,
    2707            **opts,
    2708        )

Set the GROUP BY expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x", "COUNT(1)").group_by("x").sql()
>     'SELECT x, COUNT(1) FROM tbl GROUP BY x'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Group`. If nothing is passed in then a group by is not applied to the expression
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this flattens all the `Group` expression into a single expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def order_by( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2710    def order_by(
    2711        self,
    2712        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2713        append: bool = True,
    2714        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2715        copy: bool = True,
    2716        **opts,
    2717    ) -> Select:
    2718        """
    2719        Set the ORDER BY expression.
    2720
    2721        Example:
    2722            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").order_by("x DESC").sql()
    2723            'SELECT x FROM tbl ORDER BY x DESC'
    2724
    2725        Args:
    2726            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2727                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2728                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Order`.
    2729            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2730                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2731            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2732            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2733            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2734
    2735        Returns:
    2736            The modified Select expression.
    2737        """
    2738        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2739            *expressions,
    2740            instance=self,
    2741            arg="order",
    2742            append=append,
    2743            copy=copy,
    2744            prefix="ORDER BY",
    2745            into=Order,
    2746            dialect=dialect,
    2747            **opts,
    2748        )

Set the ORDER BY expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").order_by("x DESC").sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl ORDER BY x DESC'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Order`.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def sort_by( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2750    def sort_by(
    2751        self,
    2752        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2753        append: bool = True,
    2754        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2755        copy: bool = True,
    2756        **opts,
    2757    ) -> Select:
    2758        """
    2759        Set the SORT BY expression.
    2760
    2761        Example:
    2762            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sort_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2763            'SELECT x FROM tbl SORT BY x DESC'
    2764
    2765        Args:
    2766            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2767                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2768                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `SORT`.
    2769            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2770                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2771            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2772            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2773            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2774
    2775        Returns:
    2776            The modified Select expression.
    2777        """
    2778        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2779            *expressions,
    2780            instance=self,
    2781            arg="sort",
    2782            append=append,
    2783            copy=copy,
    2784            prefix="SORT BY",
    2785            into=Sort,
    2786            dialect=dialect,
    2787            **opts,
    2788        )

Set the SORT BY expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").sort_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl SORT BY x DESC'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `SORT`.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def cluster_by( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2790    def cluster_by(
    2791        self,
    2792        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2793        append: bool = True,
    2794        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2795        copy: bool = True,
    2796        **opts,
    2797    ) -> Select:
    2798        """
    2799        Set the CLUSTER BY expression.
    2800
    2801        Example:
    2802            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").cluster_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
    2803            'SELECT x FROM tbl CLUSTER BY x DESC'
    2804
    2805        Args:
    2806            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2807                If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2808                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Cluster`.
    2809            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2810                Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
    2811            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2812            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2813            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2814
    2815        Returns:
    2816            The modified Select expression.
    2817        """
    2818        return _apply_child_list_builder(
    2819            *expressions,
    2820            instance=self,
    2821            arg="cluster",
    2822            append=append,
    2823            copy=copy,
    2824            prefix="CLUSTER BY",
    2825            into=Cluster,
    2826            dialect=dialect,
    2827            **opts,
    2828        )

Set the CLUSTER BY expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").cluster_by("x DESC").sql(dialect="hive")
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl CLUSTER BY x DESC'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If a `Group` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Cluster`.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this flattens all the `Order` expression into a single expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def limit( self, expression: Union[str, Expression, int], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2830    def limit(
    2831        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2832    ) -> Select:
    2833        """
    2834        Set the LIMIT expression.
    2835
    2836        Example:
    2837            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").limit(10).sql()
    2838            'SELECT x FROM tbl LIMIT 10'
    2839
    2840        Args:
    2841            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2842                This can also be an integer.
    2843                If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2844                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
    2845            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2846            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2847            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2848
    2849        Returns:
    2850            Select: the modified expression.
    2851        """
    2852        return _apply_builder(
    2853            expression=expression,
    2854            instance=self,
    2855            arg="limit",
    2856            into=Limit,
    2857            prefix="LIMIT",
    2858            dialect=dialect,
    2859            copy=copy,
    2860            **opts,
    2861        )

Set the LIMIT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").limit(10).sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl LIMIT 10'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. This can also be an integer. If a `Limit` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Limit`.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Select: the modified expression.

def offset( self, expression: Union[str, Expression, int], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2863    def offset(
    2864        self, expression: ExpOrStr | int, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    2865    ) -> Select:
    2866        """
    2867        Set the OFFSET expression.
    2868
    2869        Example:
    2870            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").offset(10).sql()
    2871            'SELECT x FROM tbl OFFSET 10'
    2872
    2873        Args:
    2874            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    2875                This can also be an integer.
    2876                If a `Offset` instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    2877                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Offset`.
    2878            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    2879            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2880            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2881
    2882        Returns:
    2883            The modified Select expression.
    2884        """
    2885        return _apply_builder(
    2886            expression=expression,
    2887            instance=self,
    2888            arg="offset",
    2889            into=Offset,
    2890            prefix="OFFSET",
    2891            dialect=dialect,
    2892            copy=copy,
    2893            **opts,
    2894        )

Set the OFFSET expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").offset(10).sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl OFFSET 10'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. This can also be an integer. If a `Offset` instance is passed, this is used as-is. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be wrapped in a `Offset`.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def select( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2896    def select(
    2897        self,
    2898        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2899        append: bool = True,
    2900        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2901        copy: bool = True,
    2902        **opts,
    2903    ) -> Select:
    2904        """
    2905        Append to or set the SELECT expressions.
    2906
    2907        Example:
    2908            >>> Select().select("x", "y").sql()
    2909            'SELECT x, y'
    2910
    2911        Args:
    2912            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2913                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2914            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2915                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2916            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2917            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2918            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2919
    2920        Returns:
    2921            The modified Select expression.
    2922        """
    2923        return _apply_list_builder(
    2924            *expressions,
    2925            instance=self,
    2926            arg="expressions",
    2927            append=append,
    2928            dialect=dialect,
    2929            copy=copy,
    2930            **opts,
    2931        )

Append to or set the SELECT expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("x", "y").sql()
>     'SELECT x, y'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def lateral( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2933    def lateral(
    2934        self,
    2935        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    2936        append: bool = True,
    2937        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2938        copy: bool = True,
    2939        **opts,
    2940    ) -> Select:
    2941        """
    2942        Append to or set the LATERAL expressions.
    2943
    2944        Example:
    2945            >>> Select().select("x").lateral("OUTER explode(y) tbl2 AS z").from_("tbl").sql()
    2946            'SELECT x FROM tbl LATERAL VIEW OUTER EXPLODE(y) tbl2 AS z'
    2947
    2948        Args:
    2949            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    2950                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    2951            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    2952                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    2953            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    2954            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    2955            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    2956
    2957        Returns:
    2958            The modified Select expression.
    2959        """
    2960        return _apply_list_builder(
    2961            *expressions,
    2962            instance=self,
    2963            arg="laterals",
    2964            append=append,
    2965            into=Lateral,
    2966            prefix="LATERAL VIEW",
    2967            dialect=dialect,
    2968            copy=copy,
    2969            **opts,
    2970        )

Append to or set the LATERAL expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("x").lateral("OUTER explode(y) tbl2 AS z").from_("tbl").sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM tbl LATERAL VIEW OUTER EXPLODE(y) tbl2 AS z'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def join( self, expression: Union[str, Expression], on: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, using: Union[str, Expression, Collection[Union[str, Expression]], NoneType] = None, append: bool = True, join_type: Optional[str] = None, join_alias: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    2972    def join(
    2973        self,
    2974        expression: ExpOrStr,
    2975        on: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    2976        using: t.Optional[ExpOrStr | t.Collection[ExpOrStr]] = None,
    2977        append: bool = True,
    2978        join_type: t.Optional[str] = None,
    2979        join_alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    2980        dialect: DialectType = None,
    2981        copy: bool = True,
    2982        **opts,
    2983    ) -> Select:
    2984        """
    2985        Append to or set the JOIN expressions.
    2986
    2987        Example:
    2988            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y").sql()
    2989            'SELECT * FROM tbl JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    2990
    2991            >>> Select().select("1").from_("a").join("b", using=["x", "y", "z"]).sql()
    2992            'SELECT 1 FROM a JOIN b USING (x, y, z)'
    2993
    2994            Use `join_type` to change the type of join:
    2995
    2996            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y", join_type="left outer").sql()
    2997            'SELECT * FROM tbl LEFT OUTER JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'
    2998
    2999        Args:
    3000            expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    3001                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3002            on: optionally specify the join "on" criteria as a SQL string.
    3003                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3004            using: optionally specify the join "using" criteria as a SQL string.
    3005                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3006            append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions.
    3007                Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
    3008            join_type: if set, alter the parsed join type.
    3009            join_alias: an optional alias for the joined source.
    3010            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3011            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3012            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3013
    3014        Returns:
    3015            Select: the modified expression.
    3016        """
    3017        parse_args: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {"dialect": dialect, **opts}
    3018
    3019        try:
    3020            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=Join, prefix="JOIN", **parse_args)
    3021        except ParseError:
    3022            expression = maybe_parse(expression, into=(Join, Expression), **parse_args)
    3023
    3024        join = expression if isinstance(expression, Join) else Join(this=expression)
    3025
    3026        if isinstance(join.this, Select):
    3027            join.this.replace(join.this.subquery())
    3028
    3029        if join_type:
    3030            method: t.Optional[Token]
    3031            side: t.Optional[Token]
    3032            kind: t.Optional[Token]
    3033
    3034            method, side, kind = maybe_parse(join_type, into="JOIN_TYPE", **parse_args)  # type: ignore
    3035
    3036            if method:
    3037                join.set("method", method.text)
    3038            if side:
    3039                join.set("side", side.text)
    3040            if kind:
    3041                join.set("kind", kind.text)
    3042
    3043        if on:
    3044            on = and_(*ensure_list(on), dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    3045            join.set("on", on)
    3046
    3047        if using:
    3048            join = _apply_list_builder(
    3049                *ensure_list(using),
    3050                instance=join,
    3051                arg="using",
    3052                append=append,
    3053                copy=copy,
    3054                into=Identifier,
    3055                **opts,
    3056            )
    3057
    3058        if join_alias:
    3059            join.set("this", alias_(join.this, join_alias, table=True))
    3060
    3061        return _apply_list_builder(
    3062            join,
    3063            instance=self,
    3064            arg="joins",
    3065            append=append,
    3066            copy=copy,
    3067            **opts,
    3068        )

Append to or set the JOIN expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM tbl JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'

>     >>> Select().select("1").from_("a").join("b", using=["x", "y", "z"]).sql()
>     'SELECT 1 FROM a JOIN b USING (x, y, z)'

> Use `join_type` to change the type of join:

>     >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").join("tbl2", on="tbl1.y = tbl2.y", join_type="left outer").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM tbl LEFT OUTER JOIN tbl2 ON tbl1.y = tbl2.y'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- on: optionally specify the join "on" criteria as a SQL string. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- using: optionally specify the join "using" criteria as a SQL string. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- append: if `True`, add to any existing expressions. Otherwise, this resets the expressions.
- join_type: if set, alter the parsed join type.
- join_alias: an optional alias for the joined source.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Select: the modified expression.

def where( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    3070    def where(
    3071        self,
    3072        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3073        append: bool = True,
    3074        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3075        copy: bool = True,
    3076        **opts,
    3077    ) -> Select:
    3078        """
    3079        Append to or set the WHERE expressions.
    3080
    3081        Example:
    3082            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
    3083            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"
    3084
    3085        Args:
    3086            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3087                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3088                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3089            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3090                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3091            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3092            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3093            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3094
    3095        Returns:
    3096            Select: the modified expression.
    3097        """
    3098        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3099            *expressions,
    3100            instance=self,
    3101            arg="where",
    3102            append=append,
    3103            into=Where,
    3104            dialect=dialect,
    3105            copy=copy,
    3106            **opts,
    3107        )

Append to or set the WHERE expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a' OR x < 'b'").sql()
>     "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' OR x < 'b'"

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is. Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
- append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression. Otherwise, this resets the expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Select: the modified expression.

def having( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    3109    def having(
    3110        self,
    3111        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3112        append: bool = True,
    3113        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3114        copy: bool = True,
    3115        **opts,
    3116    ) -> Select:
    3117        """
    3118        Append to or set the HAVING expressions.
    3119
    3120        Example:
    3121            >>> Select().select("x", "COUNT(y)").from_("tbl").group_by("x").having("COUNT(y) > 3").sql()
    3122            'SELECT x, COUNT(y) FROM tbl GROUP BY x HAVING COUNT(y) > 3'
    3123
    3124        Args:
    3125            *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    3126                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3127                Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
    3128            append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression.
    3129                Otherwise, this resets the expression.
    3130            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    3131            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3132            opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    3133
    3134        Returns:
    3135            The modified Select expression.
    3136        """
    3137        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3138            *expressions,
    3139            instance=self,
    3140            arg="having",
    3141            append=append,
    3142            into=Having,
    3143            dialect=dialect,
    3144            copy=copy,
    3145            **opts,
    3146        )

Append to or set the HAVING expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("x", "COUNT(y)").from_("tbl").group_by("x").having("COUNT(y) > 3").sql()
>     'SELECT x, COUNT(y) FROM tbl GROUP BY x HAVING COUNT(y) > 3'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is. Multiple expressions are combined with an AND operator.
- append: if `True`, AND the new expressions to any existing expression. Otherwise, this resets the expression.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The modified Select expression.

def window( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    3148    def window(
    3149        self,
    3150        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3151        append: bool = True,
    3152        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3153        copy: bool = True,
    3154        **opts,
    3155    ) -> Select:
    3156        return _apply_list_builder(
    3157            *expressions,
    3158            instance=self,
    3159            arg="windows",
    3160            append=append,
    3161            into=Window,
    3162            dialect=dialect,
    3163            copy=copy,
    3164            **opts,
    3165        )

def qualify( self, *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], append: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    3167    def qualify(
    3168        self,
    3169        *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr],
    3170        append: bool = True,
    3171        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3172        copy: bool = True,
    3173        **opts,
    3174    ) -> Select:
    3175        return _apply_conjunction_builder(
    3176            *expressions,
    3177            instance=self,
    3178            arg="qualify",
    3179            append=append,
    3180            into=Qualify,
    3181            dialect=dialect,
    3182            copy=copy,
    3183            **opts,
    3184        )

def distinct( self, *ons: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], distinct: bool = True, copy: bool = True) -> Select: View Source

    3186    def distinct(
    3187        self, *ons: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], distinct: bool = True, copy: bool = True
    3188    ) -> Select:
    3189        """
    3190        Set the OFFSET expression.
    3191
    3192        Example:
    3193            >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").distinct().sql()
    3194            'SELECT DISTINCT x FROM tbl'
    3195
    3196        Args:
    3197            ons: the expressions to distinct on
    3198            distinct: whether the Select should be distinct
    3199            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3200
    3201        Returns:
    3202            Select: the modified expression.
    3203        """
    3204        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3205        on = Tuple(expressions=[maybe_parse(on, copy=copy) for on in ons if on]) if ons else None
    3206        instance.set("distinct", Distinct(on=on) if distinct else None)
    3207        return instance

Set the OFFSET expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("x").distinct().sql()
>     'SELECT DISTINCT x FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- ons: the expressions to distinct on
- distinct: whether the Select should be distinct
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.

###### Returns:

> Select: the modified expression.

def ctas( self, table: Union[str, Expression], properties: Optional[Dict] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Create: View Source

    3209    def ctas(
    3210        self,
    3211        table: ExpOrStr,
    3212        properties: t.Optional[t.Dict] = None,
    3213        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3214        copy: bool = True,
    3215        **opts,
    3216    ) -> Create:
    3217        """
    3218        Convert this expression to a CREATE TABLE AS statement.
    3219
    3220        Example:
    3221            >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").ctas("x").sql()
    3222            'CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT * FROM tbl'
    3223
    3224        Args:
    3225            table: the SQL code string to parse as the table name.
    3226                If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3227            properties: an optional mapping of table properties
    3228            dialect: the dialect used to parse the input table.
    3229            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3230            opts: other options to use to parse the input table.
    3231
    3232        Returns:
    3233            The new Create expression.
    3234        """
    3235        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3236        table_expression = maybe_parse(
    3237            table,
    3238            into=Table,
    3239            dialect=dialect,
    3240            **opts,
    3241        )
    3242        properties_expression = None
    3243        if properties:
    3244            properties_expression = Properties.from_dict(properties)
    3245
    3246        return Create(
    3247            this=table_expression,
    3248            kind="table",
    3249            expression=instance,
    3250            properties=properties_expression,
    3251        )

Convert this expression to a CREATE TABLE AS statement.

###### Example:

>     >>> Select().select("*").from_("tbl").ctas("x").sql()
>     'CREATE TABLE x AS SELECT * FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- table: the SQL code string to parse as the table name. If another `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- properties: an optional mapping of table properties
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input table.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input table.

###### Returns:

> The new Create expression.

def lock( self, update: bool = True, copy: bool = True) -> Select: View Source

    3253    def lock(self, update: bool = True, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3254        """
    3255        Set the locking read mode for this expression.
    3256
    3257        Examples:
    3258            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock().sql("mysql")
    3259            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR UPDATE"
    3260
    3261            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock(update=False).sql("mysql")
    3262            "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR SHARE"
    3263
    3264        Args:
    3265            update: if `True`, the locking type will be `FOR UPDATE`, else it will be `FOR SHARE`.
    3266            copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3267
    3268        Returns:
    3269            The modified expression.
    3270        """
    3271        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3272        inst.set("locks", [Lock(update=update)])
    3273
    3274        return inst

Set the locking read mode for this expression.

###### Examples:

>     >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock().sql("mysql")
>     "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR UPDATE"

>     >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").where("x = 'a'").lock(update=False).sql("mysql")
>     "SELECT x FROM tbl WHERE x = 'a' FOR SHARE"

###### Arguments:

- update: if `True`, the locking type will be `FOR UPDATE`, else it will be `FOR SHARE`.
- copy: if `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.

###### Returns:

> The modified expression.

def hint( self, *hints: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True) -> Select: View Source

    3276    def hint(self, *hints: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True) -> Select:
    3277        """
    3278        Set hints for this expression.
    3279
    3280        Examples:
    3281            >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").hint("BROADCAST(y)").sql(dialect="spark")
    3282            'SELECT /*+ BROADCAST(y) */ x FROM tbl'
    3283
    3284        Args:
    3285            hints: The SQL code strings to parse as the hints.
    3286                If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    3287            dialect: The dialect used to parse the hints.
    3288            copy: If `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.
    3289
    3290        Returns:
    3291            The modified expression.
    3292        """
    3293        inst = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    3294        inst.set(
    3295            "hint", Hint(expressions=[maybe_parse(h, copy=copy, dialect=dialect) for h in hints])
    3296        )
    3297
    3298        return inst

Set hints for this expression.

###### Examples:

>     >>> Select().select("x").from_("tbl").hint("BROADCAST(y)").sql(dialect="spark")
>     'SELECT /*+ BROADCAST(y) */ x FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- hints: The SQL code strings to parse as the hints. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- dialect: The dialect used to parse the hints.
- copy: If `False`, modify this expression instance in-place.

###### Returns:

> The modified expression.

named_selects: List[str]
is_star: bool

Checks whether an expression is a star.

selects: List[Expression]
key = 'select'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Subqueryable
  subquery
  ctes
  with_
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class Subquery(DerivedTable, Unionable): View Source

    3313class Subquery(DerivedTable, Unionable):
    3314    arg_types = {
    3315        "this": True,
    3316        "alias": False,
    3317        "with": False,
    3318        **QUERY_MODIFIERS,
    3319    }
    3320
    3321    def unnest(self):
    3322        """
    3323        Returns the first non subquery.
    3324        """
    3325        expression = self
    3326        while isinstance(expression, Subquery):
    3327            expression = expression.this
    3328        return expression
    3329
    3330    def unwrap(self) -> Subquery:
    3331        expression = self
    3332        while expression.same_parent and expression.is_wrapper:
    3333            expression = t.cast(Subquery, expression.parent)
    3334        return expression
    3335
    3336    @property
    3337    def is_wrapper(self) -> bool:
    3338        """
    3339        Whether this Subquery acts as a simple wrapper around another expression.
    3340
    3341        SELECT * FROM (((SELECT * FROM t)))
    3342                      ^
    3343                      This corresponds to a "wrapper" Subquery node
    3344        """
    3345        return all(v is None for k, v in self.args.items() if k != "this")
    3346
    3347    @property
    3348    def is_star(self) -> bool:
    3349        return self.this.is_star
    3350
    3351    @property
    3352    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3353        return self.alias

arg_types = {'this': True, 'alias': False, 'with': False, 'match': False, 'laterals': False, 'joins': False, 'connect': False, 'pivots': False, 'where': False, 'group': False, 'having': False, 'qualify': False, 'windows': False, 'distribute': False, 'sort': False, 'cluster': False, 'order': False, 'limit': False, 'offset': False, 'locks': False, 'sample': False, 'settings': False, 'format': False}
def unnest(self): View Source

    3321    def unnest(self):
    3322        """
    3323        Returns the first non subquery.
    3324        """
    3325        expression = self
    3326        while isinstance(expression, Subquery):
    3327            expression = expression.this
    3328        return expression

Returns the first non subquery.

def unwrap(self) -> Subquery: View Source

    3330    def unwrap(self) -> Subquery:
    3331        expression = self
    3332        while expression.same_parent and expression.is_wrapper:
    3333            expression = t.cast(Subquery, expression.parent)
    3334        return expression

is_wrapper: bool

Whether this Subquery acts as a simple wrapper around another expression.

SELECT * FROM (((SELECT * FROM t))) ^ This corresponds to a "wrapper" Subquery node

is_star: bool

Checks whether an expression is a star.

output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'subquery'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
DerivedTable
  selects
  named_selects
Unionable
  union
  intersect
  except_

class TableSample(Expression): View Source

    3356class TableSample(Expression):
    3357    arg_types = {
    3358        "this": False,
    3359        "expressions": False,
    3360        "method": False,
    3361        "bucket_numerator": False,
    3362        "bucket_denominator": False,
    3363        "bucket_field": False,
    3364        "percent": False,
    3365        "rows": False,
    3366        "size": False,
    3367        "seed": False,
    3368        "kind": False,
    3369    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expressions': False, 'method': False, 'bucket_numerator': False, 'bucket_denominator': False, 'bucket_field': False, 'percent': False, 'rows': False, 'size': False, 'seed': False, 'kind': False}
key = 'tablesample'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Tag(Expression): View Source

    3372class Tag(Expression):
    3373    """Tags are used for generating arbitrary sql like SELECT <span>x</span>."""
    3374
    3375    arg_types = {
    3376        "this": False,
    3377        "prefix": False,
    3378        "postfix": False,
    3379    }

Tags are used for generating arbitrary sql like SELECT x.

arg_types = {'this': False, 'prefix': False, 'postfix': False}
key = 'tag'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Pivot(Expression): View Source

    3384class Pivot(Expression):
    3385    arg_types = {
    3386        "this": False,
    3387        "alias": False,
    3388        "expressions": True,
    3389        "field": False,
    3390        "unpivot": False,
    3391        "using": False,
    3392        "group": False,
    3393        "columns": False,
    3394        "include_nulls": False,
    3395    }

arg_types = {'this': False, 'alias': False, 'expressions': True, 'field': False, 'unpivot': False, 'using': False, 'group': False, 'columns': False, 'include_nulls': False}
key = 'pivot'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Window(Condition): View Source

    3398class Window(Condition):
    3399    arg_types = {
    3400        "this": True,
    3401        "partition_by": False,
    3402        "order": False,
    3403        "spec": False,
    3404        "alias": False,
    3405        "over": False,
    3406        "first": False,
    3407    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'partition_by': False, 'order': False, 'spec': False, 'alias': False, 'over': False, 'first': False}
key = 'window'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class WindowSpec(Expression): View Source

    3410class WindowSpec(Expression):
    3411    arg_types = {
    3412        "kind": False,
    3413        "start": False,
    3414        "start_side": False,
    3415        "end": False,
    3416        "end_side": False,
    3417    }

arg_types = {'kind': False, 'start': False, 'start_side': False, 'end': False, 'end_side': False}
key = 'windowspec'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Where(Expression): View Source

    3420class Where(Expression):
    3421    pass

key = 'where'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Star(Expression): View Source

    3424class Star(Expression):
    3425    arg_types = {"except": False, "replace": False}
    3426
    3427    @property
    3428    def name(self) -> str:
    3429        return "*"
    3430
    3431    @property
    3432    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3433        return self.name

arg_types = {'except': False, 'replace': False}
name: str
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'star'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Parameter(Condition): View Source

    3436class Parameter(Condition):
    3437    arg_types = {"this": True, "wrapped": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'wrapped': False}
key = 'parameter'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SessionParameter(Condition): View Source

    3440class SessionParameter(Condition):
    3441    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': False}
key = 'sessionparameter'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Placeholder(Condition): View Source

    3444class Placeholder(Condition):
    3445    arg_types = {"this": False, "kind": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'kind': False}
key = 'placeholder'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Null(Condition): View Source

    3448class Null(Condition):
    3449    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}
    3450
    3451    @property
    3452    def name(self) -> str:
    3453        return "NULL"

arg_types: Dict[str, Any] = {}
name: str
key = 'null'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Boolean(Condition): View Source

    3456class Boolean(Condition):
    3457    pass

key = 'boolean'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DataTypeParam(Expression): View Source

    3460class DataTypeParam(Expression):
    3461    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'datatypeparam'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DataType(Expression): View Source

    3464class DataType(Expression):
    3465    arg_types = {
    3466        "this": True,
    3467        "expressions": False,
    3468        "nested": False,
    3469        "values": False,
    3470        "prefix": False,
    3471        "kind": False,
    3472    }
    3473
    3474    class Type(AutoName):
    3475        ARRAY = auto()
    3476        BIGDECIMAL = auto()
    3477        BIGINT = auto()
    3478        BIGSERIAL = auto()
    3479        BINARY = auto()
    3480        BIT = auto()
    3481        BOOLEAN = auto()
    3482        CHAR = auto()
    3483        DATE = auto()
    3484        DATEMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3485        DATERANGE = auto()
    3486        DATETIME = auto()
    3487        DATETIME64 = auto()
    3488        DECIMAL = auto()
    3489        DOUBLE = auto()
    3490        ENUM = auto()
    3491        ENUM8 = auto()
    3492        ENUM16 = auto()
    3493        FIXEDSTRING = auto()
    3494        FLOAT = auto()
    3495        GEOGRAPHY = auto()
    3496        GEOMETRY = auto()
    3497        HLLSKETCH = auto()
    3498        HSTORE = auto()
    3499        IMAGE = auto()
    3500        INET = auto()
    3501        INT = auto()
    3502        INT128 = auto()
    3503        INT256 = auto()
    3504        INT4MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3505        INT4RANGE = auto()
    3506        INT8MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3507        INT8RANGE = auto()
    3508        INTERVAL = auto()
    3509        IPADDRESS = auto()
    3510        IPPREFIX = auto()
    3511        JSON = auto()
    3512        JSONB = auto()
    3513        LONGBLOB = auto()
    3514        LONGTEXT = auto()
    3515        LOWCARDINALITY = auto()
    3516        MAP = auto()
    3517        MEDIUMBLOB = auto()
    3518        MEDIUMINT = auto()
    3519        MEDIUMTEXT = auto()
    3520        MONEY = auto()
    3521        NCHAR = auto()
    3522        NESTED = auto()
    3523        NULL = auto()
    3524        NULLABLE = auto()
    3525        NUMMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3526        NUMRANGE = auto()
    3527        NVARCHAR = auto()
    3528        OBJECT = auto()
    3529        ROWVERSION = auto()
    3530        SERIAL = auto()
    3531        SET = auto()
    3532        SMALLINT = auto()
    3533        SMALLMONEY = auto()
    3534        SMALLSERIAL = auto()
    3535        STRUCT = auto()
    3536        SUPER = auto()
    3537        TEXT = auto()
    3538        TINYBLOB = auto()
    3539        TINYTEXT = auto()
    3540        TIME = auto()
    3541        TIMETZ = auto()
    3542        TIMESTAMP = auto()
    3543        TIMESTAMPLTZ = auto()
    3544        TIMESTAMPTZ = auto()
    3545        TINYINT = auto()
    3546        TSMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3547        TSRANGE = auto()
    3548        TSTZMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3549        TSTZRANGE = auto()
    3550        UBIGINT = auto()
    3551        UINT = auto()
    3552        UINT128 = auto()
    3553        UINT256 = auto()
    3554        UMEDIUMINT = auto()
    3555        UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = auto()
    3556        UNKNOWN = auto()  # Sentinel value, useful for type annotation
    3557        USERDEFINED = "USER-DEFINED"
    3558        USMALLINT = auto()
    3559        UTINYINT = auto()
    3560        UUID = auto()
    3561        VARBINARY = auto()
    3562        VARCHAR = auto()
    3563        VARIANT = auto()
    3564        XML = auto()
    3565        YEAR = auto()
    3566
    3567    TEXT_TYPES = {
    3568        Type.CHAR,
    3569        Type.NCHAR,
    3570        Type.VARCHAR,
    3571        Type.NVARCHAR,
    3572        Type.TEXT,
    3573    }
    3574
    3575    INTEGER_TYPES = {
    3576        Type.INT,
    3577        Type.TINYINT,
    3578        Type.SMALLINT,
    3579        Type.BIGINT,
    3580        Type.INT128,
    3581        Type.INT256,
    3582    }
    3583
    3584    FLOAT_TYPES = {
    3585        Type.FLOAT,
    3586        Type.DOUBLE,
    3587    }
    3588
    3589    NUMERIC_TYPES = {
    3590        *INTEGER_TYPES,
    3591        *FLOAT_TYPES,
    3592    }
    3593
    3594    TEMPORAL_TYPES = {
    3595        Type.TIME,
    3596        Type.TIMETZ,
    3597        Type.TIMESTAMP,
    3598        Type.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    3599        Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    3600        Type.DATE,
    3601        Type.DATETIME,
    3602        Type.DATETIME64,
    3603    }
    3604
    3605    @classmethod
    3606    def build(
    3607        cls,
    3608        dtype: str | DataType | DataType.Type,
    3609        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3610        udt: bool = False,
    3611        **kwargs,
    3612    ) -> DataType:
    3613        """
    3614        Constructs a DataType object.
    3615
    3616        Args:
    3617            dtype: the data type of interest.
    3618            dialect: the dialect to use for parsing `dtype`, in case it's a string.
    3619            udt: when set to True, `dtype` will be used as-is if it can't be parsed into a
    3620                DataType, thus creating a user-defined type.
    3621            kawrgs: additional arguments to pass in the constructor of DataType.
    3622
    3623        Returns:
    3624            The constructed DataType object.
    3625        """
    3626        from sqlglot import parse_one
    3627
    3628        if isinstance(dtype, str):
    3629            if dtype.upper() == "UNKNOWN":
    3630                return DataType(this=DataType.Type.UNKNOWN, **kwargs)
    3631
    3632            try:
    3633                data_type_exp = parse_one(dtype, read=dialect, into=DataType)
    3634            except ParseError:
    3635                if udt:
    3636                    return DataType(this=DataType.Type.USERDEFINED, kind=dtype, **kwargs)
    3637                raise
    3638        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType.Type):
    3639            data_type_exp = DataType(this=dtype)
    3640        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType):
    3641            return dtype
    3642        else:
    3643            raise ValueError(f"Invalid data type: {type(dtype)}. Expected str or DataType.Type")
    3644
    3645        return DataType(**{**data_type_exp.args, **kwargs})
    3646
    3647    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    3648        """
    3649        Checks whether this DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types or precision
    3650        will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g. array<int> != array<float>.
    3651
    3652        Args:
    3653            dtypes: the data types to compare this DataType to.
    3654
    3655        Returns:
    3656            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this DataType.
    3657        """
    3658        for dtype in dtypes:
    3659            other = DataType.build(dtype, udt=True)
    3660
    3661            if (
    3662                other.expressions
    3663                or self.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3664                or other.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3665            ):
    3666                matches = self == other
    3667            else:
    3668                matches = self.this == other.this
    3669
    3670            if matches:
    3671                return True
    3672        return False

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False, 'nested': False, 'values': False, 'prefix': False, 'kind': False}
TEXT_TYPES = {<Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>, <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>, <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>, <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>, <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>}
INTEGER_TYPES = {<Type.INT256: 'INT256'>, <Type.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <Type.INT: 'INT'>, <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <Type.INT128: 'INT128'>, <Type.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>}
FLOAT_TYPES = {<Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>}
NUMERIC_TYPES = {<Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>, <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>, <Type.INT: 'INT'>, <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>, <Type.INT256: 'INT256'>, <Type.INT128: 'INT128'>, <Type.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>, <Type.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>}
TEMPORAL_TYPES = {<Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>, <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>, <Type.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>, <Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>, <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>, <Type.TIME: 'TIME'>, <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>, <Type.DATE: 'DATE'>}
@classmethod
def build( cls, dtype: str | DataType | DataType.Type, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, udt: bool = False, **kwargs) -> DataType: View Source

    3605    @classmethod
    3606    def build(
    3607        cls,
    3608        dtype: str | DataType | DataType.Type,
    3609        dialect: DialectType = None,
    3610        udt: bool = False,
    3611        **kwargs,
    3612    ) -> DataType:
    3613        """
    3614        Constructs a DataType object.
    3615
    3616        Args:
    3617            dtype: the data type of interest.
    3618            dialect: the dialect to use for parsing `dtype`, in case it's a string.
    3619            udt: when set to True, `dtype` will be used as-is if it can't be parsed into a
    3620                DataType, thus creating a user-defined type.
    3621            kawrgs: additional arguments to pass in the constructor of DataType.
    3622
    3623        Returns:
    3624            The constructed DataType object.
    3625        """
    3626        from sqlglot import parse_one
    3627
    3628        if isinstance(dtype, str):
    3629            if dtype.upper() == "UNKNOWN":
    3630                return DataType(this=DataType.Type.UNKNOWN, **kwargs)
    3631
    3632            try:
    3633                data_type_exp = parse_one(dtype, read=dialect, into=DataType)
    3634            except ParseError:
    3635                if udt:
    3636                    return DataType(this=DataType.Type.USERDEFINED, kind=dtype, **kwargs)
    3637                raise
    3638        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType.Type):
    3639            data_type_exp = DataType(this=dtype)
    3640        elif isinstance(dtype, DataType):
    3641            return dtype
    3642        else:
    3643            raise ValueError(f"Invalid data type: {type(dtype)}. Expected str or DataType.Type")
    3644
    3645        return DataType(**{**data_type_exp.args, **kwargs})

Constructs a DataType object.

###### Arguments:

- dtype: the data type of interest.
- dialect: the dialect to use for parsing `dtype`, in case it's a string.
- udt: when set to True, `dtype` will be used as-is if it can't be parsed into a DataType, thus creating a user-defined type.
- kawrgs: additional arguments to pass in the constructor of DataType.

###### Returns:

> The constructed DataType object.

def is_type( self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool: View Source

    3647    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    3648        """
    3649        Checks whether this DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types or precision
    3650        will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g. array<int> != array<float>.
    3651
    3652        Args:
    3653            dtypes: the data types to compare this DataType to.
    3654
    3655        Returns:
    3656            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this DataType.
    3657        """
    3658        for dtype in dtypes:
    3659            other = DataType.build(dtype, udt=True)
    3660
    3661            if (
    3662                other.expressions
    3663                or self.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3664                or other.this == DataType.Type.USERDEFINED
    3665            ):
    3666                matches = self == other
    3667            else:
    3668                matches = self.this == other.this
    3669
    3670            if matches:
    3671                return True
    3672        return False

Checks whether this DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types or precision will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g. array != array.

###### Arguments:

- dtypes: the data types to compare this DataType to.

###### Returns:

> True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this DataType.

key = 'datatype'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DataType.Type(sqlglot.helper.AutoName): View Source

    3474    class Type(AutoName):
    3475        ARRAY = auto()
    3476        BIGDECIMAL = auto()
    3477        BIGINT = auto()
    3478        BIGSERIAL = auto()
    3479        BINARY = auto()
    3480        BIT = auto()
    3481        BOOLEAN = auto()
    3482        CHAR = auto()
    3483        DATE = auto()
    3484        DATEMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3485        DATERANGE = auto()
    3486        DATETIME = auto()
    3487        DATETIME64 = auto()
    3488        DECIMAL = auto()
    3489        DOUBLE = auto()
    3490        ENUM = auto()
    3491        ENUM8 = auto()
    3492        ENUM16 = auto()
    3493        FIXEDSTRING = auto()
    3494        FLOAT = auto()
    3495        GEOGRAPHY = auto()
    3496        GEOMETRY = auto()
    3497        HLLSKETCH = auto()
    3498        HSTORE = auto()
    3499        IMAGE = auto()
    3500        INET = auto()
    3501        INT = auto()
    3502        INT128 = auto()
    3503        INT256 = auto()
    3504        INT4MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3505        INT4RANGE = auto()
    3506        INT8MULTIRANGE = auto()
    3507        INT8RANGE = auto()
    3508        INTERVAL = auto()
    3509        IPADDRESS = auto()
    3510        IPPREFIX = auto()
    3511        JSON = auto()
    3512        JSONB = auto()
    3513        LONGBLOB = auto()
    3514        LONGTEXT = auto()
    3515        LOWCARDINALITY = auto()
    3516        MAP = auto()
    3517        MEDIUMBLOB = auto()
    3518        MEDIUMINT = auto()
    3519        MEDIUMTEXT = auto()
    3520        MONEY = auto()
    3521        NCHAR = auto()
    3522        NESTED = auto()
    3523        NULL = auto()
    3524        NULLABLE = auto()
    3525        NUMMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3526        NUMRANGE = auto()
    3527        NVARCHAR = auto()
    3528        OBJECT = auto()
    3529        ROWVERSION = auto()
    3530        SERIAL = auto()
    3531        SET = auto()
    3532        SMALLINT = auto()
    3533        SMALLMONEY = auto()
    3534        SMALLSERIAL = auto()
    3535        STRUCT = auto()
    3536        SUPER = auto()
    3537        TEXT = auto()
    3538        TINYBLOB = auto()
    3539        TINYTEXT = auto()
    3540        TIME = auto()
    3541        TIMETZ = auto()
    3542        TIMESTAMP = auto()
    3543        TIMESTAMPLTZ = auto()
    3544        TIMESTAMPTZ = auto()
    3545        TINYINT = auto()
    3546        TSMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3547        TSRANGE = auto()
    3548        TSTZMULTIRANGE = auto()
    3549        TSTZRANGE = auto()
    3550        UBIGINT = auto()
    3551        UINT = auto()
    3552        UINT128 = auto()
    3553        UINT256 = auto()
    3554        UMEDIUMINT = auto()
    3555        UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = auto()
    3556        UNKNOWN = auto()  # Sentinel value, useful for type annotation
    3557        USERDEFINED = "USER-DEFINED"
    3558        USMALLINT = auto()
    3559        UTINYINT = auto()
    3560        UUID = auto()
    3561        VARBINARY = auto()
    3562        VARCHAR = auto()
    3563        VARIANT = auto()
    3564        XML = auto()
    3565        YEAR = auto()

An enumeration.

ARRAY = <Type.ARRAY: 'ARRAY'>
BIGDECIMAL = <Type.BIGDECIMAL: 'BIGDECIMAL'>
BIGINT = <Type.BIGINT: 'BIGINT'>
BIGSERIAL = <Type.BIGSERIAL: 'BIGSERIAL'>
BINARY = <Type.BINARY: 'BINARY'>
BIT = <Type.BIT: 'BIT'>
BOOLEAN = <Type.BOOLEAN: 'BOOLEAN'>
CHAR = <Type.CHAR: 'CHAR'>
DATE = <Type.DATE: 'DATE'>
DATEMULTIRANGE = <Type.DATEMULTIRANGE: 'DATEMULTIRANGE'>
DATERANGE = <Type.DATERANGE: 'DATERANGE'>
DATETIME = <Type.DATETIME: 'DATETIME'>
DATETIME64 = <Type.DATETIME64: 'DATETIME64'>
DECIMAL = <Type.DECIMAL: 'DECIMAL'>
DOUBLE = <Type.DOUBLE: 'DOUBLE'>
ENUM = <Type.ENUM: 'ENUM'>
ENUM8 = <Type.ENUM8: 'ENUM8'>
ENUM16 = <Type.ENUM16: 'ENUM16'>
FIXEDSTRING = <Type.FIXEDSTRING: 'FIXEDSTRING'>
FLOAT = <Type.FLOAT: 'FLOAT'>
GEOGRAPHY = <Type.GEOGRAPHY: 'GEOGRAPHY'>
GEOMETRY = <Type.GEOMETRY: 'GEOMETRY'>
HLLSKETCH = <Type.HLLSKETCH: 'HLLSKETCH'>
HSTORE = <Type.HSTORE: 'HSTORE'>
IMAGE = <Type.IMAGE: 'IMAGE'>
INET = <Type.INET: 'INET'>
INT = <Type.INT: 'INT'>
INT128 = <Type.INT128: 'INT128'>
INT256 = <Type.INT256: 'INT256'>
INT4MULTIRANGE = <Type.INT4MULTIRANGE: 'INT4MULTIRANGE'>
INT4RANGE = <Type.INT4RANGE: 'INT4RANGE'>
INT8MULTIRANGE = <Type.INT8MULTIRANGE: 'INT8MULTIRANGE'>
INT8RANGE = <Type.INT8RANGE: 'INT8RANGE'>
INTERVAL = <Type.INTERVAL: 'INTERVAL'>
IPADDRESS = <Type.IPADDRESS: 'IPADDRESS'>
IPPREFIX = <Type.IPPREFIX: 'IPPREFIX'>
JSON = <Type.JSON: 'JSON'>
JSONB = <Type.JSONB: 'JSONB'>
LONGBLOB = <Type.LONGBLOB: 'LONGBLOB'>
LONGTEXT = <Type.LONGTEXT: 'LONGTEXT'>
LOWCARDINALITY = <Type.LOWCARDINALITY: 'LOWCARDINALITY'>
MAP = <Type.MAP: 'MAP'>
MEDIUMBLOB = <Type.MEDIUMBLOB: 'MEDIUMBLOB'>
MEDIUMINT = <Type.MEDIUMINT: 'MEDIUMINT'>
MEDIUMTEXT = <Type.MEDIUMTEXT: 'MEDIUMTEXT'>
MONEY = <Type.MONEY: 'MONEY'>
NCHAR = <Type.NCHAR: 'NCHAR'>
NESTED = <Type.NESTED: 'NESTED'>
NULL = <Type.NULL: 'NULL'>
NULLABLE = <Type.NULLABLE: 'NULLABLE'>
NUMMULTIRANGE = <Type.NUMMULTIRANGE: 'NUMMULTIRANGE'>
NUMRANGE = <Type.NUMRANGE: 'NUMRANGE'>
NVARCHAR = <Type.NVARCHAR: 'NVARCHAR'>
OBJECT = <Type.OBJECT: 'OBJECT'>
ROWVERSION = <Type.ROWVERSION: 'ROWVERSION'>
SERIAL = <Type.SERIAL: 'SERIAL'>
SET = <Type.SET: 'SET'>
SMALLINT = <Type.SMALLINT: 'SMALLINT'>
SMALLMONEY = <Type.SMALLMONEY: 'SMALLMONEY'>
SMALLSERIAL = <Type.SMALLSERIAL: 'SMALLSERIAL'>
STRUCT = <Type.STRUCT: 'STRUCT'>
SUPER = <Type.SUPER: 'SUPER'>
TEXT = <Type.TEXT: 'TEXT'>
TINYBLOB = <Type.TINYBLOB: 'TINYBLOB'>
TINYTEXT = <Type.TINYTEXT: 'TINYTEXT'>
TIME = <Type.TIME: 'TIME'>
TIMETZ = <Type.TIMETZ: 'TIMETZ'>
TIMESTAMP = <Type.TIMESTAMP: 'TIMESTAMP'>
TIMESTAMPLTZ = <Type.TIMESTAMPLTZ: 'TIMESTAMPLTZ'>
TIMESTAMPTZ = <Type.TIMESTAMPTZ: 'TIMESTAMPTZ'>
TINYINT = <Type.TINYINT: 'TINYINT'>
TSMULTIRANGE = <Type.TSMULTIRANGE: 'TSMULTIRANGE'>
TSRANGE = <Type.TSRANGE: 'TSRANGE'>
TSTZMULTIRANGE = <Type.TSTZMULTIRANGE: 'TSTZMULTIRANGE'>
TSTZRANGE = <Type.TSTZRANGE: 'TSTZRANGE'>
UBIGINT = <Type.UBIGINT: 'UBIGINT'>
UINT = <Type.UINT: 'UINT'>
UINT128 = <Type.UINT128: 'UINT128'>
UINT256 = <Type.UINT256: 'UINT256'>
UMEDIUMINT = <Type.UMEDIUMINT: 'UMEDIUMINT'>
UNIQUEIDENTIFIER = <Type.UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: 'UNIQUEIDENTIFIER'>
UNKNOWN = <Type.UNKNOWN: 'UNKNOWN'>
USERDEFINED = <Type.USERDEFINED: 'USER-DEFINED'>
USMALLINT = <Type.USMALLINT: 'USMALLINT'>
UTINYINT = <Type.UTINYINT: 'UTINYINT'>
UUID = <Type.UUID: 'UUID'>
VARBINARY = <Type.VARBINARY: 'VARBINARY'>
VARCHAR = <Type.VARCHAR: 'VARCHAR'>
VARIANT = <Type.VARIANT: 'VARIANT'>
XML = <Type.XML: 'XML'>
YEAR = <Type.YEAR: 'YEAR'>

##### Inherited Members

enum.Enum
  name
  value

class PseudoType(Expression): View Source

    3676class PseudoType(Expression):
    3677    pass

key = 'pseudotype'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class ObjectIdentifier(Expression): View Source

    3681class ObjectIdentifier(Expression):
    3682    pass

key = 'objectidentifier'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class SubqueryPredicate(Predicate): View Source

    3686class SubqueryPredicate(Predicate):
    3687    pass

key = 'subquerypredicate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class All(SubqueryPredicate): View Source

    3690class All(SubqueryPredicate):
    3691    pass

key = 'all'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Any(SubqueryPredicate): View Source

    3694class Any(SubqueryPredicate):
    3695    pass

key = 'any'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Exists(SubqueryPredicate): View Source

    3698class Exists(SubqueryPredicate):
    3699    pass

key = 'exists'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Command(Expression): View Source

    3704class Command(Expression):
    3705    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'command'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Transaction(Expression): View Source

    3708class Transaction(Expression):
    3709    arg_types = {"this": False, "modes": False, "mark": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'modes': False, 'mark': False}
key = 'transaction'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Commit(Expression): View Source

    3712class Commit(Expression):
    3713    arg_types = {"chain": False, "this": False, "durability": False}

arg_types = {'chain': False, 'this': False, 'durability': False}
key = 'commit'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Rollback(Expression): View Source

    3716class Rollback(Expression):
    3717    arg_types = {"savepoint": False, "this": False}

arg_types = {'savepoint': False, 'this': False}
key = 'rollback'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class AlterTable(Expression): View Source

    3720class AlterTable(Expression):
    3721    arg_types = {"this": True, "actions": True, "exists": False, "only": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'actions': True, 'exists': False, 'only': False}
key = 'altertable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class AddConstraint(Expression): View Source

    3724class AddConstraint(Expression):
    3725    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False, "enforced": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': False, 'enforced': False}
key = 'addconstraint'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DropPartition(Expression): View Source

    3728class DropPartition(Expression):
    3729    arg_types = {"expressions": True, "exists": False}

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'exists': False}
key = 'droppartition'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Binary(Condition): View Source

    3733class Binary(Condition):
    3734    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    3735
    3736    @property
    3737    def left(self):
    3738        return self.this
    3739
    3740    @property
    3741    def right(self):
    3742        return self.expression

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
left
right
key = 'binary'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Add(Binary): View Source

    3745class Add(Binary):
    3746    pass

key = 'add'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Connector(Binary): View Source

    3749class Connector(Binary):
    3750    pass

key = 'connector'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class And(Connector): View Source

    3753class And(Connector):
    3754    pass

key = 'and'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Or(Connector): View Source

    3757class Or(Connector):
    3758    pass

key = 'or'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class BitwiseAnd(Binary): View Source

    3761class BitwiseAnd(Binary):
    3762    pass

key = 'bitwiseand'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class BitwiseLeftShift(Binary): View Source

    3765class BitwiseLeftShift(Binary):
    3766    pass

key = 'bitwiseleftshift'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class BitwiseOr(Binary): View Source

    3769class BitwiseOr(Binary):
    3770    pass

key = 'bitwiseor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class BitwiseRightShift(Binary): View Source

    3773class BitwiseRightShift(Binary):
    3774    pass

key = 'bitwiserightshift'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class BitwiseXor(Binary): View Source

    3777class BitwiseXor(Binary):
    3778    pass

key = 'bitwisexor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Div(Binary): View Source

    3781class Div(Binary):
    3782    pass

key = 'div'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Overlaps(Binary): View Source

    3785class Overlaps(Binary):
    3786    pass

key = 'overlaps'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Dot(Binary): View Source

    3789class Dot(Binary):
    3790    @property
    3791    def name(self) -> str:
    3792        return self.expression.name
    3793
    3794    @property
    3795    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3796        return self.name
    3797
    3798    @classmethod
    3799    def build(self, expressions: t.Sequence[Expression]) -> Dot:
    3800        """Build a Dot object with a sequence of expressions."""
    3801        if len(expressions) < 2:
    3802            raise ValueError(f"Dot requires >= 2 expressions.")
    3803
    3804        return t.cast(Dot, reduce(lambda x, y: Dot(this=x, expression=y), expressions))

name: str
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

@classmethod
def build( self, expressions: Sequence[Expression]) -> Dot: View Source

    3798    @classmethod
    3799    def build(self, expressions: t.Sequence[Expression]) -> Dot:
    3800        """Build a Dot object with a sequence of expressions."""
    3801        if len(expressions) < 2:
    3802            raise ValueError(f"Dot requires >= 2 expressions.")
    3803
    3804        return t.cast(Dot, reduce(lambda x, y: Dot(this=x, expression=y), expressions))

Build a Dot object with a sequence of expressions.

key = 'dot'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DPipe(Binary): View Source

    3807class DPipe(Binary):
    3808    pass

key = 'dpipe'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SafeDPipe(DPipe): View Source

    3811class SafeDPipe(DPipe):
    3812    pass

key = 'safedpipe'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class EQ(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3815class EQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3816    pass

key = 'eq'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class NullSafeEQ(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3819class NullSafeEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3820    pass

key = 'nullsafeeq'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class NullSafeNEQ(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3823class NullSafeNEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3824    pass

key = 'nullsafeneq'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Distance(Binary): View Source

    3827class Distance(Binary):
    3828    pass

key = 'distance'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Escape(Binary): View Source

    3831class Escape(Binary):
    3832    pass

key = 'escape'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Glob(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3835class Glob(Binary, Predicate):
    3836    pass

key = 'glob'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class GT(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3839class GT(Binary, Predicate):
    3840    pass

key = 'gt'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class GTE(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3843class GTE(Binary, Predicate):
    3844    pass

key = 'gte'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ILike(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3847class ILike(Binary, Predicate):
    3848    pass

key = 'ilike'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ILikeAny(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3851class ILikeAny(Binary, Predicate):
    3852    pass

key = 'ilikeany'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class IntDiv(Binary): View Source

    3855class IntDiv(Binary):
    3856    pass

key = 'intdiv'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Is(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3859class Is(Binary, Predicate):
    3860    pass

key = 'is'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Kwarg(Binary): View Source

    3863class Kwarg(Binary):
    3864    """Kwarg in special functions like func(kwarg => y)."""

Kwarg in special functions like func(kwarg => y).

key = 'kwarg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Like(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3867class Like(Binary, Predicate):
    3868    pass

key = 'like'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LikeAny(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3871class LikeAny(Binary, Predicate):
    3872    pass

key = 'likeany'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LT(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3875class LT(Binary, Predicate):
    3876    pass

key = 'lt'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LTE(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3879class LTE(Binary, Predicate):
    3880    pass

key = 'lte'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Mod(Binary): View Source

    3883class Mod(Binary):
    3884    pass

key = 'mod'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Mul(Binary): View Source

    3887class Mul(Binary):
    3888    pass

key = 'mul'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class NEQ(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3891class NEQ(Binary, Predicate):
    3892    pass

key = 'neq'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SimilarTo(Binary, Predicate): View Source

    3895class SimilarTo(Binary, Predicate):
    3896    pass

key = 'similarto'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Slice(Binary): View Source

    3899class Slice(Binary):
    3900    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': False}
key = 'slice'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Sub(Binary): View Source

    3903class Sub(Binary):
    3904    pass

key = 'sub'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArrayOverlaps(Binary): View Source

    3907class ArrayOverlaps(Binary):
    3908    pass

key = 'arrayoverlaps'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Unary(Condition): View Source

    3913class Unary(Condition):
    3914    pass

key = 'unary'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class BitwiseNot(Unary): View Source

    3917class BitwiseNot(Unary):
    3918    pass

key = 'bitwisenot'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Not(Unary): View Source

    3921class Not(Unary):
    3922    pass

key = 'not'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Paren(Unary): View Source

    3925class Paren(Unary):
    3926    arg_types = {"this": True, "with": False}
    3927
    3928    @property
    3929    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3930        return self.this.name

arg_types = {'this': True, 'with': False}
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'paren'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Neg(Unary): View Source

    3933class Neg(Unary):
    3934    pass

key = 'neg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Alias(Expression): View Source

    3937class Alias(Expression):
    3938    arg_types = {"this": True, "alias": False}
    3939
    3940    @property
    3941    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3942        return self.alias

arg_types = {'this': True, 'alias': False}
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'alias'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Aliases(Expression): View Source

    3945class Aliases(Expression):
    3946    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    3947
    3948    @property
    3949    def aliases(self):
    3950        return self.expressions

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True}
aliases
key = 'aliases'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class AtTimeZone(Expression): View Source

    3953class AtTimeZone(Expression):
    3954    arg_types = {"this": True, "zone": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'zone': True}
key = 'attimezone'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Between(Predicate): View Source

    3957class Between(Predicate):
    3958    arg_types = {"this": True, "low": True, "high": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'low': True, 'high': True}
key = 'between'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Bracket(Condition): View Source

    3961class Bracket(Condition):
    3962    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True}
    3963
    3964    @property
    3965    def output_name(self) -> str:
    3966        if len(self.expressions) == 1:
    3967            return self.expressions[0].output_name
    3968
    3969        return super().output_name

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True}
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

key = 'bracket'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SafeBracket(Bracket): View Source

    3972class SafeBracket(Bracket):
    3973    """Represents array lookup where OOB index yields NULL instead of causing a failure."""

Represents array lookup where OOB index yields NULL instead of causing a failure.

key = 'safebracket'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Bracket
  arg_types
  output_name
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Distinct(Expression): View Source

    3976class Distinct(Expression):
    3977    arg_types = {"expressions": False, "on": False}

arg_types = {'expressions': False, 'on': False}
key = 'distinct'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class In(Predicate): View Source

    3980class In(Predicate):
    3981    arg_types = {
    3982        "this": True,
    3983        "expressions": False,
    3984        "query": False,
    3985        "unnest": False,
    3986        "field": False,
    3987        "is_global": False,
    3988    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False, 'query': False, 'unnest': False, 'field': False, 'is_global': False}
key = 'in'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeUnit(Expression): View Source

    3991class TimeUnit(Expression):
    3992    """Automatically converts unit arg into a var."""
    3993
    3994    arg_types = {"unit": False}
    3995
    3996    def __init__(self, **args):
    3997        unit = args.get("unit")
    3998        if isinstance(unit, (Column, Literal)):
    3999            args["unit"] = Var(this=unit.name)
    4000        elif isinstance(unit, Week):
    4001            unit.set("this", Var(this=unit.this.name))
    4002
    4003        super().__init__(**args)

Automatically converts unit arg into a var.

TimeUnit(**args) View Source

    3996    def __init__(self, **args):
    3997        unit = args.get("unit")
    3998        if isinstance(unit, (Column, Literal)):
    3999            args["unit"] = Var(this=unit.name)
    4000        elif isinstance(unit, Week):
    4001            unit.set("this", Var(this=unit.this.name))
    4002
    4003        super().__init__(**args)

arg_types = {'unit': False}
key = 'timeunit'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class IntervalSpan(Expression): View Source

    4009class IntervalSpan(Expression):
    4010    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'intervalspan'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Interval(TimeUnit): View Source

    4013class Interval(TimeUnit):
    4014    arg_types = {"this": False, "unit": False}
    4015
    4016    @property
    4017    def unit(self) -> t.Optional[Var]:
    4018        return self.args.get("unit")

arg_types = {'this': False, 'unit': False}
unit: Optional[Var]
key = 'interval'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class IgnoreNulls(Expression): View Source

    4021class IgnoreNulls(Expression):
    4022    pass

key = 'ignorenulls'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class RespectNulls(Expression): View Source

    4025class RespectNulls(Expression):
    4026    pass

key = 'respectnulls'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Func(Condition): View Source

    4030class Func(Condition):
    4031    """
    4032    The base class for all function expressions.
    4033
    4034    Attributes:
    4035        is_var_len_args (bool): if set to True the last argument defined in arg_types will be
    4036            treated as a variable length argument and the argument's value will be stored as a list.
    4037        _sql_names (list): determines the SQL name (1st item in the list) and aliases (subsequent items)
    4038            for this function expression. These values are used to map this node to a name during parsing
    4039            as well as to provide the function's name during SQL string generation. By default the SQL
    4040            name is set to the expression's class name transformed to snake case.
    4041    """
    4042
    4043    is_var_len_args = False
    4044
    4045    @classmethod
    4046    def from_arg_list(cls, args):
    4047        if cls.is_var_len_args:
    4048            all_arg_keys = list(cls.arg_types)
    4049            # If this function supports variable length argument treat the last argument as such.
    4050            non_var_len_arg_keys = all_arg_keys[:-1] if cls.is_var_len_args else all_arg_keys
    4051            num_non_var = len(non_var_len_arg_keys)
    4052
    4053            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, non_var_len_arg_keys)}
    4054            args_dict[all_arg_keys[-1]] = args[num_non_var:]
    4055        else:
    4056            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, cls.arg_types)}
    4057
    4058        return cls(**args_dict)
    4059
    4060    @classmethod
    4061    def sql_names(cls):
    4062        if cls is Func:
    4063            raise NotImplementedError(
    4064                "SQL name is only supported by concrete function implementations"
    4065            )
    4066        if "_sql_names" not in cls.__dict__:
    4067            cls._sql_names = [camel_to_snake_case(cls.__name__)]
    4068        return cls._sql_names
    4069
    4070    @classmethod
    4071    def sql_name(cls):
    4072        return cls.sql_names()[0]
    4073
    4074    @classmethod
    4075    def default_parser_mappings(cls):
    4076        return {name: cls.from_arg_list for name in cls.sql_names()}

The base class for all function expressions.

###### Attributes:

- is_var_len_args (bool): if set to True the last argument defined in arg_types will be treated as a variable length argument and the argument's value will be stored as a list.
- _sql_names (list): determines the SQL name (1st item in the list) and aliases (subsequent items) for this function expression. These values are used to map this node to a name during parsing as well as to provide the function's name during SQL string generation. By default the SQL name is set to the expression's class name transformed to snake case.

is_var_len_args = False
@classmethod
def from_arg_list(cls, args): View Source

    4045    @classmethod
    4046    def from_arg_list(cls, args):
    4047        if cls.is_var_len_args:
    4048            all_arg_keys = list(cls.arg_types)
    4049            # If this function supports variable length argument treat the last argument as such.
    4050            non_var_len_arg_keys = all_arg_keys[:-1] if cls.is_var_len_args else all_arg_keys
    4051            num_non_var = len(non_var_len_arg_keys)
    4052
    4053            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, non_var_len_arg_keys)}
    4054            args_dict[all_arg_keys[-1]] = args[num_non_var:]
    4055        else:
    4056            args_dict = {arg_key: arg for arg, arg_key in zip(args, cls.arg_types)}
    4057
    4058        return cls(**args_dict)

@classmethod
def sql_names(cls): View Source

    4060    @classmethod
    4061    def sql_names(cls):
    4062        if cls is Func:
    4063            raise NotImplementedError(
    4064                "SQL name is only supported by concrete function implementations"
    4065            )
    4066        if "_sql_names" not in cls.__dict__:
    4067            cls._sql_names = [camel_to_snake_case(cls.__name__)]
    4068        return cls._sql_names

@classmethod
def sql_name(cls): View Source

    4070    @classmethod
    4071    def sql_name(cls):
    4072        return cls.sql_names()[0]

@classmethod
def default_parser_mappings(cls): View Source

    4074    @classmethod
    4075    def default_parser_mappings(cls):
    4076        return {name: cls.from_arg_list for name in cls.sql_names()}

key = 'func'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class AggFunc(Func): View Source

    4079class AggFunc(Func):
    4080    pass

key = 'aggfunc'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ParameterizedAgg(AggFunc): View Source

    4083class ParameterizedAgg(AggFunc):
    4084    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "params": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True, 'params': True}
key = 'parameterizedagg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Abs(Func): View Source

    4087class Abs(Func):
    4088    pass

key = 'abs'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Transform(Func): View Source

    4092class Transform(Func):
    4093    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'transform'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Anonymous(Func): View Source

    4096class Anonymous(Func):
    4097    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4098    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'anonymous'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Hll(AggFunc): View Source

    4103class Hll(AggFunc):
    4104    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4105    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'hll'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ApproxDistinct(AggFunc): View Source

    4108class ApproxDistinct(AggFunc):
    4109    arg_types = {"this": True, "accuracy": False}
    4110    _sql_names = ["APPROX_DISTINCT", "APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT"]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'accuracy': False}
key = 'approxdistinct'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Array(Func): View Source

    4113class Array(Func):
    4114    arg_types = {"expressions": False}
    4115    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'array'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ToChar(Func): View Source

    4119class ToChar(Func):
    4120    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': False}
key = 'tochar'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class GenerateSeries(Func): View Source

    4123class GenerateSeries(Func):
    4124    arg_types = {"start": True, "end": True, "step": False}

arg_types = {'start': True, 'end': True, 'step': False}
key = 'generateseries'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArrayAgg(AggFunc): View Source

    4127class ArrayAgg(AggFunc):
    4128    pass

key = 'arrayagg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArrayAll(Func): View Source

    4131class ArrayAll(Func):
    4132    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'arrayall'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArrayAny(Func): View Source

    4135class ArrayAny(Func):
    4136    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'arrayany'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArrayConcat(Func): View Source

    4139class ArrayConcat(Func):
    4140    _sql_names = ["ARRAY_CONCAT", "ARRAY_CAT"]
    4141    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4142    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'arrayconcat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArrayContains(Binary, Func): View Source

    4145class ArrayContains(Binary, Func):
    4146    pass

key = 'arraycontains'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArrayContained(Binary): View Source

    4149class ArrayContained(Binary):
    4150    pass

key = 'arraycontained'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArrayFilter(Func): View Source

    4153class ArrayFilter(Func):
    4154    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}
    4155    _sql_names = ["FILTER", "ARRAY_FILTER"]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'arrayfilter'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArrayJoin(Func): View Source

    4158class ArrayJoin(Func):
    4159    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "null": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'null': False}
key = 'arrayjoin'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArraySize(Func): View Source

    4162class ArraySize(Func):
    4163    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'arraysize'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArraySort(Func): View Source

    4166class ArraySort(Func):
    4167    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'arraysort'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArraySum(Func): View Source

    4170class ArraySum(Func):
    4171    pass

key = 'arraysum'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ArrayUnionAgg(AggFunc): View Source

    4174class ArrayUnionAgg(AggFunc):
    4175    pass

key = 'arrayunionagg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Avg(AggFunc): View Source

    4178class Avg(AggFunc):
    4179    pass

key = 'avg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class AnyValue(AggFunc): View Source

    4182class AnyValue(AggFunc):
    4183    arg_types = {"this": True, "having": False, "max": False, "ignore_nulls": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'having': False, 'max': False, 'ignore_nulls': False}
key = 'anyvalue'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class First(Func): View Source

    4186class First(Func):
    4187    arg_types = {"this": True, "ignore_nulls": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'ignore_nulls': False}
key = 'first'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Last(Func): View Source

    4190class Last(Func):
    4191    arg_types = {"this": True, "ignore_nulls": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'ignore_nulls': False}
key = 'last'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Case(Func): View Source

    4194class Case(Func):
    4195    arg_types = {"this": False, "ifs": True, "default": False}
    4196
    4197    def when(self, condition: ExpOrStr, then: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4198        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4199        instance.append(
    4200            "ifs",
    4201            If(
    4202                this=maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts),
    4203                true=maybe_parse(then, copy=copy, **opts),
    4204            ),
    4205        )
    4206        return instance
    4207
    4208    def else_(self, condition: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4209        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4210        instance.set("default", maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts))
    4211        return instance

arg_types = {'this': False, 'ifs': True, 'default': False}
def when( self, condition: Union[str, Expression], then: Union[str, Expression], copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case: View Source

    4197    def when(self, condition: ExpOrStr, then: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4198        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4199        instance.append(
    4200            "ifs",
    4201            If(
    4202                this=maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts),
    4203                true=maybe_parse(then, copy=copy, **opts),
    4204            ),
    4205        )
    4206        return instance

def else_( self, condition: Union[str, Expression], copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case: View Source

    4208    def else_(self, condition: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Case:
    4209        instance = maybe_copy(self, copy)
    4210        instance.set("default", maybe_parse(condition, copy=copy, **opts))
    4211        return instance

key = 'case'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Cast(Func): View Source

    4214class Cast(Func):
    4215    arg_types = {"this": True, "to": True, "format": False}
    4216
    4217    @property
    4218    def name(self) -> str:
    4219        return self.this.name
    4220
    4221    @property
    4222    def to(self) -> DataType:
    4223        return self.args["to"]
    4224
    4225    @property
    4226    def output_name(self) -> str:
    4227        return self.name
    4228
    4229    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    4230        """
    4231        Checks whether this Cast's DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types
    4232        like arrays or structs will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g.
    4233        array<int> != array<float>.
    4234
    4235        Args:
    4236            dtypes: the data types to compare this Cast's DataType to.
    4237
    4238        Returns:
    4239            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this Cast's DataType.
    4240        """
    4241        return self.to.is_type(*dtypes)

arg_types = {'this': True, 'to': True, 'format': False}
name: str
to: DataType
output_name: str

Name of the output column if this expression is a selection.

If the Expression has no output name, an empty string is returned.

###### Example:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT a")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'a'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT b AS c")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     'c'
>     >>> parse_one("SELECT 1 + 2")sqlglot.expressions[0].output_name
>     ''

def is_type( self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool: View Source

    4229    def is_type(self, *dtypes: str | DataType | DataType.Type) -> bool:
    4230        """
    4231        Checks whether this Cast's DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types
    4232        like arrays or structs will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g.
    4233        array<int> != array<float>.
    4234
    4235        Args:
    4236            dtypes: the data types to compare this Cast's DataType to.
    4237
    4238        Returns:
    4239            True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this Cast's DataType.
    4240        """
    4241        return self.to.is_type(*dtypes)

Checks whether this Cast's DataType matches one of the provided data types. Nested types like arrays or structs will be compared using "structural equivalence" semantics, so e.g. array != array.

###### Arguments:

- dtypes: the data types to compare this Cast's DataType to.

###### Returns:

> True, if and only if there is a type in `dtypes` which is equal to this Cast's DataType.

key = 'cast'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TryCast(Cast): View Source

    4244class TryCast(Cast):
    4245    pass

key = 'trycast'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  alias_or_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Cast
  arg_types
  name
  to
  output_name
  is_type
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class CastToStrType(Func): View Source

    4248class CastToStrType(Func):
    4249    arg_types = {"this": True, "to": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'to': True}
key = 'casttostrtype'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Collate(Binary): View Source

    4252class Collate(Binary):
    4253    pass

key = 'collate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Ceil(Func): View Source

    4256class Ceil(Func):
    4257    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}
    4258    _sql_names = ["CEIL", "CEILING"]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'decimals': False}
key = 'ceil'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Coalesce(Func): View Source

    4261class Coalesce(Func):
    4262    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4263    is_var_len_args = True
    4264    _sql_names = ["COALESCE", "IFNULL", "NVL"]

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'coalesce'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Concat(Func): View Source

    4267class Concat(Func):
    4268    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    4269    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'concat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SafeConcat(Concat): View Source

    4272class SafeConcat(Concat):
    4273    pass

key = 'safeconcat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Concat
  arg_types
  is_var_len_args
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ConcatWs(Concat): View Source

    4276class ConcatWs(Concat):
    4277    _sql_names = ["CONCAT_WS"]

key = 'concatws'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Concat
  arg_types
  is_var_len_args
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Count(AggFunc): View Source

    4280class Count(AggFunc):
    4281    arg_types = {"this": False, "expressions": False}
    4282    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'count'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class CountIf(AggFunc): View Source

    4285class CountIf(AggFunc):
    4286    pass

key = 'countif'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class CurrentDate(Func): View Source

    4289class CurrentDate(Func):
    4290    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'currentdate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class CurrentDatetime(Func): View Source

    4293class CurrentDatetime(Func):
    4294    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'currentdatetime'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class CurrentTime(Func): View Source

    4297class CurrentTime(Func):
    4298    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'currenttime'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class CurrentTimestamp(Func): View Source

    4301class CurrentTimestamp(Func):
    4302    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'currenttimestamp'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class CurrentUser(Func): View Source

    4305class CurrentUser(Func):
    4306    arg_types = {"this": False}

arg_types = {'this': False}
key = 'currentuser'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DateAdd(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4309class DateAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4310    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'dateadd'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DateSub(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4313class DateSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4314    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'datesub'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DateDiff(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4317class DateDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4318    _sql_names = ["DATEDIFF", "DATE_DIFF"]
    4319    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'datediff'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DateTrunc(Func): View Source

    4322class DateTrunc(Func):
    4323    arg_types = {"unit": True, "this": True, "zone": False}

arg_types = {'unit': True, 'this': True, 'zone': False}
key = 'datetrunc'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DatetimeAdd(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4326class DatetimeAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4327    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'datetimeadd'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DatetimeSub(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4330class DatetimeSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4331    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'datetimesub'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DatetimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4334class DatetimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4335    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'datetimediff'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DatetimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4338class DatetimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4339    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'unit': True, 'zone': False}
key = 'datetimetrunc'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DayOfWeek(Func): View Source

    4342class DayOfWeek(Func):
    4343    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_WEEK", "DAYOFWEEK"]

key = 'dayofweek'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DayOfMonth(Func): View Source

    4346class DayOfMonth(Func):
    4347    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_MONTH", "DAYOFMONTH"]

key = 'dayofmonth'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DayOfYear(Func): View Source

    4350class DayOfYear(Func):
    4351    _sql_names = ["DAY_OF_YEAR", "DAYOFYEAR"]

key = 'dayofyear'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class WeekOfYear(Func): View Source

    4354class WeekOfYear(Func):
    4355    _sql_names = ["WEEK_OF_YEAR", "WEEKOFYEAR"]

key = 'weekofyear'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class MonthsBetween(Func): View Source

    4358class MonthsBetween(Func):
    4359    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "roundoff": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'roundoff': False}
key = 'monthsbetween'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LastDateOfMonth(Func): View Source

    4362class LastDateOfMonth(Func):
    4363    pass

key = 'lastdateofmonth'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Extract(Func): View Source

    4366class Extract(Func):
    4367    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'extract'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimestampAdd(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4370class TimestampAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4371    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timestampadd'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class TimestampSub(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4374class TimestampSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4375    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timestampsub'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class TimestampDiff(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4378class TimestampDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4379    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timestampdiff'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class TimestampTrunc(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4382class TimestampTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4383    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'unit': True, 'zone': False}
key = 'timestamptrunc'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class TimeAdd(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4386class TimeAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4387    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timeadd'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class TimeSub(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4390class TimeSub(Func, TimeUnit):
    4391    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timesub'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class TimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4394class TimeDiff(Func, TimeUnit):
    4395    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'timediff'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class TimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4398class TimeTrunc(Func, TimeUnit):
    4399    arg_types = {"this": True, "unit": True, "zone": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'unit': True, 'zone': False}
key = 'timetrunc'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class DateFromParts(Func): View Source

    4402class DateFromParts(Func):
    4403    _sql_names = ["DATEFROMPARTS"]
    4404    arg_types = {"year": True, "month": True, "day": True}

arg_types = {'year': True, 'month': True, 'day': True}
key = 'datefromparts'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DateStrToDate(Func): View Source

    4407class DateStrToDate(Func):
    4408    pass

key = 'datestrtodate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DateToDateStr(Func): View Source

    4411class DateToDateStr(Func):
    4412    pass

key = 'datetodatestr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DateToDi(Func): View Source

    4415class DateToDi(Func):
    4416    pass

key = 'datetodi'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Date(Func): View Source

    4420class Date(Func):
    4421    arg_types = {"this": True, "zone": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'zone': False}
key = 'date'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Day(Func): View Source

    4424class Day(Func):
    4425    pass

key = 'day'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Decode(Func): View Source

    4428class Decode(Func):
    4429    arg_types = {"this": True, "charset": True, "replace": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'charset': True, 'replace': False}
key = 'decode'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class DiToDate(Func): View Source

    4432class DiToDate(Func):
    4433    pass

key = 'ditodate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Encode(Func): View Source

    4436class Encode(Func):
    4437    arg_types = {"this": True, "charset": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'charset': True}
key = 'encode'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Exp(Func): View Source

    4440class Exp(Func):
    4441    pass

key = 'exp'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Explode(Func): View Source

    4444class Explode(Func):
    4445    pass

key = 'explode'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Floor(Func): View Source

    4448class Floor(Func):
    4449    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'decimals': False}
key = 'floor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class FromBase64(Func): View Source

    4452class FromBase64(Func):
    4453    pass

key = 'frombase64'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ToBase64(Func): View Source

    4456class ToBase64(Func):
    4457    pass

key = 'tobase64'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Greatest(Func): View Source

    4460class Greatest(Func):
    4461    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4462    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'greatest'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class GroupConcat(AggFunc): View Source

    4465class GroupConcat(AggFunc):
    4466    arg_types = {"this": True, "separator": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'separator': False}
key = 'groupconcat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Hex(Func): View Source

    4469class Hex(Func):
    4470    pass

key = 'hex'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Xor(Connector, Func): View Source

    4473class Xor(Connector, Func):
    4474    arg_types = {"this": False, "expression": False, "expressions": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'expression': False, 'expressions': False}
key = 'xor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class If(Func): View Source

    4477class If(Func):
    4478    arg_types = {"this": True, "true": True, "false": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'true': True, 'false': False}
key = 'if'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Initcap(Func): View Source

    4481class Initcap(Func):
    4482    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'initcap'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class IsNan(Func): View Source

    4485class IsNan(Func):
    4486    _sql_names = ["IS_NAN", "ISNAN"]

key = 'isnan'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class FormatJson(Expression): View Source

    4489class FormatJson(Expression):
    4490    pass

key = 'formatjson'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class JSONKeyValue(Expression): View Source

    4493class JSONKeyValue(Expression):
    4494    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'jsonkeyvalue'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class JSONObject(Func): View Source

    4497class JSONObject(Func):
    4498    arg_types = {
    4499        "expressions": False,
    4500        "null_handling": False,
    4501        "unique_keys": False,
    4502        "return_type": False,
    4503        "encoding": False,
    4504    }

arg_types = {'expressions': False, 'null_handling': False, 'unique_keys': False, 'return_type': False, 'encoding': False}
key = 'jsonobject'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONArray(Func): View Source

    4508class JSONArray(Func):
    4509    arg_types = {
    4510        "expressions": True,
    4511        "null_handling": False,
    4512        "return_type": False,
    4513        "strict": False,
    4514    }

arg_types = {'expressions': True, 'null_handling': False, 'return_type': False, 'strict': False}
key = 'jsonarray'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONArrayAgg(Func): View Source

    4518class JSONArrayAgg(Func):
    4519    arg_types = {
    4520        "this": True,
    4521        "order": False,
    4522        "null_handling": False,
    4523        "return_type": False,
    4524        "strict": False,
    4525    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'order': False, 'null_handling': False, 'return_type': False, 'strict': False}
key = 'jsonarrayagg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONColumnDef(Expression): View Source

    4530class JSONColumnDef(Expression):
    4531    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False, "path": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': False, 'path': False}
key = 'jsoncolumndef'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class JSONTable(Func): View Source

    4535class JSONTable(Func):
    4536    arg_types = {
    4537        "this": True,
    4538        "expressions": True,
    4539        "path": False,
    4540        "error_handling": False,
    4541        "empty_handling": False,
    4542    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True, 'path': False, 'error_handling': False, 'empty_handling': False}
key = 'jsontable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class OpenJSONColumnDef(Expression): View Source

    4545class OpenJSONColumnDef(Expression):
    4546    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": True, "path": False, "as_json": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': True, 'path': False, 'as_json': False}
key = 'openjsoncolumndef'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class OpenJSON(Func): View Source

    4549class OpenJSON(Func):
    4550    arg_types = {"this": True, "path": False, "expressions": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'path': False, 'expressions': False}
key = 'openjson'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONBContains(Binary): View Source

    4553class JSONBContains(Binary):
    4554    _sql_names = ["JSONB_CONTAINS"]

key = 'jsonbcontains'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONExtract(Binary, Func): View Source

    4557class JSONExtract(Binary, Func):
    4558    _sql_names = ["JSON_EXTRACT"]

key = 'jsonextract'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONExtractScalar(JSONExtract): View Source

    4561class JSONExtractScalar(JSONExtract):
    4562    _sql_names = ["JSON_EXTRACT_SCALAR"]

key = 'jsonextractscalar'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONBExtract(JSONExtract): View Source

    4565class JSONBExtract(JSONExtract):
    4566    _sql_names = ["JSONB_EXTRACT"]

key = 'jsonbextract'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONBExtractScalar(JSONExtract): View Source

    4569class JSONBExtractScalar(JSONExtract):
    4570    _sql_names = ["JSONB_EXTRACT_SCALAR"]

key = 'jsonbextractscalar'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONFormat(Func): View Source

    4573class JSONFormat(Func):
    4574    arg_types = {"this": False, "options": False}
    4575    _sql_names = ["JSON_FORMAT"]

arg_types = {'this': False, 'options': False}
key = 'jsonformat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class JSONArrayContains(Binary, Predicate, Func): View Source

    4579class JSONArrayContains(Binary, Predicate, Func):
    4580    _sql_names = ["JSON_ARRAY_CONTAINS"]

key = 'jsonarraycontains'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Least(Func): View Source

    4583class Least(Func):
    4584    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4585    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'least'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Left(Func): View Source

    4588class Left(Func):
    4589    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'left'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Right(Func): View Source

    4592class Right(Func):
    4593    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'right'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Length(Func): View Source

    4596class Length(Func):
    4597    _sql_names = ["LENGTH", "LEN"]

key = 'length'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Levenshtein(Func): View Source

    4600class Levenshtein(Func):
    4601    arg_types = {
    4602        "this": True,
    4603        "expression": False,
    4604        "ins_cost": False,
    4605        "del_cost": False,
    4606        "sub_cost": False,
    4607    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False, 'ins_cost': False, 'del_cost': False, 'sub_cost': False}
key = 'levenshtein'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Ln(Func): View Source

    4610class Ln(Func):
    4611    pass

key = 'ln'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Log(Func): View Source

    4614class Log(Func):
    4615    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'log'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Log2(Func): View Source

    4618class Log2(Func):
    4619    pass

key = 'log2'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Log10(Func): View Source

    4622class Log10(Func):
    4623    pass

key = 'log10'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LogicalOr(AggFunc): View Source

    4626class LogicalOr(AggFunc):
    4627    _sql_names = ["LOGICAL_OR", "BOOL_OR", "BOOLOR_AGG"]

key = 'logicalor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class LogicalAnd(AggFunc): View Source

    4630class LogicalAnd(AggFunc):
    4631    _sql_names = ["LOGICAL_AND", "BOOL_AND", "BOOLAND_AGG"]

key = 'logicaland'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Lower(Func): View Source

    4634class Lower(Func):
    4635    _sql_names = ["LOWER", "LCASE"]

key = 'lower'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Map(Func): View Source

    4638class Map(Func):
    4639    arg_types = {"keys": False, "values": False}

arg_types = {'keys': False, 'values': False}
key = 'map'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class MapFromEntries(Func): View Source

    4642class MapFromEntries(Func):
    4643    pass

key = 'mapfromentries'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class StarMap(Func): View Source

    4646class StarMap(Func):
    4647    pass

key = 'starmap'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class VarMap(Func): View Source

    4650class VarMap(Func):
    4651    arg_types = {"keys": True, "values": True}
    4652    is_var_len_args = True
    4653
    4654    @property
    4655    def keys(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4656        return self.args["keys"].expressions
    4657
    4658    @property
    4659    def values(self) -> t.List[Expression]:
    4660        return self.args["values"].expressions

arg_types = {'keys': True, 'values': True}
is_var_len_args = True
keys: List[Expression]
values: List[Expression]
key = 'varmap'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class MatchAgainst(Func): View Source

    4664class MatchAgainst(Func):
    4665    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "modifier": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True, 'modifier': False}
key = 'matchagainst'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Max(AggFunc): View Source

    4668class Max(AggFunc):
    4669    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4670    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'max'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class MD5(Func): View Source

    4673class MD5(Func):
    4674    _sql_names = ["MD5"]

key = 'md5'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class MD5Digest(Func): View Source

    4678class MD5Digest(Func):
    4679    _sql_names = ["MD5_DIGEST"]

key = 'md5digest'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Min(AggFunc): View Source

    4682class Min(AggFunc):
    4683    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}
    4684    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'min'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Month(Func): View Source

    4687class Month(Func):
    4688    pass

key = 'month'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Nvl2(Func): View Source

    4691class Nvl2(Func):
    4692    arg_types = {"this": True, "true": True, "false": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'true': True, 'false': False}
key = 'nvl2'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Posexplode(Func): View Source

    4695class Posexplode(Func):
    4696    pass

key = 'posexplode'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Pow(Binary, Func): View Source

    4699class Pow(Binary, Func):
    4700    _sql_names = ["POWER", "POW"]

key = 'pow'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  arg_types
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class PercentileCont(AggFunc): View Source

    4703class PercentileCont(AggFunc):
    4704    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'percentilecont'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class PercentileDisc(AggFunc): View Source

    4707class PercentileDisc(AggFunc):
    4708    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'percentiledisc'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Quantile(AggFunc): View Source

    4711class Quantile(AggFunc):
    4712    arg_types = {"this": True, "quantile": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'quantile': True}
key = 'quantile'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ApproxQuantile(Quantile): View Source

    4715class ApproxQuantile(Quantile):
    4716    arg_types = {"this": True, "quantile": True, "accuracy": False, "weight": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'quantile': True, 'accuracy': False, 'weight': False}
key = 'approxquantile'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class RangeN(Func): View Source

    4719class RangeN(Func):
    4720    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": True, "each": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': True, 'each': False}
key = 'rangen'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class ReadCSV(Func): View Source

    4723class ReadCSV(Func):
    4724    _sql_names = ["READ_CSV"]
    4725    is_var_len_args = True
    4726    arg_types = {"this": True, "expressions": False}

is_var_len_args = True
arg_types = {'this': True, 'expressions': False}
key = 'readcsv'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Reduce(Func): View Source

    4729class Reduce(Func):
    4730    arg_types = {"this": True, "initial": True, "merge": True, "finish": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'initial': True, 'merge': True, 'finish': False}
key = 'reduce'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class RegexpExtract(Func): View Source

    4733class RegexpExtract(Func):
    4734    arg_types = {
    4735        "this": True,
    4736        "expression": True,
    4737        "position": False,
    4738        "occurrence": False,
    4739        "parameters": False,
    4740        "group": False,
    4741    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'position': False, 'occurrence': False, 'parameters': False, 'group': False}
key = 'regexpextract'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class RegexpReplace(Func): View Source

    4744class RegexpReplace(Func):
    4745    arg_types = {
    4746        "this": True,
    4747        "expression": True,
    4748        "replacement": True,
    4749        "position": False,
    4750        "occurrence": False,
    4751        "parameters": False,
    4752    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'replacement': True, 'position': False, 'occurrence': False, 'parameters': False}
key = 'regexpreplace'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class RegexpLike(Binary, Func): View Source

    4755class RegexpLike(Binary, Func):
    4756    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "flag": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'flag': False}
key = 'regexplike'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Binary
  left
  right
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class RegexpILike(Func): View Source

    4759class RegexpILike(Func):
    4760    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "flag": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'flag': False}
key = 'regexpilike'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class RegexpSplit(Func): View Source

    4765class RegexpSplit(Func):
    4766    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "limit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'limit': False}
key = 'regexpsplit'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Repeat(Func): View Source

    4769class Repeat(Func):
    4770    arg_types = {"this": True, "times": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'times': True}
key = 'repeat'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Round(Func): View Source

    4773class Round(Func):
    4774    arg_types = {"this": True, "decimals": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'decimals': False}
key = 'round'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class RowNumber(Func): View Source

    4777class RowNumber(Func):
    4778    arg_types: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {}

arg_types: Dict[str, Any] = {}
key = 'rownumber'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SafeDivide(Func): View Source

    4781class SafeDivide(Func):
    4782    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'safedivide'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SetAgg(AggFunc): View Source

    4785class SetAgg(AggFunc):
    4786    pass

key = 'setagg'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SHA(Func): View Source

    4789class SHA(Func):
    4790    _sql_names = ["SHA", "SHA1"]

key = 'sha'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SHA2(Func): View Source

    4793class SHA2(Func):
    4794    _sql_names = ["SHA2"]
    4795    arg_types = {"this": True, "length": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'length': False}
key = 'sha2'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class SortArray(Func): View Source

    4798class SortArray(Func):
    4799    arg_types = {"this": True, "asc": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'asc': False}
key = 'sortarray'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Split(Func): View Source

    4802class Split(Func):
    4803    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "limit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'limit': False}
key = 'split'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Substring(Func): View Source

    4808class Substring(Func):
    4809    arg_types = {"this": True, "start": False, "length": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'start': False, 'length': False}
key = 'substring'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class StandardHash(Func): View Source

    4812class StandardHash(Func):
    4813    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False}
key = 'standardhash'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class StartsWith(Func): View Source

    4816class StartsWith(Func):
    4817    _sql_names = ["STARTS_WITH", "STARTSWITH"]
    4818    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'startswith'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class StrPosition(Func): View Source

    4821class StrPosition(Func):
    4822    arg_types = {
    4823        "this": True,
    4824        "substr": True,
    4825        "position": False,
    4826        "instance": False,
    4827    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'substr': True, 'position': False, 'instance': False}
key = 'strposition'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class StrToDate(Func): View Source

    4830class StrToDate(Func):
    4831    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': True}
key = 'strtodate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class StrToTime(Func): View Source

    4834class StrToTime(Func):
    4835    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "zone": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': True, 'zone': False}
key = 'strtotime'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class StrToUnix(Func): View Source

    4840class StrToUnix(Func):
    4841    arg_types = {"this": False, "format": False}

arg_types = {'this': False, 'format': False}
key = 'strtounix'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class StrToMap(Func): View Source

    4846class StrToMap(Func):
    4847    arg_types = {
    4848        "this": True,
    4849        "pair_delim": False,
    4850        "key_value_delim": False,
    4851        "duplicate_resolution_callback": False,
    4852    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'pair_delim': False, 'key_value_delim': False, 'duplicate_resolution_callback': False}
key = 'strtomap'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class NumberToStr(Func): View Source

    4855class NumberToStr(Func):
    4856    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "culture": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': True, 'culture': False}
key = 'numbertostr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class FromBase(Func): View Source

    4859class FromBase(Func):
    4860    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'frombase'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Struct(Func): View Source

    4863class Struct(Func):
    4864    arg_types = {"expressions": True}
    4865    is_var_len_args = True

arg_types = {'expressions': True}
is_var_len_args = True
key = 'struct'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class StructExtract(Func): View Source

    4868class StructExtract(Func):
    4869    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'structextract'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Stuff(Func): View Source

    4874class Stuff(Func):
    4875    _sql_names = ["STUFF", "INSERT"]
    4876    arg_types = {"this": True, "start": True, "length": True, "expression": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'start': True, 'length': True, 'expression': True}
key = 'stuff'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Sum(AggFunc): View Source

    4879class Sum(AggFunc):
    4880    pass

key = 'sum'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Sqrt(Func): View Source

    4883class Sqrt(Func):
    4884    pass

key = 'sqrt'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Stddev(AggFunc): View Source

    4887class Stddev(AggFunc):
    4888    pass

key = 'stddev'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class StddevPop(AggFunc): View Source

    4891class StddevPop(AggFunc):
    4892    pass

key = 'stddevpop'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class StddevSamp(AggFunc): View Source

    4895class StddevSamp(AggFunc):
    4896    pass

key = 'stddevsamp'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeToStr(Func): View Source

    4899class TimeToStr(Func):
    4900    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": True, "culture": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': True, 'culture': False}
key = 'timetostr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeToTimeStr(Func): View Source

    4903class TimeToTimeStr(Func):
    4904    pass

key = 'timetotimestr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeToUnix(Func): View Source

    4907class TimeToUnix(Func):
    4908    pass

key = 'timetounix'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeStrToDate(Func): View Source

    4911class TimeStrToDate(Func):
    4912    pass

key = 'timestrtodate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeStrToTime(Func): View Source

    4915class TimeStrToTime(Func):
    4916    pass

key = 'timestrtotime'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TimeStrToUnix(Func): View Source

    4919class TimeStrToUnix(Func):
    4920    pass

key = 'timestrtounix'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Trim(Func): View Source

    4923class Trim(Func):
    4924    arg_types = {
    4925        "this": True,
    4926        "expression": False,
    4927        "position": False,
    4928        "collation": False,
    4929    }

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': False, 'position': False, 'collation': False}
key = 'trim'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TsOrDsAdd(Func, TimeUnit): View Source

    4932class TsOrDsAdd(Func, TimeUnit):
    4933    arg_types = {"this": True, "expression": True, "unit": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'expression': True, 'unit': False}
key = 'tsordsadd'

##### Inherited Members

TimeUnit
  TimeUnit
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike
Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class TsOrDsToDateStr(Func): View Source

    4936class TsOrDsToDateStr(Func):
    4937    pass

key = 'tsordstodatestr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TsOrDsToDate(Func): View Source

    4940class TsOrDsToDate(Func):
    4941    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': False}
key = 'tsordstodate'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class TsOrDiToDi(Func): View Source

    4944class TsOrDiToDi(Func):
    4945    pass

key = 'tsorditodi'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Unhex(Func): View Source

    4948class Unhex(Func):
    4949    pass

key = 'unhex'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class UnixToStr(Func): View Source

    4952class UnixToStr(Func):
    4953    arg_types = {"this": True, "format": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'format': False}
key = 'unixtostr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class UnixToTime(Func): View Source

    4958class UnixToTime(Func):
    4959    arg_types = {"this": True, "scale": False, "zone": False, "hours": False, "minutes": False}
    4960
    4961    SECONDS = Literal.string("seconds")
    4962    MILLIS = Literal.string("millis")
    4963    MICROS = Literal.string("micros")

arg_types = {'this': True, 'scale': False, 'zone': False, 'hours': False, 'minutes': False}
SECONDS = (LITERAL this: seconds, is_string: True)
MILLIS = (LITERAL this: millis, is_string: True)
MICROS = (LITERAL this: micros, is_string: True)
key = 'unixtotime'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class UnixToTimeStr(Func): View Source

    4966class UnixToTimeStr(Func):
    4967    pass

key = 'unixtotimestr'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Upper(Func): View Source

    4970class Upper(Func):
    4971    _sql_names = ["UPPER", "UCASE"]

key = 'upper'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Variance(AggFunc): View Source

    4974class Variance(AggFunc):
    4975    _sql_names = ["VARIANCE", "VARIANCE_SAMP", "VAR_SAMP"]

key = 'variance'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class VariancePop(AggFunc): View Source

    4978class VariancePop(AggFunc):
    4979    _sql_names = ["VARIANCE_POP", "VAR_POP"]

key = 'variancepop'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Week(Func): View Source

    4982class Week(Func):
    4983    arg_types = {"this": True, "mode": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'mode': False}
key = 'week'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class XMLTable(Func): View Source

    4986class XMLTable(Func):
    4987    arg_types = {"this": True, "passing": False, "columns": False, "by_ref": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'passing': False, 'columns': False, 'by_ref': False}
key = 'xmltable'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Year(Func): View Source

    4990class Year(Func):
    4991    pass

key = 'year'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  arg_types
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class Use(Expression): View Source

    4994class Use(Expression):
    4995    arg_types = {"this": True, "kind": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'kind': False}
key = 'use'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class Merge(Expression): View Source

    4998class Merge(Expression):
    4999    arg_types = {"this": True, "using": True, "on": True, "expressions": True}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'using': True, 'on': True, 'expressions': True}
key = 'merge'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load

class When(Func): View Source

    5002class When(Func):
    5003    arg_types = {"matched": True, "source": False, "condition": False, "then": True}

arg_types = {'matched': True, 'source': False, 'condition': False, 'then': True}
key = 'when'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

class NextValueFor(Func): View Source

    5008class NextValueFor(Func):
    5009    arg_types = {"this": True, "order": False}

arg_types = {'this': True, 'order': False}
key = 'nextvaluefor'

##### Inherited Members

Expression
  Expression
  args
  parent
  arg_key
  comments
  hashable_args
  this
  expression
  expressions
  text
  is_string
  is_number
  is_int
  is_star
  alias
  alias_column_names
  name
  alias_or_name
  output_name
  type
  meta
  copy
  add_comments
  append
  set
  depth
  iter_expressions
  find
  find_all
  find_ancestor
  parent_select
  same_parent
  root
  walk
  dfs
  bfs
  unnest
  unalias
  unnest_operands
  flatten
  sql
  transform
  replace
  pop
  assert_is
  error_messages
  dump
  load
Func
  is_var_len_args
  from_arg_list
  sql_names
  sql_name
  default_parser_mappings
Condition
  and_
  or_
  not_
  as_
  isin
  between
  is_
  like
  ilike
  eq
  neq
  rlike

ALL_FUNCTIONS = [<class 'Abs'>, <class 'AnyValue'>, <class 'ApproxDistinct'>, <class 'ApproxQuantile'>, <class 'Array'>, <class 'ArrayAgg'>, <class 'ArrayAll'>, <class 'ArrayAny'>, <class 'ArrayConcat'>, <class 'ArrayContains'>, <class 'ArrayFilter'>, <class 'ArrayJoin'>, <class 'ArraySize'>, <class 'ArraySort'>, <class 'ArraySum'>, <class 'ArrayUnionAgg'>, <class 'Avg'>, <class 'Case'>, <class 'Cast'>, <class 'CastToStrType'>, <class 'Ceil'>, <class 'Coalesce'>, <class 'Concat'>, <class 'ConcatWs'>, <class 'Count'>, <class 'CountIf'>, <class 'CurrentDate'>, <class 'CurrentDatetime'>, <class 'CurrentTime'>, <class 'CurrentTimestamp'>, <class 'CurrentUser'>, <class 'Date'>, <class 'DateAdd'>, <class 'DateDiff'>, <class 'DateFromParts'>, <class 'DateStrToDate'>, <class 'DateSub'>, <class 'DateToDateStr'>, <class 'DateToDi'>, <class 'DateTrunc'>, <class 'DatetimeAdd'>, <class 'DatetimeDiff'>, <class 'DatetimeSub'>, <class 'DatetimeTrunc'>, <class 'Day'>, <class 'DayOfMonth'>, <class 'DayOfWeek'>, <class 'DayOfYear'>, <class 'Decode'>, <class 'DiToDate'>, <class 'Encode'>, <class 'Exp'>, <class 'Explode'>, <class 'Extract'>, <class 'First'>, <class 'Floor'>, <class 'FromBase'>, <class 'FromBase64'>, <class 'GenerateSeries'>, <class 'Greatest'>, <class 'GroupConcat'>, <class 'Hex'>, <class 'Hll'>, <class 'If'>, <class 'Initcap'>, <class 'IsNan'>, <class 'JSONArray'>, <class 'JSONArrayAgg'>, <class 'JSONArrayContains'>, <class 'JSONBExtract'>, <class 'JSONBExtractScalar'>, <class 'JSONExtract'>, <class 'JSONExtractScalar'>, <class 'JSONFormat'>, <class 'JSONObject'>, <class 'JSONTable'>, <class 'Last'>, <class 'LastDateOfMonth'>, <class 'Least'>, <class 'Left'>, <class 'Length'>, <class 'Levenshtein'>, <class 'Ln'>, <class 'Log'>, <class 'Log10'>, <class 'Log2'>, <class 'LogicalAnd'>, <class 'LogicalOr'>, <class 'Lower'>, <class 'MD5'>, <class 'MD5Digest'>, <class 'Map'>, <class 'MapFromEntries'>, <class 'MatchAgainst'>, <class 'Max'>, <class 'Min'>, <class 'Month'>, <class 'MonthsBetween'>, <class 'NextValueFor'>, <class 'NumberToStr'>, <class 'Nvl2'>, <class 'OpenJSON'>, <class 'ParameterizedAgg'>, <class 'PercentileCont'>, <class 'PercentileDisc'>, <class 'Posexplode'>, <class 'Pow'>, <class 'Quantile'>, <class 'RangeN'>, <class 'ReadCSV'>, <class 'Reduce'>, <class 'RegexpExtract'>, <class 'RegexpILike'>, <class 'RegexpLike'>, <class 'RegexpReplace'>, <class 'RegexpSplit'>, <class 'Repeat'>, <class 'Right'>, <class 'Round'>, <class 'RowNumber'>, <class 'SHA'>, <class 'SHA2'>, <class 'SafeConcat'>, <class 'SafeDivide'>, <class 'SetAgg'>, <class 'SortArray'>, <class 'Split'>, <class 'Sqrt'>, <class 'StandardHash'>, <class 'StarMap'>, <class 'StartsWith'>, <class 'Stddev'>, <class 'StddevPop'>, <class 'StddevSamp'>, <class 'StrPosition'>, <class 'StrToDate'>, <class 'StrToMap'>, <class 'StrToTime'>, <class 'StrToUnix'>, <class 'Struct'>, <class 'StructExtract'>, <class 'Stuff'>, <class 'Substring'>, <class 'Sum'>, <class 'TimeAdd'>, <class 'TimeDiff'>, <class 'TimeStrToDate'>, <class 'TimeStrToTime'>, <class 'TimeStrToUnix'>, <class 'TimeSub'>, <class 'TimeToStr'>, <class 'TimeToTimeStr'>, <class 'TimeToUnix'>, <class 'TimeTrunc'>, <class 'TimestampAdd'>, <class 'TimestampDiff'>, <class 'TimestampSub'>, <class 'TimestampTrunc'>, <class 'ToBase64'>, <class 'ToChar'>, <class 'Transform'>, <class 'Trim'>, <class 'TryCast'>, <class 'TsOrDiToDi'>, <class 'TsOrDsAdd'>, <class 'TsOrDsToDate'>, <class 'TsOrDsToDateStr'>, <class 'Unhex'>, <class 'UnixToStr'>, <class 'UnixToTime'>, <class 'UnixToTimeStr'>, <class 'Upper'>, <class 'VarMap'>, <class 'Variance'>, <class 'VariancePop'>, <class 'Week'>, <class 'WeekOfYear'>, <class 'When'>, <class 'XMLTable'>, <class 'Xor'>, <class 'Year'>]
def maybe_parse( sql_or_expression: Union[str, Expression], *, into: Union[str, Type[Expression], Collection[Union[str, Type[Expression]]], NoneType] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, prefix: Optional[str] = None, copy: bool = False, **opts) -> Expression: View Source

    5046def maybe_parse(
    5047    sql_or_expression: ExpOrStr,
    5048    *,
    5049    into: t.Optional[IntoType] = None,
    5050    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5051    prefix: t.Optional[str] = None,
    5052    copy: bool = False,
    5053    **opts,
    5054) -> Expression:
    5055    """Gracefully handle a possible string or expression.
    5056
    5057    Example:
    5058        >>> maybe_parse("1")
    5059        (LITERAL this: 1, is_string: False)
    5060        >>> maybe_parse(to_identifier("x"))
    5061        (IDENTIFIER this: x, quoted: False)
    5062
    5063    Args:
    5064        sql_or_expression: the SQL code string or an expression
    5065        into: the SQLGlot Expression to parse into
    5066        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an
    5067            input expression is a SQL string).
    5068        prefix: a string to prefix the sql with before it gets parsed
    5069            (automatically includes a space)
    5070        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5071        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5072            that an input expression is a SQL string).
    5073
    5074    Returns:
    5075        Expression: the parsed or given expression.
    5076    """
    5077    if isinstance(sql_or_expression, Expression):
    5078        if copy:
    5079            return sql_or_expression.copy()
    5080        return sql_or_expression
    5081
    5082    if sql_or_expression is None:
    5083        raise ParseError(f"SQL cannot be None")
    5084
    5085    import sqlglot
    5086
    5087    sql = str(sql_or_expression)
    5088    if prefix:
    5089        sql = f"{prefix} {sql}"
    5090
    5091    return sqlglot.parse_one(sql, read=dialect, into=into, **opts)

Gracefully handle a possible string or expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> maybe_parse("1")
>     (LITERAL this: 1, is_string: False)
>     >>> maybe_parse(to_identifier("x"))
>     (IDENTIFIER this: x, quoted: False)

###### Arguments:

- sql_or_expression: the SQL code string or an expression
- into: the SQLGlot Expression to parse into
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an input expression is a SQL string).
- prefix: a string to prefix the sql with before it gets parsed (automatically includes a space)
- copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case that an input expression is a SQL string).

###### Returns:

> Expression: the parsed or given expression.

def maybe_copy(instance, copy=True): View Source

    5104def maybe_copy(instance, copy=True):
    5105    return instance.copy() if copy and instance else instance

def union( left: Union[str, Expression], right: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Union: View Source

    5285def union(
    5286    left: ExpOrStr, right: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    5287) -> Union:
    5288    """
    5289    Initializes a syntax tree from one UNION expression.
    5290
    5291    Example:
    5292        >>> union("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5293        'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'
    5294
    5295    Args:
    5296        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5297            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5298        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5299            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5300        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5301        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5302        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5303
    5304    Returns:
    5305        The new Union instance.
    5306    """
    5307    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5308    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5309
    5310    return Union(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)

Initializes a syntax tree from one UNION expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> union("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo UNION SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Union instance.

def intersect( left: Union[str, Expression], right: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Intersect: View Source

    5313def intersect(
    5314    left: ExpOrStr, right: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    5315) -> Intersect:
    5316    """
    5317    Initializes a syntax tree from one INTERSECT expression.
    5318
    5319    Example:
    5320        >>> intersect("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5321        'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'
    5322
    5323    Args:
    5324        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5325            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5326        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5327            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5328        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5329        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5330        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5331
    5332    Returns:
    5333        The new Intersect instance.
    5334    """
    5335    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5336    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5337
    5338    return Intersect(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)

Initializes a syntax tree from one INTERSECT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> intersect("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo INTERSECT SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Intersect instance.

def except_( left: Union[str, Expression], right: Union[str, Expression], distinct: bool = True, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Except: View Source

    5341def except_(
    5342    left: ExpOrStr, right: ExpOrStr, distinct: bool = True, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts
    5343) -> Except:
    5344    """
    5345    Initializes a syntax tree from one EXCEPT expression.
    5346
    5347    Example:
    5348        >>> except_("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
    5349        'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'
    5350
    5351    Args:
    5352        left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side.
    5353            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5354        right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side.
    5355            If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
    5356        distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
    5357        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5358        opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5359
    5360    Returns:
    5361        The new Except instance.
    5362    """
    5363    left = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=left, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5364    right = maybe_parse(sql_or_expression=right, dialect=dialect, **opts)
    5365
    5366    return Except(this=left, expression=right, distinct=distinct)

Initializes a syntax tree from one EXCEPT expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> except_("SELECT * FROM foo", "SELECT * FROM bla").sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM foo EXCEPT SELECT * FROM bla'

###### Arguments:

- left: the SQL code string corresponding to the left-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- right: the SQL code string corresponding to the right-hand side. If an `Expression` instance is passed, it will be used as-is.
- distinct: set the DISTINCT flag if and only if this is true.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new Except instance.

def select( *expressions: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    5369def select(*expressions: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> Select:
    5370    """
    5371    Initializes a syntax tree from one or multiple SELECT expressions.
    5372
    5373    Example:
    5374        >>> select("col1", "col2").from_("tbl").sql()
    5375        'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'
    5376
    5377    Args:
    5378        *expressions: the SQL code string to parse as the expressions of a
    5379            SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5380        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an
    5381            input expression is a SQL string).
    5382        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5383            that an input expression is a SQL string).
    5384
    5385    Returns:
    5386        Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.
    5387    """
    5388    return Select().select(*expressions, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Initializes a syntax tree from one or multiple SELECT expressions.

###### Example:

>     >>> select("col1", "col2").from_("tbl").sql()
>     'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code string to parse as the expressions of a SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions (in the case that an input expression is a SQL string).
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case that an input expression is a SQL string).

###### Returns:

> Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.

def from_( expression: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    5391def from_(expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, **opts) -> Select:
    5392    """
    5393    Initializes a syntax tree from a FROM expression.
    5394
    5395    Example:
    5396        >>> from_("tbl").select("col1", "col2").sql()
    5397        'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'
    5398
    5399    Args:
    5400        *expression: the SQL code string to parse as the FROM expressions of a
    5401            SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5402        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the
    5403            input expression is a SQL string).
    5404        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5405            that the input expression is a SQL string).
    5406
    5407    Returns:
    5408        Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.
    5409    """
    5410    return Select().from_(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Initializes a syntax tree from a FROM expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> from_("tbl").select("col1", "col2").sql()
>     'SELECT col1, col2 FROM tbl'

###### Arguments:

- *expression: the SQL code string to parse as the FROM expressions of a SELECT statement. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the input expression is a SQL string).
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case that the input expression is a SQL string).

###### Returns:

> Select: the syntax tree for the SELECT statement.

def update( table: str | Table, properties: dict, where: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, from_: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Update: View Source

    5413def update(
    5414    table: str | Table,
    5415    properties: dict,
    5416    where: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5417    from_: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5418    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5419    **opts,
    5420) -> Update:
    5421    """
    5422    Creates an update statement.
    5423
    5424    Example:
    5425        >>> update("my_table", {"x": 1, "y": "2", "z": None}, from_="baz", where="id > 1").sql()
    5426        "UPDATE my_table SET x = 1, y = '2', z = NULL FROM baz WHERE id > 1"
    5427
    5428    Args:
    5429        *properties: dictionary of properties to set which are
    5430            auto converted to sql objects eg None -> NULL
    5431        where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
    5432        from_: sql statement parsed into a FROM statement
    5433        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5434        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5435
    5436    Returns:
    5437        Update: the syntax tree for the UPDATE statement.
    5438    """
    5439    update_expr = Update(this=maybe_parse(table, into=Table, dialect=dialect))
    5440    update_expr.set(
    5441        "expressions",
    5442        [
    5443            EQ(this=maybe_parse(k, dialect=dialect, **opts), expression=convert(v))
    5444            for k, v in properties.items()
    5445        ],
    5446    )
    5447    if from_:
    5448        update_expr.set(
    5449            "from",
    5450            maybe_parse(from_, into=From, dialect=dialect, prefix="FROM", **opts),
    5451        )
    5452    if isinstance(where, Condition):
    5453        where = Where(this=where)
    5454    if where:
    5455        update_expr.set(
    5456            "where",
    5457            maybe_parse(where, into=Where, dialect=dialect, prefix="WHERE", **opts),
    5458        )
    5459    return update_expr

Creates an update statement.

###### Example:

>     >>> update("my_table", {"x": 1, "y": "2", "z": None}, from_="baz", where="id > 1").sql()
>     "UPDATE my_table SET x = 1, y = '2', z = NULL FROM baz WHERE id > 1"

###### Arguments:

- *properties: dictionary of properties to set which are auto converted to sql objects eg None -> NULL
- where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
- from_: sql statement parsed into a FROM statement
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Update: the syntax tree for the UPDATE statement.

def delete( table: Union[str, Expression], where: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, returning: Union[str, Expression, NoneType] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Delete: View Source

    5462def delete(
    5463    table: ExpOrStr,
    5464    where: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5465    returning: t.Optional[ExpOrStr] = None,
    5466    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5467    **opts,
    5468) -> Delete:
    5469    """
    5470    Builds a delete statement.
    5471
    5472    Example:
    5473        >>> delete("my_table", where="id > 1").sql()
    5474        'DELETE FROM my_table WHERE id > 1'
    5475
    5476    Args:
    5477        where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
    5478        returning: sql conditional parsed into a RETURNING statement
    5479        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5480        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5481
    5482    Returns:
    5483        Delete: the syntax tree for the DELETE statement.
    5484    """
    5485    delete_expr = Delete().delete(table, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5486    if where:
    5487        delete_expr = delete_expr.where(where, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5488    if returning:
    5489        delete_expr = delete_expr.returning(returning, dialect=dialect, copy=False, **opts)
    5490    return delete_expr

Builds a delete statement.

###### Example:

>     >>> delete("my_table", where="id > 1").sql()
>     'DELETE FROM my_table WHERE id > 1'

###### Arguments:

- where: sql conditional parsed into a WHERE statement
- returning: sql conditional parsed into a RETURNING statement
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Delete: the syntax tree for the DELETE statement.

def insert( expression: Union[str, Expression], into: Union[str, Expression], columns: Optional[Sequence[Union[str, Expression]]] = None, overwrite: Optional[bool] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Insert: View Source

    5493def insert(
    5494    expression: ExpOrStr,
    5495    into: ExpOrStr,
    5496    columns: t.Optional[t.Sequence[ExpOrStr]] = None,
    5497    overwrite: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5498    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5499    copy: bool = True,
    5500    **opts,
    5501) -> Insert:
    5502    """
    5503    Builds an INSERT statement.
    5504
    5505    Example:
    5506        >>> insert("VALUES (1, 2, 3)", "tbl").sql()
    5507        'INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (1, 2, 3)'
    5508
    5509    Args:
    5510        expression: the sql string or expression of the INSERT statement
    5511        into: the tbl to insert data to.
    5512        columns: optionally the table's column names.
    5513        overwrite: whether to INSERT OVERWRITE or not.
    5514        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
    5515        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    5516        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5517
    5518    Returns:
    5519        Insert: the syntax tree for the INSERT statement.
    5520    """
    5521    expr = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5522    this: Table | Schema = maybe_parse(into, into=Table, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5523
    5524    if columns:
    5525        this = _apply_list_builder(
    5526            *columns,
    5527            instance=Schema(this=this),
    5528            arg="expressions",
    5529            into=Identifier,
    5530            copy=False,
    5531            dialect=dialect,
    5532            **opts,
    5533        )
    5534
    5535    return Insert(this=this, expression=expr, overwrite=overwrite)

Builds an INSERT statement.

###### Example:

>     >>> insert("VALUES (1, 2, 3)", "tbl").sql()
>     'INSERT INTO tbl VALUES (1, 2, 3)'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the sql string or expression of the INSERT statement
- into: the tbl to insert data to.
- columns: optionally the table's column names.
- overwrite: whether to INSERT OVERWRITE or not.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expressions.
- copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Insert: the syntax tree for the INSERT statement.

def condition( expression: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Condition: View Source

    5538def condition(
    5539    expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5540) -> Condition:
    5541    """
    5542    Initialize a logical condition expression.
    5543
    5544    Example:
    5545        >>> condition("x=1").sql()
    5546        'x = 1'
    5547
    5548        This is helpful for composing larger logical syntax trees:
    5549        >>> where = condition("x=1")
    5550        >>> where = where.and_("y=1")
    5551        >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("*").where(where).sql()
    5552        'SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE x = 1 AND y = 1'
    5553
    5554    Args:
    5555        *expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5556            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5557        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the
    5558            input expression is a SQL string).
    5559        copy: Whether or not to copy `expression` (only applies to expressions).
    5560        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case
    5561            that the input expression is a SQL string).
    5562
    5563    Returns:
    5564        The new Condition instance
    5565    """
    5566    return maybe_parse(
    5567        expression,
    5568        into=Condition,
    5569        dialect=dialect,
    5570        copy=copy,
    5571        **opts,
    5572    )

Initialize a logical condition expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> condition("x=1").sql()
>     'x = 1'

> This is helpful for composing larger logical syntax trees:

>     >>> where = condition("x=1")
>     >>> where = where.and_("y=1")
>     >>> Select().from_("tbl").select("*").where(where).sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM tbl WHERE x = 1 AND y = 1'

###### Arguments:

- *expression: the SQL code string to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression (in the case that the input expression is a SQL string).
- copy: Whether or not to copy `expression` (only applies to expressions).
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions (again, in the case that the input expression is a SQL string).

###### Returns:

> The new Condition instance

def and_( *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Condition: View Source

    5575def and_(
    5576    *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5577) -> Condition:
    5578    """
    5579    Combine multiple conditions with an AND logical operator.
    5580
    5581    Example:
    5582        >>> and_("x=1", and_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
    5583        'x = 1 AND (y = 1 AND z = 1)'
    5584
    5585    Args:
    5586        *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5587            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5588        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5589        copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
    5590        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5591
    5592    Returns:
    5593        And: the new condition
    5594    """
    5595    return t.cast(Condition, _combine(expressions, And, dialect, copy=copy, **opts))

Combine multiple conditions with an AND logical operator.

###### Example:

>     >>> and_("x=1", and_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
>     'x = 1 AND (y = 1 AND z = 1)'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> And: the new condition

def or_( *expressions: Union[str, Expression, NoneType], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Condition: View Source

    5598def or_(
    5599    *expressions: t.Optional[ExpOrStr], dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts
    5600) -> Condition:
    5601    """
    5602    Combine multiple conditions with an OR logical operator.
    5603
    5604    Example:
    5605        >>> or_("x=1", or_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
    5606        'x = 1 OR (y = 1 OR z = 1)'
    5607
    5608    Args:
    5609        *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5610            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5611        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5612        copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
    5613        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5614
    5615    Returns:
    5616        Or: the new condition
    5617    """
    5618    return t.cast(Condition, _combine(expressions, Or, dialect, copy=copy, **opts))

Combine multiple conditions with an OR logical operator.

###### Example:

>     >>> or_("x=1", or_("y=1", "z=1")).sql()
>     'x = 1 OR (y = 1 OR z = 1)'

###### Arguments:

- *expressions: the SQL code strings to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether or not to copy `expressions` (only applies to Expressions).
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Or: the new condition

def not_( expression: Union[str, Expression], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Not: View Source

    5621def not_(expression: ExpOrStr, dialect: DialectType = None, copy: bool = True, **opts) -> Not:
    5622    """
    5623    Wrap a condition with a NOT operator.
    5624
    5625    Example:
    5626        >>> not_("this_suit='black'").sql()
    5627        "NOT this_suit = 'black'"
    5628
    5629    Args:
    5630        expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5631            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5632        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5633        copy: whether to copy the expression or not.
    5634        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5635
    5636    Returns:
    5637        The new condition.
    5638    """
    5639    this = condition(
    5640        expression,
    5641        dialect=dialect,
    5642        copy=copy,
    5643        **opts,
    5644    )
    5645    return Not(this=_wrap(this, Connector))

Wrap a condition with a NOT operator.

###### Example:

>     >>> not_("this_suit='black'").sql()
>     "NOT this_suit = 'black'"

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: whether to copy the expression or not.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> The new condition.

def paren( expression: Union[str, Expression], copy: bool = True) -> Paren: View Source

    5648def paren(expression: ExpOrStr, copy: bool = True) -> Paren:
    5649    """
    5650    Wrap an expression in parentheses.
    5651
    5652    Example:
    5653        >>> paren("5 + 3").sql()
    5654        '(5 + 3)'
    5655
    5656    Args:
    5657        expression: the SQL code string to parse.
    5658            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5659        copy: whether to copy the expression or not.
    5660
    5661    Returns:
    5662        The wrapped expression.
    5663    """
    5664    return Paren(this=maybe_parse(expression, copy=copy))

Wrap an expression in parentheses.

###### Example:

>     >>> paren("5 + 3").sql()
>     '(5 + 3)'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code string to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- copy: whether to copy the expression or not.

###### Returns:

> The wrapped expression.

SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE = re.compile('^[_a-zA-Z][\\w]*$')
def to_identifier(name, quoted=None, copy=True): View Source

    5682def to_identifier(name, quoted=None, copy=True):
    5683    """Builds an identifier.
    5684
    5685    Args:
    5686        name: The name to turn into an identifier.
    5687        quoted: Whether or not force quote the identifier.
    5688        copy: Whether or not to copy a passed in Identefier node.
    5689
    5690    Returns:
    5691        The identifier ast node.
    5692    """
    5693
    5694    if name is None:
    5695        return None
    5696
    5697    if isinstance(name, Identifier):
    5698        identifier = maybe_copy(name, copy)
    5699    elif isinstance(name, str):
    5700        identifier = Identifier(
    5701            this=name,
    5702            quoted=not SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(name) if quoted is None else quoted,
    5703        )
    5704    else:
    5705        raise ValueError(f"Name needs to be a string or an Identifier, got: {name.__class__}")
    5706    return identifier

Builds an identifier.

###### Arguments:

- name: The name to turn into an identifier.
- quoted: Whether or not force quote the identifier.
- copy: Whether or not to copy a passed in Identefier node.

###### Returns:

> The identifier ast node.

INTERVAL_STRING_RE = re.compile('\\s*([0-9]+)\\s*([a-zA-Z]+)\\s*')
def to_interval( interval: str | Literal) -> Interval: View Source

    5712def to_interval(interval: str | Literal) -> Interval:
    5713    """Builds an interval expression from a string like '1 day' or '5 months'."""
    5714    if isinstance(interval, Literal):
    5715        if not interval.is_string:
    5716            raise ValueError("Invalid interval string.")
    5717
    5718        interval = interval.this
    5719
    5720    interval_parts = INTERVAL_STRING_RE.match(interval)  # type: ignore
    5721
    5722    if not interval_parts:
    5723        raise ValueError("Invalid interval string.")
    5724
    5725    return Interval(
    5726        this=Literal.string(interval_parts.group(1)),
    5727        unit=Var(this=interval_parts.group(2)),
    5728    )

Builds an interval expression from a string like '1 day' or '5 months'.

def to_table( sql_path: Union[str, Table, NoneType], dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **kwargs) -> Optional[Table]: View Source

    5741def to_table(
    5742    sql_path: t.Optional[str | Table], dialect: DialectType = None, **kwargs
    5743) -> t.Optional[Table]:
    5744    """
    5745    Create a table expression from a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` sql path. Catalog and schema are optional.
    5746    If a table is passed in then that table is returned.
    5747
    5748    Args:
    5749        sql_path: a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` string.
    5750        dialect: the source dialect according to which the table name will be parsed.
    5751        kwargs: the kwargs to instantiate the resulting `Table` expression with.
    5752
    5753    Returns:
    5754        A table expression.
    5755    """
    5756    if sql_path is None or isinstance(sql_path, Table):
    5757        return sql_path
    5758    if not isinstance(sql_path, str):
    5759        raise ValueError(f"Invalid type provided for a table: {type(sql_path)}")
    5760
    5761    table = maybe_parse(sql_path, into=Table, dialect=dialect)
    5762    if table:
    5763        for k, v in kwargs.items():
    5764            table.set(k, v)
    5765
    5766    return table

Create a table expression from a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` sql path. Catalog and schema are optional. If a table is passed in then that table is returned.

###### Arguments:

- sql_path: a `[catalog].[schema].[table]` string.
- dialect: the source dialect according to which the table name will be parsed.
- kwargs: the kwargs to instantiate the resulting `Table` expression with.

###### Returns:

> A table expression.

def to_column( sql_path: str | Column, **kwargs) -> Column: View Source

    5769def to_column(sql_path: str | Column, **kwargs) -> Column:
    5770    """
    5771    Create a column from a `[table].[column]` sql path. Schema is optional.
    5772
    5773    If a column is passed in then that column is returned.
    5774
    5775    Args:
    5776        sql_path: `[table].[column]` string
    5777    Returns:
    5778        Table: A column expression
    5779    """
    5780    if sql_path is None or isinstance(sql_path, Column):
    5781        return sql_path
    5782    if not isinstance(sql_path, str):
    5783        raise ValueError(f"Invalid type provided for column: {type(sql_path)}")
    5784    return column(*reversed(sql_path.split(".")), **kwargs)  # type: ignore

Create a column from a `[table].[column]` sql path. Schema is optional.

If a column is passed in then that column is returned.

###### Arguments:

- sql_path: `[table].[column]` string

###### Returns:

> Table: A column expression

def alias_( expression: Union[str, Expression], alias: str | Identifier, table: Union[bool, Sequence[str | Identifier]] = False, quoted: Optional[bool] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, copy: bool = True, **opts): View Source

    5787def alias_(
    5788    expression: ExpOrStr,
    5789    alias: str | Identifier,
    5790    table: bool | t.Sequence[str | Identifier] = False,
    5791    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5792    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5793    copy: bool = True,
    5794    **opts,
    5795):
    5796    """Create an Alias expression.
    5797
    5798    Example:
    5799        >>> alias_('foo', 'bar').sql()
    5800        'foo AS bar'
    5801
    5802        >>> alias_('(select 1, 2)', 'bar', table=['a', 'b']).sql()
    5803        '(SELECT 1, 2) AS bar(a, b)'
    5804
    5805    Args:
    5806        expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5807            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5808        alias: the alias name to use. If the name has
    5809            special characters it is quoted.
    5810        table: Whether or not to create a table alias, can also be a list of columns.
    5811        quoted: whether or not to quote the alias
    5812        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5813        copy: Whether or not to copy the expression.
    5814        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5815
    5816    Returns:
    5817        Alias: the aliased expression
    5818    """
    5819    exp = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, copy=copy, **opts)
    5820    alias = to_identifier(alias, quoted=quoted)
    5821
    5822    if table:
    5823        table_alias = TableAlias(this=alias)
    5824        exp.set("alias", table_alias)
    5825
    5826        if not isinstance(table, bool):
    5827            for column in table:
    5828                table_alias.append("columns", to_identifier(column, quoted=quoted))
    5829
    5830        return exp
    5831
    5832    # We don't set the "alias" arg for Window expressions, because that would add an IDENTIFIER node in
    5833    # the AST, representing a "named_window" [1] construct (eg. bigquery). What we want is an ALIAS node
    5834    # for the complete Window expression.
    5835    #
    5836    # [1]: https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/window-function-calls
    5837
    5838    if "alias" in exp.arg_types and not isinstance(exp, Window):
    5839        exp.set("alias", alias)
    5840        return exp
    5841    return Alias(this=exp, alias=alias)

Create an Alias expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> alias_('foo', 'bar').sql()
>     'foo AS bar'

>     >>> alias_('(select 1, 2)', 'bar', table=['a', 'b']).sql()
>     '(SELECT 1, 2) AS bar(a, b)'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code strings to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- alias: the alias name to use. If the name has special characters it is quoted.
- table: Whether or not to create a table alias, can also be a list of columns.
- quoted: whether or not to quote the alias
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- copy: Whether or not to copy the expression.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> Alias: the aliased expression

def subquery( expression: Union[str, Expression], alias: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **opts) -> Select: View Source

    5844def subquery(
    5845    expression: ExpOrStr,
    5846    alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    5847    dialect: DialectType = None,
    5848    **opts,
    5849) -> Select:
    5850    """
    5851    Build a subquery expression.
    5852
    5853    Example:
    5854        >>> subquery('select x from tbl', 'bar').select('x').sql()
    5855        'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl) AS bar'
    5856
    5857    Args:
    5858        expression: the SQL code strings to parse.
    5859            If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
    5860        alias: the alias name to use.
    5861        dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
    5862        **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.
    5863
    5864    Returns:
    5865        A new Select instance with the subquery expression included.
    5866    """
    5867
    5868    expression = maybe_parse(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts).subquery(alias)
    5869    return Select().from_(expression, dialect=dialect, **opts)

Build a subquery expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> subquery('select x from tbl', 'bar').select('x').sql()
>     'SELECT x FROM (SELECT x FROM tbl) AS bar'

###### Arguments:

- expression: the SQL code strings to parse. If an Expression instance is passed, this is used as-is.
- alias: the alias name to use.
- dialect: the dialect used to parse the input expression.
- **opts: other options to use to parse the input expressions.

###### Returns:

> A new Select instance with the subquery expression included.

def column( col: str | Identifier, table: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, db: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, catalog: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, quoted: Optional[bool] = None) -> Column: View Source

    5872def column(
    5873    col: str | Identifier,
    5874    table: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    5875    db: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    5876    catalog: t.Optional[str | Identifier] = None,
    5877    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5878) -> Column:
    5879    """
    5880    Build a Column.
    5881
    5882    Args:
    5883        col: Column name.
    5884        table: Table name.
    5885        db: Database name.
    5886        catalog: Catalog name.
    5887        quoted: Whether to force quotes on the column's identifiers.
    5888
    5889    Returns:
    5890        The new Column instance.
    5891    """
    5892    return Column(
    5893        this=to_identifier(col, quoted=quoted),
    5894        table=to_identifier(table, quoted=quoted),
    5895        db=to_identifier(db, quoted=quoted),
    5896        catalog=to_identifier(catalog, quoted=quoted),
    5897    )

Build a Column.

###### Arguments:

- col: Column name.
- table: Table name.
- db: Database name.
- catalog: Catalog name.
- quoted: Whether to force quotes on the column's identifiers.

###### Returns:

> The new Column instance.

def cast( expression: Union[str, Expression], to: str | DataType | DataType.Type, **opts) -> Cast: View Source

    5900def cast(expression: ExpOrStr, to: str | DataType | DataType.Type, **opts) -> Cast:
    5901    """Cast an expression to a data type.
    5902
    5903    Example:
    5904        >>> cast('x + 1', 'int').sql()
    5905        'CAST(x + 1 AS INT)'
    5906
    5907    Args:
    5908        expression: The expression to cast.
    5909        to: The datatype to cast to.
    5910
    5911    Returns:
    5912        The new Cast instance.
    5913    """
    5914    expression = maybe_parse(expression, **opts)
    5915    return Cast(this=expression, to=DataType.build(to, **opts))

Cast an expression to a data type.

###### Example:

>     >>> cast('x + 1', 'int').sql()
>     'CAST(x + 1 AS INT)'

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression to cast.
- to: The datatype to cast to.

###### Returns:

> The new Cast instance.

def table_( table: Identifier | str, db: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, catalog: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None, quoted: Optional[bool] = None, alias: Union[Identifier, str, NoneType] = None) -> Table: View Source

    5918def table_(
    5919    table: Identifier | str,
    5920    db: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    5921    catalog: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    5922    quoted: t.Optional[bool] = None,
    5923    alias: t.Optional[Identifier | str] = None,
    5924) -> Table:
    5925    """Build a Table.
    5926
    5927    Args:
    5928        table: Table name.
    5929        db: Database name.
    5930        catalog: Catalog name.
    5931        quote: Whether to force quotes on the table's identifiers.
    5932        alias: Table's alias.
    5933
    5934    Returns:
    5935        The new Table instance.
    5936    """
    5937    return Table(
    5938        this=to_identifier(table, quoted=quoted) if table else None,
    5939        db=to_identifier(db, quoted=quoted) if db else None,
    5940        catalog=to_identifier(catalog, quoted=quoted) if catalog else None,
    5941        alias=TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None,
    5942    )

Build a Table.

###### Arguments:

- table: Table name.
- db: Database name.
- catalog: Catalog name.
- quote: Whether to force quotes on the table's identifiers.
- alias: Table's alias.

###### Returns:

> The new Table instance.

def values( values: Iterable[Tuple[Any, ...]], alias: Optional[str] = None, columns: Union[Iterable[str], Dict[str, DataType], NoneType] = None) -> Values: View Source

    5945def values(
    5946    values: t.Iterable[t.Tuple[t.Any, ...]],
    5947    alias: t.Optional[str] = None,
    5948    columns: t.Optional[t.Iterable[str] | t.Dict[str, DataType]] = None,
    5949) -> Values:
    5950    """Build VALUES statement.
    5951
    5952    Example:
    5953        >>> values([(1, '2')]).sql()
    5954        "VALUES (1, '2')"
    5955
    5956    Args:
    5957        values: values statements that will be converted to SQL
    5958        alias: optional alias
    5959        columns: Optional list of ordered column names or ordered dictionary of column names to types.
    5960         If either are provided then an alias is also required.
    5961
    5962    Returns:
    5963        Values: the Values expression object
    5964    """
    5965    if columns and not alias:
    5966        raise ValueError("Alias is required when providing columns")
    5967
    5968    return Values(
    5969        expressions=[convert(tup) for tup in values],
    5970        alias=(
    5971            TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias), columns=[to_identifier(x) for x in columns])
    5972            if columns
    5973            else (TableAlias(this=to_identifier(alias)) if alias else None)
    5974        ),
    5975    )

Build VALUES statement.

###### Example:

>     >>> values([(1, '2')]).sql()
>     "VALUES (1, '2')"

###### Arguments:

- values: values statements that will be converted to SQL
- alias: optional alias
- columns: Optional list of ordered column names or ordered dictionary of column names to types. If either are provided then an alias is also required.

###### Returns:

> Values: the Values expression object

def var( name: Union[str, Expression, NoneType]) -> Var: View Source

    5978def var(name: t.Optional[ExpOrStr]) -> Var:
    5979    """Build a SQL variable.
    5980
    5981    Example:
    5982        >>> repr(var('x'))
    5983        '(VAR this: x)'
    5984
    5985        >>> repr(var(column('x', table='y')))
    5986        '(VAR this: x)'
    5987
    5988    Args:
    5989        name: The name of the var or an expression who's name will become the var.
    5990
    5991    Returns:
    5992        The new variable node.
    5993    """
    5994    if not name:
    5995        raise ValueError("Cannot convert empty name into var.")
    5996
    5997    if isinstance(name, Expression):
    5998        name = name.name
    5999    return Var(this=name)

Build a SQL variable.

###### Example:

>     >>> repr(var('x'))
>     '(VAR this: x)'

>     >>> repr(var(column('x', table='y')))
>     '(VAR this: x)'

###### Arguments:

- name: The name of the var or an expression who's name will become the var.

###### Returns:

> The new variable node.

def rename_table( old_name: str | Table, new_name: str | Table) -> AlterTable: View Source

    6002def rename_table(old_name: str | Table, new_name: str | Table) -> AlterTable:
    6003    """Build ALTER TABLE... RENAME... expression
    6004
    6005    Args:
    6006        old_name: The old name of the table
    6007        new_name: The new name of the table
    6008
    6009    Returns:
    6010        Alter table expression
    6011    """
    6012    old_table = to_table(old_name)
    6013    new_table = to_table(new_name)
    6014    return AlterTable(
    6015        this=old_table,
    6016        actions=[
    6017            RenameTable(this=new_table),
    6018        ],
    6019    )

Build ALTER TABLE... RENAME... expression

###### Arguments:

- old_name: The old name of the table
- new_name: The new name of the table

###### Returns:

> Alter table expression

def convert(value: Any, copy: bool = False) -> Expression: View Source

    6022def convert(value: t.Any, copy: bool = False) -> Expression:
    6023    """Convert a python value into an expression object.
    6024
    6025    Raises an error if a conversion is not possible.
    6026
    6027    Args:
    6028        value: A python object.
    6029        copy: Whether or not to copy `value` (only applies to Expressions and collections).
    6030
    6031    Returns:
    6032        Expression: the equivalent expression object.
    6033    """
    6034    if isinstance(value, Expression):
    6035        return maybe_copy(value, copy)
    6036    if isinstance(value, str):
    6037        return Literal.string(value)
    6038    if isinstance(value, bool):
    6039        return Boolean(this=value)
    6040    if value is None or (isinstance(value, float) and math.isnan(value)):
    6041        return NULL
    6042    if isinstance(value, numbers.Number):
    6043        return Literal.number(value)
    6044    if isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
    6045        datetime_literal = Literal.string(
    6046            (value if value.tzinfo else value.replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)).isoformat()
    6047        )
    6048        return TimeStrToTime(this=datetime_literal)
    6049    if isinstance(value, datetime.date):
    6050        date_literal = Literal.string(value.strftime("%Y-%m-%d"))
    6051        return DateStrToDate(this=date_literal)
    6052    if isinstance(value, tuple):
    6053        return Tuple(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value])
    6054    if isinstance(value, list):
    6055        return Array(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value])
    6056    if isinstance(value, dict):
    6057        return Map(
    6058            keys=Array(expressions=[convert(k, copy=copy) for k in value]),
    6059            values=Array(expressions=[convert(v, copy=copy) for v in value.values()]),
    6060        )
    6061    raise ValueError(f"Cannot convert {value}")

Convert a python value into an expression object.

Raises an error if a conversion is not possible.

###### Arguments:

- value: A python object.
- copy: Whether or not to copy `value` (only applies to Expressions and collections).

###### Returns:

> Expression: the equivalent expression object.

def replace_children( expression: Expression, fun: Callable, *args, **kwargs) -> None: View Source

    6064def replace_children(expression: Expression, fun: t.Callable, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
    6065    """
    6066    Replace children of an expression with the result of a lambda fun(child) -> exp.
    6067    """
    6068    for k, v in expression.args.items():
    6069        is_list_arg = type(v) is list
    6070
    6071        child_nodes = v if is_list_arg else [v]
    6072        new_child_nodes = []
    6073
    6074        for cn in child_nodes:
    6075            if isinstance(cn, Expression):
    6076                for child_node in ensure_collection(fun(cn, *args, **kwargs)):
    6077                    new_child_nodes.append(child_node)
    6078                    child_node.parent = expression
    6079                    child_node.arg_key = k
    6080            else:
    6081                new_child_nodes.append(cn)
    6082
    6083        expression.args[k] = new_child_nodes if is_list_arg else seq_get(new_child_nodes, 0)

Replace children of an expression with the result of a lambda fun(child) -> exp.

def column_table_names( expression: Expression, exclude: str = '') -> Set[str]: View Source

    6086def column_table_names(expression: Expression, exclude: str = "") -> t.Set[str]:
    6087    """
    6088    Return all table names referenced through columns in an expression.
    6089
    6090    Example:
    6091        >>> import sqlglot
    6092        >>> sorted(column_table_names(sqlglot.parse_one("a.b AND c.d AND c.e")))
    6093        ['a', 'c']
    6094
    6095    Args:
    6096        expression: expression to find table names.
    6097        exclude: a table name to exclude
    6098
    6099    Returns:
    6100        A list of unique names.
    6101    """
    6102    return {
    6103        table
    6104        for table in (column.table for column in expression.find_all(Column))
    6105        if table and table != exclude
    6106    }

Return all table names referenced through columns in an expression.

###### Example:

>     >>> import sqlglot
>     >>> sorted(column_table_names(sqlglot.parse_one("a.b AND c.d AND c.e")))
>     ['a', 'c']

###### Arguments:

- expression: expression to find table names.
- exclude: a table name to exclude

###### Returns:

> A list of unique names.

def table_name( table: Table | str, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None) -> str: View Source

    6109def table_name(table: Table | str, dialect: DialectType = None) -> str:
    6110    """Get the full name of a table as a string.
    6111
    6112    Args:
    6113        table: Table expression node or string.
    6114        dialect: The dialect to generate the table name for.
    6115
    6116    Examples:
    6117        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6118        >>> table_name(parse_one("select * from a.b.c").find(exp.Table))
    6119        'a.b.c'
    6120
    6121    Returns:
    6122        The table name.
    6123    """
    6124
    6125    table = maybe_parse(table, into=Table)
    6126
    6127    if not table:
    6128        raise ValueError(f"Cannot parse {table}")
    6129
    6130    return ".".join(
    6131        part.sql(dialect=dialect, identify=True)
    6132        if not SAFE_IDENTIFIER_RE.match(part.name)
    6133        else part.name
    6134        for part in table.parts
    6135    )

Get the full name of a table as a string.

###### Arguments:

- table: Table expression node or string.
- dialect: The dialect to generate the table name for.

###### Examples:

>     >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
>     >>> table_name(parse_one("select * from a.b.c").find(exp.Table))
>     'a.b.c'

###### Returns:

> The table name.

def replace_tables(expression: ~E, mapping: Dict[str, str], copy: bool = True) -> ~E: View Source

    6138def replace_tables(expression: E, mapping: t.Dict[str, str], copy: bool = True) -> E:
    6139    """Replace all tables in expression according to the mapping.
    6140
    6141    Args:
    6142        expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
    6143        mapping: mapping of table names.
    6144        copy: whether or not to copy the expression.
    6145
    6146    Examples:
    6147        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6148        >>> replace_tables(parse_one("select * from a.b"), {"a.b": "c"}).sql()
    6149        'SELECT * FROM c'
    6150
    6151    Returns:
    6152        The mapped expression.
    6153    """
    6154
    6155    def _replace_tables(node: Expression) -> Expression:
    6156        if isinstance(node, Table):
    6157            new_name = mapping.get(table_name(node))
    6158            if new_name:
    6159                return to_table(
    6160                    new_name,
    6161                    **{k: v for k, v in node.args.items() if k not in ("this", "db", "catalog")},
    6162                )
    6163        return node
    6164
    6165    return expression.transform(_replace_tables, copy=copy)

Replace all tables in expression according to the mapping.

###### Arguments:

- expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
- mapping: mapping of table names.
- copy: whether or not to copy the expression.

###### Examples:

>     >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
>     >>> replace_tables(parse_one("select * from a.b"), {"a.b": "c"}).sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM c'

###### Returns:

> The mapped expression.

def replace_placeholders( expression: Expression, *args, **kwargs) -> Expression: View Source

    6168def replace_placeholders(expression: Expression, *args, **kwargs) -> Expression:
    6169    """Replace placeholders in an expression.
    6170
    6171    Args:
    6172        expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
    6173        args: positional names that will substitute unnamed placeholders in the given order.
    6174        kwargs: keyword arguments that will substitute named placeholders.
    6175
    6176    Examples:
    6177        >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
    6178        >>> replace_placeholders(
    6179        ...     parse_one("select * from :tbl where ? = ?"),
    6180        ...     exp.to_identifier("str_col"), "b", tbl=exp.to_identifier("foo")
    6181        ... ).sql()
    6182        "SELECT * FROM foo WHERE str_col = 'b'"
    6183
    6184    Returns:
    6185        The mapped expression.
    6186    """
    6187
    6188    def _replace_placeholders(node: Expression, args, **kwargs) -> Expression:
    6189        if isinstance(node, Placeholder):
    6190            if node.name:
    6191                new_name = kwargs.get(node.name)
    6192                if new_name:
    6193                    return convert(new_name)
    6194            else:
    6195                try:
    6196                    return convert(next(args))
    6197                except StopIteration:
    6198                    pass
    6199        return node
    6200
    6201    return expression.transform(_replace_placeholders, iter(args), **kwargs)

Replace placeholders in an expression.

###### Arguments:

- expression: expression node to be transformed and replaced.
- args: positional names that will substitute unnamed placeholders in the given order.
- kwargs: keyword arguments that will substitute named placeholders.

###### Examples:

>     >>> from sqlglot import exp, parse_one
>     >>> replace_placeholders(
>     ...     parse_one("select * from :tbl where ? = ?"),
>     ...     exp.to_identifier("str_col"), "b", tbl=exp.to_identifier("foo")
>     ... ).sql()
>     "SELECT * FROM foo WHERE str_col = 'b'"

###### Returns:

> The mapped expression.

def expand( expression: Expression, sources: Dict[str, Subqueryable], copy: bool = True) -> Expression: View Source

    6204def expand(
    6205    expression: Expression, sources: t.Dict[str, Subqueryable], copy: bool = True
    6206) -> Expression:
    6207    """Transforms an expression by expanding all referenced sources into subqueries.
    6208
    6209    Examples:
    6210        >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
    6211        >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y")}).sql()
    6212        'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM y) AS z /* source: x */'
    6213
    6214        >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y"), "y": parse_one("select * from z")}).sql()
    6215        'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM z) AS y /* source: y */) AS z /* source: x */'
    6216
    6217    Args:
    6218        expression: The expression to expand.
    6219        sources: A dictionary of name to Subqueryables.
    6220        copy: Whether or not to copy the expression during transformation. Defaults to True.
    6221
    6222    Returns:
    6223        The transformed expression.
    6224    """
    6225
    6226    def _expand(node: Expression):
    6227        if isinstance(node, Table):
    6228            name = table_name(node)
    6229            source = sources.get(name)
    6230            if source:
    6231                subquery = source.subquery(node.alias or name)
    6232                subquery.comments = [f"source: {name}"]
    6233                return subquery.transform(_expand, copy=False)
    6234        return node
    6235
    6236    return expression.transform(_expand, copy=copy)

Transforms an expression by expanding all referenced sources into subqueries.

###### Examples:

>     >>> from sqlglot import parse_one
>     >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y")}).sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM y) AS z /* source: x */'

>     >>> expand(parse_one("select * from x AS z"), {"x": parse_one("select * from y"), "y": parse_one("select * from z")}).sql()
>     'SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM z) AS y /* source: y */) AS z /* source: x */'

###### Arguments:

- expression: The expression to expand.
- sources: A dictionary of name to Subqueryables.
- copy: Whether or not to copy the expression during transformation. Defaults to True.

###### Returns:

> The transformed expression.

def func( name: str, *args, dialect: Union[str, sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect, Type[sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect], NoneType] = None, **kwargs) -> Func: View Source

    6239def func(name: str, *args, dialect: DialectType = None, **kwargs) -> Func:
    6240    """
    6241    Returns a Func expression.
    6242
    6243    Examples:
    6244        >>> func("abs", 5).sql()
    6245        'ABS(5)'
    6246
    6247        >>> func("cast", this=5, to=DataType.build("DOUBLE")).sql()
    6248        'CAST(5 AS DOUBLE)'
    6249
    6250    Args:
    6251        name: the name of the function to build.
    6252        args: the args used to instantiate the function of interest.
    6253        dialect: the source dialect.
    6254        kwargs: the kwargs used to instantiate the function of interest.
    6255
    6256    Note:
    6257        The arguments `args` and `kwargs` are mutually exclusive.
    6258
    6259    Returns:
    6260        An instance of the function of interest, or an anonymous function, if `name` doesn't
    6261        correspond to an existing `sqlglot.expressions.Func` class.
    6262    """
    6263    if args and kwargs:
    6264        raise ValueError("Can't use both args and kwargs to instantiate a function.")
    6265
    6266    from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import Dialect
    6267
    6268    converted: t.List[Expression] = [maybe_parse(arg, dialect=dialect) for arg in args]
    6269    kwargs = {key: maybe_parse(value, dialect=dialect) for key, value in kwargs.items()}
    6270
    6271    parser = Dialect.get_or_raise(dialect)().parser()
    6272    from_args_list = parser.FUNCTIONS.get(name.upper())
    6273
    6274    if from_args_list:
    6275        function = from_args_list(converted) if converted else from_args_list.__self__(**kwargs)  # type: ignore
    6276    else:
    6277        kwargs = kwargs or {"expressions": converted}
    6278        function = Anonymous(this=name, **kwargs)
    6279
    6280    for error_message in function.error_messages(converted):
    6281        raise ValueError(error_message)
    6282
    6283    return function

Returns a Func expression.

###### Examples:

>     >>> func("abs", 5).sql()
>     'ABS(5)'

>     >>> func("cast", this=5, to=DataType.build("DOUBLE")).sql()
>     'CAST(5 AS DOUBLE)'

###### Arguments:

- name: the name of the function to build.
- args: the args used to instantiate the function of interest.
- dialect: the source dialect.
- kwargs: the kwargs used to instantiate the function of interest.

###### Note:

> The arguments `args` and `kwargs` are mutually exclusive.

###### Returns:

> An instance of the function of interest, or an anonymous function, if `name` doesn't correspond to an existing `Func` class.

def true() -> Boolean: View Source

    6286def true() -> Boolean:
    6287    """
    6288    Returns a true Boolean expression.
    6289    """
    6290    return Boolean(this=True)

Returns a true Boolean expression.

def false() -> Boolean: View Source

    6293def false() -> Boolean:
    6294    """
    6295    Returns a false Boolean expression.
    6296    """
    6297    return Boolean(this=False)

Returns a false Boolean expression.

def null() -> Null: View Source

    6300def null() -> Null:
    6301    """
    6302    Returns a Null expression.
    6303    """
    6304    return Null()

Returns a Null expression.

TRUE = (BOOLEAN this: True)
FALSE = (BOOLEAN this: False)
NULL = (NULL )