sqlglot.dialects.snowflake API documentation

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# sqlglot.dialects.snowflake

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens
      6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      7    Dialect,
      8    date_trunc_to_time,
      9    datestrtodate_sql,
     10    format_time_lambda,
     11    inline_array_sql,
     12    max_or_greatest,
     13    min_or_least,
     14    rename_func,
     15    timestamptrunc_sql,
     16    timestrtotime_sql,
     17    ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
     18    var_map_sql,
     19)
     20from sqlglot.expressions import Literal
     21from sqlglot.helper import flatten, seq_get
     22from sqlglot.parser import binary_range_parser
     23from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     24
     25
     26def _check_int(s):
     27    if s[0] in ("-", "+"):
     28        return s[1:].isdigit()
     29    return s.isdigit()
     30
     31
     32# from https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_timestamp.html
     33def _snowflake_to_timestamp(args):
     34    if len(args) == 2:
     35        first_arg, second_arg = args
     36        if second_arg.is_string:
     37            # case: <string_expr> [ , <format> ]
     38            return format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "snowflake")(args)
     39
     40        # case: <numeric_expr> [ , <scale> ]
     41        if second_arg.name not in ["0", "3", "9"]:
     42            raise ValueError(
     43                f"Scale for snowflake numeric timestamp is {second_arg}, but should be 0, 3, or 9"
     44            )
     45
     46        if second_arg.name == "0":
     47            timescale = exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS
     48        elif second_arg.name == "3":
     49            timescale = exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
     50        elif second_arg.name == "9":
     51            timescale = exp.UnixToTime.MICROS
     52
     53        return exp.UnixToTime(this=first_arg, scale=timescale)
     54
     55    first_arg = seq_get(args, 0)
     56    if not isinstance(first_arg, Literal):
     57        # case: <variant_expr>
     58        return format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "snowflake", default=True)(args)
     59
     60    if first_arg.is_string:
     61        if _check_int(first_arg.this):
     62            # case: <integer>
     63            return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)
     64
     65        # case: <date_expr>
     66        return format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "snowflake", default=True)(args)
     67
     68    # case: <numeric_expr>
     69    return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)
     70
     71
     72def _unix_to_time_sql(self, expression):
     73    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
     74    timestamp = self.sql(expression, "this")
     75    if scale in [None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS]:
     76        return f"TO_TIMESTAMP({timestamp})"
     77    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
     78        return f"TO_TIMESTAMP({timestamp}, 3)"
     79    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
     80        return f"TO_TIMESTAMP({timestamp}, 9)"
     81
     82    raise ValueError("Improper scale for timestamp")
     83
     84
     85# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
     86# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
     87def _parse_date_part(self):
     88    this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
     89    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     90    expression = self._parse_bitwise()
     91
     92    name = this.name.upper()
     93    if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
     94        if name.startswith("EPOCH_MILLISECOND"):
     95            scale = 10**3
     96        elif name.startswith("EPOCH_MICROSECOND"):
     97            scale = 10**6
     98        elif name.startswith("EPOCH_NANOSECOND"):
     99            scale = 10**9
    100        else:
    101            scale = None
    102
    103        ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
    104        to_unix = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
    105
    106        if scale:
    107            to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
    108
    109        return to_unix
    110
    111    return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
    112
    113
    114# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/div0
    115def _div0_to_if(args):
    116    cond = exp.EQ(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
    117    true = exp.Literal.number(0)
    118    false = exp.Div(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))
    119    return exp.If(this=cond, true=true, false=false)
    120
    121
    122# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
    123def _zeroifnull_to_if(args):
    124    cond = exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Null())
    125    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Literal.number(0), false=seq_get(args, 0))
    126
    127
    128# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
    129def _nullifzero_to_if(args):
    130    cond = exp.EQ(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
    131    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Null(), false=seq_get(args, 0))
    132
    133
    134def _datatype_sql(self, expression):
    135    if expression.this == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY:
    136        return "ARRAY"
    137    elif expression.this == exp.DataType.Type.MAP:
    138        return "OBJECT"
    139    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
    140
    141
    142class Snowflake(Dialect):
    143    null_ordering = "nulls_are_large"
    144    time_format = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'"
    145
    146    time_mapping = {
    147        "YYYY": "%Y",
    148        "yyyy": "%Y",
    149        "YY": "%y",
    150        "yy": "%y",
    151        "MMMM": "%B",
    152        "mmmm": "%B",
    153        "MON": "%b",
    154        "mon": "%b",
    155        "MM": "%m",
    156        "mm": "%m",
    157        "DD": "%d",
    158        "dd": "%d",
    159        "d": "%-d",
    160        "DY": "%w",
    161        "dy": "%w",
    162        "HH24": "%H",
    163        "hh24": "%H",
    164        "HH12": "%I",
    165        "hh12": "%I",
    166        "MI": "%M",
    167        "mi": "%M",
    168        "SS": "%S",
    169        "ss": "%S",
    170        "FF": "%f",
    171        "ff": "%f",
    172        "FF6": "%f",
    173        "ff6": "%f",
    174    }
    175
    176    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    177        FUNCTIONS = {
    178            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    179            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
    180            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    181            "ARRAY_TO_STRING": exp.ArrayJoin.from_arg_list,
    182            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    183            "DATEADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
    184                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    185                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    186                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    187            ),
    188            "DATEDIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
    189                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    190                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    191                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    192            ),
    193            "DECODE": exp.Matches.from_arg_list,
    194            "DIV0": _div0_to_if,
    195            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
    196            "NULLIFZERO": _nullifzero_to_if,
    197            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": parser.parse_var_map,
    198            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    199            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
    200            "TO_ARRAY": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    201            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
    202            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _snowflake_to_timestamp,
    203            "ZEROIFNULL": _zeroifnull_to_if,
    204        }
    205
    206        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    207            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    208            "DATE_PART": _parse_date_part,
    209        }
    210        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    211
    212        FUNC_TOKENS = {
    213            *parser.Parser.FUNC_TOKENS,
    214            TokenType.RLIKE,
    215            TokenType.TABLE,
    216        }
    217
    218        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    219            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,  # type: ignore
    220            TokenType.COLON: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
    221                exp.Bracket,
    222                this=this,
    223                expressions=[path],
    224            ),
    225        }
    226
    227        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    228            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    229            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
    230            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
    231        }
    232
    233        ALTER_PARSERS = {
    234            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    235            "UNSET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(unset=True),
    236            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(),
    237        }
    238
    239        def _parse_alter_table_set_tag(self, unset: bool = False) -> exp.Expression:
    240            self._match_text_seq("TAG")
    241            parser = t.cast(t.Callable, self._parse_id_var if unset else self._parse_conjunction)
    242            return self.expression(exp.SetTag, expressions=self._parse_csv(parser), unset=unset)
    243
    244    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    245        QUOTES = ["'", "$$"]
    246        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    247
    248        KEYWORDS = {
    249            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    250            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    251            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
    252            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
    253            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    254            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
    255            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
    256            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    257            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    258            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    259            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    260            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    261            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
    262        }
    263
    264        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    265            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    266            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    267        }
    268
    269    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    270        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    271        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
    272
    273        TRANSFORMS = {
    274            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,  # type: ignore
    275            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    276            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
    277            exp.ArrayJoin: rename_func("ARRAY_TO_STRING"),
    278            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func("DATEADD", e.text("unit"), e.expression, e.this),
    279            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    280                "DATEDIFF", e.text("unit"), e.expression, e.this
    281            ),
    282            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    283            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    284            exp.If: rename_func("IFF"),
    285            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    286            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
    287            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
    288            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    289            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    290            exp.Matches: rename_func("DECODE"),
    291            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
    292                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
    293            ),
    294            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    295            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    296            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    297            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    298            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    299            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    300            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("snowflake"),
    301            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    302            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    303            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    304            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    305        }
    306
    307        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    308            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,  # type: ignore
    309            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
    310        }
    311
    312        STAR_MAPPING = {
    313            "except": "EXCLUDE",
    314            "replace": "RENAME",
    315        }
    316
    317        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    318            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,  # type: ignore
    319            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    320        }
    321
    322        def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str:
    323            return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY")
    324
    325        def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str:
    326            return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY")
    327
    328        def except_op(self, expression):
    329            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    330                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    331            return super().except_op(expression)
    332
    333        def intersect_op(self, expression):
    334            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    335                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    336            return super().intersect_op(expression)
    337
    338        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values) -> str:
    339            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted.
    340
    341            We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users
    342            from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.
    343            """
    344            alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    345            if alias and alias.args.get("columns"):
    346                expression = expression.transform(
    347                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    348                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    349                    and isinstance(node.parent, exp.TableAlias)
    350                    and node.arg_key == "columns"
    351                    else node,
    352                )
    353                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).values_sql(expression))
    354            return super().values_sql(expression)
    355
    356        def settag_sql(self, expression: exp.SetTag) -> str:
    357            action = "UNSET" if expression.args.get("unset") else "SET"
    358            return f"{action} TAG {self.expressions(expression)}"
    359
    360        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
    361            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted and also
    362            that all columns in a SELECT are unquoted. We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need
    363            to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when
    364            generating the SQL.
    365
    366            Note: We make an assumption that any columns referenced in a VALUES expression should be unquoted throughout the
    367            expression. This might not be true in a case where the same column name can be sourced from another table that can
    368            properly quote but should be true in most cases.
    369            """
    370            values_identifiers = set(
    371                flatten(
    372                    (v.args.get("alias") or exp.Alias()).args.get("columns", [])
    373                    for v in expression.find_all(exp.Values)
    374                )
    375            )
    376            if values_identifiers:
    377                expression = expression.transform(
    378                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    379                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier) and node in values_identifiers
    380                    else node,
    381                )
    382                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).select_sql(expression))
    383            return super().select_sql(expression)
    384
    385        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    386            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    387            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    388            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    389            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    390            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}"
    391
    392        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    393            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    394        ) -> str:
    395            start = expression.args.get("start")
    396            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    397            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    398            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    399            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"

class Snowflake(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    143class Snowflake(Dialect):
    144    null_ordering = "nulls_are_large"
    145    time_format = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'"
    146
    147    time_mapping = {
    148        "YYYY": "%Y",
    149        "yyyy": "%Y",
    150        "YY": "%y",
    151        "yy": "%y",
    152        "MMMM": "%B",
    153        "mmmm": "%B",
    154        "MON": "%b",
    155        "mon": "%b",
    156        "MM": "%m",
    157        "mm": "%m",
    158        "DD": "%d",
    159        "dd": "%d",
    160        "d": "%-d",
    161        "DY": "%w",
    162        "dy": "%w",
    163        "HH24": "%H",
    164        "hh24": "%H",
    165        "HH12": "%I",
    166        "hh12": "%I",
    167        "MI": "%M",
    168        "mi": "%M",
    169        "SS": "%S",
    170        "ss": "%S",
    171        "FF": "%f",
    172        "ff": "%f",
    173        "FF6": "%f",
    174        "ff6": "%f",
    175    }
    176
    177    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    178        FUNCTIONS = {
    179            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    180            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
    181            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    182            "ARRAY_TO_STRING": exp.ArrayJoin.from_arg_list,
    183            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    184            "DATEADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
    185                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    186                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    187                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    188            ),
    189            "DATEDIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
    190                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    191                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    192                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    193            ),
    194            "DECODE": exp.Matches.from_arg_list,
    195            "DIV0": _div0_to_if,
    196            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
    197            "NULLIFZERO": _nullifzero_to_if,
    198            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": parser.parse_var_map,
    199            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    200            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
    201            "TO_ARRAY": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    202            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
    203            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _snowflake_to_timestamp,
    204            "ZEROIFNULL": _zeroifnull_to_if,
    205        }
    206
    207        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    208            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    209            "DATE_PART": _parse_date_part,
    210        }
    211        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    212
    213        FUNC_TOKENS = {
    214            *parser.Parser.FUNC_TOKENS,
    215            TokenType.RLIKE,
    216            TokenType.TABLE,
    217        }
    218
    219        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    220            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,  # type: ignore
    221            TokenType.COLON: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
    222                exp.Bracket,
    223                this=this,
    224                expressions=[path],
    225            ),
    226        }
    227
    228        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    229            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    230            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
    231            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
    232        }
    233
    234        ALTER_PARSERS = {
    235            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    236            "UNSET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(unset=True),
    237            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(),
    238        }
    239
    240        def _parse_alter_table_set_tag(self, unset: bool = False) -> exp.Expression:
    241            self._match_text_seq("TAG")
    242            parser = t.cast(t.Callable, self._parse_id_var if unset else self._parse_conjunction)
    243            return self.expression(exp.SetTag, expressions=self._parse_csv(parser), unset=unset)
    244
    245    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    246        QUOTES = ["'", "$$"]
    247        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    248
    249        KEYWORDS = {
    250            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    251            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    252            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
    253            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
    254            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    255            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
    256            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
    257            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    258            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    259            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    260            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    261            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    262            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
    263        }
    264
    265        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    266            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    267            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    268        }
    269
    270    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    271        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    272        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
    273
    274        TRANSFORMS = {
    275            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,  # type: ignore
    276            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    277            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
    278            exp.ArrayJoin: rename_func("ARRAY_TO_STRING"),
    279            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func("DATEADD", e.text("unit"), e.expression, e.this),
    280            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    281                "DATEDIFF", e.text("unit"), e.expression, e.this
    282            ),
    283            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    284            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    285            exp.If: rename_func("IFF"),
    286            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    287            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
    288            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
    289            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    290            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    291            exp.Matches: rename_func("DECODE"),
    292            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
    293                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
    294            ),
    295            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    296            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    297            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    298            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    299            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    300            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    301            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("snowflake"),
    302            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    303            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    304            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    305            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    306        }
    307
    308        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    309            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,  # type: ignore
    310            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
    311        }
    312
    313        STAR_MAPPING = {
    314            "except": "EXCLUDE",
    315            "replace": "RENAME",
    316        }
    317
    318        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    319            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,  # type: ignore
    320            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    321        }
    322
    323        def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str:
    324            return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY")
    325
    326        def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str:
    327            return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY")
    328
    329        def except_op(self, expression):
    330            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    331                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    332            return super().except_op(expression)
    333
    334        def intersect_op(self, expression):
    335            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    336                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    337            return super().intersect_op(expression)
    338
    339        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values) -> str:
    340            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted.
    341
    342            We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users
    343            from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.
    344            """
    345            alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    346            if alias and alias.args.get("columns"):
    347                expression = expression.transform(
    348                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    349                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    350                    and isinstance(node.parent, exp.TableAlias)
    351                    and node.arg_key == "columns"
    352                    else node,
    353                )
    354                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).values_sql(expression))
    355            return super().values_sql(expression)
    356
    357        def settag_sql(self, expression: exp.SetTag) -> str:
    358            action = "UNSET" if expression.args.get("unset") else "SET"
    359            return f"{action} TAG {self.expressions(expression)}"
    360
    361        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
    362            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted and also
    363            that all columns in a SELECT are unquoted. We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need
    364            to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when
    365            generating the SQL.
    366
    367            Note: We make an assumption that any columns referenced in a VALUES expression should be unquoted throughout the
    368            expression. This might not be true in a case where the same column name can be sourced from another table that can
    369            properly quote but should be true in most cases.
    370            """
    371            values_identifiers = set(
    372                flatten(
    373                    (v.args.get("alias") or exp.Alias()).args.get("columns", [])
    374                    for v in expression.find_all(exp.Values)
    375                )
    376            )
    377            if values_identifiers:
    378                expression = expression.transform(
    379                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    380                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier) and node in values_identifiers
    381                    else node,
    382                )
    383                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).select_sql(expression))
    384            return super().select_sql(expression)
    385
    386        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    387            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    388            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    389            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    390            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    391            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}"
    392
    393        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    394            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    395        ) -> str:
    396            start = expression.args.get("start")
    397            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    398            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    399            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    400            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  tokenize
  parser
  generator

class Snowflake.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    177    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    178        FUNCTIONS = {
    179            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    180            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
    181            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    182            "ARRAY_TO_STRING": exp.ArrayJoin.from_arg_list,
    183            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
    184            "DATEADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
    185                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    186                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    187                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    188            ),
    189            "DATEDIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
    190                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    191                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    192                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    193            ),
    194            "DECODE": exp.Matches.from_arg_list,
    195            "DIV0": _div0_to_if,
    196            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
    197            "NULLIFZERO": _nullifzero_to_if,
    198            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": parser.parse_var_map,
    199            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    200            "SQUARE": lambda args: exp.Pow(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(2)),
    201            "TO_ARRAY": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    202            "TO_VARCHAR": exp.ToChar.from_arg_list,
    203            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _snowflake_to_timestamp,
    204            "ZEROIFNULL": _zeroifnull_to_if,
    205        }
    206
    207        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    208            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    209            "DATE_PART": _parse_date_part,
    210        }
    211        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    212
    213        FUNC_TOKENS = {
    214            *parser.Parser.FUNC_TOKENS,
    215            TokenType.RLIKE,
    216            TokenType.TABLE,
    217        }
    218
    219        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    220            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,  # type: ignore
    221            TokenType.COLON: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
    222                exp.Bracket,
    223                this=this,
    224                expressions=[path],
    225            ),
    226        }
    227
    228        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    229            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    230            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
    231            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
    232        }
    233
    234        ALTER_PARSERS = {
    235            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    236            "UNSET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(unset=True),
    237            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(),
    238        }
    239
    240        def _parse_alter_table_set_tag(self, unset: bool = False) -> exp.Expression:
    241            self._match_text_seq("TAG")
    242            parser = t.cast(t.Callable, self._parse_id_var if unset else self._parse_conjunction)
    243            return self.expression(exp.SetTag, expressions=self._parse_csv(parser), unset=unset)

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the `sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer` and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: the desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.RAISE
- error_message_context: determines the amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 50.
- index_offset: Index offset for arrays eg ARRAY[0] vs ARRAY[1] as the head of a list. Default: 0
- alias_post_tablesample: If the table alias comes after tablesample. Default: False
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- null_ordering: Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Options are "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last". Default: "nulls_are_small"

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression

class Snowflake.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    245    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    246        QUOTES = ["'", "$$"]
    247        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    248
    249        KEYWORDS = {
    250            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    251            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    252            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
    253            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
    254            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    255            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
    256            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
    257            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    258            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    259            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    260            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    261            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    262            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
    263        }
    264
    265        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    266            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    267            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    268        }

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  reset
  tokenize

class Snowflake.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    270    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    271        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    272        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
    273
    274        TRANSFORMS = {
    275            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,  # type: ignore
    276            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    277            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
    278            exp.ArrayJoin: rename_func("ARRAY_TO_STRING"),
    279            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func("DATEADD", e.text("unit"), e.expression, e.this),
    280            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
    281                "DATEDIFF", e.text("unit"), e.expression, e.this
    282            ),
    283            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    284            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    285            exp.If: rename_func("IFF"),
    286            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    287            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOLOR_AGG"),
    288            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOLAND_AGG"),
    289            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    290            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    291            exp.Matches: rename_func("DECODE"),
    292            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
    293                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
    294            ),
    295            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    296            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
    297            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    298            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    299            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    300            exp.ToChar: lambda self, e: self.function_fallback_sql(e),
    301            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("snowflake"),
    302            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    303            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    304            exp.Max: max_or_greatest,
    305            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    306        }
    307
    308        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    309            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,  # type: ignore
    310            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
    311        }
    312
    313        STAR_MAPPING = {
    314            "except": "EXCLUDE",
    315            "replace": "RENAME",
    316        }
    317
    318        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    319            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,  # type: ignore
    320            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    321        }
    322
    323        def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str:
    324            return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY")
    325
    326        def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str:
    327            return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY")
    328
    329        def except_op(self, expression):
    330            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    331                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    332            return super().except_op(expression)
    333
    334        def intersect_op(self, expression):
    335            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    336                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    337            return super().intersect_op(expression)
    338
    339        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values) -> str:
    340            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted.
    341
    342            We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users
    343            from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.
    344            """
    345            alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    346            if alias and alias.args.get("columns"):
    347                expression = expression.transform(
    348                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    349                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    350                    and isinstance(node.parent, exp.TableAlias)
    351                    and node.arg_key == "columns"
    352                    else node,
    353                )
    354                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).values_sql(expression))
    355            return super().values_sql(expression)
    356
    357        def settag_sql(self, expression: exp.SetTag) -> str:
    358            action = "UNSET" if expression.args.get("unset") else "SET"
    359            return f"{action} TAG {self.expressions(expression)}"
    360
    361        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
    362            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted and also
    363            that all columns in a SELECT are unquoted. We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need
    364            to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when
    365            generating the SQL.
    366
    367            Note: We make an assumption that any columns referenced in a VALUES expression should be unquoted throughout the
    368            expression. This might not be true in a case where the same column name can be sourced from another table that can
    369            properly quote but should be true in most cases.
    370            """
    371            values_identifiers = set(
    372                flatten(
    373                    (v.args.get("alias") or exp.Alias()).args.get("columns", [])
    374                    for v in expression.find_all(exp.Values)
    375                )
    376            )
    377            if values_identifiers:
    378                expression = expression.transform(
    379                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    380                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier) and node in values_identifiers
    381                    else node,
    382                )
    383                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).select_sql(expression))
    384            return super().select_sql(expression)
    385
    386        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    387            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    388            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    389            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    390            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    391            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}"
    392
    393        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    394            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    395        ) -> str:
    396            start = expression.args.get("start")
    397            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    398            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    399            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    400            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"

Generator interprets the given syntax tree and produces a SQL string as an output.

###### Arguments:

- time_mapping (dict): the dictionary of custom time mappings in which the key represents a python time format and the output the target time format
- time_trie (trie): a trie of the time_mapping keys
- pretty (bool): if set to True the returned string will be formatted. Default: False.
- quote_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '.
- quote_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '.
- identifier_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ".
- identifier_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ".
- identify (bool | str): 'always': always quote, 'safe': quote identifiers if they don't contain an upcase, True defaults to always.
- normalize (bool): if set to True all identifiers will lower cased
- string_escape (str): specifies a string escape character. Default: '.
- identifier_escape (str): specifies an identifier escape character. Default: ".
- pad (int): determines padding in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- indent (int): determines the size of indentation in a formatted string. Default: 4.
- unnest_column_only (bool): if true unnest table aliases are considered only as column aliases
- normalize_functions (str): normalize function names, "upper", "lower", or None Default: "upper"
- alias_post_tablesample (bool): if the table alias comes after tablesample Default: False
- unsupported_level (ErrorLevel): determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- null_ordering (str): Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Options are "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last". Default: "nulls_are_small"
- max_unsupported (int): Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma (bool): if the the comma is leading or trailing in select statements Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ILikeAny) -> str: View Source

    323        def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str:
    324            return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY")

def likeany_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.LikeAny) -> str: View Source

    326        def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str:
    327            return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY")

def except_op(self, expression): View Source

    329        def except_op(self, expression):
    330            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    331                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    332            return super().except_op(expression)

def intersect_op(self, expression): View Source

    334        def intersect_op(self, expression):
    335            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    336                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    337            return super().intersect_op(expression)

def values_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Values) -> str: View Source

    339        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values) -> str:
    340            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted.
    341
    342            We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users
    343            from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.
    344            """
    345            alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    346            if alias and alias.args.get("columns"):
    347                expression = expression.transform(
    348                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    349                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    350                    and isinstance(node.parent, exp.TableAlias)
    351                    and node.arg_key == "columns"
    352                    else node,
    353                )
    354                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).values_sql(expression))
    355            return super().values_sql(expression)

Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted.

We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.

def settag_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SetTag) -> str: View Source

    357        def settag_sql(self, expression: exp.SetTag) -> str:
    358            action = "UNSET" if expression.args.get("unset") else "SET"
    359            return f"{action} TAG {self.expressions(expression)}"

def select_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Select) -> str: View Source

    361        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
    362            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted and also
    363            that all columns in a SELECT are unquoted. We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need
    364            to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when
    365            generating the SQL.
    366
    367            Note: We make an assumption that any columns referenced in a VALUES expression should be unquoted throughout the
    368            expression. This might not be true in a case where the same column name can be sourced from another table that can
    369            properly quote but should be true in most cases.
    370            """
    371            values_identifiers = set(
    372                flatten(
    373                    (v.args.get("alias") or exp.Alias()).args.get("columns", [])
    374                    for v in expression.find_all(exp.Values)
    375                )
    376            )
    377            if values_identifiers:
    378                expression = expression.transform(
    379                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    380                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier) and node in values_identifiers
    381                    else node,
    382                )
    383                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).select_sql(expression))
    384            return super().select_sql(expression)

Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted and also that all columns in a SELECT are unquoted. We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.

Note: We make an assumption that any columns referenced in a VALUES expression should be unquoted throughout the expression. This might not be true in a case where the same column name can be sourced from another table that can properly quote but should be true in most cases.

def describe_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Describe) -> str: View Source

    386        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    387            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    388            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    389            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    390            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    391            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}"

def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    393        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    394            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    395        ) -> str:
    396            start = expression.args.get("start")
    397            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    398            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    399            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    400            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
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