sqlglot.dialects.snowflake API documentation

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# sqlglot.dialects.snowflake

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      1from __future__ import annotations
      2
      3import typing as t
      4
      5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens
      6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
      7    Dialect,
      8    datestrtodate_sql,
      9    format_time_lambda,
     10    inline_array_sql,
     11    min_or_least,
     12    rename_func,
     13    timestrtotime_sql,
     14    ts_or_ds_to_date_sql,
     15    var_map_sql,
     16)
     17from sqlglot.expressions import Literal
     18from sqlglot.helper import flatten, seq_get
     19from sqlglot.parser import binary_range_parser
     20from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
     21
     22
     23def _check_int(s):
     24    if s[0] in ("-", "+"):
     25        return s[1:].isdigit()
     26    return s.isdigit()
     27
     28
     29# from https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/to_timestamp.html
     30def _snowflake_to_timestamp(args):
     31    if len(args) == 2:
     32        first_arg, second_arg = args
     33        if second_arg.is_string:
     34            # case: <string_expr> [ , <format> ]
     35            return format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "snowflake")(args)
     36
     37        # case: <numeric_expr> [ , <scale> ]
     38        if second_arg.name not in ["0", "3", "9"]:
     39            raise ValueError(
     40                f"Scale for snowflake numeric timestamp is {second_arg}, but should be 0, 3, or 9"
     41            )
     42
     43        if second_arg.name == "0":
     44            timescale = exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS
     45        elif second_arg.name == "3":
     46            timescale = exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
     47        elif second_arg.name == "9":
     48            timescale = exp.UnixToTime.MICROS
     49
     50        return exp.UnixToTime(this=first_arg, scale=timescale)
     51
     52    first_arg = seq_get(args, 0)
     53    if not isinstance(first_arg, Literal):
     54        # case: <variant_expr>
     55        return format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "snowflake", default=True)(args)
     56
     57    if first_arg.is_string:
     58        if _check_int(first_arg.this):
     59            # case: <integer>
     60            return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)
     61
     62        # case: <date_expr>
     63        return format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "snowflake", default=True)(args)
     64
     65    # case: <numeric_expr>
     66    return exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list(args)
     67
     68
     69def _unix_to_time_sql(self, expression):
     70    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
     71    timestamp = self.sql(expression, "this")
     72    if scale in [None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS]:
     73        return f"TO_TIMESTAMP({timestamp})"
     74    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
     75        return f"TO_TIMESTAMP({timestamp}, 3)"
     76    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
     77        return f"TO_TIMESTAMP({timestamp}, 9)"
     78
     79    raise ValueError("Improper scale for timestamp")
     80
     81
     82# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/date_part.html
     83# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions-date-time.html#label-supported-date-time-parts
     84def _parse_date_part(self):
     85    this = self._parse_var() or self._parse_type()
     86    self._match(TokenType.COMMA)
     87    expression = self._parse_bitwise()
     88
     89    name = this.name.upper()
     90    if name.startswith("EPOCH"):
     91        if name.startswith("EPOCH_MILLISECOND"):
     92            scale = 10**3
     93        elif name.startswith("EPOCH_MICROSECOND"):
     94            scale = 10**6
     95        elif name.startswith("EPOCH_NANOSECOND"):
     96            scale = 10**9
     97        else:
     98            scale = None
     99
    100        ts = self.expression(exp.Cast, this=expression, to=exp.DataType.build("TIMESTAMP"))
    101        to_unix = self.expression(exp.TimeToUnix, this=ts)
    102
    103        if scale:
    104            to_unix = exp.Mul(this=to_unix, expression=exp.Literal.number(scale))
    105
    106        return to_unix
    107
    108    return self.expression(exp.Extract, this=this, expression=expression)
    109
    110
    111# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/div0
    112def _div0_to_if(args):
    113    cond = exp.EQ(this=seq_get(args, 1), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
    114    true = exp.Literal.number(0)
    115    false = exp.FloatDiv(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1))
    116    return exp.If(this=cond, true=true, false=false)
    117
    118
    119# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
    120def _zeroifnull_to_if(args):
    121    cond = exp.Is(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Null())
    122    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Literal.number(0), false=seq_get(args, 0))
    123
    124
    125# https://docs.snowflake.com/en/sql-reference/functions/zeroifnull
    126def _nullifzero_to_if(args):
    127    cond = exp.EQ(this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0))
    128    return exp.If(this=cond, true=exp.Null(), false=seq_get(args, 0))
    129
    130
    131def _datatype_sql(self, expression):
    132    if expression.this == exp.DataType.Type.ARRAY:
    133        return "ARRAY"
    134    elif expression.this == exp.DataType.Type.MAP:
    135        return "OBJECT"
    136    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
    137
    138
    139class Snowflake(Dialect):
    140    null_ordering = "nulls_are_large"
    141    time_format = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'"
    142
    143    time_mapping = {
    144        "YYYY": "%Y",
    145        "yyyy": "%Y",
    146        "YY": "%y",
    147        "yy": "%y",
    148        "MMMM": "%B",
    149        "mmmm": "%B",
    150        "MON": "%b",
    151        "mon": "%b",
    152        "MM": "%m",
    153        "mm": "%m",
    154        "DD": "%d",
    155        "dd": "%d",
    156        "d": "%-d",
    157        "DY": "%w",
    158        "dy": "%w",
    159        "HH24": "%H",
    160        "hh24": "%H",
    161        "HH12": "%I",
    162        "hh12": "%I",
    163        "MI": "%M",
    164        "mi": "%M",
    165        "SS": "%S",
    166        "ss": "%S",
    167        "FF": "%f",
    168        "ff": "%f",
    169        "FF6": "%f",
    170        "ff6": "%f",
    171    }
    172
    173    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    174        FUNCTIONS = {
    175            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    176            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
    177            "ARRAY_TO_STRING": exp.ArrayJoin.from_arg_list,
    178            "DATEADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
    179                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    180                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    181                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    182            ),
    183            "DATEDIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
    184                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    185                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    186                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    187            ),
    188            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
    189                unit=exp.Literal.string(seq_get(args, 0).name),  # type: ignore
    190                this=seq_get(args, 1),
    191            ),
    192            "DIV0": _div0_to_if,
    193            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
    194            "TO_ARRAY": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    195            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _snowflake_to_timestamp,
    196            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    197            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    198            "DECODE": exp.Matches.from_arg_list,
    199            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": parser.parse_var_map,
    200            "ZEROIFNULL": _zeroifnull_to_if,
    201            "NULLIFZERO": _nullifzero_to_if,
    202        }
    203
    204        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    205            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    206            "DATE_PART": _parse_date_part,
    207        }
    208        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    209
    210        FUNC_TOKENS = {
    211            *parser.Parser.FUNC_TOKENS,
    212            TokenType.RLIKE,
    213            TokenType.TABLE,
    214        }
    215
    216        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    217            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,  # type: ignore
    218            TokenType.COLON: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
    219                exp.Bracket,
    220                this=this,
    221                expressions=[path],
    222            ),
    223        }
    224
    225        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    226            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    227            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
    228            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
    229        }
    230
    231        ALTER_PARSERS = {
    232            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    233            "UNSET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(unset=True),
    234            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(),
    235        }
    236
    237        INTEGER_DIVISION = False
    238
    239        def _parse_alter_table_set_tag(self, unset: bool = False) -> exp.Expression:
    240            self._match_text_seq("TAG")
    241            parser = t.cast(t.Callable, self._parse_id_var if unset else self._parse_conjunction)
    242            return self.expression(exp.SetTag, expressions=self._parse_csv(parser), unset=unset)
    243
    244    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    245        QUOTES = ["'", "$$"]
    246        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    247
    248        KEYWORDS = {
    249            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    250            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    251            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
    252            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
    253            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    254            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
    255            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
    256            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    257            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    258            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    259            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    260            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    261            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
    262        }
    263
    264        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    265            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    266            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    267        }
    268
    269    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    270        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    271        INTEGER_DIVISION = False
    272        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
    273
    274        TRANSFORMS = {
    275            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,  # type: ignore
    276            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    277            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
    278            exp.ArrayJoin: rename_func("ARRAY_TO_STRING"),
    279            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func("DATEADD", e.text("unit"), e.expression, e.this),
    280            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    281            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    282            exp.If: rename_func("IFF"),
    283            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    284            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    285            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    286            exp.Matches: rename_func("DECODE"),
    287            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
    288                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
    289            ),
    290            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    291            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    292            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    293            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    294            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("snowflake"),
    295            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    296            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    297            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    298        }
    299
    300        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    301            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,  # type: ignore
    302            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
    303        }
    304
    305        STAR_MAPPING = {
    306            "except": "EXCLUDE",
    307            "replace": "RENAME",
    308        }
    309
    310        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    311            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,  # type: ignore
    312            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    313        }
    314
    315        def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str:
    316            return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY")
    317
    318        def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str:
    319            return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY")
    320
    321        def except_op(self, expression):
    322            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    323                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    324            return super().except_op(expression)
    325
    326        def intersect_op(self, expression):
    327            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    328                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    329            return super().intersect_op(expression)
    330
    331        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values) -> str:
    332            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted.
    333
    334            We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users
    335            from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.
    336            """
    337            alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    338            if alias and alias.args.get("columns"):
    339                expression = expression.transform(
    340                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    341                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    342                    and isinstance(node.parent, exp.TableAlias)
    343                    and node.arg_key == "columns"
    344                    else node,
    345                )
    346                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).values_sql(expression))
    347            return super().values_sql(expression)
    348
    349        def settag_sql(self, expression: exp.SetTag) -> str:
    350            action = "UNSET" if expression.args.get("unset") else "SET"
    351            return f"{action} TAG {self.expressions(expression)}"
    352
    353        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
    354            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted and also
    355            that all columns in a SELECT are unquoted. We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need
    356            to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when
    357            generating the SQL.
    358
    359            Note: We make an assumption that any columns referenced in a VALUES expression should be unquoted throughout the
    360            expression. This might not be true in a case where the same column name can be sourced from another table that can
    361            properly quote but should be true in most cases.
    362            """
    363            values_identifiers = set(
    364                flatten(
    365                    (v.args.get("alias") or exp.Alias()).args.get("columns", [])
    366                    for v in expression.find_all(exp.Values)
    367                )
    368            )
    369            if values_identifiers:
    370                expression = expression.transform(
    371                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    372                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier) and node in values_identifiers
    373                    else node,
    374                )
    375                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).select_sql(expression))
    376            return super().select_sql(expression)
    377
    378        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    379            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    380            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    381            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    382            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    383            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}"
    384
    385        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    386            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    387        ) -> str:
    388            start = expression.args.get("start")
    389            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    390            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    391            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    392            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"

class Snowflake(sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect): View Source

    140class Snowflake(Dialect):
    141    null_ordering = "nulls_are_large"
    142    time_format = "'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss'"
    143
    144    time_mapping = {
    145        "YYYY": "%Y",
    146        "yyyy": "%Y",
    147        "YY": "%y",
    148        "yy": "%y",
    149        "MMMM": "%B",
    150        "mmmm": "%B",
    151        "MON": "%b",
    152        "mon": "%b",
    153        "MM": "%m",
    154        "mm": "%m",
    155        "DD": "%d",
    156        "dd": "%d",
    157        "d": "%-d",
    158        "DY": "%w",
    159        "dy": "%w",
    160        "HH24": "%H",
    161        "hh24": "%H",
    162        "HH12": "%I",
    163        "hh12": "%I",
    164        "MI": "%M",
    165        "mi": "%M",
    166        "SS": "%S",
    167        "ss": "%S",
    168        "FF": "%f",
    169        "ff": "%f",
    170        "FF6": "%f",
    171        "ff6": "%f",
    172    }
    173
    174    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    175        FUNCTIONS = {
    176            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    177            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
    178            "ARRAY_TO_STRING": exp.ArrayJoin.from_arg_list,
    179            "DATEADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
    180                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    181                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    182                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    183            ),
    184            "DATEDIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
    185                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    186                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    187                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    188            ),
    189            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
    190                unit=exp.Literal.string(seq_get(args, 0).name),  # type: ignore
    191                this=seq_get(args, 1),
    192            ),
    193            "DIV0": _div0_to_if,
    194            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
    195            "TO_ARRAY": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    196            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _snowflake_to_timestamp,
    197            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    198            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    199            "DECODE": exp.Matches.from_arg_list,
    200            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": parser.parse_var_map,
    201            "ZEROIFNULL": _zeroifnull_to_if,
    202            "NULLIFZERO": _nullifzero_to_if,
    203        }
    204
    205        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    206            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    207            "DATE_PART": _parse_date_part,
    208        }
    209        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    210
    211        FUNC_TOKENS = {
    212            *parser.Parser.FUNC_TOKENS,
    213            TokenType.RLIKE,
    214            TokenType.TABLE,
    215        }
    216
    217        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    218            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,  # type: ignore
    219            TokenType.COLON: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
    220                exp.Bracket,
    221                this=this,
    222                expressions=[path],
    223            ),
    224        }
    225
    226        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    227            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    228            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
    229            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
    230        }
    231
    232        ALTER_PARSERS = {
    233            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    234            "UNSET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(unset=True),
    235            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(),
    236        }
    237
    238        INTEGER_DIVISION = False
    239
    240        def _parse_alter_table_set_tag(self, unset: bool = False) -> exp.Expression:
    241            self._match_text_seq("TAG")
    242            parser = t.cast(t.Callable, self._parse_id_var if unset else self._parse_conjunction)
    243            return self.expression(exp.SetTag, expressions=self._parse_csv(parser), unset=unset)
    244
    245    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    246        QUOTES = ["'", "$$"]
    247        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    248
    249        KEYWORDS = {
    250            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    251            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    252            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
    253            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
    254            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    255            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
    256            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
    257            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    258            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    259            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    260            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    261            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    262            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
    263        }
    264
    265        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    266            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    267            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    268        }
    269
    270    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    271        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    272        INTEGER_DIVISION = False
    273        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
    274
    275        TRANSFORMS = {
    276            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,  # type: ignore
    277            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    278            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
    279            exp.ArrayJoin: rename_func("ARRAY_TO_STRING"),
    280            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func("DATEADD", e.text("unit"), e.expression, e.this),
    281            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    282            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    283            exp.If: rename_func("IFF"),
    284            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    285            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    286            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    287            exp.Matches: rename_func("DECODE"),
    288            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
    289                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
    290            ),
    291            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    292            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    293            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    294            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    295            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("snowflake"),
    296            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    297            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    298            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    299        }
    300
    301        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    302            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,  # type: ignore
    303            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
    304        }
    305
    306        STAR_MAPPING = {
    307            "except": "EXCLUDE",
    308            "replace": "RENAME",
    309        }
    310
    311        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    312            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,  # type: ignore
    313            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    314        }
    315
    316        def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str:
    317            return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY")
    318
    319        def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str:
    320            return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY")
    321
    322        def except_op(self, expression):
    323            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    324                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    325            return super().except_op(expression)
    326
    327        def intersect_op(self, expression):
    328            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    329                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    330            return super().intersect_op(expression)
    331
    332        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values) -> str:
    333            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted.
    334
    335            We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users
    336            from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.
    337            """
    338            alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    339            if alias and alias.args.get("columns"):
    340                expression = expression.transform(
    341                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    342                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    343                    and isinstance(node.parent, exp.TableAlias)
    344                    and node.arg_key == "columns"
    345                    else node,
    346                )
    347                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).values_sql(expression))
    348            return super().values_sql(expression)
    349
    350        def settag_sql(self, expression: exp.SetTag) -> str:
    351            action = "UNSET" if expression.args.get("unset") else "SET"
    352            return f"{action} TAG {self.expressions(expression)}"
    353
    354        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
    355            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted and also
    356            that all columns in a SELECT are unquoted. We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need
    357            to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when
    358            generating the SQL.
    359
    360            Note: We make an assumption that any columns referenced in a VALUES expression should be unquoted throughout the
    361            expression. This might not be true in a case where the same column name can be sourced from another table that can
    362            properly quote but should be true in most cases.
    363            """
    364            values_identifiers = set(
    365                flatten(
    366                    (v.args.get("alias") or exp.Alias()).args.get("columns", [])
    367                    for v in expression.find_all(exp.Values)
    368                )
    369            )
    370            if values_identifiers:
    371                expression = expression.transform(
    372                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    373                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier) and node in values_identifiers
    374                    else node,
    375                )
    376                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).select_sql(expression))
    377            return super().select_sql(expression)
    378
    379        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    380            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    381            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    382            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    383            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    384            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}"
    385
    386        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    387            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    388        ) -> str:
    389            start = expression.args.get("start")
    390            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    391            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    392            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    393            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.dialects.dialect.Dialect
  get_or_raise
  format_time
  parse
  parse_into
  generate
  transpile
  parser
  generator

class Snowflake.Parser(sqlglot.parser.Parser): View Source

    174    class Parser(parser.Parser):
    175        FUNCTIONS = {
    176            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
    177            "ARRAYAGG": exp.ArrayAgg.from_arg_list,
    178            "ARRAY_TO_STRING": exp.ArrayJoin.from_arg_list,
    179            "DATEADD": lambda args: exp.DateAdd(
    180                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    181                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    182                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    183            ),
    184            "DATEDIFF": lambda args: exp.DateDiff(
    185                this=seq_get(args, 2),
    186                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
    187                unit=seq_get(args, 0),
    188            ),
    189            "DATE_TRUNC": lambda args: exp.DateTrunc(
    190                unit=exp.Literal.string(seq_get(args, 0).name),  # type: ignore
    191                this=seq_get(args, 1),
    192            ),
    193            "DIV0": _div0_to_if,
    194            "IFF": exp.If.from_arg_list,
    195            "TO_ARRAY": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    196            "TO_TIMESTAMP": _snowflake_to_timestamp,
    197            "ARRAY_CONSTRUCT": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
    198            "RLIKE": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
    199            "DECODE": exp.Matches.from_arg_list,
    200            "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT": parser.parse_var_map,
    201            "ZEROIFNULL": _zeroifnull_to_if,
    202            "NULLIFZERO": _nullifzero_to_if,
    203        }
    204
    205        FUNCTION_PARSERS = {
    206            **parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS,
    207            "DATE_PART": _parse_date_part,
    208        }
    209        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("TRIM")
    210
    211        FUNC_TOKENS = {
    212            *parser.Parser.FUNC_TOKENS,
    213            TokenType.RLIKE,
    214            TokenType.TABLE,
    215        }
    216
    217        COLUMN_OPERATORS = {
    218            **parser.Parser.COLUMN_OPERATORS,  # type: ignore
    219            TokenType.COLON: lambda self, this, path: self.expression(
    220                exp.Bracket,
    221                this=this,
    222                expressions=[path],
    223            ),
    224        }
    225
    226        RANGE_PARSERS = {
    227            **parser.Parser.RANGE_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    228            TokenType.LIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.LikeAny),
    229            TokenType.ILIKE_ANY: binary_range_parser(exp.ILikeAny),
    230        }
    231
    232        ALTER_PARSERS = {
    233            **parser.Parser.ALTER_PARSERS,  # type: ignore
    234            "UNSET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(unset=True),
    235            "SET": lambda self: self._parse_alter_table_set_tag(),
    236        }
    237
    238        INTEGER_DIVISION = False
    239
    240        def _parse_alter_table_set_tag(self, unset: bool = False) -> exp.Expression:
    241            self._match_text_seq("TAG")
    242            parser = t.cast(t.Callable, self._parse_id_var if unset else self._parse_conjunction)
    243            return self.expression(exp.SetTag, expressions=self._parse_csv(parser), unset=unset)

Parser consumes a list of tokens produced by the `sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer` and produces a parsed syntax tree.

###### Arguments:

- error_level: the desired error level. Default: ErrorLevel.RAISE
- error_message_context: determines the amount of context to capture from a query string when displaying the error message (in number of characters). Default: 50.
- index_offset: Index offset for arrays eg ARRAY[0] vs ARRAY[1] as the head of a list. Default: 0
- alias_post_tablesample: If the table alias comes after tablesample. Default: False
- max_errors: Maximum number of error messages to include in a raised ParseError. This is only relevant if error_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- null_ordering: Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Options are "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last". Default: "nulls_are_small"

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.parser.Parser
  Parser
  reset
  parse
  parse_into
  check_errors
  raise_error
  expression
  validate_expression

class Snowflake.Tokenizer(sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer): View Source

    245    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
    246        QUOTES = ["'", "$$"]
    247        STRING_ESCAPES = ["\\", "'"]
    248
    249        KEYWORDS = {
    250            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
    251            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    252            "ILIKE ANY": TokenType.ILIKE_ANY,
    253            "LIKE ANY": TokenType.LIKE_ANY,
    254            "MATCH_RECOGNIZE": TokenType.MATCH_RECOGNIZE,
    255            "PUT": TokenType.COMMAND,
    256            "RENAME": TokenType.REPLACE,
    257            "TIMESTAMP_LTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPLTZ,
    258            "TIMESTAMP_NTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    259            "TIMESTAMP_TZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMPTZ,
    260            "TIMESTAMPNTZ": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
    261            "MINUS": TokenType.EXCEPT,
    262            "SAMPLE": TokenType.TABLE_SAMPLE,
    263        }
    264
    265        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
    266            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
    267            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
    268        }

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.tokens.Tokenizer
  reset
  tokenize

class Snowflake.Generator(sqlglot.generator.Generator): View Source

    270    class Generator(generator.Generator):
    271        PARAMETER_TOKEN = "$"
    272        INTEGER_DIVISION = False
    273        MATCHED_BY_SOURCE = False
    274
    275        TRANSFORMS = {
    276            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,  # type: ignore
    277            exp.Array: inline_array_sql,
    278            exp.ArrayConcat: rename_func("ARRAY_CAT"),
    279            exp.ArrayJoin: rename_func("ARRAY_TO_STRING"),
    280            exp.DateAdd: lambda self, e: self.func("DATEADD", e.text("unit"), e.expression, e.this),
    281            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
    282            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
    283            exp.If: rename_func("IFF"),
    284            exp.Map: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    285            exp.VarMap: lambda self, e: var_map_sql(self, e, "OBJECT_CONSTRUCT"),
    286            exp.PartitionedByProperty: lambda self, e: f"PARTITION BY {self.sql(e, 'this')}",
    287            exp.Matches: rename_func("DECODE"),
    288            exp.StrPosition: lambda self, e: self.func(
    289                "POSITION", e.args.get("substr"), e.this, e.args.get("position")
    290            ),
    291            exp.StrToTime: lambda self, e: f"TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
    292            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
    293            exp.TimeToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EXTRACT(epoch_second FROM {self.sql(e, 'this')})",
    294            exp.Trim: lambda self, e: self.func("TRIM", e.this, e.expression),
    295            exp.TsOrDsToDate: ts_or_ds_to_date_sql("snowflake"),
    296            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
    297            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
    298            exp.Min: min_or_least,
    299        }
    300
    301        TYPE_MAPPING = {
    302            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,  # type: ignore
    303            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP: "TIMESTAMPNTZ",
    304        }
    305
    306        STAR_MAPPING = {
    307            "except": "EXCLUDE",
    308            "replace": "RENAME",
    309        }
    310
    311        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
    312            **generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION,  # type: ignore
    313            exp.SetProperty: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED,
    314        }
    315
    316        def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str:
    317            return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY")
    318
    319        def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str:
    320            return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY")
    321
    322        def except_op(self, expression):
    323            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    324                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    325            return super().except_op(expression)
    326
    327        def intersect_op(self, expression):
    328            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    329                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    330            return super().intersect_op(expression)
    331
    332        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values) -> str:
    333            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted.
    334
    335            We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users
    336            from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.
    337            """
    338            alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    339            if alias and alias.args.get("columns"):
    340                expression = expression.transform(
    341                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    342                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    343                    and isinstance(node.parent, exp.TableAlias)
    344                    and node.arg_key == "columns"
    345                    else node,
    346                )
    347                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).values_sql(expression))
    348            return super().values_sql(expression)
    349
    350        def settag_sql(self, expression: exp.SetTag) -> str:
    351            action = "UNSET" if expression.args.get("unset") else "SET"
    352            return f"{action} TAG {self.expressions(expression)}"
    353
    354        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
    355            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted and also
    356            that all columns in a SELECT are unquoted. We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need
    357            to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when
    358            generating the SQL.
    359
    360            Note: We make an assumption that any columns referenced in a VALUES expression should be unquoted throughout the
    361            expression. This might not be true in a case where the same column name can be sourced from another table that can
    362            properly quote but should be true in most cases.
    363            """
    364            values_identifiers = set(
    365                flatten(
    366                    (v.args.get("alias") or exp.Alias()).args.get("columns", [])
    367                    for v in expression.find_all(exp.Values)
    368                )
    369            )
    370            if values_identifiers:
    371                expression = expression.transform(
    372                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    373                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier) and node in values_identifiers
    374                    else node,
    375                )
    376                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).select_sql(expression))
    377            return super().select_sql(expression)
    378
    379        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    380            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    381            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    382            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    383            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    384            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}"
    385
    386        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    387            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    388        ) -> str:
    389            start = expression.args.get("start")
    390            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    391            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    392            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    393            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"

Generator interprets the given syntax tree and produces a SQL string as an output.

###### Arguments:

- time_mapping (dict): the dictionary of custom time mappings in which the key represents a python time format and the output the target time format
- time_trie (trie): a trie of the time_mapping keys
- pretty (bool): if set to True the returned string will be formatted. Default: False.
- quote_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '.
- quote_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit quotes. Default: '.
- identifier_start (str): specifies which starting character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ".
- identifier_end (str): specifies which ending character to use to delimit identifiers. Default: ".
- identify (bool): if set to True all identifiers will be delimited by the corresponding character.
- normalize (bool): if set to True all identifiers will lower cased
- string_escape (str): specifies a string escape character. Default: '.
- identifier_escape (str): specifies an identifier escape character. Default: ".
- pad (int): determines padding in a formatted string. Default: 2.
- indent (int): determines the size of indentation in a formatted string. Default: 4.
- unnest_column_only (bool): if true unnest table aliases are considered only as column aliases
- normalize_functions (str): normalize function names, "upper", "lower", or None Default: "upper"
- alias_post_tablesample (bool): if the table alias comes after tablesample Default: False
- unsupported_level (ErrorLevel): determines the generator's behavior when it encounters unsupported expressions. Default ErrorLevel.WARN.
- null_ordering (str): Indicates the default null ordering method to use if not explicitly set. Options are "nulls_are_small", "nulls_are_large", "nulls_are_last". Default: "nulls_are_small"
- max_unsupported (int): Maximum number of unsupported messages to include in a raised UnsupportedError. This is only relevant if unsupported_level is ErrorLevel.RAISE. Default: 3
- leading_comma (bool): if the the comma is leading or trailing in select statements Default: False
- max_text_width: The max number of characters in a segment before creating new lines in pretty mode. The default is on the smaller end because the length only represents a segment and not the true line length. Default: 80
- comments: Whether or not to preserve comments in the output SQL code. Default: True

def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.ILikeAny) -> str: View Source

    316        def ilikeany_sql(self, expression: exp.ILikeAny) -> str:
    317            return self.binary(expression, "ILIKE ANY")

def likeany_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.LikeAny) -> str: View Source

    319        def likeany_sql(self, expression: exp.LikeAny) -> str:
    320            return self.binary(expression, "LIKE ANY")

def except_op(self, expression): View Source

    322        def except_op(self, expression):
    323            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    324                self.unsupported("EXCEPT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    325            return super().except_op(expression)

def intersect_op(self, expression): View Source

    327        def intersect_op(self, expression):
    328            if not expression.args.get("distinct", False):
    329                self.unsupported("INTERSECT with All is not supported in Snowflake")
    330            return super().intersect_op(expression)

def values_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Values) -> str: View Source

    332        def values_sql(self, expression: exp.Values) -> str:
    333            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted.
    334
    335            We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users
    336            from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.
    337            """
    338            alias = expression.args.get("alias")
    339            if alias and alias.args.get("columns"):
    340                expression = expression.transform(
    341                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    342                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier)
    343                    and isinstance(node.parent, exp.TableAlias)
    344                    and node.arg_key == "columns"
    345                    else node,
    346                )
    347                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).values_sql(expression))
    348            return super().values_sql(expression)

Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted.

We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.

def settag_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.SetTag) -> str: View Source

    350        def settag_sql(self, expression: exp.SetTag) -> str:
    351            action = "UNSET" if expression.args.get("unset") else "SET"
    352            return f"{action} TAG {self.expressions(expression)}"

def select_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Select) -> str: View Source

    354        def select_sql(self, expression: exp.Select) -> str:
    355            """Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted and also
    356            that all columns in a SELECT are unquoted. We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need
    357            to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when
    358            generating the SQL.
    359
    360            Note: We make an assumption that any columns referenced in a VALUES expression should be unquoted throughout the
    361            expression. This might not be true in a case where the same column name can be sourced from another table that can
    362            properly quote but should be true in most cases.
    363            """
    364            values_identifiers = set(
    365                flatten(
    366                    (v.args.get("alias") or exp.Alias()).args.get("columns", [])
    367                    for v in expression.find_all(exp.Values)
    368                )
    369            )
    370            if values_identifiers:
    371                expression = expression.transform(
    372                    lambda node: exp.Identifier(**{**node.args, "quoted": False})
    373                    if isinstance(node, exp.Identifier) and node in values_identifiers
    374                    else node,
    375                )
    376                return self.no_identify(lambda: super(self.__class__, self).select_sql(expression))
    377            return super().select_sql(expression)

Due to a bug in Snowflake we want to make sure that all columns in a VALUES table alias are unquoted and also that all columns in a SELECT are unquoted. We also want to make sure that after we find matches where we need to unquote a column that we prevent users from adding quotes to the column by using the `identify` argument when generating the SQL.

Note: We make an assumption that any columns referenced in a VALUES expression should be unquoted throughout the expression. This might not be true in a case where the same column name can be sourced from another table that can properly quote but should be true in most cases.

def describe_sql(self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.Describe) -> str: View Source

    379        def describe_sql(self, expression: exp.Describe) -> str:
    380            # Default to table if kind is unknown
    381            kind_value = expression.args.get("kind") or "TABLE"
    382            kind = f" {kind_value}" if kind_value else ""
    383            this = f" {self.sql(expression, 'this')}"
    384            return f"DESCRIBE{kind}{this}"

def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql( self, expression: sqlglot.expressions.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint) -> str: View Source

    386        def generatedasidentitycolumnconstraint_sql(
    387            self, expression: exp.GeneratedAsIdentityColumnConstraint
    388        ) -> str:
    389            start = expression.args.get("start")
    390            start = f" START {start}" if start else ""
    391            increment = expression.args.get("increment")
    392            increment = f" INCREMENT {increment}" if increment else ""
    393            return f"AUTOINCREMENT{start}{increment}"

##### Inherited Members

sqlglot.generator.Generator
  Generator
  generate
  unsupported
  sep
  seg
  pad_comment
  maybe_comment
  wrap
  no_identify
  normalize_func
  indent
  sql
  uncache_sql
  cache_sql
  characterset_sql
  column_sql
  columndef_sql
  columnconstraint_sql
  autoincrementcolumnconstraint_sql
  compresscolumnconstraint_sql
  notnullcolumnconstraint_sql
  primarykeycolumnconstraint_sql
  uniquecolumnconstraint_sql
  create_sql
  prepend_ctes
  with_sql
  cte_sql
  tablealias_sql
  bitstring_sql
  hexstring_sql
  datatype_sql
  directory_sql
  delete_sql
  drop_sql
  except_sql
  fetch_sql
  filter_sql
  hint_sql
  index_sql
  identifier_sql
  national_sql
  partition_sql
  properties_sql
  root_properties
  properties
  with_properties
  locate_properties
  property_sql
  likeproperty_sql
  fallbackproperty_sql
  journalproperty_sql
  freespaceproperty_sql
  afterjournalproperty_sql
  checksumproperty_sql
  mergeblockratioproperty_sql
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