# Praat: doing phonetics by computer

Welcome to Praat! Praat is a speech analysis tool used for doing phonetics by computer.
Praat can analyse, synthesize, and manipulate speech, and create high-quality pictures for your publications.
Praat was created by Paul Boersma and David Weenink of the Institute of Phonetics Sciences of the University of Amsterdam.

Some of Praat’s most prominent features are:

#### Speech analysis

Praat allows you to analyze different aspects of speech including pitch, formant, intensity, and voice quality.
You have access to spectrograms (a visual representation of sound changing over time)
and cochleagrams (a specific type of spectrogram more closely resembling how the inner ear receives sound).

#### Speech synthesis

Praat allows you to generate speech from a pitch curve and filters that you create (acoustic synthesis),
or from muscle activities (articulatory synthesis).

#### Speech manipulation

Praat gives you the ability to modify existing speech utterances. You can alter pitch, intensity, and duration of speech.

#### Speech labelling

Praat allows you to custom-label your samples using the IPA (International Phonetics Alphabet),
and annotate your sound segments based on the particular variables you are seeking to analyze.
Multi-language text-to-speech facilities allow you to segment the sound into words and phonemes.

#### Grammar models

With Praat, you can try out Optimality-Theoretic and Harmonic-Grammar learning,
as well as several kinds of neural-network models.

#### Statistical analysis

Praat allows you to perform several statistical techniques, among which
multidimensional scaling, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis.

For more information, consult the website [praat.org](https://praat.org), which has Praat tutorials in several languages.

## 1. Binary executables

While the [Praat website](https://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat) contains the latest executable for all platforms that we support
(or used to support), the [releases on GitHub](https://github.com/praat/praat/releases) contain many older executables as well.

The meaning of the names of binary files available on GitHub is as follows (editions that currently receive updates are in bold):

### 1.1. Windows binaries
- **`praatXXXX_win-arm64.zip`: zipped executable for ARM64 Windows (11 and higher)**
- **`praatXXXX_win-intel64.zip`: zipped executable for Intel64 Windows (7 and higher)**
- **`praatXXXX_win-intel32.zip`: zipped executable for Intel32 Windows (7 and higher)**
- `praatXXXX_win64.zip`: zipped executable for 64-bit Intel Windows (XP and higher, or 7 and higher)
- `praatXXXX_win32.zip`: zipped executable for 32-bit Intel Windows (XP and higher, or 7 and higher)
- `praatconXXXX_win64.zip`: zipped executable for 64-bit Intel Windows, console edition
- `praatconXXXX_win32.zip`: zipped executable for 32-bit Intel Windows, console edition
- `praatconXXXX_win32sit.exe`: self-extracting StuffIt archive with executable for 32-bit Intel Windows, console edition
- `praatXXXX_win98.zip`: zipped executable for Windows 98
- `praatXXXX_win98sit.exe`: self-extracting StuffIt archive with executable for Windows 98

### 1.2. Mac binaries
- **`praatXXXX_mac.dmg`: disk image with universal executable for (64-bit) Intel and Apple Silicon Macs (Cocoa)**
- **`praatXXXX_xcodeproj.zip`: zipped Xcode project file for the universal (64-bit) edition (Cocoa)**
- `praatXXXX_mac64.dmg`: disk image with executable for 64-bit Intel Macs (Cocoa)
- `praatXXXX_xcodeproj64.zip`: zipped Xcode project file for the 64-bit edition (Cocoa)
- `praatXXXX_mac32.dmg`: disk image with executable for 32-bit Intel Macs (Carbon)
- `praatXXXX_xcodeproj32.zip`: zipped Xcode project file for the 32-bit edition (Carbon)
- `praatXXXX_macU.dmg`: disk image with universal executable for (32-bit) PPC and Intel Macs (Carbon)
- `praatXXXX_macU.sit`: StuffIt archive with universal executable for (32-bit) PPC and Intel Macs (Carbon)
- `praatXXXX_macU.zip`: zipped universal executable for (32-bit) PPC and Intel Macs (Carbon)
- `praatXXXX_macX.zip`: zipped executable for MacOS X (PPC)
- `praatXXXX_mac9.sit`: StuffIt archive with executable for MacOS 9
- `praatXXXX_mac9.zip`: zipped executable for MacOS 9
- `praatXXXX_mac7.sit`: StuffIt archive with executable for MacOS 7

### 1.3. Unix binaries
- **`praatXXXX_chrome-arm64.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for Linux on ARM64 Chromebooks (GTK 3)**
- **`praatXXXX_linux-arm64-barren.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for ARM64 Linux, without GUI, sound and graphics**
- **`praatXXXX_linux-arm64-nogui.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for ARM64 Linux, without GUI and sound but with graphics (Cairo and Pango)**
- **`praatXXXX_linux-arm64.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for ARM64 Linux (GTK 3)**
- **`praatXXXX_rpi-armv7.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for (32-bit) ARMv7 Linux on the Raspberry Pi 4B (GTK 3)**
- **`praatXXXX_chrome-intel64.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for Intel64 Linux on Intel64 Chromebooks (GTK 3)**
- **`praatXXXX_linux-intel64-barren.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for Intel64 Linux, without GUI, sound and graphics**
- **`praatXXXX_linux-intel64-nogui.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for Intel64 Linux, without GUI and sound but with graphics (Cairo and Pango)**
- **`praatXXXX_linux-intel64.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for Intel64 Linux (GTK 3)**
- `praatXXXX_rpi_armv7.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for (32-bit) ARMv7 Linux on the Raspberry Pi 4B (GTK 2 or 3)
- `praatXXXX_chrome64.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for 64-bit Linux on Intel64 Chromebooks (GTK 2 or 3)
- `praatXXXX_linux64barren.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for 64-bit Intel Linux, without GUI, sound and graphics
- `praatXXXX_linux64nogui.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for 64-bit Intel Linux, without GUI and sound but with graphics (Cairo and Pango)
- `praatXXXX_linux64.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for 64-bit Intel Linux (GTK 2 or 3)
- `praatXXXX_linux32.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for 32-bit Intel Linux (GTK 2)
- `praatXXXX_linux_motif64.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for 64-bit Intel Linux (Motif)
- `praatXXXX_linux_motif32.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for 32-bit Intel Linux (Motif)
- `praatXXXX_solaris.tar.gz`: gzipped tarred executable for Solaris

## 2. Compiling the source code

You need the Praat source code only in the following cases:

1. you want to extend Praat’s functionality by adding C or C++ code to it; or
2. you want to understand or reuse Praat’s source code; or
3. you want to compile Praat for a computer for which we do not provide binary executables,
e.g. Linux for some non-Intel computers, FreeBSD, HP-UX, SGI, or SPARC Solaris.

Before trying to dive into Praat’s source code, you should be familiar with the working of the Praat program
and with writing Praat scripts. The Praat program can be downloaded from https://praat.org.

### 2.1. License

All of the code is available on GitHub under the
[GNU General Public License](http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/GNU_General_Public_License.txt).
Of course, any improvements are welcomed by the authors.

### 2.2. Downloading the archive

To download the latest source code of Praat from GitHub,
click on the *zip* or *tar.gz* archive at the latest release,
or fork ("clone") the praat/praat repository at any later change.

### 2.3. Steps to take if you want to extend Praat

First make sure that the source code can be compiled as is.
Then add your own buttons by editing `main/main_Praat.cpp` or `fon/praat_Fon.cpp`.
Consult the manual page on [Programming](http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/manual/Programming_with_Praat.html).

### 2.4. The programming language

Most of the source code is written in C++, but some parts are written in C.
The code requires that your compiler supports C99 and C++17.

## 3. Developing Praat for one platform

Developing Praat means two things: *building* the Praat executable from the Praat
source code, and *testing* the correctness of the Praat executable.

**Building** is largely automated:
you use an existing Xcode project (for the Mac; these files are included in the releases)
or existing makefiles (for other platforms; these files are included in the source tree).

**Testing** on a platform can be done by starting up Praat on that platform,
and then go through to types of tests. Basic GUI functionality is tested as follows:

1. record a sound (New -> `Record mono Sound...`)
2. open the sound (`View & Edit`)
3. select a part of the sound (drag the mouse across the waveform)
4. play the sound (click on the rectangle below or above the selection)

The integrity of Praats’s algorithms (e.g. signal processing)
and of the Praat scripting language is tested as follows:

1. open the script `test/runAlltests.praat` (Praat -> `Open Praat script...`)
2. run the script (Run -> `Run`)
3. after 2 to 10 minutes, the Info window should contain a big “OK” graph
4. go through steps 1 through 3 for `dwtest/runAllTests.praat`
5. if you feel adventurous, try some tests in the folder `test/manually`

### 3.1. Developing Praat for Windows

To compile Praat’s Windows edition on an Intel 64-bit Windows computer,
install Cygwin on that computer,
and under Cygwin install the Devel packages mingw64-x86_64-gcc-g++ (for 64-bit targets)
and/or mingw64-i686-gcc-g++ (for 32-bit targets).
Move the Praat sources directory somewhere in your `/home/yourname` tree,
e.g. as `/home/yourname/praats` and/or `/home/yourname/praats32`;
the folders `fon` and `sys` should be visible within these folders.
If you want to build Praat's Intel 64-bit edition, type

    cd ~/praats
    cp makefiles/makefile.defs.cygwin-mingw64 ./makefile.defs

or if you want to build Praat's Intel 32-bit edition, type

    cd ~/praats32
    cp makefiles/makefile.defs.cygwin-mingw32 ./makefile.defs

Then type `make` to build `Praat.exe`
(use `make -j12` to speed this up, i.e. to use 12 processors in parallel).

To compile Praat’s Windows edition on an ARM64 computer, install MSYS2 on that computer
and run `clangarm64.exe` to get a shell. In that shell, run `pacman -Suy` to update and
`pacman -S mingw-w64-clang-aarch64-clang` to install the build tools package.
Move the Praat sources directory somewhere in your `/home/yourname` tree,
e.g. as `/home/yourname/praats`;
the folders `fon` and `sys` should be visible within these folders.
If you want to build Praat's ARM64 edition, type

    cd ~/praats
    cp makefiles/makefile.defs.msys-arm64 ./makefile.defs

Testing on multiple platform versions can be done with virtual machines
for Windows 7 (64-bit), Windows 8.1 (64-bit), 64-bit Windows 10 (1507, 1803, 22H2) and Windows 11,
for instance on an Intel64 Mac with Parallels Desktop.
On an ARM64 Mac with Parallels Desktop, you can test only on Windows 11.

### 3.2. Compiling for Macintosh

Extract the *praatXXXX_xcodeproj.zip* file from the [latest release](https://github.com/praat/praat/releases)
into the directory that contains `sys`, `fon`, `dwtools` and so on (e.g. `~/Dropbox/Praats/src`).
Then open the project `praat.xcodeproj` in Xcode 15.1 (or perhaps later, but not in Xcode 15.0),
and edit the Intermediate and Product build paths to something that suits you
(Xcode -> Settings... -> Locations -> Derived Data -> Advanced... -> Custom -> Absolute,
then type something after Products, e.g. `~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/macos`,
as well as something after Intermediates, e.g. `~/builds/mac_intermediates`, then click Done).
After this preliminary work, choose Build or Run for the target `praat_mac`.
You can compile with the 14.2 SDK, which will work as far back as macOS 10.11 El Capitan,
which is our deployment target, and will look good even on macOS 14 Sonoma.

If you get an error message like “Code Signing Identity xxx does not match any valid, non-expired,
code-signing certificate in your keychain”, then select the target `praat_mac`, go to Info → Build,
and switch “Code Signing Identity” to “Don’t Code Sign”,
or sign with your own certificate if you have one as a registered Apple developer.

If you get lots of errors saying “Expected unqualified-id” or “Unknown type name NSString”,
then you may have to switch the Type of some .cpp file from “C++ Source” to “Objective-C++ Source”
(under “Identity and Type” in the righthand sidebar).

If you want to build Praat as a library instead of as an executable,
try the target `praat_mac_a` (static) or `praat_mac_so` (dynamic).

**Notarization.** If you want others to be able to use your Mac app,
you will probably have to not only *sign* the executable, but also *notarize* it. To this end,
do Xcode (version 15) -> Product -> Archive -> Distribute App -> Developer ID -> Upload ->
Automatically manage signing -> Upload -> ...wait... (“Package Approved”) ...wait...
(“Ready to distribute”) -> Export Notarized App). If your Praat.app was built into
`~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/macos/Configuration64`, then you can save the notarized
`Praat.app` in `~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/macos`, then drag it in the Finder to
`~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/macos/Configuration64`, overwriting the non-notarized
Praat.app that was already there. If on the way you receive an error
“App Store Connect Operation Error -- You must first sign the relevant contracts online”,
or “Couldn’t communicate with a helper application“,
or just a crash (happens with Xcode 15.0),
you will have to log in to `developer.apple.com` and do Review Agreement -> Agree;
you may then also have to go (or log in) to App Store Connect, then Agreements, Tax, and Banking
-> Paid Apps -> View or Terms (even if you have no paid apps).

Testing on multiple Intel64 platform versions can be done on older Intel64 Macs,
using virtual machines with Parallels Desktop. For instance, a 2013 Macbook Pro can handle
OS X 10.11 El Capitan, 10.12 Sierra, 10.13 High Sierra, macOS 10.14 Mojave, 10.15 Catalina,
and macOS 11 Big Sur, while a 2018 Macbook Pro can handle macOS 10.14 Mojave, 10.15 Catalina,
macOS 11 Big Sur, macOS 12 Monterey, and macOS 13 Ventura (and macOS 14 Sonoma natively).
Testing on multiple ARM64 platform versions can be done on an older ARM64 Mac,
using virtual machines with Parallels Desktop. For instance, a 2020 Mac Mini could handle
macOS 11 Big Sur, macOS 12 Monterey, and macOS 13 Ventura (and macOS 14 Sonoma natively).

### 3.3. Compiling on Linux and other Unixes

To set up the required system libraries, install some graphics and sound packages:

    sudo apt install libgtk-3-dev
    sudo apt install libasound2-dev
    sudo apt install libpulse-dev
    sudo apt install libjack-dev

To set up your source tree for Linux, go to Praat's sources directory (where the folders `fon` and `sys` are)
and type one of the four following commands:

    # on Ubuntu command line
    cp makefiles/makefile.defs.linux.pulse ./makefile.defs

    # on Chromebook command line
    cp makefiles/makefile.defs.chrome64 ./makefile.defs

    # on Raspberry Pi command line
    cp makefiles/makefile.defs.linux.rpi ./makefile.defs
    
    # On FreeBSD command line
    cp makefiles/makefile.defs.freebsd.alsa ./makefile.defs

To build the Praat executable, type `make` or `make -j12`.
If your Unix isn’t Linux, you may have to edit the library names in the makefile
(you may need pthread, gtk-3, gdk-3, atk-1.0, pangoft2-1.0, gdk_pixbuf-2.0, m, pangocairo-1.0,
cairo-gobject, cairo, gio-2.0, pango-1.0, freetype, fontconfig, gobject-2.0, gmodule-2.0, 
gthread-2.0, rt, glib-2.0, asound, jack).

When compiling Praat on an external supercomputer or so, you will not have sound.
If you do have `libgtk-3-dev` (and its dependencies), do

    cp makefiles/makefile.defs.linux.silent ./makefile.defs

Then type `make` or `make -j12` to build the program. If your Unix isn’t Linux,
you may have to edit the library names in the makefile (you may need pthread, gtk-3, gdk-3, atk-1.0,
pangoft2-1.0, gdk_pixbuf-2.0, m, pangocairo-1.0, cairo-gobject, cairo, gio-2.0, pango-1.0, 
freetype, fontconfig, gobject-2.0, gmodule-2.0, gthread-2.0, rt, glib-2.0).

When compiling Praat for use as a server for commands from your web pages, you may not need sound or a GUI. Do

    cp makefiles/makefile.defs.linux.nogui ./makefile.defs

which creates the executable `praat_nogui`. If you don't need graphics (e.g. PNG files) either
(i.e. you need only Praat's computation), you can create an even lighter edition:

    cp makefiles/makefile.defs.linux.barren ./makefile.defs

which creates the executable `praat_barren`. Then type `make` or `make -j12` to build the program.
If your Unix isn’t Linux, you may have to edit the library names in the makefile.

The above works exactly the same for Intel64 and ARM64 processors, with the same makefiles.

Testing on multiple platform versions can be done with virtual machines
for e.g. Ubuntu 20.04, Ubuntu 22.04, Fedora 35, Fedora 37, Mint 20.2,
Debian GNU Linux 10.10, CentOS 8.4, and CentOS Stream 9, 
for instance on an Intel64 with Parallels Desktop.
On an ARM64 Mac, we test with virtual machines for Ubuntu 22.04, Fedora 38,
and Debian GNU Linux 12 ARM64.

## 4. Developing Praat on all platforms simultaneously

At the time of writing (5 January 2024), we develop 12 of the 13 Praat editions on a single
computer, which is a 2023 M3 Macbook Pro. The Mac edition is built natively with Xcode,
the three Windows editions are built via Parallels Desktop 19,
and the six Linux editions and the two Chromebook editions are built via OrbStack;
only the Raspberry Pi edition is built separately (on a Raspberry Pi).
We put all 13 editions into a `bin` folder on Dropbox, so that it is easy to test
the Windows and Linux editions on other computers.

In the following we assume that you want to create all of those editions as well.
We hope that our example will be useful to you.

### 4.1. MacOS development set-up

Your source code folders, such as `fon` and `sys`,
will reside in a folder like `~/Dropbox/Praats/src`,
where you also put `praat.xcodeproj`, as described above in 3.2.
On our 2023 Mac with Xcode 15.1, building Praat with Command-B or Command-R,
after cleaning the build folder with Shift-Command-K,
takes only 56 seconds for the ARM64 part and Intel64 part together (optimization level O3).

### 4.2. Windows development set-up

On a Windows 10 or Windows 11 computer, you can install MSYS2 or Cygwin,
and create some `praats` folders, as described above in 3.1.

If you work under Parallels Desktop on an ARM64 Mac,
you will want MSYS2, because it has an edition for ARM64.
Your source tree will reside on the Windows disk,
which can be much faster than building directly on the MacOS disk.
To move the source from the MacOS disk to the Windows disk,
you “mount” the MacOS disk from MSYS2 or Cygwin; this is easy:
in Parallels Desktop, choose `Windows 11 ARM` -> `Configure`,
then `Options`, then `Sharing`, then `Share Mac`, and set `Share folders` to `Home folder only`
(if this scares you, then use `Custom Folders` instead).
Your MacOS home folder (i.e. `/Users/yourname`) is now visible anywhere on Windows
as the `Z` drive (or so); from the `MSYS2 CLANGARM64 Shell` you can access it as `/z`,
and from the `Cygwin64 Terminal` you can access it as `/cygdrive/z`.

When developing Praat for Windows, you just edit your files in Xcode;
do not forget to save them (as you do e.g. by building in Xcode).
Then, just as you use Command-B and Command-R in Xcode,
you will be able to type `praat-build` (which only builds) or `praat-run` (which builds and runs)
into your `MSYS2 CLANGARM64 Shell` or `Cygwin64 Terminal`. To accomplish this,
add the following definitions into `/home/yourname/.bashrc` or `/home/yourname/.bash_profile`
in your MSYS2 Shell home folder or your Cygwin home folder,
so that the `bash` shell will automatically execute them whenever you start your
MSYS shell or Cygwin terminal (you will need to have installed `rsync` and `make`).
On our 2023 Mac, the ARM64 edition will be the default,
but the Intel64 and Intel32 versions will also be available:

    # in MSYS2:~/.bashrc
    PRAAT_SOURCES="/z/Dropbox/Praats/src"
    PRAAT_EXCLUDES='--exclude="*.xcodeproj" --exclude="Icon*" --exclude=".*" --exclude="*kanweg*"'

    alias praat-build="( cd ~/praats &&\
        rsync -rptvz $PRAAT_SOURCES/ $PRAAT_EXCLUDES . &&\
        cp makefiles/makefile.defs.msys-arm64 makefile.defs &&\
        make -j20 )"
    alias praat="~/praats/Praat.exe"
    alias praat-run="praat-build && praat"

    alias praat64-build="( cd ~/praats64 &&\
        rsync -rptvz $PRAAT_SOURCES/ $PRAAT_EXCLUDES . &&\
        cp makefiles/makefile.defs.msys-intel64 makefile.defs &&\
        make -j20 )"
    alias praat64="~/praats64/Praat.exe"
    alias praat64-run="praat-build64 && praat64"

    alias praat32-build="( cd ~/praats32 &&\
        rsync -rptvz $PRAAT_SOURCES/ $PRAAT_EXCLUDES . &&\
        cp makefiles/makefile.defs.msys-intel32 makefile.defs &&\
        make -j20 )"
    alias praat32="~/praats32/Praat.exe"
    alias praat32-run="praat-build32 && praat32"

This also defines `praat` (and `praat64` and `praat32`) for running Praat without first rebuilding it.
The cycle from editing Praat on the Mac to running the new version on Windows therefore takes only two steps:

1. edit and save the source code in Xcode on your Mac;
2. type `praat-run` on your Windows 11 (under Parallels Desktop on your Mac).

On ur 2023 Mac, the three builds cost 89 seconds for ARM64,
and 215 seconds (under emulation) for Intel64 and Intel32.

### 4.3. Linux development set-up

On an Ubuntu 20.04 or 22.04 computer, create a folder `praats` in your home folder,
as described above in 3.3.

If you work under Parallels Desktop (19 or later) on an Intel64 Mac,
choose `Ubuntu 20.04 or 22.04` -> `Configure`,
then `Options`, then `Sharing`, then `Share Mac`, and set `Share folders` to `Home folder only`
(or use `Custom Folders` instead).
Your MacOS home folder (i.e. `/Users/yourname`) is now visible on the Ubuntu desktop
as `Home`, and from the `Terminal` you can access it as `/media/psf/Home`.

However, on an ARM64 Mac this procedure with Parallels Desktop works only for the ARM64 edition.
With OrbStack we can instead create the Intel64 edition as well
(and building the ARM64 edition is also faster). Your Mac home folder is known
simply as `/Users/yourname` or so.

When developing Praat for Linux, you just edit and save your files in Xcode.
You will be able to type `praat-build` (which only builds) or `praat-run` (which builds and runs)
into your `Terminal` after you add the following definitions into
`/home/yourname/.bash_aliases` in your Ubuntu home folder
(this will be run automatically by `.bashrc` whenever you start a `Terminal` window,
assuming that it uses the `bash` shell; please note the subtle but crucial difference
between `/Users/yourname` and `/home/yourname`):

    # in Ubuntu:/home/yourname/.bash_aliases
    PRAAT_SOURCES="/Users/yourname/Dropbox/Praats/src"
    PRAAT_EXCLUDES='--exclude="*.xcodeproj" --exclude="Icon*" --exclude=".*" --exclude="*kanweg*"'
    alias praat-build="( cd ~/praats &&\
        rsync -rptvz $PRAAT_SOURCES/ $PRAAT_EXCLUDES . &&\
        cp makefiles/makefile.defs.linux.pulse makefile.defs &&\
        make -j20 )"
    alias praat="~/praats/praat"
    alias praat-run="praat-build && praat"

(In OrbStack, Praat will not have a GUI, so try `praat-run --version` instead,
and test later on a Linux computer or Linux virtual machine.)

On our 2023 Mac, building Praat this way takes 63 seconds for the ARM64 edition
and 150 seconds (under emulation) for the Intel64 edition (optimization level O3).

To build `praat_barren`, create a folder `praatsb`, and define

    # in Ubuntu:~/.bash_aliases
    alias praatb-build="( cd ~/praatsb &&\
        rsync -rptvz $PRAAT_SOURCES/ $PRAAT_EXCLUDES . &&\
        cp makefiles/makefile.defs.linux.barren makefile.defs &&\
        make -j20 )"
    alias praatb="~/praatsb/praat_barren"
    alias praatb-run="praatb-build && praatb"

You test `praat_barren` briefly by typing

    # on Ubuntu command line
    praatb --version

To build `praat_nogui`, create a folder `praatsn`, and define

    # in Ubuntu:~/.bash_aliases
    alias praatn-build="( cd ~/praatsn &&\
        rsync -rptvz $PRAAT_SOURCES/ $PRAAT_EXCLUDES . &&\
        cp makefiles/makefile.defs.linux.nogui makefile.defs &&\
        make -j20 )"
    alias praatn="~/praatsn/praat_nogui"
    alias praatn-run="praatn-build && praatn"

You test `praat_nogui` briefly by typing

    # on Ubuntu command line
    praatn --version

To build Praat for Chrome64 (64-bit Intel Chromebooks only),
create a folder `praatc`, and define

    # in Ubuntu:~/.bash_aliases
    alias praatc-build="( cd ~/praatsc &&\
        rsync -rptvz $PRAAT_SOURCES/ $PRAAT_EXCLUDES . &&\
        cp makefiles/makefile.defs.chrome64 makefile.defs &&\
        make -j20 )"
    alias praatc="~/praatsc/praat"
    alias praatc-run="praatc-build && praat"

To test Praat for Chrome64, you can just run it on Ubuntu by typing `praatc`,
or you transfer it to a Chromebook for the real test.

### 4.4. Chromebook development set-up

Parallels Desktop 19 has no emulator for Chrome, so the choice is between
building Praat on a Chromebook directly or building Praat on Ubuntu 20.04 or 22.04.
On a 2019 HP Chromebook with Intel processor, building Praat takes
a forbidding 27 minutes.

So we choose to build Praat on Ubuntu (under Parallels Desktop on an Intel64 Mac),
because building the Intel Chrome64 edition on OrbStack Ubuntu 20.04 takes only
63 seconds (ARM64) or 215 seconds (Intel64). If you have the Linux set-up described in 4.3,
you can do this with the `praatc-build` command.

Next, you need a way to get the executable `praat` from Mac/Ubuntu to your Chromebook.
The distributors of Praat do this via an intermediary university computer;
let’s call this computer-in-the-middle `fon.hum.uva.nl`
(not coincidentally, that’s the name of the computer that hosts `praat.org`).
If you have an account on that computer (say it’s called `yourname`),
then you can access that account with `ssh`, and it is best to do that without
typing your password each time. To accomplish this, type

    # on Ubuntu command line
    ssh-keygen

on your Ubuntu. This gives you a file `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` on your Ubuntu,
which contains your public `ssh` key. You should append the contents of this `id_rsa.pub`
to the file `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` on your intermediary computer. From that moment on,
your intermediary computer will accept `rsync -e ssh` calls from your Ubuntu.
On the intermediary computer, create a folder `~/builds`, and a folder `chrome64` inside that.
If you now define

    # in Ubuntu:~/.bash_aliases
    praatc-put="rsync -tpvz ~/praatsc/praat yourname@fon.hum.uva.nl:~/builds/chrome64"
    praatc-mid="praatc-build && praatc-put"

you can build and send Praat for Chrome to the intermediary computer by just typing

    # on Ubuntu command line
    praatc-mid

On your Chromebook, start up Linux (see the Chromebook download page for details),
create a directory `~/praats` there, and define the following:

    # in Chromebook:~/.bash_aliases
    alias praat-get="( cd ~/praats &&\
        rsync -tpvz yourname@fon.hum.uva.nl:~/builds/chrome64/praat . )"
    alias praat="~/praats/praat"
    alias praat-run="praat-get && praat"

From then on, you can use

    # on Chromebook command line
    praat-run

to fetch Praat from the intermediary computer and run it.

The cycle from editing Praat on the Mac to running it on your Chromebook therefore takes only three steps:

1. edit and save the source code in Xcode on your Mac;
2. type `praatc-mid` on your Ubuntu (under Parallels Desktop on your Mac);
3. type `praat-run` on your Chromebook.

For edits in a `cpp` file (no changes in header files), this whole cycle can be performed within 15 seconds.

### 4.5. Raspberry Pi development set-up

One could perhaps create the Raspberry Pi edition by cross-compiling on Ubuntu 20.04 or 22.04.
If any reader of these lines has precise instructions, we would like to know about it
(the main problem is how to install the GTK etc libraries in the Raspberry Pi toolchain,
or how to get `dpkg` under Ubuntu-buster to actually find `armhf` libraries).

Till then, you build on the Raspberry Pi itself. Your could do that via an intermediary computer
(analogously to what we described above for Chromebook), but you can also do it directly
if you include your Raspberry Pi in the same local network as your Mac and switch on SSH
on your Raspberry Pi (via Raspberry ->  `Preferences` -> `Raspberry Pi Configuration`
-> `Interfaces` -> `SSH` -> `Enable`. You add your Mac’s public SSH key to your Raspberry Pi with

    # on Mac command line
    ssh-keygen   # only if you have no SSH key yet
    ssh-copy-id pi@192.168.1.2   # or whatever your Pi’s static IP address is

On your Raspberry Pi, you create a folder `~/praats`,
after which you can push the sources from your Mac to your Raspberry Pi with

    # in Mac:~/.bash_profile
    PRAAT_SOURCES="~/Praats/src"
    PRAAT_EXCLUDES='--exclude="*.xcodeproj" --exclude="Icon*" --exclude=".*" --exclude="*kanweg*"'
    alias praats-putpi="rsync -rptvz -e ssh $PRAAT_EXCLUDES \
        $PRAAT_SOURCES/ pi@192.168.1.2:~/praats"

On the Raspberry Pi, you define

    # in RaspberryPi:~/.bash_aliases
    alias praat-build="( cd ~/praats &&\
        cp makefiles/makefile.defs.linux.rpi makefile.defs &&\
        make -j4 )"
    alias praat="~/praats/praat"
    alias praat-run="praat-build && praat"

after which you can build and run Praat with

    # on Raspberry Pi command line
    praat-run

Thus, the cycle from editing Praat on the Mac to running it on your Raspberry Pi therefore takes three steps:

1. edit and save the source code in Xcode on your Mac;
2. type `praats-putpi` on your Mac;
3. type `praat-run` on your Raspberry Pi, perhaps via `ssh -X pi@192.168.1.2` in your Mac terminal.

From clean sources this takes around 19 minutes (on a Raspberry Pi 4B),
but if no header files change, then it can be done in approximately 20 seconds.

### 4.6. Distributing Praat

If you want to distribute your version of Praat, you can do so on GitHub and/or on a website
(at least, that’s how the main authors do it). Both of these venues require that you have
all the executables in one place. The guide below refers to the creation of packages
for all platforms for Praat version 9.9.99, although your version number will be different.
The packages will be collected in the directory `~/Praats/www` on the Mac.

If you follow the location mentioned in the `.xcodeproj` file, the Mac binary will reside
in a place like `~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/Configuration64`.

After notarizing the Mac binary (see above under 3.2),
you include the executable in a `.dmg` disk image, with the following commands:

    # on Mac command line
    PRAAT_WWW="~/Dropbox/Praats/www"
    PRAAT_VERSION=9999
    cd ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/macos/Configuration64
    hdiutil create -fs HFS+ -ov -srcfolder Praat.app -volname Praat_${PRAAT_VERSION} praat_${PRAAT_VERSION}.dmg
    hdiutil convert -ov -format UDZO -o ${PRAAT_WWW}/praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_mac.dmg praat_${PRAAT_VERSION}.dmg
    rm praat_${PRAAT_VERSION}.dmg

You also need to distribute the `.xcodeproj` file, which is actually a folder, so that you have to zip it:

    # on Mac command line
    PRAAT_SOURCES="~/Dropbox/Praats/src"
    cd $PRAAT_SOURCES
    zip -r $PRAAT_WWW/praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_xcodeproj.zip praat.xcodeproj

The Windows executables have to be sent from your Cygwin terminal or MSYS shell to your Mac.
It is easiest to do this without a version number (so that you have to supply the number only once),
so you send them to the intermediate Mac folders `~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/win-intel64`
and `~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/win-intel32` and `~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/win-arm64`.
On MSYS you can define:

    # in MSYS:~/.bashrc
    alias praat-dist="praat-build && rsync -t ~/praats/Praat.exe /z/Dropbox/Praats/bin/win-arm64"
    alias praat64-dist="praat64-build && rsync -t ~/praats64/Praat.exe /z/Dropbox/Praats/bin/win-intel64"
    alias praat32-dist="praat32-build && rsync -t ~/praats32/Praat.exe /z/Dropbox/Praats/bin/win-intel32"

so that you can “upload” the two executables to the Mac with

    # on MSYS command line
    praat-dist
    praat64-dist
    praat32-dist

The four Linux executables have to be sent from your Ubuntu terminal to your Mac,
namely to the folder `~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux_intel64` or `~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux_arm64`
(each of which will contain `praat`, `praat_barren` and `praat_nogui`), and to the folder
`~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/chrome_intel64` or `~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/chrome_arm64`
(which will contain only `praat`).
On Ubuntu you can define

    # in MSYS2 Intel64 Ubuntu:~/.bash_aliases
    alias praat-dist="praat-build && rsync -t ~/praats/praat /Users/yourname/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-intel64"
    alias praatb-dist="praatb-build && rsync -t ~/praatsb/praat_barren /Users/yourname/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-intel64"
    alias praatn-dist="praatn-build && rsync -t ~/praatsn/praat_nogui /Users/yourname/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-intel64"
    alias praatc-dist="praatc-build && rsync -t ~/praatsc/praat /Users/yourname/Dropbox/Praats/bin/chrome-intel64"

    # in MSYS2 ARM64 Ubuntu:~/.bash_aliases
    alias praat-dist="praat-build && rsync -t ~/praats/praat /Users/yourname/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-arm64"
    alias praatb-dist="praatb-build && rsync -t ~/praatsb/praat_barren /Users/yourname/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-arm64"
    alias praatn-dist="praatn-build && rsync -t ~/praatsn/praat_nogui /Users/yourname/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-arm64"
    alias praatc-dist="praatc-build && rsync -t ~/praatsc/praat /Users/yourname/Dropbox/Praats/bin/chrome-arm64"

so that you can “upload” the four executables to the Mac with

    # on Ubuntu command line
    praat-dist
    praatb-dist
    praatn-dist
    praatc-dist

You can fetch the Raspberry Pi edition directly from your Raspberry Pi:

    # on Mac command line
    rsync -tpvz pi@192.168.1.2:~/praats/praat ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/rpi-armv7

When the folders under `~/Dropbox/Praats/bin`, namely `win-intel64`, `win-intel32`, `win-arm64`,
`linux-intel64`, `linux-arm64`, `chrome-intel64`, `chrome-arm64` and `rpi-armv7`
all contain enough new executables (there should be 1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 1, 1 and 1, respectively),
you can issue the following commands to create the packages and install them in `~/Dropbox/Praats/www`:

    # on Mac command line
    zip $PRAAT_WWW/praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_win-intel64.zip ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/win-intel64/Praat.exe
    zip $PRAAT_WWW/praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_win-intel32.zip ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/win-intel32/Praat.exe
    zip $PRAAT_WWW/praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_win-arm64.zip ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/win-arm64/Praat.exe
    ( cd ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-intel64 &&\
      tar cvf praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-intel64.tar praat &&\
      gzip praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-intel64.tar &&\
      mv praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-intel64.tar.gz $PRAAT_WWW )
    ( cd ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-intel64 &&\
      tar cvf praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-intel64-barren.tar praat_barren &&\
      gzip praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-intel64-barren.tar &&\
      mv praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-intel64-barren.tar.gz $PRAAT_WWW )
    ( cd ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-intel64 &&\
      tar cvf praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-intel64-nogui.tar praat_nogui &&\
      gzip praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-intel64-nogui.tar &&\
      mv praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-intel64-nogui.tar.gz $PRAAT_WWW )
    ( cd ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/chrome-intel64 &&\
      tar cvf praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_chrome-intel64.tar praat &&\
      gzip praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_chrome-intel64.tar &&\
      mv praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_chrome-intel64.tar.gz $PRAAT_WWW )
    ( cd ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-arm64 &&\
      tar cvf praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-arm64.tar praat &&\
      gzip praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-arm64.tar &&\
      mv praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-arm64.tar.gz $PRAAT_WWW )
    ( cd ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-arm64 &&\
      tar cvf praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-arm64-barren.tar praat_barren &&\
      gzip praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-arm64-barren.tar &&\
      mv praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-arm64-barren.tar.gz $PRAAT_WWW )
    ( cd ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/linux-arm64 &&\
      tar cvf praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-arm64-nogui.tar praat_nogui &&\
      gzip praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-arm64-nogui.tar &&\
      mv praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_linux-arm64-nogui.tar.gz $PRAAT_WWW )
    ( cd ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/chrome-arm64 &&\
      tar cvf praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_chrome-arm64.tar praat &&\
      gzip praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_chrome-arm64.tar &&\
      mv praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_chrome-arm64.tar.gz $PRAAT_WWW )
    ( cd ~/Dropbox/Praats/bin/rpi-armv7 &&\
      tar cvf praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_rpi-armv7.tar praat &&\
      gzip praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_rpi-armv7.tar &&\
      mv praat${PRAAT_VERSION}_rpi-armv7.tar.gz $PRAAT_WWW )

Finally, you can update your website and/or create a new release on GitHub.
