# Using PHP

This section gathers many common errors that you may face while writing PHP scripts.

I cannot remember the parameter order of PHP functions, are they random?

PHP is a glue that brings together hundreds of external libraries, so sometimes this gets messy. However, a simple rule of thumb is as follows:

Array function parameters are ordered as "needle, haystack" whereas String functions are the opposite, so "haystack, needle".

I would like to write a generic PHP script that can handle data coming from any form. How do I know which POST method variables are available?

PHP offers many predefined variables, like the superglobal `$_POST`. You may loop through `$_POST` as it's an associate array of all POSTed values. For example, let's simply loop through it with &foreach;, check for `empty` values, and print them out.

    <?php
    $empty = $post = array();
    foreach ($_POST as $varname => $varvalue) {
        if (empty($varvalue)) {
            $empty[$varname] = $varvalue;
        } else {
            $post[$varname] = $varvalue;
        }
    }

    print "<pre>";
    if (empty($empty)) {
        print "None of the POSTed values are empty, posted:\n";
        var_dump($post);
    } else {
        print "We have " . count($empty) . " empty values\n";
        print "Posted:\n"; var_dump($post);
        print "Empty:\n";  var_dump($empty);
        exit;
    }
    ?>

I need to convert all single-quotes (') to a backslash followed by a single-quote (\'). How can I do this with a regular expression? I'd also like to convert " to \" and \ to \\.

Assuming this is for a database, use the escaping mechanism that comes with the database. For example, use `mysql_real_escape_string` with MySQL and `pg_escape_string` with PostgreSQL. There is also the generic `addslashes` and `stripslashes` functions, that are more common with older PHP code.

When I do the following, the output is printed in the wrong order:

    <?php
    function myfunc($argument)
    {
        echo $argument + 10;
    }
    $variable = 10;
    echo "myfunc($variable) = " . myfunc($variable);
    ?>

what's going on?

To be able to use the results of your function in an expression (such as concatenating it with other strings in the example above), you need to `return` the value, not `echo` it.

Hey, what happened to my newlines?

    <pre>
    <?php echo "This should be the first line."; ?>
    <?php echo "This should show up after the new line above."; ?>
    </pre>

In PHP, the ending for a block of code is either "?>" or "?>\n" (where \n means a newline). So in the example above, the echoed sentences will be on one line, because PHP omits the newlines after the block ending. This means that you need to insert an extra newline after each block of PHP code to make it print out one newline.

Why does PHP do this? Because when formatting normal HTML, this usually makes your life easier because you don't want that newline, but you'd have to create extremely long lines or otherwise make the raw page source unreadable to achieve that effect.

I get the message 'Warning: Cannot send session cookie - headers already sent...' or 'Cannot add header information - headers already sent...'.

The functions `header`, `setcookie`, and the session functions need to add headers to the output stream but headers can only be sent before all other content. There can be no output before using these functions, output such as HTML. The function `headers_sent` will check if your script has already sent headers and see also the Output Control functions.

I need to access information in the request header directly. How can I do this?

The `getallheaders` function will do this if you are running PHP as an Apache module. So, the following bit of code will show you all the request headers:

    <?php
    $headers = getallheaders();
    foreach ($headers as $name => $content) {
        echo "headers[$name] = $content<br />\n";
    }
    ?>

See also `apache_lookup_uri`, `apache_response_headers`, and `fsockopen`

When I try to use authentication with IIS I get 'No Input file specified'.

The security model of IIS is at fault here. This is a problem common to all CGI programs running under IIS. A workaround is to create a plain HTML file (not parsed by PHP) as the entry page into an authenticated directory. Then use a META tag to redirect to the PHP page, or have a link to the PHP page. PHP will then recognize the authentication correctly. This should not affect other NT web servers. For more information, see: &url.iis; and the manual section on HTTP Authentication .

Windows: I can't access files shared on another computer using IIS

You have to change the `Go to Internet Information Services`. Locate your PHP file and go to its properties. Go to the `File Security` tab, `Edit -< Anonymous access and authentication control`.

You can fix the problem either by unticking `Anonymous Access` and leaving `Integrated Window Authentication` ticked, or, by ticking `Anonymous Access` and editing the user as he may not have the access right.

How am I supposed to mix XML and PHP? It complains about my <?xml tags!

In order to embed <?xml straight into your PHP code, you'll have to turn off short tags by having the PHP directive short_open_tags set to `0`. You cannot set this directive with `ini_set`. Regardless of short_open_tags being on or off, you can do something like: `<?php echo '<?xml'; ?>`. The default for this directive is `On`.

Where can I find a complete list of variables are available to me in PHP?

Read the manual page on predefined variables as it includes a partial list of predefined variables available to your script. A complete list of available variables (and much more information) can be seen by calling the `phpinfo` function. Be sure to read the manual section on variables from outside of PHP as it describes common scenarios for external variables, like from a HTML form, a Cookie, and the URL.

How can I generate PDF files without using the non-free and commercial libraries like PDFLib? I'd like something that's free and doesn't require external PDF libraries.

There are a few alternatives written in PHP such as FPDF and TCPDF.

A few PHP directives may also take on shorthand byte values, as opposed to only `int` byte values. What are all the available shorthand byte options?

The available options are K (for Kilobytes), M (for Megabytes) and G (for Gigabytes), and are all case-insensitive. Anything else assumes bytes. `1M` equals one Megabyte or `1048576` bytes. `1K` equals one Kilobyte or `1024` bytes. These shorthand notations may be used in &php.ini; and in the `ini_set` function. Note that the numeric value is cast to `int`; for instance, `0.5M` is interpreted as `0`.

## kilobyte versus kibibyte

The PHP notation describes one kilobyte as equalling 1024 bytes, whereas the IEC standard considers this to be a kibibyte instead. Summary: k and K = 1024 bytes.