"""Sparse Dtype"""
from __future__ import annotations

import re
from typing import (
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
)
import warnings

import numpy as np

from pandas._typing import (
    Dtype,
    DtypeObj,
    type_t,
)
from pandas.errors import PerformanceWarning
from pandas.util._exceptions import find_stack_level

from pandas.core.dtypes.base import (
    ExtensionDtype,
    register_extension_dtype,
)
from pandas.core.dtypes.cast import astype_nansafe
from pandas.core.dtypes.common import (
    is_bool_dtype,
    is_object_dtype,
    is_scalar,
    is_string_dtype,
    pandas_dtype,
)
from pandas.core.dtypes.missing import (
    isna,
    na_value_for_dtype,
)

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from pandas.core.arrays.sparse.array import SparseArray


@register_extension_dtype
class SparseDtype(ExtensionDtype):
    """
    Dtype for data stored in :class:`SparseArray`.

    This dtype implements the pandas ExtensionDtype interface.

    Parameters
    ----------
    dtype : str, ExtensionDtype, numpy.dtype, type, default numpy.float64
        The dtype of the underlying array storing the non-fill value values.
    fill_value : scalar, optional
        The scalar value not stored in the SparseArray. By default, this
        depends on `dtype`.

        =========== ==========
        dtype       na_value
        =========== ==========
        float       ``np.nan``
        int         ``0``
        bool        ``False``
        datetime64  ``pd.NaT``
        timedelta64 ``pd.NaT``
        =========== ==========

        The default value may be overridden by specifying a `fill_value`.

    Attributes
    ----------
    None

    Methods
    -------
    None
    """

    # We include `_is_na_fill_value` in the metadata to avoid hash collisions
    # between SparseDtype(float, 0.0) and SparseDtype(float, nan).
    # Without is_na_fill_value in the comparison, those would be equal since
    # hash(nan) is (sometimes?) 0.
    _metadata = ("_dtype", "_fill_value", "_is_na_fill_value")

    def __init__(self, dtype: Dtype = np.float64, fill_value: Any = None):

        if isinstance(dtype, type(self)):
            if fill_value is None:
                fill_value = dtype.fill_value
            dtype = dtype.subtype

        dtype = pandas_dtype(dtype)
        if is_string_dtype(dtype):
            dtype = np.dtype("object")

        if fill_value is None:
            fill_value = na_value_for_dtype(dtype)

        self._dtype = dtype
        self._fill_value = fill_value
        self._check_fill_value()

    def __hash__(self):
        # Python3 doesn't inherit __hash__ when a base class overrides
        # __eq__, so we explicitly do it here.
        return super().__hash__()

    def __eq__(self, other: Any) -> bool:
        # We have to override __eq__ to handle NA values in _metadata.
        # The base class does simple == checks, which fail for NA.
        if isinstance(other, str):
            try:
                other = self.construct_from_string(other)
            except TypeError:
                return False

        if isinstance(other, type(self)):
            subtype = self.subtype == other.subtype
            if self._is_na_fill_value:
                # this case is complicated by two things:
                # SparseDtype(float, float(nan)) == SparseDtype(float, np.nan)
                # SparseDtype(float, np.nan)     != SparseDtype(float, pd.NaT)
                # i.e. we want to treat any floating-point NaN as equal, but
                # not a floating-point NaN and a datetime NaT.
                fill_value = (
                    other._is_na_fill_value
                    and isinstance(self.fill_value, type(other.fill_value))
                    or isinstance(other.fill_value, type(self.fill_value))
                )
            else:
                fill_value = self.fill_value == other.fill_value

            return subtype and fill_value
        return False

    @property
    def fill_value(self):
        """
        The fill value of the array.

        Converting the SparseArray to a dense ndarray will fill the
        array with this value.

        .. warning::

           It's possible to end up with a SparseArray that has ``fill_value``
           values in ``sp_values``. This can occur, for example, when setting
           ``SparseArray.fill_value`` directly.
        """
        return self._fill_value

    def _check_fill_value(self):
        if not is_scalar(self._fill_value):
            raise ValueError(
                f"fill_value must be a scalar. Got {self._fill_value} instead"
            )
        # TODO: Right now we can use Sparse boolean array
        #       with any fill_value. Here was an attempt
        #       to allow only 3 value: True, False or nan
        #       but plenty test has failed.
        # see pull 44955
        # if self._is_boolean and not (
        #    is_bool(self._fill_value) or isna(self._fill_value)
        # ):
        #    raise ValueError(
        #        "fill_value must be True, False or nan "
        #        f"for boolean type. Got {self._fill_value} instead"
        #    )

    @property
    def _is_na_fill_value(self) -> bool:
        return isna(self.fill_value)

    @property
    def _is_numeric(self) -> bool:
        return not is_object_dtype(self.subtype)

    @property
    def _is_boolean(self) -> bool:
        return is_bool_dtype(self.subtype)

    @property
    def kind(self):
        """
        The sparse kind. Either 'integer', or 'block'.
        """
        return self.subtype.kind

    @property
    def type(self):
        return self.subtype.type

    @property
    def subtype(self):
        return self._dtype

    @property
    def name(self):
        return f"Sparse[{self.subtype.name}, {repr(self.fill_value)}]"

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        return self.name

    @classmethod
    def construct_array_type(cls) -> type_t[SparseArray]:
        """
        Return the array type associated with this dtype.

        Returns
        -------
        type
        """
        from pandas.core.arrays.sparse.array import SparseArray

        return SparseArray

    @classmethod
    def construct_from_string(cls, string: str) -> SparseDtype:
        """
        Construct a SparseDtype from a string form.

        Parameters
        ----------
        string : str
            Can take the following forms.

            string           dtype
            ================ ============================
            'int'            SparseDtype[np.int64, 0]
            'Sparse'         SparseDtype[np.float64, nan]
            'Sparse[int]'    SparseDtype[np.int64, 0]
            'Sparse[int, 0]' SparseDtype[np.int64, 0]
            ================ ============================

            It is not possible to specify non-default fill values
            with a string. An argument like ``'Sparse[int, 1]'``
            will raise a ``TypeError`` because the default fill value
            for integers is 0.

        Returns
        -------
        SparseDtype
        """
        if not isinstance(string, str):
            raise TypeError(
                f"'construct_from_string' expects a string, got {type(string)}"
            )
        msg = f"Cannot construct a 'SparseDtype' from '{string}'"
        if string.startswith("Sparse"):
            try:
                sub_type, has_fill_value = cls._parse_subtype(string)
            except ValueError as err:
                raise TypeError(msg) from err
            else:
                result = SparseDtype(sub_type)
                msg = (
                    f"Cannot construct a 'SparseDtype' from '{string}'.\n\nIt "
                    "looks like the fill_value in the string is not "
                    "the default for the dtype. Non-default fill_values "
                    "are not supported. Use the 'SparseDtype()' "
                    "constructor instead."
                )
                if has_fill_value and str(result) != string:
                    raise TypeError(msg)
                return result
        else:
            raise TypeError(msg)

    @staticmethod
    def _parse_subtype(dtype: str) -> tuple[str, bool]:
        """
        Parse a string to get the subtype

        Parameters
        ----------
        dtype : str
            A string like

            * Sparse[subtype]
            * Sparse[subtype, fill_value]

        Returns
        -------
        subtype : str

        Raises
        ------
        ValueError
            When the subtype cannot be extracted.
        """
        xpr = re.compile(r"Sparse\[(?P<subtype>[^,]*)(, )?(?P<fill_value>.*?)?\]$")
        m = xpr.match(dtype)
        has_fill_value = False
        if m:
            subtype = m.groupdict()["subtype"]
            has_fill_value = bool(m.groupdict()["fill_value"])
        elif dtype == "Sparse":
            subtype = "float64"
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Cannot parse {dtype}")
        return subtype, has_fill_value

    @classmethod
    def is_dtype(cls, dtype: object) -> bool:
        dtype = getattr(dtype, "dtype", dtype)
        if isinstance(dtype, str) and dtype.startswith("Sparse"):
            sub_type, _ = cls._parse_subtype(dtype)
            dtype = np.dtype(sub_type)
        elif isinstance(dtype, cls):
            return True
        return isinstance(dtype, np.dtype) or dtype == "Sparse"

    def update_dtype(self, dtype) -> SparseDtype:
        """
        Convert the SparseDtype to a new dtype.

        This takes care of converting the ``fill_value``.

        Parameters
        ----------
        dtype : Union[str, numpy.dtype, SparseDtype]
            The new dtype to use.

            * For a SparseDtype, it is simply returned
            * For a NumPy dtype (or str), the current fill value
              is converted to the new dtype, and a SparseDtype
              with `dtype` and the new fill value is returned.

        Returns
        -------
        SparseDtype
            A new SparseDtype with the correct `dtype` and fill value
            for that `dtype`.

        Raises
        ------
        ValueError
            When the current fill value cannot be converted to the
            new `dtype` (e.g. trying to convert ``np.nan`` to an
            integer dtype).


        Examples
        --------
        >>> SparseDtype(int, 0).update_dtype(float)
        Sparse[float64, 0.0]

        >>> SparseDtype(int, 1).update_dtype(SparseDtype(float, np.nan))
        Sparse[float64, nan]
        """
        cls = type(self)
        dtype = pandas_dtype(dtype)

        if not isinstance(dtype, cls):
            if not isinstance(dtype, np.dtype):
                raise TypeError("sparse arrays of extension dtypes not supported")

            fill_value = astype_nansafe(np.array(self.fill_value), dtype).item()
            dtype = cls(dtype, fill_value=fill_value)

        return dtype

    @property
    def _subtype_with_str(self):
        """
        Whether the SparseDtype's subtype should be considered ``str``.

        Typically, pandas will store string data in an object-dtype array.
        When converting values to a dtype, e.g. in ``.astype``, we need to
        be more specific, we need the actual underlying type.

        Returns
        -------
        >>> SparseDtype(int, 1)._subtype_with_str
        dtype('int64')

        >>> SparseDtype(object, 1)._subtype_with_str
        dtype('O')

        >>> dtype = SparseDtype(str, '')
        >>> dtype.subtype
        dtype('O')

        >>> dtype._subtype_with_str
        <class 'str'>
        """
        if isinstance(self.fill_value, str):
            return type(self.fill_value)
        return self.subtype

    def _get_common_dtype(self, dtypes: list[DtypeObj]) -> DtypeObj | None:
        # TODO for now only handle SparseDtypes and numpy dtypes => extend
        # with other compatible extension dtypes
        if any(
            isinstance(x, ExtensionDtype) and not isinstance(x, SparseDtype)
            for x in dtypes
        ):
            return None

        fill_values = [x.fill_value for x in dtypes if isinstance(x, SparseDtype)]
        fill_value = fill_values[0]

        # np.nan isn't a singleton, so we may end up with multiple
        # NaNs here, so we ignore the all NA case too.
        if not (len(set(fill_values)) == 1 or isna(fill_values).all()):
            warnings.warn(
                "Concatenating sparse arrays with multiple fill "
                f"values: '{fill_values}'. Picking the first and "
                "converting the rest.",
                PerformanceWarning,
                stacklevel=find_stack_level(),
            )

        np_dtypes = [x.subtype if isinstance(x, SparseDtype) else x for x in dtypes]
        return SparseDtype(np.find_common_type(np_dtypes, []), fill_value=fill_value)
