/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.lucene.sandbox.search;

import static org.apache.lucene.util.automaton.Operations.DEFAULT_DETERMINIZE_WORK_LIMIT;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import org.apache.lucene.index.IndexReaderContext;
import org.apache.lucene.index.LeafReaderContext;
import org.apache.lucene.index.PostingsEnum;
import org.apache.lucene.index.ReaderUtil;
import org.apache.lucene.index.Term;
import org.apache.lucene.index.TermState;
import org.apache.lucene.index.TermStates;
import org.apache.lucene.index.TermsEnum;
import org.apache.lucene.queries.spans.SpanNearQuery;
import org.apache.lucene.search.BooleanClause;
import org.apache.lucene.search.Explanation;
import org.apache.lucene.search.IndexSearcher;
import org.apache.lucene.search.LeafSimScorer;
import org.apache.lucene.search.MatchNoDocsQuery;
import org.apache.lucene.search.MultiPhraseQuery;
import org.apache.lucene.search.PhraseQuery;
import org.apache.lucene.search.Query;
import org.apache.lucene.search.QueryVisitor;
import org.apache.lucene.search.ScoreMode;
import org.apache.lucene.search.Scorer;
import org.apache.lucene.search.TermQuery;
import org.apache.lucene.search.TermStatistics;
import org.apache.lucene.search.Weight;
import org.apache.lucene.search.similarities.Similarity;
import org.apache.lucene.util.Accountable;
import org.apache.lucene.util.BytesRef;
import org.apache.lucene.util.IntsRef;
import org.apache.lucene.util.RamUsageEstimator;
import org.apache.lucene.util.automaton.Automaton;
import org.apache.lucene.util.automaton.Operations;
import org.apache.lucene.util.automaton.Transition;

// TODO
//    - compare perf to PhraseQuery exact and sloppy
//    - optimize: find terms that are in fact MUST (because all paths
//      through the A include that term)
//    - if we ever store posLength in the index, it would be easy[ish]
//      to take it into account here

/**
 * A proximity query that lets you express an automaton, whose transitions are terms, to match
 * documents. This is a generalization of other proximity queries like {@link PhraseQuery}, {@link
 * MultiPhraseQuery} and {@link SpanNearQuery}. It is likely slow, since it visits any document
 * having any of the terms (i.e. it acts like a disjunction, not a conjunction like {@link
 * PhraseQuery}), and then it must merge-sort all positions within each document to test whether/how
 * many times the automaton matches.
 *
 * <p>After creating the query, use {@link #createState}, {@link #setAccept}, {@link #addTransition}
 * and {@link #addAnyTransition} to build up the automaton. Once you are done, call {@link #finish}
 * and then execute the query.
 *
 * <p>This code is very new and likely has exciting bugs!
 *
 * @lucene.experimental
 */
public class TermAutomatonQuery extends Query implements Accountable {
  private static final long BASE_RAM_BYTES =
      RamUsageEstimator.shallowSizeOfInstance(TermAutomatonQuery.class);

  private final String field;
  private final Automaton.Builder builder;
  Automaton det;
  private final Map<BytesRef, Integer> termToID = new HashMap<>();
  private final Map<Integer, BytesRef> idToTerm = new HashMap<>();
  private int anyTermID = -1;

  public TermAutomatonQuery(String field) {
    this.field = field;
    this.builder = new Automaton.Builder();
  }

  /** Returns a new state; state 0 is always the initial state. */
  public int createState() {
    return builder.createState();
  }

  /** Marks the specified state as accept or not. */
  public void setAccept(int state, boolean accept) {
    builder.setAccept(state, accept);
  }

  /** Adds a transition to the automaton. */
  public void addTransition(int source, int dest, String term) {
    addTransition(source, dest, new BytesRef(term));
  }

  /** Adds a transition to the automaton. */
  public void addTransition(int source, int dest, BytesRef term) {
    if (term == null) {
      throw new NullPointerException("term should not be null");
    }
    builder.addTransition(source, dest, getTermID(term));
  }

  /** Adds a transition matching any term. */
  public void addAnyTransition(int source, int dest) {
    builder.addTransition(source, dest, getTermID(null));
  }

  /** Call this once you are done adding states/transitions. */
  public void finish() {
    finish(DEFAULT_DETERMINIZE_WORK_LIMIT);
  }

  /**
   * Call this once you are done adding states/transitions.
   *
   * @param determinizeWorkLimit Maximum effort to spend determinizing the automaton. Higher numbers
   *     allow this operation to consume more memory but allow more complex automatons. Use {@link
   *     Operations#DEFAULT_DETERMINIZE_WORK_LIMIT} as a decent default if you don't otherwise know
   *     what to specify.
   */
  public void finish(int determinizeWorkLimit) {
    Automaton automaton = builder.finish();

    // System.out.println("before det:\n" + automaton.toDot());

    Transition t = new Transition();

    // TODO: should we add "eps back to initial node" for all states,
    // and det that?  then we don't need to revisit initial node at
    // every position?  but automaton could blow up?  And, this makes it
    // harder to skip useless positions at search time?

    if (anyTermID != -1) {

      // Make sure there are no leading or trailing ANY:
      int count = automaton.initTransition(0, t);
      for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        automaton.getNextTransition(t);
        if (anyTermID >= t.min && anyTermID <= t.max) {
          throw new IllegalStateException("automaton cannot lead with an ANY transition");
        }
      }

      int numStates = automaton.getNumStates();
      for (int i = 0; i < numStates; i++) {
        count = automaton.initTransition(i, t);
        for (int j = 0; j < count; j++) {
          automaton.getNextTransition(t);
          if (automaton.isAccept(t.dest) && anyTermID >= t.min && anyTermID <= t.max) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("automaton cannot end with an ANY transition");
          }
        }
      }

      int termCount = termToID.size();

      // We have to carefully translate these transitions so automaton
      // realizes they also match all other terms:
      Automaton newAutomaton = new Automaton();
      for (int i = 0; i < numStates; i++) {
        newAutomaton.createState();
        newAutomaton.setAccept(i, automaton.isAccept(i));
      }

      for (int i = 0; i < numStates; i++) {
        count = automaton.initTransition(i, t);
        for (int j = 0; j < count; j++) {
          automaton.getNextTransition(t);
          int min, max;
          if (t.min <= anyTermID && anyTermID <= t.max) {
            // Match any term
            min = 0;
            max = termCount - 1;
          } else {
            min = t.min;
            max = t.max;
          }
          newAutomaton.addTransition(t.source, t.dest, min, max);
        }
      }
      newAutomaton.finishState();
      automaton = newAutomaton;
    }

    det = Operations.removeDeadStates(Operations.determinize(automaton, determinizeWorkLimit));

    if (det.isAccept(0)) {
      throw new IllegalStateException("cannot accept the empty string");
    }
  }

  @Override
  public Weight createWeight(IndexSearcher searcher, ScoreMode scoreMode, float boost)
      throws IOException {
    IndexReaderContext context = searcher.getTopReaderContext();
    Map<Integer, TermStates> termStates = new HashMap<>();

    for (Map.Entry<BytesRef, Integer> ent : termToID.entrySet()) {
      if (ent.getKey() != null) {
        termStates.put(
            ent.getValue(),
            TermStates.build(context, new Term(field, ent.getKey()), scoreMode.needsScores()));
      }
    }

    return new TermAutomatonWeight(det, searcher, termStates, boost);
  }

  @Override
  public String toString(String field) {
    // TODO: what really am I supposed to do with the incoming field...
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    sb.append("TermAutomatonQuery(field=");
    sb.append(this.field);
    if (det != null) {
      sb.append(" numStates=");
      sb.append(det.getNumStates());
    }
    sb.append(')');
    return sb.toString();
  }

  private int getTermID(BytesRef term) {
    Integer id = termToID.get(term);
    if (id == null) {
      id = termToID.size();
      if (term != null) {
        term = BytesRef.deepCopyOf(term);
      }
      termToID.put(term, id);
      idToTerm.put(id, term);
      if (term == null) {
        anyTermID = id;
      }
    }

    return id;
  }

  /** Returns true iff <code>o</code> is equal to this. */
  @Override
  public boolean equals(Object other) {
    return sameClassAs(other) && equalsTo(getClass().cast(other));
  }

  private static boolean checkFinished(TermAutomatonQuery q) {
    if (q.det == null) {
      throw new IllegalStateException("Call finish first on: " + q);
    }
    return true;
  }

  private boolean equalsTo(TermAutomatonQuery other) {
    return checkFinished(this) && checkFinished(other) && other == this;
  }

  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    checkFinished(this);
    // LUCENE-7295: this used to be very awkward toDot() call; it is safer to assume
    // that no two instances are equivalent instead (until somebody finds a better way to check
    // on automaton equivalence quickly).
    return System.identityHashCode(this);
  }

  @Override
  public long ramBytesUsed() {
    return BASE_RAM_BYTES
        + RamUsageEstimator.sizeOfObject(builder)
        + RamUsageEstimator.sizeOfObject(det)
        + RamUsageEstimator.sizeOfObject(field)
        + RamUsageEstimator.sizeOfObject(idToTerm)
        + RamUsageEstimator.sizeOfObject(termToID);
  }

  /**
   * Returns the dot (graphviz) representation of this automaton. This is extremely useful for
   * visualizing the automaton.
   */
  public String toDot() {

    // TODO: refactor & share with Automaton.toDot!

    StringBuilder b = new StringBuilder();
    b.append("digraph Automaton {\n");
    b.append("  rankdir = LR\n");
    final int numStates = det.getNumStates();
    if (numStates > 0) {
      b.append("  initial [shape=plaintext,label=\"0\"]\n");
      b.append("  initial -> 0\n");
    }

    Transition t = new Transition();
    for (int state = 0; state < numStates; state++) {
      b.append("  ");
      b.append(state);
      if (det.isAccept(state)) {
        b.append(" [shape=doublecircle,label=\"").append(state).append("\"]\n");
      } else {
        b.append(" [shape=circle,label=\"").append(state).append("\"]\n");
      }
      int numTransitions = det.initTransition(state, t);
      for (int i = 0; i < numTransitions; i++) {
        det.getNextTransition(t);
        assert t.max >= t.min;
        for (int j = t.min; j <= t.max; j++) {
          b.append("  ");
          b.append(state);
          b.append(" -> ");
          b.append(t.dest);
          b.append(" [label=\"");
          if (j == anyTermID) {
            b.append('*');
          } else {
            b.append(idToTerm.get(j).utf8ToString());
          }
          b.append("\"]\n");
        }
      }
    }
    b.append('}');
    return b.toString();
  }

  // TODO: should we impl rewrite to return BooleanQuery of PhraseQuery,
  // when 1) automaton is finite, 2) doesn't use ANY transition, 3) is
  // "small enough"?

  static class EnumAndScorer {
    public final int termID;
    public final PostingsEnum posEnum;

    // How many positions left in the current document:
    public int posLeft;

    // Current position
    public int pos;

    public EnumAndScorer(int termID, PostingsEnum posEnum) {
      this.termID = termID;
      this.posEnum = posEnum;
    }
  }

  final class TermAutomatonWeight extends Weight {
    final Automaton automaton;
    private final Map<Integer, TermStates> termStates;
    private final Similarity.SimScorer stats;
    private final Similarity similarity;

    public TermAutomatonWeight(
        Automaton automaton,
        IndexSearcher searcher,
        Map<Integer, TermStates> termStates,
        float boost)
        throws IOException {
      super(TermAutomatonQuery.this);
      this.automaton = automaton;
      this.termStates = termStates;
      this.similarity = searcher.getSimilarity();
      List<TermStatistics> allTermStats = new ArrayList<>();
      for (Map.Entry<Integer, BytesRef> ent : idToTerm.entrySet()) {
        Integer termID = ent.getKey();
        if (ent.getValue() != null) {
          TermStates ts = termStates.get(termID);
          if (ts.docFreq() > 0) {
            allTermStats.add(
                searcher.termStatistics(
                    new Term(field, ent.getValue()), ts.docFreq(), ts.totalTermFreq()));
          }
        }
      }

      if (allTermStats.isEmpty()) {
        stats = null; // no terms matched at all, will not use sim
      } else {
        stats =
            similarity.scorer(
                boost,
                searcher.collectionStatistics(field),
                allTermStats.toArray(new TermStatistics[allTermStats.size()]));
      }
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
      return "weight(" + TermAutomatonQuery.this + ")";
    }

    @Override
    public Scorer scorer(LeafReaderContext context) throws IOException {

      // Initialize the enums; null for a given slot means that term didn't appear in this reader
      EnumAndScorer[] enums = new EnumAndScorer[idToTerm.size()];

      boolean any = false;
      for (Map.Entry<Integer, TermStates> ent : termStates.entrySet()) {
        TermStates termStates = ent.getValue();
        assert termStates.wasBuiltFor(ReaderUtil.getTopLevelContext(context))
            : "The top-reader used to create Weight is not the same as the current reader's top-reader ("
                + ReaderUtil.getTopLevelContext(context);
        BytesRef term = idToTerm.get(ent.getKey());
        TermState state = termStates.get(context);
        if (state != null) {
          TermsEnum termsEnum = context.reader().terms(field).iterator();
          termsEnum.seekExact(term, state);
          enums[ent.getKey()] =
              new EnumAndScorer(ent.getKey(), termsEnum.postings(null, PostingsEnum.POSITIONS));
          any = true;
        }
      }

      if (any) {
        return new TermAutomatonScorer(
            this, enums, anyTermID, new LeafSimScorer(stats, context.reader(), field, true));
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }

    @Override
    public boolean isCacheable(LeafReaderContext ctx) {
      return true;
    }

    @Override
    public Explanation explain(LeafReaderContext context, int doc) throws IOException {
      Scorer scorer = scorer(context);
      if (scorer == null) {
        return Explanation.noMatch("No matching terms in the document");
      }

      int advancedDoc = scorer.iterator().advance(doc);
      if (advancedDoc != doc) {
        return Explanation.noMatch("No matching terms in the document");
      }

      float score = scorer.score();
      LeafSimScorer leafSimScorer = ((TermAutomatonScorer) scorer).getLeafSimScorer();
      EnumAndScorer[] originalSubsOnDoc = ((TermAutomatonScorer) scorer).getOriginalSubsOnDoc();

      List<Explanation> termExplanations = new ArrayList<>();
      for (EnumAndScorer enumAndScorer : originalSubsOnDoc) {
        if (enumAndScorer != null) {
          PostingsEnum postingsEnum = enumAndScorer.posEnum;
          if (postingsEnum.docID() == doc) {
            float termScore = leafSimScorer.score(doc, postingsEnum.freq());
            termExplanations.add(
                Explanation.match(
                    postingsEnum.freq(),
                    "term frequency in the document",
                    Explanation.match(
                        termScore,
                        "score for term: " + idToTerm.get(enumAndScorer.termID).utf8ToString())));
          }
        }
      }

      if (termExplanations.isEmpty()) {
        return Explanation.noMatch("No matching terms in the document");
      }

      Explanation freqExplanation =
          Explanation.match(score, "TermAutomatonQuery, sum of:", termExplanations);
      return leafSimScorer.explain(doc, freqExplanation);
    }
  }

  @Override
  public Query rewrite(IndexSearcher indexSearcher) throws IOException {
    if (Operations.isEmpty(det)) {
      return new MatchNoDocsQuery();
    }

    IntsRef single = Operations.getSingleton(det);
    if (single != null && single.length == 1) {
      return new TermQuery(new Term(field, idToTerm.get(single.ints[single.offset])));
    }

    // TODO: can PhraseQuery really handle multiple terms at the same position?  If so, why do we
    // even have MultiPhraseQuery?

    // Try for either PhraseQuery or MultiPhraseQuery, which only works when the automaton is a
    // sausage:
    MultiPhraseQuery.Builder mpq = new MultiPhraseQuery.Builder();
    PhraseQuery.Builder pq = new PhraseQuery.Builder();

    Transition t = new Transition();
    int state = 0;
    int pos = 0;
    query:
    while (true) {
      int count = det.initTransition(state, t);
      if (count == 0) {
        if (det.isAccept(state) == false) {
          mpq = null;
          pq = null;
        }
        break;
      } else if (det.isAccept(state)) {
        mpq = null;
        pq = null;
        break;
      }
      int dest = -1;
      List<Term> terms = new ArrayList<>();
      boolean matchesAny = false;
      for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
        det.getNextTransition(t);
        if (i == 0) {
          dest = t.dest;
        } else if (dest != t.dest) {
          mpq = null;
          pq = null;
          break query;
        }

        matchesAny |= anyTermID >= t.min && anyTermID <= t.max;

        if (matchesAny == false) {
          for (int termID = t.min; termID <= t.max; termID++) {
            terms.add(new Term(field, idToTerm.get(termID)));
          }
        }
      }
      if (matchesAny == false) {
        mpq.add(terms.toArray(new Term[terms.size()]), pos);
        if (pq != null) {
          if (terms.size() == 1) {
            pq.add(terms.get(0), pos);
          } else {
            pq = null;
          }
        }
      }
      state = dest;
      pos++;
    }

    if (pq != null) {
      return pq.build();
    } else if (mpq != null) {
      return mpq.build();
    }

    // TODO: we could maybe also rewrite to union of PhraseQuery (pull all finite strings) if it's
    // "worth it"?
    return this;
  }

  @Override
  public void visit(QueryVisitor visitor) {
    if (visitor.acceptField(field) == false) {
      return;
    }
    QueryVisitor v = visitor.getSubVisitor(BooleanClause.Occur.SHOULD, this);
    for (BytesRef term : termToID.keySet()) {
      v.consumeTerms(this, new Term(field, term));
    }
  }
}
