setup-storage(8)

NAME
setup-storage - automatically prepare storage devices

SYNOPSIS
setup-storage [-X] [-f filename] [-d] [-h] [-s] [-D disks] [-L directory]

DESCRIPTION
Using FAI disk_config files, setup-storage Computes effective partition and volume sizes and executes the necessary commands to configure storage devices. It manages disk drives, RAID and LVM volumes, along with encryption and tmpfs. Disks and partitions are designated by disk1.2, disk3.1 etc. and may thus be referenced as such. Currently, setup-storage handles following filesystems: ext2/3/4, vFAT(FAT32), msdos(FAT16), reiserFS, XFS and BTRFS but could easily be extended to further types as well. Once the storage devices are prepared, an appropriate fstab(5) (and possibly also a crypttab(5) file is generated. Without the -X parameter setup-storage runs in test-only mode and does not execute commands other than writing disk labels to a blank disk. The exit code of setup-storage is 0 if all operations were performed successfully and non-zero if an error occurs.

OPTIONS

-X  Really write the configuration to disk. Otherwise setup-storage runs in test-only mode.

-f filename
    Normally setup-storage selects an appropriate configuration from $FAI/disk_config/ by picking the class with the highest priority from classes that has an existing file. If however -f is given the configuration in filename is used.

-d  Enable debugging output. Equivalent to environment variable debug set to a non-zero value. See below for further details.

-s  Perform syntax check of disk_config file only and exit.

-D disks
    Specify the list of disk drives to be configured using setup-storage. Overrides the variable disklist. Do not forget to quote this space separated list.

-L directory
    Use the specified directory instead of LOGDIR.

-h  Display the synopsis and version info and exit.

-y  Print disk variables as YAML file into disk_var.yml

ENVIRONMENT
setup-storage will use the following environment variables:

disklist
    If option -D is not used, the disklist variable may contain a space separated list of disk drives available in the system. Their order matters as they may be referred to as disk1, and so on, in disk_config. If unset, fai-disk-info will be called to determine the list.

debug
    If debug is set to a non-zero value all actions and details to track the operation of setup-storage are printed to stderr.

FAI The location of the config space to find the disk_config directory.

classes
    The list of FAI classes to determine the appropriate configuration to choose.

LOGDIR
    setup-storage generates disk_var.sh, fstab, and possibly crypttab (see below) in this directory. Defaults to /tmp/fai if unset. Option -L overrides this.

flag_initial
    This variable determines if partitions should be preserved when they are tagged with preserve_reinstall (see below for details). Normally set by the list of FAI flags (FAI_FLAGS).

SS_IGNORE_VG
    This variable may contain a list of volume groups, that are ignored by setup-storage. The list can be comma or space separated. It's used by fai-diskimage.

FILES
If setup-storage executes successfully, an fstab(5) file matching the specified configuration is generated as $LOGDIR/fstab. Furthermore the file $LOGDIR/disk_var.sh is generated. This file defines the following variables, if not yet set: SWAPLIST, ROOT_PARTITION, BOOT_PARTITION (which is only set in case this resides on a disk drive), BOOT_DEVICE and PHYSICAL_BOOT_DEVICES (which contains the list of all physical devices having a bootable partition). Both BOOT_PARTITION and BOOT_DEVICE describe the partition and disk/RAID/LVM device hosting the mount point for /boot. If /boot has no extra mount point, / is used instead. PHYSICAL_BOOT_DEVICES can be used to determine where a bootloader should be installed (this is useful if / is on a LVM or RAID device). You may source $LOGDIR/disk_var.sh to get the variables set. The example config space shipped with FAI sources this file in scripts/GRUB_PC/10-setup. If encryption was configured, a proper crypttab(5) file plus key files will be generated. The output of setup-storage is also written to the log file format.log.

EXAMPLES
setup-storage configures storage devices according to a FAI disk_config file. The full grammar describing the syntax of these disk_config files is given below. The syntax is similar to the structure of an fstab file. First we show a number of examples to give an intuition what these should look like.

Simple configuration of /dev/sda

    disk_config disk1 disklabel:msdos bootable:3
    primary	/boot	20-100	ext4	rw
    primary	swap	1G	swap	sw
    primary	/	12G	ext4	rw,noatime
    logical	/backup	10%-	xfs	rw

•   The first disk found is going to be partitioned. FAI looks into /proc/partitions and sets the variable disklist. The disklabel is msdos which is the default for x86. Let's assume /dev/sda is the first disk. Then partition /dev/sda3 is made bootable.

•   Create a primary partition /dev/sda1 with a size between 20 and 100 MiB and mount it read-write as /boot; it is formatted using ext4 filesystem.

•   /dev/sda2 will be a swap space of 1 GiB

•   /dev/sda3 should be formatted using ext4 filesystem

•   Create the logical partition /dev/sda5 (because the first logical partition will always become number 5) Make it at least 10% of the disk size. Use mkfs.xfs to format this partition.

Create a software RAID

    disk_config sda
    primary	-	20G	-	-
    primary	-	4G	-	-
    disk_config sdb sameas: sda
    disk_config raid
    raid1	/	sda1,sdb1	ext4	rw
    raid1	swap	sda2,sdb2	swap	sw

•   Create 2 partitions of size 20 and 4 GiB, respectively, on disks /dev/sda and /dev/sdb. No file system or fstab entry will be created. on these partitions.

•   Create a RAID-1 on /dev/sda1 and /dev/sdb1, format using mkfs.ext4 and mount it as /

•   Create a RAID-1 on /dev/sda2 and /dev/sdd2, prepare as swap space and use it as such later on.

Advanced softRAID features

    disk_config raid
    raid1	/	sda1,sdd1	ext4	rw,errors=remount-ro
    raid0	-	disk2.2,sdc1,sde1:spare:missing ext4 default

•   Create a RAID-1 on /dev/sda1 and /dev/sdd1, format using mkfs.ext2 and mount it as /

•   Create a RAID-0 on the second partition of the second disk, /dev/sdc1, and /dev/sde1 as a spare partition. The latter may be missing.

•   The configurations for /dev/sda, /dev/sdd, disk2, /dev/sdc, and /dev/sde are omitted in this example. These devices can be configured similar to the configuration shown in the first example. They may also already be properly set up and hence the configuration can be left out.

Simple LVM example

    disk_config	sda	bootable:1
    primary	/boot	500	ext4	rw
    primary	-	4096-	-	-
    disk_config lvm
    vg	my_pv	sda2
    my_pv_swap	swap	2048	swap	sw
    my_pv_root	/	2048	ext4	rw

•   Configure /dev/sda with two partitions.

•   The second of those, /dev/sda2, is then used in the LVM volume group my_pv.

•   This volume group hosts two logical volumes: _swap and _root.

LVM on software RAID

    disk_config disk1
    primary	-	350	-	-
    primary	swap	2G	swap	sw,pri=1
    primary	-	0-	-	-
    disk_config disk2  sameas:disk1
    disk_config raid fstabkey:uuid
    raid1	/boot	disk1.1,disk2.1	ext4	rw,noatime,errors=remount-ro
    raid1	-	disk1.3,disk2.3	-	-
    disk_config lvm fstabkey:uuid
    vg	vg_system	md1
    vg_system-root	/	8G	ext4	rw,noatime
    vg_system-var	/var	20G	ext4	rw,noatime
    vg_system-home	/home	10G	ext4	rw,noatime,nosuid,nodev
    vg_system-tmp	/tmp	30G	ext4	rw,noatime,nosuid,nodev

•   Configure the first and second disk identical with three partitions each.

•   The first partitions of each device are bundled into a RAID 1 (/dev/md0), which will be mounted at /boot.

•   The third partitions of each device are combined as another RAID 1, but not mounted. Instead, the resulting device /dev/md1 is used to host the LVM volume group vg_system. Do not forget to install the packages mdadm and lvm2 into a system using this partition scheme. Also set rd.auto when using dracut as initrd generator.

Crypt example

    disk_config /dev/sdb
    primary	/	21750	ext4	defaults,errors=remount-ro
    primary	/boot	250	ext4	defaults
    logical	-	4000	-	-
    logical	-	2000	-	-
    logical	-	10-	-	-
    disk_config cryptsetup
    swap	swap	/dev/sdb5	swap	defaults
    tmp	/tmp	/dev/sdb6	ext2	defaults
    luks	/local00	/dev/sdb7	ext4	defaults,errors=remount-ro  createopts="-m 0"

•   Configure /dev/sdb with 2 primary partitions, one extended partition, and 3 logical partitions.

•   Encrypt the swap space, /tmp, and /local00. As described in the CAVEATS section, the encryption keys will be stored in a temporary directory only.

•   Do not forget to install the cryptsetup package on a system using thus scheme.

•   The initial password for the encrypted device can also be set in the configuration file by using the syntax - luks:"secret"

•   With a working RAID+LVM configuration, an encryption layer can be added between the RAID and LVM device layers by adding the following cryptsetup configuration. In this case, the encrypted device will be called 'crypt_format_md1' and will be used as the underlying physical device (PV) in LVM.

    disk_config cryptsetup
    luks	-	/dev/md1	- -

Plain disk + LUKS + LVM2 example

    disk_config disk1 disklabel:gpt bootable:1 fstabkey:uuid align-at:1M
    primary	-	100%	-	-
    disk_config cryptsetup
    luks:"passwd"	-	disk1.1	-	-
    disk_config lvm fstabkey:uuid
    vg	vg1	disk1.1
    vg1-root	/	30%-	ext4	defaults,errors=remount-ro,noatime,rw

tmpfs example

    disk_config tmpfs
    tmpfs	/tmp	RAM:20%	defaults
    tmpfs	/scratch	3GiB	defaults
    tmpfs	/scratch2	-	defaults

•   Mount a tmpfs on /tmp with a maximum size equal to 20% of the total amount of RAM in the machine. This is equivalent to using size=20% in the tmpfs mount options.

•   Mount a tmpfs on /scratch with a maximum size of 3 GiB.

•   Mount a tmpfs on /scratch2, use the system default size for this tmpfs.

nfs example

    disk_config nfs
    nfs 11.22.33.44:/export/vm-root/HOSTNAME	/	defaults

•   A diskless client setup. Mount the whole OS file system via NFS from an NFS server onto /.

Simple BTRFS example

    disk_config disk1
    primary	/boot	500	ext4	rw
    primary	-	2G-	-	-
    disk_config disk2
    primary	-	2G-	-	-
    disk_config disk3 sameas:disk2
    disk_config disk4 sameas:disk2
    disk_config btrfs fstabkey:uuid
    btrfs	raid1	/	disk1.2,disk2.1	noatime,subvol=@/
    btrfs	raid1	/home	disk3.1,disk4.1	subvol=@home,noatime

•   Four disks are used to create a BTRFS RAID. The first disk contains the boot partition, the second partition of disk one and the second disk in its entirety are used to create the / RAID. The third and fourth disks are used to create the /home RAID.

•   Note that each BTRFS RAID must contain an initial subvolume. This is necessary to use advanced BTRFS features such as snapshots. The initial subvolume name is taken from the subvol mountoption. In the above example those would be @/ and @home.
     Subvolume names begin with an @ by convention.

•   Every BTRFS line must begin with btrfs followed by the RAID-level of the actual data -- NOT metadata! By default metadata uses RAID1, however this can be changed using createopts.

External log device example

    disk_config /dev/sda fstabkey:uuid bootable:2
    primary	/	20GiB	ext3	defaults
    primary	/boot	250	ext2	defaults
    primary	swap	4GiB	swap	defaults
    logical	-	256	ext3_journal	-
    logical	-	256	ext4_journal	-
    logical	-	256	xfs_journal	-
    disk_config /dev/sdb fstabkey:uuid
    primary	/mnt/ext3	33%	ext3:journal=/dev/sda5	defaults
    primary	/mnt/ext4	33%	ext4:journal=/dev/sda6	defaults
    primary	/mnt/xfs	33%	xfs:journal=/dev/sda7	defaults

•   Mount an ext3 filesystem on /dev/sdb1 with an external journal on /dev/sda5

•   Mount an ext4 filesystem on /dev/sdb2 with an external journal on /dev/sda6

•   Mount an XFS filesystem on /dev/sdb3 using /dev/sda7 as the log device

Example using a GPT partition table and EFI/ESP partition

    disk_config disk1 disklabel:gpt fstabkey:partlabel bootable:1
    p=efi	/boot/efi	200	vfat	rw
    p=root	/	1G-20G	ext4	rw
    p=	/data	1G-	ext4	rw

•   Creating a ESP partition for UEFI boot is very simple. Use a GPT partition table, create a vfat partition for /boot/efi which is also bootable. That's it. A name after p= is used as the partition label. Remember that GPT does not use logical partition. Just use p= for each partition. The fstab entries will use the partition labels if defined. Otherwise it will fall back to the file system UUID or the device name. Setting fstabkey:partuuid will use the UUID of the partition (not the UUID of the file system) for the fstab entries.

SYNTAX
This section describes the syntax of disk_config files file ::= <lines> EOF
lines ::= EOL
          /* empty lines or whitespace only */
          | <comment> EOL
          | <config> EOL
comment ::= #.*
config ::= disk_config lvm( <lvmoption>)*
           | disk_config raid( <raidoption>)*
           | disk_config cryptsetup( <cryptsetupoption>)*
           | disk_config tmpfs
           | disk_config end
           | disk_config disk[[:digit:]]+( <option>)*
           | disk_config [^[:space:]]+( <option>)*
           /* fully qualified device-path or short form, like sda, whereby full
            * path is assumed to be /dev/sda; may contain shell globbing such
            * as /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-* */
           | <volume>
lvmoption ::= /* empty */
           | preserve_always:([^/,\s\-]+-[^/,\s\-]+(,[^/,\s\-]+-[^/,\s\-]+)*|all)
           /* preserve volumes -- always */
           | preserve_reinstall:([^/,\s\-]+-[^/,\s\-]+(,[^/,\s\-]+-[^/,\s\-]+)*|all)
           /* preserve volumes -- unless the system is installed for the
           first time */
           | preserve_lazy:([^/,\s\-]+-[^/,\s\-]+(,[^/,\s\-]+-[^/,\s\-]+)*|all)
           /* preserve volumes -- unless these don't exist yet */
           | always_format:([^/,\s\-]+-[^/,\s\-]+(,[^/,\s\-]+-[^/,\s\-]+)*|all)
           /* run mkfs on the volumes, even if marked as preserve */
           | resize:([^/,\s\-]+-[^/,\s\-]+(,[^/,\s\-]+-[^/,\s\-]+)*|all)
           /* attempt to resize partitions */
           | fstabkey:(device|label|uuid)
           /* when creating the fstab, the key used for defining the device
           may be the device (/dev/xxx), a label given using -L,
           the filesystem uuid, partition label (only when using GPT) or partition uuid
           */
raidoption ::= /* empty */
           | preserve_always:([[:digit:]]+(,[[:digit:]]+)*|all)
           /* preserve volumes -- always */
           | preserve_reinstall:([[:digit:]]+(,[[:digit:]]+)*|all)
           /* preserve volumes -- unless the system is installed for the
           first time */
           | preserve_lazy:([[:digit:]]+(,[[:digit:]]+)*|all)
           /* preserve volumes -- unless these don't exist yet */
           | always_format:([[:digit:]]+(,[[:digit:]]+)*|all)
           /* run mkfs on the volumes, even if marked as preserve */
           | fstabkey:(device|label|uuid)
           /* when creating the fstab the key used for defining the device
           may be the device (/dev/xxx), a label given using -L, or the uuid
           */
cryptsetupoption ::= /* empty */
           | randinit
           /* initialise all encrypted partitions with random data */
option ::= /* empty */
           | preserve_always:([[:digit:]]+(,[[:digit:]]+)*|all)
           /* preserve partitions -- always; the numbers refer to partition
           numbers, i.e., preserve_always:5 for /dev/sda refers to /dev/sda5,
           which may not necessarily be the 5th line of the configuration */
           | preserve_reinstall:([[:digit:]]+(,[[:digit:]]+)*|all)
           /* preserve partitions -- unless the system is installed for the
           first time. See preserve_always above for the semantics of numbers
           used for referring to partitions. */
           | preserve_lazy:([[:digit:]]+(,[[:digit:]]+)*|all)
           /* preserve partitions -- unless these don't exist yet */
           | always_format:([[:digit:]]+(,[[:digit:]]+)*|all)
           /* run mkfs on the partitions, even if marked as preserve */
           | resize:([[:digit:]]+(,[[:digit:]]+)*|all)
           /* attempt to resize partitions */
           | disklabel:(msdos|gpt|gpt-bios)
           /* write a disklabel - default is msdos */
           | bootable:[[:digit:]]+
           /* mark a partition bootable, default is / */
           | virtual
           /* do not assume the disk to be a physical device, use with xen */
           | fstabkey:(device|label|uuid|partuuid|partlabel)
           /* when creating the fstab the key used for defining the device
           may be the device (/dev/xxx), a label given using -L, or the uuid
           */
           | sameas:(disk[[:digit:]]+|[^[:space:]]+)
           /* Indicate that this disk will use the same scheme
           as the given device. The referenced device must be
           defined before the device using this option. Use only
           with identical hardware.
           */
           | align-at:([[:digit:]]+[kKMGTPiB]*)
           /* Align partitions at multiples of the given block size (unit
           defaults to MiB, if omitted). Such an alignment, e.g., 4K, might be
           important for proper performance of RAID arrays which use a logical
           block size other than the sector size of the underlying disks. It
           must, however, always be a multiple of this sector size.
           */
volume ::= <type> <mountpoint> <size> <filesystem> <mount_options> <luks_options> <fs_options>
           | vg <name> <size> <fs_options>
           /* lvm vg */
           | tmpfs <mountpoint> <tmpfs_size> <mount_options>
           /* tmpfs volume */
type ::= primary
         /* for physical disks only */
         | logical
         /* for physical disks only */
         | raw-disk
         /* for physical disks only: do not partition this disk, use it as-is */
         | m{^p=([^/,;=]*)}
         /* p=<NAME> set NAME as gpt partition label, NAME may be empty */
         | raid[0156]
         /* raid level */
         | luks
         /* encrypted partition using LUKS and auto-generate a key file */
         | luks:"[^"]+"
         /* encrypted partition using LUKS and use quoted string as passphrase */
         | tmp
         /* encrypted partition for /tmp usage, will be
            recreated with a random key at each boot and
            reformatted as ext2 */
         | swap
         /* encrypted partition for swap space usage, will
            be recreated with a random key at each boot and
            reformatted as swap space */
         | [^/[:space:]]+-[^/[:space:]]+
         /* lvm logical volume: vg name and lv name*/
mountpoint ::= (-|swap|/[^[:space:]]*)
               /* do not mount, mount as swap, or mount at fully qualified path */
name ::= [^/[:space:]]+
         /* lvm volume group name */
sizespec ::= RAM:[[:digit:]]+%|[[:digit:]]+[kKMGTP%iB]*
         /* size in kilo (KiB), mega (default, MiB), giga (GiB), tera (TiB),
          * petabytes (PiB) or percentage of disk size or RAM size; integers
          * only, no decimal numbers.
          * Use KB, MB, GB, ... for a factor of 1000 instead of 1024 as
          * multiplier */ size ::= <sizespec>(-(<sizespec>)?)?(:resize|:preserve_(always|reinstall|lazy))?
         /* size, possibly given as a range; physical partitions or lvm logical
          * volumes only */
         | -<sizespec>(:resize|:preserve_(always|reinstall|lazy))?
         /* size given as upper limit; physical partitions or lvm logical
          * volumes only */
  | [^,:[:space:]]+(:(spare|missing))*(,[^,:[:space:]]+(:(spare|missing))*)*
         /* devices and options for a raid or lvm vg */
tmpfs_size ::= <sizespec>
         /* tmpfs size */
mount_options ::= [^[:space:]]+
filesystem ::= -
               | swap
               | [^[:space:]]
               /* mkfs.xxx must exist */
luks_options ::= (lukscreateopts=".*")
                 /* options to supply to cryptsetup when creating a LUKS
                  * encrypted filesystem. If no ciper (-c) is specified, then
                  * aes-xts-plain64 is used. If no key size (-s) is
                  * specified then 256 is used. */
fs_options ::= (createopts=".*"|tuneopts=".*"|(pv|vg|lv|md)createopts=".*")*
               /* options to append to mkfs.xxx and to the filesystem-specific
                * tuning tool, pvcreate, vgcreate, lvcreate or mdadm */

CAVEATS

•   If you use software RAID or LVM in your disk config, do not forget also to add the required packages (like mdadm and lvm2) to the package config. Otherwise the client will not be able to use these features.

•   MD devices aka software RAID will not be synced during a new installation because it would slow down the installation heavily. Therefore setup-storage will set the sync_action of each device to frozen. The sync will start after the next reboot.

•   Machine does not boot because no partition is marked as bootable: If the bootable option is not specified, not partition will be marked as such. Modern BIOSes don't seem to require such markers anymore, but for some systems it may still be necessary. Previous versions of setup-storage by default marked the partition mounting / as bootable, but this is not a sane default for all cases. If you want to be sure not boot failures happen because of a missing bootable marker, explicitly set the bootable option. Of course, there are lots of other reasons why a system may fail to boot.

•   Crypto support requires some site-specific changes: If you use cryptsetup stanza, a crypttab(5) file and key files for all luks volumes will be created (unless you used the passphrase option). The key files are left in /tmp/fai; you will want to copy these to some removable media. To make encrypted root devices actually usable, you need to add busybox (and initramfs-tools) to your package config.

•   For backwards compatibility or other system-specific reasons an alignment to cylinder boundaries may be necessary. Other systems might have other alignment constraints. setup-storage sets the alignment as follows: If align-at is set, align accordingly. Otherwise, if any partition on the particular disk is to be preserved, default to cylinder alignment, otherwise use sector alignment.

•   If you use a raw partition, you should add -F to the createopts, otherwise mkfs.ext4 hangs due to a warning message. See man mfs.ext4 for more info on -F. An example config using a raw disk looks like this: raw-disk / 4GB ext4 rw createopts="-F"

SEE ALSO
This program is part of FAI (Fully Automatic Installation). The FAI homepage is https://fai-project.org. Further documentation, including coding related information, is available in a wiki page at https://wiki.fai-project.org/index.php/Setup-storage.

AUTHOR
The setup-storage program was written by Michael Tautschnig <mt@debian.org>, with contributions from Christian Kern, Julien Blache <jblache@debian.org>, Kerim Güney, Thomas Lange and others. The original and primary author of FAI is Thomas Lange <lange@informatik.uni-koeln.de>.