fe_q_base.cc

Go to the documentation of this file.

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// Copyright (C) 2000 - 2021 by the deal.II authors
//
// This file is part of the deal.II library.
//
// The deal.II library is free software; you can use it, redistribute
// it, and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General
// Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
// version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
// The full text of the license can be found in the file LICENSE.md at
// the top level directory of deal.II.
//
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
#include <deal.II/base/polynomials_piecewise.h>
#include <deal.II/base/qprojector.h>
#include <deal.II/base/quadrature.h>
#include <deal.II/base/quadrature_lib.h>
#include <deal.II/base/template_constraints.h>
#include <deal.II/base/tensor_product_polynomials.h>
#include <deal.II/base/tensor_product_polynomials_bubbles.h>
#include <deal.II/base/tensor_product_polynomials_const.h>
 
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_dgp.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_dgq.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_nothing.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_pyramid_p.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_q_base.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_simplex_p.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_simplex_p_bubbles.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_tools.h>
#include <deal.II/fe/fe_wedge_p.h>
 
#include <memory>
#include <sstream>
#include <vector>
 
DEAL_II_NAMESPACE_OPEN
 
 
namespace internal
{
  namespace FE_Q_Base
  {
    namespace
    {
      // in get_restriction_matrix() and get_prolongation_matrix(), want to undo
      // tensorization on inner loops for performance reasons. this clears a
      // dim-array
      template <int dim>
      inline void
      zero_indices(unsigned int (&indices)[dim])
      {
        for (unsigned int d = 0; d < dim; ++d)
          indices[d] = 0;
      }
 
 
 
      // in get_restriction_matrix() and get_prolongation_matrix(), want to undo
      // tensorization on inner loops for performance reasons. this increments
      // tensor product indices
      template <int dim>
      inline void
      increment_indices(unsigned int (&indices)[dim], const unsigned int dofs1d)
      {
        ++indices[0];
        for (unsigned int d = 0; d < dim - 1; ++d)
          if (indices[d] == dofs1d)
            {
              indices[d] = 0;
              indices[d + 1]++;
            }
      }
    } // namespace
  }   // namespace FE_Q_Base
} // namespace internal
 
 
 
template <int xdim, int xspacedim>
struct FE_Q_Base<xdim, xspacedim>::Implementation
{
  template <int spacedim>
  static void
  initialize_constraints(const std::vector<Point<1>> &,
                         FE_Q_Base<1, spacedim> &)
  {
    // no constraints in 1d
  }
 
 
  template <int spacedim>
  static void
  initialize_constraints(const std::vector<Point<1>> & /*points*/,
                         FE_Q_Base<2, spacedim> &fe)
  {
    const unsigned int dim = 2;
 
    unsigned int q_deg = fe.degree;
    if (dynamic_cast<const TensorProductPolynomialsBubbles<dim> *>(
          &fe.get_poly_space()) != nullptr)
      q_deg = fe.degree - 1;
 
    // restricted to each face, the traces of the shape functions is an
    // element of P_{k} (in 2d), or Q_{k} (in 3d), where k is the degree of
    // the element.  from this, we interpolate between mother and cell face.
 
    // the interpolation process works as follows: on each subface, we want
    // that finite element solutions from both sides coincide. i.e. if a and b
    // are expansion coefficients for the shape functions from both sides, we
    // seek a relation between a and b such that
    //   sum_j a_j phi^c_j(x) == sum_j b_j phi_j(x)
    // for all points x on the interface. here, phi^c_j are the shape
    // functions on the small cell on one side of the face, and phi_j those on
    // the big cell on the other side. To get this relation, it suffices to
    // look at a sufficient number of points for which this has to hold. if
    // there are n functions, then we need n evaluation points, and we choose
    // them equidistantly.
    //
    // we obtain the matrix system
    //    A a  ==  B b
    // where
    //    A_ij = phi^c_j(x_i)
    //    B_ij = phi_j(x_i)
    // and the relation we are looking for is
    //    a = A^-1 B b
    //
    // for the special case of Lagrange interpolation polynomials, A_ij
    // reduces to delta_ij, and
    //    a_i = B_ij b_j
    // Hence, interface_constraints(i,j)=B_ij.
    //
    // for the general case, where we don't have Lagrange interpolation
    // polynomials, this is a little more complicated. Then we would evaluate
    // at a number of points and invert the interpolation matrix A.
    //
    // Note, that we build up these matrices for all subfaces at once, rather
    // than considering them separately. the reason is that we finally will
    // want to have them in this order anyway, as this is the format we need
    // inside deal.II
 
    // In the following the points x_i are constructed in following order
    // (n=degree-1)
    // *----------*---------*
    //     1..n   0  n+1..2n
    // i.e. first the midpoint of the line, then the support points on subface
    // 0 and on subface 1
    std::vector<Point<dim - 1>> constraint_points;
    // Add midpoint
    constraint_points.emplace_back(0.5);
 
    if (q_deg > 1)
      {
        const unsigned int n    = q_deg - 1;
        const double       step = 1. / q_deg;
        // subface 0
        for (unsigned int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
          constraint_points.push_back(
            GeometryInfo<dim - 1>::child_to_cell_coordinates(
              Point<dim - 1>(i * step), 0));
        // subface 1
        for (unsigned int i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
          constraint_points.push_back(
            GeometryInfo<dim - 1>::child_to_cell_coordinates(
              Point<dim - 1>(i * step), 1));
      }
 
    // Now construct relation between destination (child) and source (mother)
    // dofs.
 
    fe.interface_constraints.TableBase<2, double>::reinit(
      fe.interface_constraints_size());
 
    // use that the element evaluates to 1 at index 0 and along the line at
    // zero
    const std::vector<unsigned int> &index_map_inverse =
      fe.get_poly_space_numbering_inverse();
    const std::vector<unsigned int> face_index_map =
      FETools::lexicographic_to_hierarchic_numbering<dim - 1>(q_deg);
    Assert(std::abs(
             fe.poly_space->compute_value(index_map_inverse[0], Point<dim>()) -
             1.) < 1e-14,
           ExcInternalError());
 
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < constraint_points.size(); ++i)
      for (unsigned int j = 0; j < q_deg + 1; ++j)
        {
          Point<dim> p;
          p[0] = constraint_points[i](0);
          fe.interface_constraints(i, face_index_map[j]) =
            fe.poly_space->compute_value(index_map_inverse[j], p);
 
          // if the value is small up to round-off, then simply set it to zero
          // to avoid unwanted fill-in of the constraint matrices (which would
          // then increase the number of other DoFs a constrained DoF would
          // couple to)
          if (std::fabs(fe.interface_constraints(i, face_index_map[j])) < 1e-13)
            fe.interface_constraints(i, face_index_map[j]) = 0;
        }
  }
 
 
  template <int spacedim>
  static void
  initialize_constraints(const std::vector<Point<1>> & /*points*/,
                         FE_Q_Base<3, spacedim> &fe)
  {
    const unsigned int dim = 3;
 
    unsigned int q_deg = fe.degree;
    if (dynamic_cast<const TensorProductPolynomialsBubbles<dim> *>(
          &fe.get_poly_space()) != nullptr)
      q_deg = fe.degree - 1;
 
    // For a detailed documentation of the interpolation see the
    // FE_Q_Base<2>::initialize_constraints function.
 
    // In the following the points x_i are constructed in the order as
    // described in the documentation of the FiniteElement class (fe_base.h),
    // i.e.
    //   *--15--4--16--*
    //   |      |      |
    //   10 19  6  20  12
    //   |      |      |
    //   1--7---0--8---2
    //   |      |      |
    //   9  17  5  18  11
    //   |      |      |
    //   *--13--3--14--*
    std::vector<Point<dim - 1>> constraint_points;
 
    // Add midpoint
    constraint_points.emplace_back(0.5, 0.5);
 
    // Add midpoints of lines of "mother-face"
    constraint_points.emplace_back(0, 0.5);
    constraint_points.emplace_back(1, 0.5);
    constraint_points.emplace_back(0.5, 0);
    constraint_points.emplace_back(0.5, 1);
 
    if (q_deg > 1)
      {
        const unsigned int          n    = q_deg - 1;
        const double                step = 1. / q_deg;
        std::vector<Point<dim - 2>> line_support_points(n);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
          line_support_points[i](0) = (i + 1) * step;
        Quadrature<dim - 2> qline(line_support_points);
 
        // auxiliary points in 2d
        std::vector<Point<dim - 1>> p_line(n);
 
        // Add nodes of lines interior in the "mother-face"
 
        // line 5: use line 9
        QProjector<dim - 1>::project_to_subface(
          ReferenceCells::get_hypercube<dim - 1>(), qline, 0, 0, p_line);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
          constraint_points.push_back(p_line[i] + Point<dim - 1>(0.5, 0));
        // line 6: use line 10
        QProjector<dim - 1>::project_to_subface(
          ReferenceCells::get_hypercube<dim - 1>(), qline, 0, 1, p_line);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
          constraint_points.push_back(p_line[i] + Point<dim - 1>(0.5, 0));
        // line 7: use line 13
        QProjector<dim - 1>::project_to_subface(
          ReferenceCells::get_hypercube<dim - 1>(), qline, 2, 0, p_line);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
          constraint_points.push_back(p_line[i] + Point<dim - 1>(0, 0.5));
        // line 8: use line 14
        QProjector<dim - 1>::project_to_subface(
          ReferenceCells::get_hypercube<dim - 1>(), qline, 2, 1, p_line);
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
          constraint_points.push_back(p_line[i] + Point<dim - 1>(0, 0.5));
 
        // DoFs on bordering lines lines 9-16
        for (unsigned int face = 0;
             face < GeometryInfo<dim - 1>::faces_per_cell;
             ++face)
          for (unsigned int subface = 0;
               subface < GeometryInfo<dim - 1>::max_children_per_face;
               ++subface)
            {
              QProjector<dim - 1>::project_to_subface(
                ReferenceCells::get_hypercube<dim - 1>(),
                qline,
                face,
                subface,
                p_line);
              constraint_points.insert(constraint_points.end(),
                                       p_line.begin(),
                                       p_line.end());
            }
 
        // Create constraints for interior nodes
        std::vector<Point<dim - 1>> inner_points(n * n);
        for (unsigned int i = 0, iy = 1; iy <= n; ++iy)
          for (unsigned int ix = 1; ix <= n; ++ix)
            inner_points[i++] = Point<dim - 1>(ix * step, iy * step);
 
        // at the moment do this for isotropic face refinement only
        for (unsigned int child = 0;
             child < GeometryInfo<dim - 1>::max_children_per_cell;
             ++child)
          for (const auto &inner_point : inner_points)
            constraint_points.push_back(
              GeometryInfo<dim - 1>::child_to_cell_coordinates(inner_point,
                                                               child));
      }
 
    // Now construct relation between destination (child) and source (mother)
    // dofs.
    const unsigned int pnts = (q_deg + 1) * (q_deg + 1);
 
    // use that the element evaluates to 1 at index 0 and along the line at
    // zero
    const std::vector<unsigned int> &index_map_inverse =
      fe.get_poly_space_numbering_inverse();
    const std::vector<unsigned int> face_index_map =
      FETools::lexicographic_to_hierarchic_numbering<dim - 1>(q_deg);
    Assert(std::abs(
             fe.poly_space->compute_value(index_map_inverse[0], Point<dim>()) -
             1.) < 1e-14,
           ExcInternalError());
 
    fe.interface_constraints.TableBase<2, double>::reinit(
      fe.interface_constraints_size());
 
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < constraint_points.size(); ++i)
      {
        const double interval = static_cast<double>(q_deg * 2);
        bool         mirror[dim - 1];
        Point<dim>   constraint_point;
 
        // Eliminate FP errors in constraint points. Due to their origin, they
        // must all be fractions of the unit interval. If we have polynomial
        // degree 4, the refined element has 8 intervals.  Hence the
        // coordinates must be 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375 etc.  Now the coordinates
        // of the constraint points will be multiplied by the inverse of the
        // interval size (in the example by 8).  After that the coordinates
        // must be integral numbers. Hence a normal truncation is performed
        // and the coordinates will be scaled back. The equal treatment of all
        // coordinates should eliminate any FP errors.
        for (unsigned int k = 0; k < dim - 1; ++k)
          {
            const int coord_int =
              static_cast<int>(constraint_points[i](k) * interval + 0.25);
            constraint_point(k) = 1. * coord_int / interval;
 
            // The following lines of code should eliminate the problems with
            // the constraints object which appeared for P>=4. The
            // AffineConstraints class complained about different constraints
            // for the same entry: Actually, this
            // difference could be attributed to FP errors, as it was in the
            // range of 1.0e-16. These errors originate in the loss of
            // symmetry in the FP approximation of the shape-functions.
            // Considering a 3rd order shape function in 1D, we have
            // N0(x)=N3(1-x) and N1(x)=N2(1-x).  For higher order polynomials
            // the FP approximations of the shape functions do not satisfy
            // these equations any more!  Thus in the following code
            // everything is computed in the interval x \in [0..0.5], which is
            // sufficient to express all values that could come out from a
            // computation of any shape function in the full interval
            // [0..1]. If x > 0.5 the computation is done for 1-x with the
            // shape function N_{p-n} instead of N_n.  Hence symmetry is
            // preserved and everything works fine...
            //
            // For a different explanation of the problem, see the discussion
            // in the FiniteElement class for constraint matrices in 3d.
            mirror[k] = (constraint_point(k) > 0.5);
            if (mirror[k])
              constraint_point(k) = 1.0 - constraint_point(k);
          }
 
        for (unsigned int j = 0; j < pnts; ++j)
          {
            unsigned int indices[2] = {j % (q_deg + 1), j / (q_deg + 1)};
 
            for (unsigned int k = 0; k < 2; ++k)
              if (mirror[k])
                indices[k] = q_deg - indices[k];
 
            const unsigned int new_index =
              indices[1] * (q_deg + 1) + indices[0];
 
            fe.interface_constraints(i, face_index_map[j]) =
              fe.poly_space->compute_value(index_map_inverse[new_index],
                                           constraint_point);
 
            // if the value is small up to round-off, then simply set it to
            // zero to avoid unwanted fill-in of the constraint matrices
            // (which would then increase the number of other DoFs a
            // constrained DoF would couple to)
            if (std::fabs(fe.interface_constraints(i, face_index_map[j])) <
                1e-13)
              fe.interface_constraints(i, face_index_map[j]) = 0;
          }
      }
  }
};
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::FE_Q_Base(
  const ScalarPolynomialsBase<dim> &poly_space,
  const FiniteElementData<dim> &    fe_data,
  const std::vector<bool> &         restriction_is_additive_flags)
  : FE_Poly<dim, spacedim>(
      poly_space,
      fe_data,
      restriction_is_additive_flags,
      std::vector<ComponentMask>(1, std::vector<bool>(1, true)))
  , q_degree(dynamic_cast<const TensorProductPolynomialsBubbles<dim> *>(
               &poly_space) != nullptr ?
               this->degree - 1 :
               this->degree)
{}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
void
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::initialize(const std::vector<Point<1>> &points)
{
  Assert(points[0][0] == 0,
         ExcMessage("The first support point has to be zero."));
  Assert(points.back()[0] == 1,
         ExcMessage("The last support point has to be one."));
 
  // distinguish q/q_dg0 case: need to be flexible enough to allow more
  // degrees of freedom than there are FE_Q degrees of freedom for derived
  // class FE_Q_DG0 that otherwise shares 95% of the code.
  const unsigned int q_dofs_per_cell =
    Utilities::fixed_power<dim>(q_degree + 1);
  Assert(q_dofs_per_cell == this->n_dofs_per_cell() ||
           q_dofs_per_cell + 1 == this->n_dofs_per_cell() ||
           q_dofs_per_cell + dim == this->n_dofs_per_cell(),
         ExcInternalError());
 
  [this, q_dofs_per_cell]() {
    std::vector<unsigned int> renumber =
      FETools::hierarchic_to_lexicographic_numbering<dim>(q_degree);
    for (unsigned int i = q_dofs_per_cell; i < this->n_dofs_per_cell(); ++i)
      renumber.push_back(i);
    auto *tensor_poly_space_ptr =
      dynamic_cast<TensorProductPolynomials<dim> *>(this->poly_space.get());
    if (tensor_poly_space_ptr != nullptr)
      {
        tensor_poly_space_ptr->set_numbering(renumber);
        return;
      }
    auto *tensor_piecewise_poly_space_ptr = dynamic_cast<
      TensorProductPolynomials<dim, Polynomials::PiecewisePolynomial<double>>
        *>(this->poly_space.get());
    if (tensor_piecewise_poly_space_ptr != nullptr)
      {
        tensor_piecewise_poly_space_ptr->set_numbering(renumber);
        return;
      }
    auto *tensor_bubbles_poly_space_ptr =
      dynamic_cast<TensorProductPolynomialsBubbles<dim> *>(
        this->poly_space.get());
    if (tensor_bubbles_poly_space_ptr != nullptr)
      {
        tensor_bubbles_poly_space_ptr->set_numbering(renumber);
        return;
      }
    auto *tensor_const_poly_space_ptr =
      dynamic_cast<TensorProductPolynomialsConst<dim> *>(
        this->poly_space.get());
    if (tensor_const_poly_space_ptr != nullptr)
      {
        tensor_const_poly_space_ptr->set_numbering(renumber);
        return;
      }
    Assert(false, ExcNotImplemented());
  }();
 
  // Finally fill in support points on cell and face and initialize
  // constraints. All of this can happen in parallel
  Threads::TaskGroup<> tasks;
  tasks += Threads::new_task([&]() { initialize_unit_support_points(points); });
  tasks +=
    Threads::new_task([&]() { initialize_unit_face_support_points(points); });
  tasks += Threads::new_task([&]() { initialize_constraints(points); });
  tasks +=
    Threads::new_task([&]() { this->initialize_quad_dof_index_permutation(); });
  tasks.join_all();
 
  // do not initialize embedding and restriction here. these matrices are
  // initialized on demand in get_restriction_matrix and
  // get_prolongation_matrix
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
void
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::get_interpolation_matrix(
  const FiniteElement<dim, spacedim> &x_source_fe,
  FullMatrix<double> &                interpolation_matrix) const
{
  // go through the list of elements we can interpolate from
  if (const FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim> *source_fe =
        dynamic_cast<const FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim> *>(&x_source_fe))
    {
      // ok, source is a Q element, so we will be able to do the work
      Assert(interpolation_matrix.m() == this->n_dofs_per_cell(),
             ExcDimensionMismatch(interpolation_matrix.m(),
                                  this->n_dofs_per_cell()));
      Assert(interpolation_matrix.n() == x_source_fe.n_dofs_per_cell(),
             ExcDimensionMismatch(interpolation_matrix.m(),
                                  x_source_fe.n_dofs_per_cell()));
 
      // only evaluate Q dofs
      const unsigned int q_dofs_per_cell =
        Utilities::fixed_power<dim>(q_degree + 1);
      const unsigned int source_q_dofs_per_cell =
        Utilities::fixed_power<dim>(source_fe->degree + 1);
 
      // evaluation is simply done by evaluating the other FE's basis functions
      // on the unit support points (FE_Q has the property that the cell
      // interpolation matrix is a unit matrix, so no need to evaluate it and
      // invert it)
      for (unsigned int j = 0; j < q_dofs_per_cell; ++j)
        {
          // read in a point on this cell and evaluate the shape functions there
          const Point<dim> p = this->unit_support_points[j];
 
          // FE_Q element evaluates to 1 in unit support point and to zero in
          // all other points by construction
          Assert(std::abs(this->poly_space->compute_value(j, p) - 1.) < 1e-13,
                 ExcInternalError());
 
          for (unsigned int i = 0; i < source_q_dofs_per_cell; ++i)
            interpolation_matrix(j, i) =
              source_fe->poly_space->compute_value(i, p);
        }
 
      // for FE_Q_DG0, add one last row of identity
      if (q_dofs_per_cell < this->n_dofs_per_cell())
        {
          AssertDimension(source_q_dofs_per_cell + 1,
                          source_fe->n_dofs_per_cell());
          for (unsigned int i = 0; i < source_q_dofs_per_cell; ++i)
            interpolation_matrix(q_dofs_per_cell, i) = 0.;
          for (unsigned int j = 0; j < q_dofs_per_cell; ++j)
            interpolation_matrix(j, source_q_dofs_per_cell) = 0.;
          interpolation_matrix(q_dofs_per_cell, source_q_dofs_per_cell) = 1.;
        }
 
      // cut off very small values
      const double eps = 2e-13 * q_degree * dim;
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->n_dofs_per_cell(); ++i)
        for (unsigned int j = 0; j < source_fe->n_dofs_per_cell(); ++j)
          if (std::fabs(interpolation_matrix(i, j)) < eps)
            interpolation_matrix(i, j) = 0.;
 
#ifdef DEBUG
      // make sure that the row sum of each of the matrices is 1 at this
      // point. this must be so since the shape functions sum up to 1
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->n_dofs_per_cell(); ++i)
        {
          double sum = 0.;
          for (unsigned int j = 0; j < source_fe->n_dofs_per_cell(); ++j)
            sum += interpolation_matrix(i, j);
 
          Assert(std::fabs(sum - 1) < eps, ExcInternalError());
        }
#endif
    }
  else if (dynamic_cast<const FE_Nothing<dim> *>(&x_source_fe))
    {
      // the element we want to interpolate from is an FE_Nothing. this
      // element represents a function that is constant zero and has no
      // degrees of freedom, so the interpolation is simply a multiplication
      // with a n_dofs x 0 matrix. there is nothing to do here
 
      // we would like to verify that the number of rows and columns of
      // the matrix equals this->n_dofs_per_cell() and zero. unfortunately,
      // whenever we do FullMatrix::reinit(m,0), it sets both rows and
      // columns to zero, instead of m and zero. thus, only test the
      // number of columns
      Assert(interpolation_matrix.n() == x_source_fe.n_dofs_per_cell(),
             ExcDimensionMismatch(interpolation_matrix.m(),
                                  x_source_fe.n_dofs_per_cell()));
    }
  else
    AssertThrow(
      false,
      (typename FiniteElement<dim,
                              spacedim>::ExcInterpolationNotImplemented()));
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
void
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::get_face_interpolation_matrix(
  const FiniteElement<dim, spacedim> &source_fe,
  FullMatrix<double> &                interpolation_matrix,
  const unsigned int                  face_no) const
{
  get_subface_interpolation_matrix(source_fe,
                                   numbers::invalid_unsigned_int,
                                   interpolation_matrix,
                                   face_no);
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
void
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::get_subface_interpolation_matrix(
  const FiniteElement<dim, spacedim> &source_fe,
  const unsigned int                  subface,
  FullMatrix<double> &                interpolation_matrix,
  const unsigned int                  face_no) const
{
  Assert(interpolation_matrix.m() == source_fe.n_dofs_per_face(face_no),
         ExcDimensionMismatch(interpolation_matrix.m(),
                              source_fe.n_dofs_per_face(face_no)));
 
  Assert(source_fe.n_components() == this->n_components(),
         ExcDimensionMismatch(source_fe.n_components(), this->n_components()));
 
  if (source_fe.has_face_support_points(face_no))
    {
      // have this test in here since a table of size 2x0 reports its size as
      // 0x0
      Assert(interpolation_matrix.n() == this->n_dofs_per_face(face_no),
             ExcDimensionMismatch(interpolation_matrix.n(),
                                  this->n_dofs_per_face(face_no)));
 
      // Make sure that the element for which the DoFs should be constrained
      // is the one with the higher polynomial degree.  Actually the procedure
      // will work also if this assertion is not satisfied. But the matrices
      // produced in that case might lead to problems in the hp-procedures,
      // which use this method.
      Assert(
        this->n_dofs_per_face(face_no) <= source_fe.n_dofs_per_face(face_no),
        (typename FiniteElement<dim,
                                spacedim>::ExcInterpolationNotImplemented()));
 
      // generate a point on this cell and evaluate the shape functions there
      const Quadrature<dim - 1> quad_face_support(
        source_fe.get_unit_face_support_points(face_no));
 
      // Rule of thumb for FP accuracy, that can be expected for a given
      // polynomial degree.  This value is used to cut off values close to
      // zero.
      const double eps = 2e-13 * this->q_degree * std::max(dim - 1, 1);
 
      // compute the interpolation matrix by simply taking the value at the
      // support points.
      // TODO: Verify that all faces are the same with respect to
      // these support points. Furthermore, check if something has to
      // be done for the face orientation flag in 3D.
      const Quadrature<dim> subface_quadrature =
        subface == numbers::invalid_unsigned_int ?
          QProjector<dim>::project_to_face(this->reference_cell(),
                                           quad_face_support,
                                           0) :
          QProjector<dim>::project_to_subface(this->reference_cell(),
                                              quad_face_support,
                                              0,
                                              subface);
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < source_fe.n_dofs_per_face(face_no); ++i)
        {
          const Point<dim> &p = subface_quadrature.point(i);
 
          for (unsigned int j = 0; j < this->n_dofs_per_face(face_no); ++j)
            {
              double matrix_entry =
                this->shape_value(this->face_to_cell_index(j, 0), p);
 
              // Correct the interpolated value. I.e. if it is close to 1 or
              // 0, make it exactly 1 or 0. Unfortunately, this is required to
              // avoid problems with higher order elements.
              if (std::fabs(matrix_entry - 1.0) < eps)
                matrix_entry = 1.0;
              if (std::fabs(matrix_entry) < eps)
                matrix_entry = 0.0;
 
              interpolation_matrix(i, j) = matrix_entry;
            }
        }
 
#ifdef DEBUG
      // make sure that the row sum of each of the matrices is 1 at this
      // point. this must be so since the shape functions sum up to 1
      for (unsigned int j = 0; j < source_fe.n_dofs_per_face(face_no); ++j)
        {
          double sum = 0.;
 
          for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->n_dofs_per_face(face_no); ++i)
            sum += interpolation_matrix(j, i);
 
          Assert(std::fabs(sum - 1) < eps, ExcInternalError());
        }
#endif
    }
  else if (dynamic_cast<const FE_Nothing<dim> *>(&source_fe) != nullptr)
    {
      // nothing to do here, the FE_Nothing has no degrees of freedom anyway
    }
  else
    AssertThrow(
      false,
      (typename FiniteElement<dim,
                              spacedim>::ExcInterpolationNotImplemented()));
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
bool
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::hp_constraints_are_implemented() const
{
  return true;
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
std::vector<std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>>
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::hp_vertex_dof_identities(
  const FiniteElement<dim, spacedim> &fe_other) const
{
  if (dynamic_cast<const FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim> *>(&fe_other) != nullptr)
    {
      // there should be exactly one single DoF of each FE at a vertex, and they
      // should have identical value
      return {{0U, 0U}};
    }
  else if (dynamic_cast<const FE_SimplexP<dim, spacedim> *>(&fe_other) !=
           nullptr)
    {
      // there should be exactly one single DoF of each FE at a vertex, and they
      // should have identical value
      return {{0U, 0U}};
    }
  else if (dynamic_cast<const FE_Nothing<dim> *>(&fe_other) != nullptr)
    {
      // the FE_Nothing has no degrees of freedom, so there are no
      // equivalencies to be recorded
      return {};
    }
  else if (fe_other.n_unique_faces() == 1 && fe_other.n_dofs_per_face(0) == 0)
    {
      // if the other element has no elements on faces at all,
      // then it would be impossible to enforce any kind of
      // continuity even if we knew exactly what kind of element
      // we have -- simply because the other element declares
      // that it is discontinuous because it has no DoFs on
      // its faces. in that case, just state that we have no
      // constraints to declare
      return {};
    }
  else
    {
      Assert(false, ExcNotImplemented());
      return {};
    }
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
std::vector<std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>>
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::hp_line_dof_identities(
  const FiniteElement<dim, spacedim> &fe_other) const
{
  // we can presently only compute these identities if both FEs are FE_Qs or
  // if the other one is an FE_Nothing
  if (const FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim> *fe_q_other =
        dynamic_cast<const FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim> *>(&fe_other))
    {
      // dofs are located along lines, so two dofs are identical if they are
      // located at identical positions. if we had only equidistant points, we
      // could simply check for similarity like (i+1)*q == (j+1)*p, but we
      // might have other support points (e.g. Gauss-Lobatto
      // points). Therefore, read the points in unit_support_points for the
      // first coordinate direction. We take the lexicographic ordering of the
      // points in the first direction (i.e., x-direction), which we access
      // between index 1 and p-1 (index 0 and p are vertex dofs).
      const unsigned int p = this->degree;
      const unsigned int q = fe_q_other->degree;
 
      std::vector<std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>> identities;
 
      const std::vector<unsigned int> &index_map_inverse =
        this->get_poly_space_numbering_inverse();
      const std::vector<unsigned int> &index_map_inverse_other =
        fe_q_other->get_poly_space_numbering_inverse();
 
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < p - 1; ++i)
        for (unsigned int j = 0; j < q - 1; ++j)
          if (std::fabs(
                this->unit_support_points[index_map_inverse[i + 1]][0] -
                fe_q_other->unit_support_points[index_map_inverse_other[j + 1]]
                                               [0]) < 1e-14)
            identities.emplace_back(i, j);
 
      return identities;
    }
  else if (const FE_SimplexP<dim, spacedim> *fe_p_other =
             dynamic_cast<const FE_SimplexP<dim, spacedim> *>(&fe_other))
    {
      // DoFs are located along lines, so two dofs are identical if they are
      // located at identical positions. If we had only equidistant points, we
      // could simply check for similarity like (i+1)*q == (j+1)*p, but we
      // might have other support points (e.g. Gauss-Lobatto
      // points). Therefore, read the points in unit_support_points for the
      // first coordinate direction. For FE_Q, we take the lexicographic
      // ordering of the line support points in the first direction (i.e.,
      // x-direction), which we access between index 1 and p-1 (index 0 and p
      // are vertex dofs). For FE_SimplexP, they are currently hard-coded and we
      // iterate over points on the first line which begin after the 3 vertex
      // points in the complete list of unit support points
 
      Assert(fe_p_other->degree <= 2, ExcNotImplemented());
 
      const std::vector<unsigned int> &index_map_inverse_q =
        this->get_poly_space_numbering_inverse();
 
      std::vector<std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>> identities;
 
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->degree - 1; ++i)
        for (unsigned int j = 0; j < fe_p_other->degree - 1; ++j)
          if (std::fabs(
                this->unit_support_points[index_map_inverse_q[i + 1]][0] -
                fe_p_other->get_unit_support_points()[j + 3][0]) < 1e-14)
            identities.emplace_back(i, j);
 
      return identities;
    }
  else if (dynamic_cast<const FE_Nothing<dim> *>(&fe_other) != nullptr)
    {
      // the FE_Nothing has no degrees of freedom, so there are no
      // equivalencies to be recorded
      return {};
    }
  else if (fe_other.n_unique_faces() == 1 && fe_other.n_dofs_per_face(0) == 0)
    {
      // if the other element has no elements on faces at all,
      // then it would be impossible to enforce any kind of
      // continuity even if we knew exactly what kind of element
      // we have -- simply because the other element declares
      // that it is discontinuous because it has no DoFs on
      // its faces. in that case, just state that we have no
      // constraints to declare
      return {};
    }
  else
    {
      Assert(false, ExcNotImplemented());
      return {};
    }
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
std::vector<std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>>
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::hp_quad_dof_identities(
  const FiniteElement<dim, spacedim> &fe_other,
  const unsigned int) const
{
  // we can presently only compute these identities if both FEs are FE_Qs or
  // if the other one is an FE_Nothing
  if (const FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim> *fe_q_other =
        dynamic_cast<const FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim> *>(&fe_other))
    {
      // this works exactly like the line case above, except that now we have
      // to have two indices i1, i2 and j1, j2 to characterize the dofs on the
      // face of each of the finite elements. since they are ordered
      // lexicographically along the first line and we have a tensor product,
      // the rest is rather straightforward
      const unsigned int p = this->degree;
      const unsigned int q = fe_q_other->degree;
 
      std::vector<std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>> identities;
 
      const std::vector<unsigned int> &index_map_inverse =
        this->get_poly_space_numbering_inverse();
      const std::vector<unsigned int> &index_map_inverse_other =
        fe_q_other->get_poly_space_numbering_inverse();
 
      for (unsigned int i1 = 0; i1 < p - 1; ++i1)
        for (unsigned int i2 = 0; i2 < p - 1; ++i2)
          for (unsigned int j1 = 0; j1 < q - 1; ++j1)
            for (unsigned int j2 = 0; j2 < q - 1; ++j2)
              if ((std::fabs(
                     this->unit_support_points[index_map_inverse[i1 + 1]][0] -
                     fe_q_other
                       ->unit_support_points[index_map_inverse_other[j1 + 1]]
                                            [0]) < 1e-14) &&
                  (std::fabs(
                     this->unit_support_points[index_map_inverse[i2 + 1]][0] -
                     fe_q_other
                       ->unit_support_points[index_map_inverse_other[j2 + 1]]
                                            [0]) < 1e-14))
                identities.emplace_back(i1 * (p - 1) + i2, j1 * (q - 1) + j2);
 
      return identities;
    }
  else if (dynamic_cast<const FE_Nothing<dim> *>(&fe_other) != nullptr)
    {
      // the FE_Nothing has no degrees of freedom, so there are no
      // equivalencies to be recorded
      return std::vector<std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>>();
    }
  else if (fe_other.n_unique_faces() == 1 && fe_other.n_dofs_per_face(0) == 0)
    {
      // if the other element has no elements on faces at all,
      // then it would be impossible to enforce any kind of
      // continuity even if we knew exactly what kind of element
      // we have -- simply because the other element declares
      // that it is discontinuous because it has no DoFs on
      // its faces. in that case, just state that we have no
      // constraints to declare
      return std::vector<std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>>();
    }
  else
    {
      Assert(false, ExcNotImplemented());
      return std::vector<std::pair<unsigned int, unsigned int>>();
    }
}
 
 
 
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Auxiliary functions
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
void
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::initialize_unit_support_points(
  const std::vector<Point<1>> &points)
{
  const std::vector<unsigned int> &index_map_inverse =
    this->get_poly_space_numbering_inverse();
 
  // We can compute the support points by computing the tensor
  // product of the 1d set of points. We could do this by hand, but it's
  // easier to just re-use functionality that's already been implemented
  // for quadrature formulas.
  const Quadrature<1>   support_1d(points);
  const Quadrature<dim> support_quadrature(support_1d); // NOLINT
 
  // The only thing we have to do is reorder the points from tensor
  // product order to the order in which we enumerate DoFs on cells
  this->unit_support_points.resize(support_quadrature.size());
  for (unsigned int k = 0; k < support_quadrature.size(); ++k)
    this->unit_support_points[index_map_inverse[k]] =
      support_quadrature.point(k);
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
void
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::initialize_unit_face_support_points(
  const std::vector<Point<1>> &points)
{
  // TODO: the implementation makes the assumption that all faces have the
  // same number of dofs
  AssertDimension(this->n_unique_faces(), 1);
  const unsigned int face_no = 0;
 
  this->unit_face_support_points[face_no].resize(
    Utilities::fixed_power<dim - 1>(q_degree + 1));
 
  // In 1D, there is only one 0-dimensional support point, so there is nothing
  // more to be done.
  if (dim == 1)
    return;
 
  // find renumbering of faces and assign from values of quadrature
  const std::vector<unsigned int> face_index_map =
    FETools::lexicographic_to_hierarchic_numbering<dim - 1>(q_degree);
 
  // We can compute the support points by computing the tensor
  // product of the 1d set of points. We could do this by hand, but it's
  // easier to just re-use functionality that's already been implemented
  // for quadrature formulas.
  const Quadrature<1>       support_1d(points);
  const Quadrature<dim - 1> support_quadrature(support_1d); // NOLINT
 
  // The only thing we have to do is reorder the points from tensor
  // product order to the order in which we enumerate DoFs on cells
  this->unit_face_support_points[face_no].resize(support_quadrature.size());
  for (unsigned int k = 0; k < support_quadrature.size(); ++k)
    this->unit_face_support_points[face_no][face_index_map[k]] =
      support_quadrature.point(k);
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
void
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::initialize_quad_dof_index_permutation()
{
  // for 1D and 2D, do nothing
  if (dim < 3)
    return;
 
  // TODO: the implementation makes the assumption that all faces have the
  // same number of dofs
  AssertDimension(this->n_unique_faces(), 1);
  const unsigned int face_no = 0;
 
  Assert(this->adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table[0]
             .n_elements() == 8 * this->n_dofs_per_quad(face_no),
         ExcInternalError());
 
  const unsigned int n = q_degree - 1;
  Assert(n * n == this->n_dofs_per_quad(face_no), ExcInternalError());
 
  // the dofs on a face are connected to a n x n matrix. for example, for
  // degree==4 we have the following dofs on a quad
 
  //  ___________
  // |           |
  // |  6  7  8  |
  // |           |
  // |  3  4  5  |
  // |           |
  // |  0  1  2  |
  // |___________|
  //
  // we have dof_no=i+n*j with index i in x-direction and index j in
  // y-direction running from 0 to n-1.  to extract i and j we can use
  // i=dof_no%n and j=dof_no/n. i and j can then be used to construct the
  // rotated and mirrored numbers.
 
 
  for (unsigned int local = 0; local < this->n_dofs_per_quad(face_no); ++local)
    // face support points are in lexicographic ordering with x running
    // fastest. invert that (y running fastest)
    {
      unsigned int i = local % n, j = local / n;
 
      // face_orientation=false, face_flip=false, face_rotation=false
      this->adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table[face_no](local,
                                                                      0) =
        j + i * n - local;
      // face_orientation=false, face_flip=false, face_rotation=true
      this->adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table[face_no](local,
                                                                      1) =
        i + (n - 1 - j) * n - local;
      // face_orientation=false, face_flip=true,  face_rotation=false
      this->adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table[face_no](local,
                                                                      2) =
        (n - 1 - j) + (n - 1 - i) * n - local;
      // face_orientation=false, face_flip=true,  face_rotation=true
      this->adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table[face_no](local,
                                                                      3) =
        (n - 1 - i) + j * n - local;
      // face_orientation=true,  face_flip=false, face_rotation=false
      this->adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table[face_no](local,
                                                                      4) = 0;
      // face_orientation=true,  face_flip=false, face_rotation=true
      this->adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table[face_no](local,
                                                                      5) =
        j + (n - 1 - i) * n - local;
      // face_orientation=true,  face_flip=true,  face_rotation=false
      this->adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table[face_no](local,
                                                                      6) =
        (n - 1 - i) + (n - 1 - j) * n - local;
      // face_orientation=true,  face_flip=true,  face_rotation=true
      this->adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table[face_no](local,
                                                                      7) =
        (n - 1 - j) + i * n - local;
    }
 
  // additionally initialize reordering of line dofs
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < this->n_dofs_per_line(); ++i)
    this->adjust_line_dof_index_for_line_orientation_table[i] =
      this->n_dofs_per_line() - 1 - i - i;
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
unsigned int
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::face_to_cell_index(const unsigned int face_index,
                                             const unsigned int face,
                                             const bool face_orientation,
                                             const bool face_flip,
                                             const bool face_rotation) const
{
  AssertIndexRange(face_index, this->n_dofs_per_face(face));
  AssertIndexRange(face, GeometryInfo<dim>::faces_per_cell);
 
  // TODO: we could presumably solve the 3d case below using the
  // adjust_quad_dof_index_for_face_orientation_table field. for the
  // 2d case, we can't use adjust_line_dof_index_for_line_orientation_table
  // since that array is empty (presumably because we thought that
  // there are no flipped edges in 2d, but these can happen in
  // DoFTools::make_periodicity_constraints, for example). so we
  // would need to either fill this field, or rely on derived classes
  // implementing this function, as we currently do
 
  // we need to distinguish between DoFs on vertices, lines and in 3d quads.
  // do so in a sequence of if-else statements
  if (face_index < this->get_first_face_line_index(face))
    // DoF is on a vertex
    {
      // get the number of the vertex on the face that corresponds to this DoF,
      // along with the number of the DoF on this vertex
      const unsigned int face_vertex = face_index / this->n_dofs_per_vertex();
      const unsigned int dof_index_on_vertex =
        face_index % this->n_dofs_per_vertex();
 
      // then get the number of this vertex on the cell and translate
      // this to a DoF number on the cell
      return (GeometryInfo<dim>::face_to_cell_vertices(
                face, face_vertex, face_orientation, face_flip, face_rotation) *
                this->n_dofs_per_vertex() +
              dof_index_on_vertex);
    }
  else if (face_index < this->get_first_face_quad_index(face))
    // DoF is on a face
    {
      // do the same kind of translation as before. we need to only consider
      // DoFs on the lines, i.e., ignoring those on the vertices
      const unsigned int index =
        face_index - this->get_first_face_line_index(face);
 
      const unsigned int face_line         = index / this->n_dofs_per_line();
      const unsigned int dof_index_on_line = index % this->n_dofs_per_line();
 
      // we now also need to adjust the line index for the case of
      // face orientation, face flips, etc
      unsigned int adjusted_dof_index_on_line = 0;
      switch (dim)
        {
          case 1:
            Assert(false, ExcInternalError());
            break;
 
          case 2:
            // in 2d, only face_flip has a meaning. if it is set, consider
            // dofs in reverse order
            if (face_flip == false)
              adjusted_dof_index_on_line = dof_index_on_line;
            else
              adjusted_dof_index_on_line =
                this->n_dofs_per_line() - dof_index_on_line - 1;
            break;
 
          case 3:
            // in 3d, things are difficult. someone will have to think
            // about how this code here should look like, by drawing a bunch
            // of pictures of how all the faces can look like with the various
            // flips and rotations.
            //
            // that said, the Q2 case is easy enough to implement, as is the
            // case where everything is in standard orientation
            Assert((this->n_dofs_per_line() <= 1) ||
                     ((face_orientation == true) && (face_flip == false) &&
                      (face_rotation == false)),
                   ExcNotImplemented());
            adjusted_dof_index_on_line = dof_index_on_line;
            break;
 
          default:
            Assert(false, ExcInternalError());
        }
 
      return (this->get_first_line_index() +
              GeometryInfo<dim>::face_to_cell_lines(
                face, face_line, face_orientation, face_flip, face_rotation) *
                this->n_dofs_per_line() +
              adjusted_dof_index_on_line);
    }
  else
    // DoF is on a quad
    {
      Assert(dim >= 3, ExcInternalError());
 
      // ignore vertex and line dofs
      const unsigned int index =
        face_index - this->get_first_face_quad_index(face);
 
      // the same is true here as above for the 3d case -- someone will
      // just have to draw a bunch of pictures. in the meantime,
      // we can implement the Q2 case in which it is simple
      Assert((this->n_dofs_per_quad(face) <= 1) ||
               ((face_orientation == true) && (face_flip == false) &&
                (face_rotation == false)),
             ExcNotImplemented());
      return (this->get_first_quad_index(face) + index);
    }
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
std::vector<unsigned int>
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::get_dpo_vector(const unsigned int degree)
{
  using FEQ = FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>;
  AssertThrow(degree > 0, typename FEQ::ExcFEQCannotHaveDegree0());
  std::vector<unsigned int> dpo(dim + 1, 1U);
  for (unsigned int i = 1; i < dpo.size(); ++i)
    dpo[i] = dpo[i - 1] * (degree - 1);
  return dpo;
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
void
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::initialize_constraints(
  const std::vector<Point<1>> &points)
{
  Implementation::initialize_constraints(points, *this);
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
const FullMatrix<double> &
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::get_prolongation_matrix(
  const unsigned int         child,
  const RefinementCase<dim> &refinement_case) const
{
  AssertIndexRange(refinement_case,
                   RefinementCase<dim>::isotropic_refinement + 1);
  Assert(refinement_case != RefinementCase<dim>::no_refinement,
         ExcMessage(
           "Prolongation matrices are only available for refined cells!"));
  AssertIndexRange(child, GeometryInfo<dim>::n_children(refinement_case));
 
  // initialization upon first request
  if (this->prolongation[refinement_case - 1][child].n() == 0)
    {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(this->mutex);
 
      // if matrix got updated while waiting for the lock
      if (this->prolongation[refinement_case - 1][child].n() ==
          this->n_dofs_per_cell())
        return this->prolongation[refinement_case - 1][child];
 
      // distinguish q/q_dg0 case: only treat Q dofs first
      const unsigned int q_dofs_per_cell =
        Utilities::fixed_power<dim>(q_degree + 1);
 
      // compute the interpolation matrices in much the same way as we do for
      // the constraints. it's actually simpler here, since we don't have this
      // weird renumbering stuff going on. The trick is again that we the
      // interpolation matrix is formed by a permutation of the indices of the
      // cell matrix. The value eps is used a threshold to decide when certain
      // evaluations of the Lagrange polynomials are zero or one.
      const double eps = 1e-15 * q_degree * dim;
 
#ifdef DEBUG
      // in DEBUG mode, check that the evaluation of support points in the
      // current numbering gives the identity operation
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < q_dofs_per_cell; ++i)
        {
          Assert(std::fabs(1. - this->poly_space->compute_value(
                                  i, this->unit_support_points[i])) < eps,
                 ExcInternalError("The Lagrange polynomial does not evaluate "
                                  "to one or zero in a nodal point. "
                                  "This typically indicates that the "
                                  "polynomial interpolation is "
                                  "ill-conditioned such that round-off "
                                  "prevents the sum to be one."));
          for (unsigned int j = 0; j < q_dofs_per_cell; ++j)
            if (j != i)
              Assert(std::fabs(this->poly_space->compute_value(
                       i, this->unit_support_points[j])) < eps,
                     ExcInternalError(
                       "The Lagrange polynomial does not evaluate "
                       "to one or zero in a nodal point. "
                       "This typically indicates that the "
                       "polynomial interpolation is "
                       "ill-conditioned such that round-off "
                       "prevents the sum to be one."));
        }
#endif
 
      // to efficiently evaluate the polynomial at the subcell, make use of
      // the tensor product structure of this element and only evaluate 1D
      // information from the polynomial. This makes the cost of this function
      // almost negligible also for high order elements
      const unsigned int            dofs1d = q_degree + 1;
      std::vector<Table<2, double>> subcell_evaluations(
        dim, Table<2, double>(dofs1d, dofs1d));
 
      const std::vector<unsigned int> &index_map_inverse =
        this->get_poly_space_numbering_inverse();
 
      // helper value: step size how to walk through diagonal and how many
      // points we have left apart from the first dimension
      unsigned int step_size_diag = 0;
      {
        unsigned int factor = 1;
        for (unsigned int d = 0; d < dim; ++d)
          {
            step_size_diag += factor;
            factor *= dofs1d;
          }
      }
 
      FullMatrix<double> prolongate(this->n_dofs_per_cell(),
                                    this->n_dofs_per_cell());
 
      // go through the points in diagonal to capture variation in all
      // directions simultaneously
      for (unsigned int j = 0; j < dofs1d; ++j)
        {
          const unsigned int diag_comp = index_map_inverse[j * step_size_diag];
          const Point<dim>   p_subcell = this->unit_support_points[diag_comp];
          const Point<dim>   p_cell =
            GeometryInfo<dim>::child_to_cell_coordinates(p_subcell,
                                                         child,
                                                         refinement_case);
          for (unsigned int i = 0; i < dofs1d; ++i)
            for (unsigned int d = 0; d < dim; ++d)
              {
                // evaluate along line where only x is different from zero
                Point<dim> point;
                point[0] = p_cell[d];
                const double cell_value =
                  this->poly_space->compute_value(index_map_inverse[i], point);
 
                // cut off values that are too small. note that we have here
                // Lagrange interpolation functions, so they should be zero at
                // almost all points, and one at the others, at least on the
                // subcells. so set them to their exact values
                //
                // the actual cut-off value is somewhat fuzzy, but it works
                // for 2e-13*degree*dim (see above), which is kind of
                // reasonable given that we compute the values of the
                // polynomials via an degree-step recursion and then multiply
                // the 1d-values. this gives us a linear growth in degree*dim,
                // times a small constant.
                //
                // the embedding matrix is given by applying the inverse of
                // the subcell matrix on the cell_interpolation matrix. since
                // the subcell matrix is actually only a permutation vector,
                // all we need to do is to switch the rows we write the data
                // into. moreover, cut off very small values here
                if (std::fabs(cell_value) < eps)
                  subcell_evaluations[d](j, i) = 0;
                else
                  subcell_evaluations[d](j, i) = cell_value;
              }
        }
 
      // now expand from 1D info. block innermost dimension (x_0) in order to
      // avoid difficult checks at innermost loop
      unsigned int j_indices[dim];
      internal::FE_Q_Base::zero_indices<dim>(j_indices);
      for (unsigned int j = 0; j < q_dofs_per_cell; j += dofs1d)
        {
          unsigned int i_indices[dim];
          internal::FE_Q_Base::zero_indices<dim>(i_indices);
          for (unsigned int i = 0; i < q_dofs_per_cell; i += dofs1d)
            {
              double val_extra_dim = 1.;
              for (unsigned int d = 1; d < dim; ++d)
                val_extra_dim *=
                  subcell_evaluations[d](j_indices[d - 1], i_indices[d - 1]);
 
              // innermost sum where we actually compute. the same as
              // prolongate(j,i) = this->poly_space->compute_value (i, p_cell)
              for (unsigned int jj = 0; jj < dofs1d; ++jj)
                {
                  const unsigned int j_ind = index_map_inverse[j + jj];
                  for (unsigned int ii = 0; ii < dofs1d; ++ii)
                    prolongate(j_ind, index_map_inverse[i + ii]) =
                      val_extra_dim * subcell_evaluations[0](jj, ii);
                }
 
              // update indices that denote the tensor product position. a bit
              // fuzzy and therefore not done for innermost x_0 direction
              internal::FE_Q_Base::increment_indices<dim>(i_indices, dofs1d);
            }
          Assert(i_indices[dim - 1] == 1, ExcInternalError());
          internal::FE_Q_Base::increment_indices<dim>(j_indices, dofs1d);
        }
 
      // the discontinuous node is simply mapped on the discontinuous node on
      // the child element
      if (q_dofs_per_cell < this->n_dofs_per_cell())
        prolongate(q_dofs_per_cell, q_dofs_per_cell) = 1.;
 
        // and make sure that the row sum is 1. this must be so since for this
        // element, the shape functions add up to one
#ifdef DEBUG
      for (unsigned int row = 0; row < this->n_dofs_per_cell(); ++row)
        {
          double sum = 0;
          for (unsigned int col = 0; col < this->n_dofs_per_cell(); ++col)
            sum += prolongate(row, col);
          Assert(std::fabs(sum - 1.) <
                   std::max(eps, 5e-16 * std::sqrt(this->n_dofs_per_cell())),
                 ExcInternalError("The entries in a row of the local "
                                  "prolongation matrix do not add to one. "
                                  "This typically indicates that the "
                                  "polynomial interpolation is "
                                  "ill-conditioned such that round-off "
                                  "prevents the sum to be one."));
        }
#endif
 
      // swap matrices
      prolongate.swap(const_cast<FullMatrix<double> &>(
        this->prolongation[refinement_case - 1][child]));
    }
 
  // finally return the matrix
  return this->prolongation[refinement_case - 1][child];
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
const FullMatrix<double> &
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::get_restriction_matrix(
  const unsigned int         child,
  const RefinementCase<dim> &refinement_case) const
{
  AssertIndexRange(refinement_case,
                   RefinementCase<dim>::isotropic_refinement + 1);
  Assert(refinement_case != RefinementCase<dim>::no_refinement,
         ExcMessage(
           "Restriction matrices are only available for refined cells!"));
  AssertIndexRange(child, GeometryInfo<dim>::n_children(refinement_case));
 
  // initialization upon first request
  if (this->restriction[refinement_case - 1][child].n() == 0)
    {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(this->mutex);
 
      // if matrix got updated while waiting for the lock...
      if (this->restriction[refinement_case - 1][child].n() ==
          this->n_dofs_per_cell())
        return this->restriction[refinement_case - 1][child];
 
      FullMatrix<double> my_restriction(this->n_dofs_per_cell(),
                                        this->n_dofs_per_cell());
      // distinguish q/q_dg0 case
      const unsigned int q_dofs_per_cell =
        Utilities::fixed_power<dim>(q_degree + 1);
 
      // for Lagrange interpolation polynomials based on equidistant points,
      // construction of the restriction matrices is relatively simple. the
      // reason is that in this case the interpolation points on the mother
      // cell are always also interpolation points for some shape function on
      // one or the other child.
      //
      // in the general case with non-equidistant points, we need to actually
      // do an interpolation. thus, we take the interpolation points on the
      // mother cell and evaluate the shape functions of the child cell on
      // those points. it does not hurt in the equidistant case because then
      // simple one shape function evaluates to one and the others to zero.
      //
      // this element is non-additive in all its degrees of freedom by
      // default, which requires care in downstream use. fortunately, even the
      // interpolation on non-equidistant points is invariant under the
      // assumption that whenever a row makes a non-zero contribution to the
      // mother's residual, the correct value is interpolated.
 
      const double                     eps = 1e-15 * q_degree * dim;
      const std::vector<unsigned int> &index_map_inverse =
        this->get_poly_space_numbering_inverse();
 
      const unsigned int          dofs1d = q_degree + 1;
      std::vector<Tensor<1, dim>> evaluations1d(dofs1d);
 
      my_restriction.reinit(this->n_dofs_per_cell(), this->n_dofs_per_cell());
 
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < q_dofs_per_cell; ++i)
        {
          unsigned int     mother_dof = index_map_inverse[i];
          const Point<dim> p_cell     = this->unit_support_points[mother_dof];
 
          // check whether this interpolation point is inside this child cell
          const Point<dim> p_subcell =
            GeometryInfo<dim>::cell_to_child_coordinates(p_cell,
                                                         child,
                                                         refinement_case);
          if (GeometryInfo<dim>::is_inside_unit_cell(p_subcell))
            {
              // same logic as in initialize_embedding to evaluate the
              // polynomial faster than from the tensor product: since we
              // evaluate all polynomials, it is much faster to just compute
              // the 1D values for all polynomials before and then get the
              // dim-data.
              for (unsigned int j = 0; j < dofs1d; ++j)
                for (unsigned int d = 0; d < dim; ++d)
                  {
                    Point<dim> point;
                    point[0] = p_subcell[d];
                    evaluations1d[j][d] =
                      this->poly_space->compute_value(index_map_inverse[j],
                                                      point);
                  }
              unsigned int j_indices[dim];
              internal::FE_Q_Base::zero_indices<dim>(j_indices);
#ifdef DEBUG
              double sum_check = 0;
#endif
              for (unsigned int j = 0; j < q_dofs_per_cell; j += dofs1d)
                {
                  double val_extra_dim = 1.;
                  for (unsigned int d = 1; d < dim; ++d)
                    val_extra_dim *= evaluations1d[j_indices[d - 1]][d];
                  for (unsigned int jj = 0; jj < dofs1d; ++jj)
                    {
                      // find the child shape function(s) corresponding to
                      // this point. Usually this is just one function;
                      // however, when we use FE_Q on arbitrary nodes a parent
                      // support point might not be a child support point, and
                      // then we will get more than one nonzero value per
                      // row. Still, the values should sum up to 1
                      const double val = val_extra_dim * evaluations1d[jj][0];
                      const unsigned int child_dof = index_map_inverse[j + jj];
                      if (std::fabs(val - 1.) < eps)
                        my_restriction(mother_dof, child_dof) = 1.;
                      else if (std::fabs(val) > eps)
                        my_restriction(mother_dof, child_dof) = val;
#ifdef DEBUG
                      sum_check += val;
#endif
                    }
                  internal::FE_Q_Base::increment_indices<dim>(j_indices,
                                                              dofs1d);
                }
              Assert(std::fabs(sum_check - 1) <
                       std::max(eps,
                                5e-16 * std::sqrt(this->n_dofs_per_cell())),
                     ExcInternalError("The entries in a row of the local "
                                      "restriction matrix do not add to one. "
                                      "This typically indicates that the "
                                      "polynomial interpolation is "
                                      "ill-conditioned such that round-off "
                                      "prevents the sum to be one."));
            }
 
          // part for FE_Q_DG0
          if (q_dofs_per_cell < this->n_dofs_per_cell())
            my_restriction(this->n_dofs_per_cell() - 1,
                           this->n_dofs_per_cell() - 1) =
              1. / GeometryInfo<dim>::n_children(
                     RefinementCase<dim>(refinement_case));
        }
 
      // swap the just computed restriction matrix into the
      // element of the vector stored in the base class
      my_restriction.swap(const_cast<FullMatrix<double> &>(
        this->restriction[refinement_case - 1][child]));
    }
 
  return this->restriction[refinement_case - 1][child];
}
 
 
 
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Data field initialization
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
bool
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::has_support_on_face(
  const unsigned int shape_index,
  const unsigned int face_index) const
{
  AssertIndexRange(shape_index, this->n_dofs_per_cell());
  AssertIndexRange(face_index, GeometryInfo<dim>::faces_per_cell);
 
  // in 1d, things are simple. since there is only one degree of freedom per
  // vertex in this class, the first is on vertex 0 (==face 0 in some sense),
  // the second on face 1:
  if (dim == 1)
    return (((shape_index == 0) && (face_index == 0)) ||
            ((shape_index == 1) && (face_index == 1)));
 
  // first, special-case interior shape functions, since they have no support
  // no-where on the boundary
  if (((dim == 2) &&
       (shape_index >= this->get_first_quad_index(0 /*first quad*/))) ||
      ((dim == 3) && (shape_index >= this->get_first_hex_index())))
    return false;
 
  // let's see whether this is a vertex
  if (shape_index < this->get_first_line_index())
    {
      // for Q elements, there is one dof per vertex, so
      // shape_index==vertex_number. check whether this vertex is on the given
      // face. thus, for each face, give a list of vertices
      const unsigned int vertex_no = shape_index;
      Assert(vertex_no < GeometryInfo<dim>::vertices_per_cell,
             ExcInternalError());
 
      for (unsigned int v = 0; v < GeometryInfo<dim>::vertices_per_face; ++v)
        if (GeometryInfo<dim>::face_to_cell_vertices(face_index, v) ==
            vertex_no)
          return true;
 
      return false;
    }
  else if (shape_index < this->get_first_quad_index(0 /*first quad*/))
    // ok, dof is on a line
    {
      const unsigned int line_index =
        (shape_index - this->get_first_line_index()) / this->n_dofs_per_line();
      Assert(line_index < GeometryInfo<dim>::lines_per_cell,
             ExcInternalError());
 
      // in 2d, the line is the face, so get the line index
      if (dim == 2)
        return (line_index == face_index);
      else if (dim == 3)
        {
          // silence compiler warning
          const unsigned int lines_per_face =
            dim == 3 ? GeometryInfo<dim>::lines_per_face : 1;
          // see whether the given line is on the given face.
          for (unsigned int l = 0; l < lines_per_face; ++l)
            if (GeometryInfo<3>::face_to_cell_lines(face_index, l) ==
                line_index)
              return true;
 
          return false;
        }
      else
        Assert(false, ExcNotImplemented());
    }
  else if (shape_index < this->get_first_hex_index())
    // dof is on a quad
    {
      const unsigned int quad_index =
        (shape_index - this->get_first_quad_index(0)) /
        this->n_dofs_per_quad(face_index); // this won't work
      Assert(static_cast<signed int>(quad_index) <
               static_cast<signed int>(GeometryInfo<dim>::quads_per_cell),
             ExcInternalError());
 
      // in 2d, cell bubble are zero on all faces. but we have treated this
      // case above already
      Assert(dim != 2, ExcInternalError());
 
      // in 3d, quad_index=face_index
      if (dim == 3)
        return (quad_index == face_index);
      else
        Assert(false, ExcNotImplemented());
    }
  else
    // dof on hex
    {
      // can only happen in 3d, but this case has already been covered above
      Assert(false, ExcNotImplemented());
      return false;
    }
 
  // we should not have gotten here
  Assert(false, ExcInternalError());
  return false;
}
 
 
 
template <int dim, int spacedim>
std::pair<Table<2, bool>, std::vector<unsigned int>>
FE_Q_Base<dim, spacedim>::get_constant_modes() const
{
  Table<2, bool> constant_modes(1, this->n_dofs_per_cell());
  // We here just care for the constant mode due to the polynomial space
  // without any enrichments
  // As there may be more constant modes derived classes may to implement this
  // themselves. An example for this is FE_Q_DG0.
  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < Utilities::fixed_power<dim>(q_degree + 1); ++i)
    constant_modes(0, i) = true;
  return std::pair<Table<2, bool>, std::vector<unsigned int>>(
    constant_modes, std::vector<unsigned int>(1, 0));
}
 
 
 
// explicit instantiations
#include "fe_q_base.inst"
 
DEAL_II_NAMESPACE_CLOSE