=============
 Admin Guide
=============

Once you have your Ceph Object Storage service up and running, you may
administer the service with user management, access controls, quotas 
and usage tracking among other features.


User Management
===============

Ceph Object Storage user management refers to users of the Ceph Object Storage
service (i.e., not the Ceph Object Gateway as a user of the Ceph Storage
Cluster). You must create a user, access key and secret to enable end users to
interact with Ceph Object Gateway services.

There are two user types: 

- **User:** The term 'user' reflects a user of the S3 interface.

- **Subuser:** The term 'subuser' reflects a user of the Swift interface. A subuser
  is associated to a user .
  
.. ditaa::
           +---------+
           |   User  |
           +----+----+  
                |     
                |     +-----------+
                +-----+  Subuser  |
                      +-----------+

You can create, modify, view, suspend and remove users and subusers. In addition
to user and subuser IDs, you may add a display name and an email address for a
user.  You can specify a key and secret, or generate a key and secret
automatically. When generating or specifying keys, note that user IDs correspond
to an S3 key type and subuser IDs correspond to a swift key type. Swift keys
also have access levels of ``read``, ``write``, ``readwrite`` and ``full``.


Create a User
-------------

To create a user (S3 interface), execute the following::

	radosgw-admin user create --uid={username} --display-name="{display-name}" [--email={email}]

For example:: 	
	
  radosgw-admin user create --uid=johndoe --display-name="John Doe" --email=john@example.com
  
.. code-block:: javascript
  
  { "user_id": "johndoe",
    "display_name": "John Doe",
    "email": "john@example.com",
    "suspended": 0,
    "max_buckets": 1000,
    "subusers": [],
    "keys": [
          { "user": "johndoe",
            "access_key": "11BS02LGFB6AL6H1ADMW",
            "secret_key": "vzCEkuryfn060dfee4fgQPqFrncKEIkh3ZcdOANY"}],
    "swift_keys": [],
    "caps": [],
    "op_mask": "read, write, delete",
    "default_placement": "",
    "placement_tags": [],
    "bucket_quota": { "enabled": false,
        "max_size_kb": -1,
        "max_objects": -1},
    "user_quota": { "enabled": false,
        "max_size_kb": -1,
        "max_objects": -1},
    "temp_url_keys": []}

Creating a user also creates an ``access_key`` and ``secret_key`` entry for use
with any S3 API-compatible client.  

.. important:: Check the key output. Sometimes ``radosgw-admin``
   generates a JSON escape (``\``) character, and some clients
   do not know how to handle JSON escape characters. Remedies include 
   removing the JSON escape character (``\``), encapsulating the string
   in quotes, regenerating the key and ensuring that it 
   does not have a JSON escape character or specify the key and secret 
   manually.


Create a Subuser
----------------

To create a subuser (Swift interface) for the user, you must specify the user ID
(``--uid={username}``), a subuser ID and the access level for the subuser. ::

  radosgw-admin subuser create --uid={uid} --subuser={uid} --access=[ read | write | readwrite | full ]

For example::

  radosgw-admin subuser create --uid=johndoe --subuser=johndoe:swift --access=full


.. note:: ``full`` is not ``readwrite``, as it also includes the access control policy.

.. code-block:: javascript

  { "user_id": "johndoe",
    "display_name": "John Doe",
    "email": "john@example.com",
    "suspended": 0,
    "max_buckets": 1000,
    "subusers": [
          { "id": "johndoe:swift",
            "permissions": "full-control"}],
    "keys": [
          { "user": "johndoe",
            "access_key": "11BS02LGFB6AL6H1ADMW",
            "secret_key": "vzCEkuryfn060dfee4fgQPqFrncKEIkh3ZcdOANY"}],
    "swift_keys": [],
    "caps": [],
    "op_mask": "read, write, delete",
    "default_placement": "",
    "placement_tags": [],
    "bucket_quota": { "enabled": false,
        "max_size_kb": -1,
        "max_objects": -1},
    "user_quota": { "enabled": false,
        "max_size_kb": -1,
        "max_objects": -1},
    "temp_url_keys": []}


Get User Info
-------------

To get information about a user, you must specify ``user info`` and the user ID
(``--uid={username}``) . :: 

	radosgw-admin user info --uid=johndoe



Modify User Info
----------------

To modify information about a user, you must specify the user ID (``--uid={username}``)
and the attributes you want to modify. Typical modifications are to keys and secrets,
email addresses, display names and access levels. For example:: 

	radosgw-admin user modify --uid=johndoe --display-name="John E. Doe"

To modify subuser values, specify ``subuser modify``, user ID and the subuser ID. For example::

	radosgw-admin subuser modify --uid=johndoe --subuser=johndoe:swift --access=full


User Enable/Suspend
-------------------

When you create a user, the user is enabled by default. However, you may suspend
user  privileges and re-enable them at a later time. To suspend a user, specify
``user suspend`` and the user ID. ::

	radosgw-admin user suspend --uid=johndoe

To re-enable a suspended user, specify ``user enable`` and the user ID. :: 

	radosgw-admin user enable --uid=johndoe
	
.. note:: Disabling the user disables the subuser.


Remove a User
-------------

When you remove a user, the user and subuser are removed from the system.
However, you may remove just the subuser if you wish. To remove a user (and
subuser), specify ``user rm`` and the user ID. ::

	radosgw-admin user rm --uid=johndoe

To remove the subuser only, specify ``subuser rm`` and the subuser ID. ::

	radosgw-admin subuser rm --subuser=johndoe:swift


Options include:

- **Purge Data:** The ``--purge-data`` option purges all data associated 
  to the UID.
  
- **Purge Keys:** The ``--purge-keys`` option purges all keys associated 
  to the UID.


Remove a Subuser
----------------

When you remove a sub user, you are removing access to the Swift interface. 
The user will remain in the system. To remove the subuser, specify 
``subuser rm`` and the subuser ID. ::

	radosgw-admin subuser rm --subuser=johndoe:swift



Options include:
  
- **Purge Keys:** The ``--purge-keys`` option purges all keys associated 
  to the UID.


Add / Remove a Key
------------------------

Both users and subusers require the key to access the S3 or Swift interface. To
use S3, the user needs a key pair which is composed of an access key and a 
secret key. On the other hand, to use Swift, the user typically needs a secret 
key (password), and use it together with the associated user ID. You may create
a key and either specify or generate the access key and/or secret key. You may 
also remove a key. Options include:

- ``--key-type=<type>`` specifies the key type. The options are: s3, swift
- ``--access-key=<key>`` manually specifies an S3 access key.
- ``--secret-key=<key>`` manually specifies a S3 secret key or a Swift secret key.
- ``--gen-access-key`` automatically generates a random S3 access key.
- ``--gen-secret`` automatically generates a random S3 secret key or a random Swift secret key.

An example how to add a specified S3 key pair for a user. ::

	radosgw-admin key create --uid=foo --key-type=s3 --access-key fooAccessKey --secret-key fooSecretKey

.. code-block:: javascript

  { "user_id": "foo",
    "rados_uid": 0,
    "display_name": "foo",
    "email": "foo@example.com",
    "suspended": 0,
    "keys": [
      { "user": "foo",
        "access_key": "fooAccessKey",
        "secret_key": "fooSecretKey"}],
  }

Note that you may create multiple S3 key pairs for a user.

To attach a specified swift secret key for a subuser. ::

	radosgw-admin key create --subuser=foo:bar --key-type=swift --secret-key barSecret

.. code-block:: javascript

  { "user_id": "foo",
    "rados_uid": 0,
    "display_name": "foo",
    "email": "foo@example.com",
    "suspended": 0,
    "subusers": [
       { "id": "foo:bar",
         "permissions": "full-control"}],
    "swift_keys": [
      { "user": "foo:bar",
        "secret_key": "asfghjghghmgm"}]}

Note that a subuser can have only one swift secret key.

Subusers can also be used with S3 APIs if the subuser is associated with a S3 key pair. ::	

	radosgw-admin key create --subuser=foo:bar --key-type=s3 --access-key barAccessKey --secret-key barSecretKey
	
.. code-block:: javascript

  { "user_id": "foo",
    "rados_uid": 0,
    "display_name": "foo",
    "email": "foo@example.com",
    "suspended": 0,
    "subusers": [
       { "id": "foo:bar",
         "permissions": "full-control"}],
    "keys": [
      { "user": "foo:bar",
        "access_key": "barAccessKey",
        "secret_key": "barSecretKey"}],
  }


To remove a S3 key pair, specify the access key. :: 

	radosgw-admin key rm --uid=foo --key-type=s3 --access-key=fooAccessKey 

To remove the swift secret key. ::

	radosgw-admin key rm --subuser=foo:bar --key-type=swift


Add / Remove Admin Capabilities
-------------------------------

The Ceph Storage Cluster provides an administrative API that enables  users to
execute administrative functions via the REST API. By default, users do NOT have
access to this API. To enable a user to exercise  administrative functionality,
provide the user with administrative capabilities.

To add administrative capabilities to a user, execute the following:: 

	radosgw-admin caps add --uid={uid} --caps={caps}


You can add read, write or all capabilities to users, buckets, metadata and 
usage (utilization). For example::

	--caps="[users|buckets|metadata|usage|zone|amz-cache|info|bilog|mdlog|datalog|user-policy|oidc-provider|roles|ratelimit]=[*|read|write|read, write]"

For example::

	radosgw-admin caps add --uid=johndoe --caps="users=*;buckets=*"


To remove administrative capabilities from a user, execute the following:: 

	radosgw-admin caps rm --uid=johndoe --caps={caps}


Quota Management
================

The Ceph Object Gateway enables you to set quotas on users and buckets owned by
users. Quotas include the maximum number of objects in a bucket and the maximum
storage size a bucket can hold.

- **Bucket:** The ``--bucket`` option allows you to specify a quota for
  buckets the user owns.

- **Maximum Objects:** The ``--max-objects`` setting allows you to specify
  the maximum number of objects. A negative value disables this setting.
  
- **Maximum Size:** The ``--max-size`` option allows you to specify a quota
  size in B/K/M/G/T, where B is the default. A negative value disables this setting.
  
- **Quota Scope:** The ``--quota-scope`` option sets the scope for the quota.
  The options are ``bucket`` and ``user``. Bucket quotas apply to buckets a 
  user owns. User quotas apply to a user.


Set User Quota
--------------

Before you enable a quota, you must first set the quota parameters.
For example:: 

	radosgw-admin quota set --quota-scope=user --uid=<uid> [--max-objects=<num objects>] [--max-size=<max size>]

For example:: 

	radosgw-admin quota set --quota-scope=user --uid=johndoe --max-objects=1024 --max-size=1024B


A negative value for num objects and / or max size means that the
specific quota attribute check is disabled.


Enable/Disable User Quota
-------------------------

Once you set a user quota, you may enable it. For example:: 

	radosgw-admin quota enable --quota-scope=user --uid=<uid>

You may disable an enabled user quota. For example:: 

	radosgw-admin quota disable --quota-scope=user --uid=<uid>


Set Bucket Quota
----------------

Bucket quotas apply to the buckets owned by the specified ``uid``. They are
independent of the user. ::

	radosgw-admin quota set --uid=<uid> --quota-scope=bucket [--max-objects=<num objects>] [--max-size=<max size]

A negative value for num objects and / or max size means that the
specific quota attribute check is disabled.


Enable/Disable Bucket Quota
---------------------------

Once you set a bucket quota, you may enable it. For example:: 

	radosgw-admin quota enable --quota-scope=bucket --uid=<uid>

You may disable an enabled bucket quota. For example:: 

	radosgw-admin quota disable --quota-scope=bucket --uid=<uid>


Get Quota Settings
------------------

You may access each user's quota settings via the user information
API. To read user quota setting information with the CLI interface, 
execute the following::

	radosgw-admin user info --uid=<uid>


Update Quota Stats
------------------

Quota stats get updated asynchronously. You can update quota
statistics for all users and all buckets manually to retrieve
the latest quota stats. ::

	radosgw-admin user stats --uid=<uid> --sync-stats

.. _rgw_user_usage_stats:

Get User Usage Stats
--------------------

To see how much of the quota a user has consumed, execute the following::

	radosgw-admin user stats --uid=<uid>

.. note:: You should execute ``radosgw-admin user stats`` with the 
   ``--sync-stats`` option to receive the latest data.

Default Quotas
--------------

You can set default quotas in the config.  These defaults are used when
creating a new user and have no effect on existing users. If the
relevant default quota is set in config, then that quota is set on the
new user, and that quota is enabled.  See ``rgw bucket default quota max objects``,
``rgw bucket default quota max size``, ``rgw user default quota max objects``, and
``rgw user default quota max size`` in `Ceph Object Gateway Config Reference`_

Quota Cache
-----------

Quota statistics are cached on each RGW instance.  If there are multiple
instances, then the cache can keep quotas from being perfectly enforced, as
each instance will have a different view of quotas.  The options that control
this are ``rgw bucket quota ttl``, ``rgw user quota bucket sync interval`` and
``rgw user quota sync interval``.  The higher these values are, the more
efficient quota operations are, but the more out-of-sync multiple instances
will be.  The lower these values are, the closer to perfect enforcement
multiple instances will achieve.  If all three are 0, then quota caching is
effectively disabled, and multiple instances will have perfect quota
enforcement.  See `Ceph Object Gateway Config Reference`_

Reading / Writing Global Quotas
-------------------------------

You can read and write global quota settings in the period configuration. To
view the global quota settings::

	radosgw-admin global quota get

The global quota settings can be manipulated with the ``global quota``
counterparts of the ``quota set``, ``quota enable``, and ``quota disable``
commands. ::

	radosgw-admin global quota set --quota-scope bucket --max-objects 1024
	radosgw-admin global quota enable --quota-scope bucket

.. note:: In a multisite configuration, where there is a realm and period
   present, changes to the global quotas must be committed using ``period
   update --commit``. If there is no period present, the rados gateway(s) must
   be restarted for the changes to take effect.


Rate Limit Management
=====================

The Ceph Object Gateway makes it possible to set rate limits on users and
buckets.  "Rate limit" includes the maximum number of read operations (read
ops) and write operations (write ops) per minute and the number of bytes per
minute that can be written or read per user or per bucket.

Operations that use the ``GET`` method or the ``HEAD`` method in their REST
requests are "read requests". All other requests are "write requests".  

Each object gateway tracks per-user metrics separately from bucket metrics.
These metrics are not shared with other gateways. The configured limits should
be divided by the number of active object gateways. For example, if "user A" is
to be be limited to 10 ops per minute and there are two object gateways in the
cluster, then the limit on "user A" should be ``5`` (10 ops per minute / 2
RGWs).  If the requests are **not** balanced between RGWs, the rate limit might
be underutilized. For example: if the ops limit is ``5`` and there are two
RGWs, **but** the Load Balancer sends load to only one of those RGWs, the
effective limit is 5 ops, because this limit is enforced per RGW. If the rate
limit that has been set for the bucket has been reached but the rate limit that
has been set for the user has not been reached, then the request is cancelled.
The contrary holds as well: if the rate limit that has been set for the user
has been reached but the rate limit that has been set for the bucket has not
been reached, then the request is cancelled.

The accounting of bandwidth happens only after a request has been accepted.
This means that requests will proceed even if the bucket rate limit or user
rate limit is reached during the execution of the request. The RGW keeps track
of a "debt" consisting of bytes used in excess of the configured value; users
or buckets that incur this kind of debt are prevented  from sending more
requests until the "debt" has been repaid. The maximum size of the "debt" is
twice the max-read/write-bytes per minute. If "user A" is subject to a 1-byte
read limit per minute and they attempt to GET an object that is 1 GB in size,
then the ``GET`` action will fail. After "user A" has completed this 1 GB
operation, RGW blocks the user's requests for up to two minutes. After this
time has elapsed, "user A" will be able to send ``GET`` requests again.


- **Bucket:** The ``--bucket`` option allows you to specify a rate limit for a
  bucket.

- **User:** The ``--uid`` option allows you to specify a rate limit for a
  user.

- **Maximum Read Ops:** The ``--max-read-ops`` setting allows you to specify
  the maximum number of read ops per minute per RGW. A 0 value disables this setting (which means unlimited access).
  
- **Maximum Read Bytes:** The ``--max-read-bytes`` setting allows you to specify
  the maximum number of read bytes per minute per RGW. A 0 value disables this setting (which means unlimited access).

- **Maximum Write Ops:** The ``--max-write-ops`` setting allows you to specify
  the maximum number of write ops per minute per RGW. A 0 value disables this setting (which means unlimited access).
  
- **Maximum Write Bytes:** The ``--max-write-bytes`` setting allows you to specify
  the maximum number of write bytes per minute per RGW. A 0 value disables this setting (which means unlimited access).
 
- **Rate Limit Scope:** The ``--ratelimit-scope`` option sets the scope for the rate limit.
  The options are ``bucket`` , ``user`` and ``anonymous``. Bucket rate limit apply to buckets. 
  The user rate limit applies to a user. Anonymous applies to an unauthenticated user.
  Anonymous scope is only available for global rate limit.


Set User Rate Limit
-------------------

Before you enable a rate limit, you must first set the rate limit parameters.
For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit set --ratelimit-scope=user --uid=<uid> <[--max-read-ops=<num ops>] [--max-read-bytes=<num bytes>]
  [--max-write-ops=<num ops>] [--max-write-bytes=<num bytes>]>

For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit set --ratelimit-scope=user --uid=johndoe --max-read-ops=1024 --max-write-bytes=10240


A 0 value for num ops and / or num bytes means that the
specific rate limit attribute check is disabled.

Get User Rate Limit
-------------------

Get the current configured rate limit parameters
For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit get --ratelimit-scope=user --uid=<uid>

For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit get --ratelimit-scope=user --uid=johndoe


A 0 value for num ops and / or num bytes means that the
specific rate limit attribute check is disabled.


Enable/Disable User Rate Limit
------------------------------

Once you set a user rate limit, you may enable it. For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit enable --ratelimit-scope=user --uid=<uid>

You may disable an enabled user rate limit. For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit disable --ratelimit-scope=user --uid=johndoe


Set Bucket Rate Limit
---------------------

Before you enable a rate limit, you must first set the rate limit parameters.
For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit set --ratelimit-scope=bucket --bucket=<bucket> <[--max-read-ops=<num ops>] [--max-read-bytes=<num bytes>]
  [--max-write-ops=<num ops>] [--max-write-bytes=<num bytes>]>

For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit set --ratelimit-scope=bucket --bucket=mybucket --max-read-ops=1024 --max-write-bytes=10240


A 0 value for num ops and / or num bytes means that the
specific rate limit attribute check is disabled.

Get Bucket Rate Limit
---------------------

Get the current configured rate limit parameters
For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit set --ratelimit-scope=bucket --bucket=<bucket>

For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit get --ratelimit-scope=bucket --bucket=mybucket


A 0 value for num ops and / or num bytes means that the
specific rate limit attribute check is disabled.


Enable/Disable Bucket Rate Limit
--------------------------------

Once you set a bucket rate limit, you may enable it. For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit enable --ratelimit-scope=bucket --bucket=<bucket>

You may disable an enabled bucket rate limit. For example:: 

	radosgw-admin ratelimit disable --ratelimit-scope=bucket --uid=mybucket


Reading / Writing Global Rate Limit Configuration
-------------------------------------------------

You can read and write global rate limit settings in the period configuration. To
view the global rate limit settings::

	radosgw-admin global ratelimit get

The global rate limit settings can be manipulated with the ``global ratelimit``
counterparts of the ``ratelimit set``, ``ratelimit enable``, and ``ratelimit disable``
commands. Per user and per bucket ratelimit configuration is overriding the global configuration::

	radosgw-admin global ratelimit set --ratelimit-scope bucket --max-read-ops=1024
	radosgw-admin global ratelimit enable --ratelimit-scope bucket

The global rate limit can configure rate limit scope for all authenticated users::

  radosgw-admin global ratelimit set --ratelimit-scope user --max-read-ops=1024
  radosgw-admin global ratelimit enable --ratelimit-scope user

The global rate limit can configure rate limit scope for all unauthenticated users::
  
  radosgw-admin global ratelimit set --ratelimit-scope=anonymous --max-read-ops=1024
  radosgw-admin global ratelimit enable --ratelimit-scope=anonymous

.. note:: In a multisite configuration, where there is a realm and period
   present, changes to the global rate limit must be committed using ``period
   update --commit``. If there is no period present, the rados gateway(s) must
   be restarted for the changes to take effect.

Usage
=====

The Ceph Object Gateway logs usage for each user. You can track
user usage within date ranges too.

- Add ``rgw enable usage log = true`` in [client.rgw] section of ceph.conf and restart the radosgw service. 

Options include: 

- **Start Date:** The ``--start-date`` option allows you to filter usage
  stats from a particular start date and an optional start time
  (**format:** ``yyyy-mm-dd [HH:MM:SS]``).

- **End Date:** The ``--end-date`` option allows you to filter usage up
  to a particular date and an optional end time
  (**format:** ``yyyy-mm-dd [HH:MM:SS]``). 
  
- **Log Entries:** The ``--show-log-entries`` option allows you to specify
  whether or not to include log entries with the usage stats 
  (options: ``true`` | ``false``).

.. note:: You may specify time with minutes and seconds, but it is stored 
   with 1 hour resolution.


Show Usage
----------

To show usage statistics, specify the ``usage show``. To show usage for a
particular user, you must specify a user ID. You may also specify a start date,
end date, and whether or not to show log entries.::

	radosgw-admin usage show --uid=johndoe --start-date=2012-03-01 --end-date=2012-04-01

You may also show a summary of usage information for all users by omitting a user ID. ::

	radosgw-admin usage show --show-log-entries=false


Trim Usage
----------

With heavy use, usage logs can begin to take up storage space. You can trim
usage logs for all users and for specific users. You may also specify date
ranges for trim operations. ::

	radosgw-admin usage trim --start-date=2010-01-01 --end-date=2010-12-31
	radosgw-admin usage trim --uid=johndoe	
	radosgw-admin usage trim --uid=johndoe --end-date=2013-12-31


.. _radosgw-admin: ../../man/8/radosgw-admin/
.. _Pool Configuration: ../../rados/configuration/pool-pg-config-ref/
.. _Ceph Object Gateway Config Reference: ../config-ref/
